Rice (Oryza sativa) husk and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) peat as a Soil

Substitute through the Growth and Germination of Tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) seeds

A Science Investigatory Project Submitted to the Faculty of Baao National High

School, Science, Technology and Engineering Class as a requirement in
Research III

Researchers:

Sophia Angela Paz

Charissa May Briones

Christian Josh Magtarayo

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Rice, coconut, and tomato are one of the most popular crops of Bicol

Region, were it is the one of the main producers of our country, and it is the

mainly source of their income.

Rice husk is the most prolific agricultural residue in the producing countries

around the world. It is one of the major by-products from the rice milling process

and constitutes about 20% of paddy by weight. Rice husk, which consists mainly

of lingo-cellulose and silica, is not utilized to any significant extant and has great

potential as an energy source. Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) is a fruit from

the nightshade family native to South America. Despite botanically being a fruit, it

is generally eaten and prepared like a vegetable. Tomatoes are the major dietary

source of the antioxidant lycopene, which has been linked to many health

benefits, including reduced risk of heart disease and cancer. They are also great

source vitamin K. Usually red when mature, tomatoes can also come in a variety

of colors, including yellow, orange, green, and purple. The water content of

tomatoes is around 95%, The other 5% consists mainly of carbohydrates and

fiber. Tomatoes are good source of several vitamins and minerals: Vitamin C.

This vitamin is an essential nutrient and antioxidant. One medium-sized tomato

can provide about 28% of the reference daily intake (RDI). Potassium, an
essential mineral, potassium is beneficial for blood pressure control and heart

disease prevention. While coconut peat increases the water holding capacity of

the potting mix even as it increases the porosity of the soil.

Here in the Philippines, every year we are suffering from drought season

where mostly farmers are affected of it. This soil substitute can help them for

easy and faster growth of their crops.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the Acceptability of Rice (Oryza Sativa) husk

and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) peat as a Soil Substitute through the Growth and

Germination of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) seeds.

1. What is the germination rate of the Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum)

seed by utilizing the Soil Substitute in terms of:

Specifically, it aims to answer the following:

a. number of leaves

b. root length

c. number of roots

d. length of stem
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of rice husk and coconut
peat through the growth of tomato seeds.

This study will conduct at San Ramon, Baao, Camarines Sur.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be a great benefit to the following:

To Farmers

This soil substitute can use and help them in their farm usually in drought
season. It can also give them a better yield.

To Community

It can help the gardeners to grow crops of plants easier, and they don’t needed
good soil just to grow plants.

To School

It can help the students to grow crops without using soil, and also to avoid getting
dirt because it is made up of coconut peat and rice husk instead of soil soaking
into mud.

To Researchers

It can help the researchers to grow plants without using soil

To Future Researchers

This study may serve as a reference for the future researchers with similar
aspect or related study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Rice Husk

Rice husk is an organic waste and its produced in large quantities. It is a

major by-product of the rice milling and agro-based biomass industry. Rice husk

is cellulose-based fibre and contains approximately 20% silica in amorphous

form (Hu et al.,2008; Mansaray & Ghaly, 1998; Nair, Fraaji, Klaassen, &

Kentgens, 2008; Ndazi, Karlsson, Tesha, & Nyahumwa,(2007). In addition, it

consists of 60-65% volatile matter, 10-15% fixed carbon, and 17-23% ash(Hu et

al., 2008; Kwong, Christopher, Chao, Wang, & Cheung, 2007; Mansaray &

Ghaly, 1998). It contains approximately 40% cellulose, 30% lignin group, and

20% silica(Chindaprasirt, Kanchanda, Saanthonsaowaphak & Cao, 2007). Rice

husk can absorb water ranging from 5% to 16% of unit weights, and the unit

weigth of rice husk is 83-125 kg/m3 (Mansaray & Ghaly,1998). The ash of rice

husk can contains approximately 90% silica, which is highly porous structure and

is lightweight, with high specific surface area. Rice husk ash has been applied as

an additive in many materials and applications, such as refractory brick,

manufacturing of insulation, and materials for flame reterdants (Boateng &

Skeete, 1990; Chaudhary & Jollands, 2004; Choi, Mori, & Ohama, 2006; Rice

husk ash website, 2008). This is due to its highly porous structure and its good

insulating property. The properties of rice husk ash silica vary according to the

firing temperature and time. The rice husk addition increased the porosity of the

increase in the sintering temperature increased the compressive strength of the

fired brick. The production of the rice husk is about 100 million tons per year.

Only a fraction of it is used as a animal bedding or as fuel for energy production.

In Asia briquettes are products from rice husks. These are expensive to produce,

due to the silicon content of the husks. Hill et al.(1981) obtained 110 1/kg VS at a

retentation time of 17 days. Pretreatment wuth 8% NaOh gave a methane yield

of 200 1/kg VS (Vevekanandan et al.,2011).

The present study investigated the effects of composted rice husk (5 and

26; 10g/ 2 kg of soil/pot) on growth and biochemical parameters of sunflower

plants at the 30th and 60th day of germination. Result showed significant

improvement in growth and biochemical parameters of plants as composed to

control plants treated with uncomposted organic fertilizer. However, the effects

vary with microbial treatments involved in the composting of rice hsuk like

composted with T. hamutam (JUF1), branddtrhizonbium sp-II (JUR2) alone, and

JUF1 in combination with Rhizibium sp-1(JUR1) were found effective in

improving the shoot and root lengths, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, crude

protein, and mineral (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of sunflower plants. It

indicates that composted rice husk with improved total carbohydrate and protein

contents may increase the soil fertility by improving its organic content.
Investigations were conducted to determine the effects of rice husk ash (RHA)

and phosphorus (P) on soil pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation,

growth, and yield of okra [Abelmoschusesculentus (L) Moenchi]. The experiment

was a 5x3x3 factorial in randomized complete block design. The soil used for the

experiment was a TypicPaleudult within the “Acid Sand” soils of calabar.

Elemental analysis of RHA and fresh rice husk are also presented in this article.

The results showed that organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) were lower

in the ash than in the fresh rice husk (RH) samples. The combination of 20t RHA

ha and 40kg P ha gave the best yield of 4.80 t ha-1 fresh fruits compared to 2.69

t ha-1 in the control. Soil Ph incrsesed from 4.4 to 5.8 nd from 4.9 to 6.0 in the

pot and field experiments, respectively, at the optimum level (i.e., 20 t RHA ha-1

and 40 kg P ha-1, and 50 kg N ha-1). The trends, however, followed a strong

positive linear correlation. Increase in exchangeable magnesium (Mg), potassium

(K), and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) were observed in the soil. A

mean neutilizing value as low as 1.62% (calcium carbonate equivalent) and

19.35 g kg-1 OS, herent in the RHA, was found to be responsible for ameliorating

the soil acidity and thus, improving fertility of the acid sands. The RHA had no

effect on already adequate soil available P especially at high level (RHA >20 t

ha-1). In conclusion, because RHA could amend the soil acidity and keep the soil

more fertile with increase in available nutrients and maintain optimum Ph, it is

recommended for trial as an invaluable, environmentally friendly, cheap and low-

input material for improvement of fertility of the “Acid Sands” Southeastern

Nigeria. The present study was aimed at using cellulolytic bacterium

Enhydrobater and fungi Aspergillus sp. For preparing compost form rice husk

(RH).

Sources of clean energy are becoming increasingly common, and the use of

solar thermal energy has also been rising. Increased agricultural production

exerts a negative pressure on the environment, particularly regarding the use of

agricultural waste. Agricultural waste materials are generated in large quantities

in Brazil and two residues that stand out in particular are rice husk and sunflower

stalks. This study aimed to construct a thermal insulating board, made from rice

husk and sunflower stalks, for use in a solar collector, and to compare its

dynamic performance with boards of glass wool used in solar collectors for

heating water. Analyses of the thermal resistance of the rice husk and sunflower

stalks were performed at different times and temperatures. The test results

showed that the rice husks did not change visually and the sunflower stalks

showed a slight darkening of the edges at a temperature of 150 °C for 2 h. The

rice husks and sunflower stalks showed weight loss at the same conditions. Six

insulating boards were built, which were composed of different proportions of rice

husks, sunflower stalks, gypsum as binder, and jute fabric as a design element.

The boards were analyzed for thermal conductivity. All the boards showed low

thermal conductivity, but the plate that was selected was chosen because it was

the firmest for handling during the experiment, as well as being the easiest to

construct and to assemble in the collector. This board behaved in a similar way

to glass wool, in terms of the function of thermal insulation in solar collectors for

heating water. The use of different agricultural waste materials from the same
geographical region in the composition of a thermal insulator, which was

evaluated in real conditions in the field, contributes to the study of the

development of composites from renewable materials. In this study, an

agricultural waste-rice husk ash (RHA) is proposed to substitute fly ash in high

strength, high ductility engineered cementitious composites (ECC). The

experimental results showed that the substitution of fly ash by RHA accelerated

hydration process, promoted pozzolanic reaction, and refined pore distribution in

ECC matrix, thereby increased compressive strength of ECC mixtures

significantly from 82 MPa to 108 MPa. On the other hand, tensile properties of

ECC mixtures were improved with addition of RHA, except ECC mixture with

substitute ratio of 50% showed a slight reduction in strain capacity yet exhibited

highest strength. At micro-scale, incorporating RHA into ECC reduced the

theoretical complementary energy (Jb′) as a result of enhanced fiber/matrix

interface, meanwhile, lowered crack tip toughness (Jtip) in ECC matrix which

mainly due to the evidently increased modulus of ECC; subsequently lead to the

increment of pseudo strain-hardening PSH (=Jb′/Jtip) index, and thus ductility.

Starch was transformed to hydrophobic starch phthalate (contact angle 109°) in

order to achieve a good dispersion in LDPE matrix. Nanosilica derived from rice

husk after aminopropyltrimethoxysilane functionalization was also incorporated

into the blend as property-enhancing filler. The produced crystalline starch

phthalate had a lower particle size of 9.87 μm and a higher surface area of

2.87 m2/g compared to starch (40.28 μm, 1.91 m2/g). The potential quality

modification of starch phthalate as a substitute for starch towards the production

of a perfect biodegradable blend was quantified in terms of mechanical (tensile,

tear, stiffness), optical (haze, transmittance), and biodegradation assessments.

Interfacial adhesion between LDPE and starch phthalate was well justified by the

morphology and enhancement in mechanical properties like tensile and tear

strength from 8.87 to 12.67 MPa and 96.57 to 187.10 N/mm for 30% of starch or

starch phthalate in LDPE matrix, respectively. Starch phthalate compared to

starch blended films showed a higher biodegradation rate of 14.8 and 13.5% in

garden soil and vegetable waste respectively in 1 year (at 30% biofiller), with a

good first-order kinetics fit of the weight loss data having a higher degradation

rate constant at higher content of biofiller in the blend.

Coconut peat

In recent years, intensive crop cultivation using high yielding varieties of crop with

imbalanced fertilization has led to mining out scarce native soil nutrients to

support plant growth and production, the dominant soil ecological processes that

severely affected the fertility status and production capacity of the major soil in

Bangladesh. Available data indicated that the fertility of most of our soils

deteriorated over the years [1] . Organic matter content of most of the

Bangladesh soils is very low where the majority fall below (1.5%) the critical level

[2] . The organic matter content of Bangladesh soils in the continuously cropped

areas from 1967 to 1995 has been depleted by 5% to 36%. The addition of
organic materials to soil through FYM, compost and organic residues (coconut

peat and crops residue) is used up as fuel by the rural people [3] .

Coconut peat is available in large quantities as a by-product of the coconut

industry. In the last few years, coir dust has been promoted [4] or considered [5]

as a substitute for natural peat in potting media. The particular structure of

coconut fibers and their physical and chemical properties, make them suitable for

container media purposes [6] . In fact, the use of coconut fiber in European

greenhouse production is well accepted as new technology. Coir contains equal

portions of lignin and cellulose and is rich in potassium and the micronutrients

Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu. Due to the high potassium content of the media a reduction

in potassium fertilization has been shown to produce beneficial results [7] .

However, some studies have shown that it is necessary to increase the nitrogen

fertilization for coir grown plants to compensate for N immobilization of the

media. Coconut peat has allowed Cation Exchange Capacity (21 - 30 meq /L) so

it does not retain cations or buffer against pH change well [8] . Coconut peat has

a high-water holding capacity and has been traditionally used to improve the

physical and chemical properties of soils [9] . When applied to agricultural soils

coconut peat can improve moisture retention capacity, and increase available

nutrient content, infiltration rate, total porosity, and hydraulic conductivity of that

soil [9] [10] .

The increasing world population and its pressure on higher food production

through the cultivation of high yielding varieties and its intensification have

resulted in a greater demand of fertilizer. Fertilizers are one of the most important
inputs of increasing the productivity of crops and modern varieties of different

crops [2] [3] . In today’s era, heavy doses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

are being used by the farmers to get a better yield of various field crops. The

continuous use of inorganic fertilizer will cause damage on physical, chemical

and biological properties of soil, so that the soil fertility will more decreased [11] .

Chemical fertilizer often has low use efficiency, meaning that only a portion of the

applied nutrients are taken up by plants [12] . Although chemical fertilizer

increases soil fertility, it is doing more harm than good in that soil itself is being

degraded in one hand and the environment is being polluted on the other hand

[13] .

From the above discussion, it is evident that the application of coconut peat

enhances the soil physical, chemical and biological properties as well as plant

growth and yield. Coconut peat as organic manure can also help in reducing

environmental pollution and increasing the use of organic fertilizer in soil. This

made me interested to picking up the research. Therefore, the main objective of

the present research was to evaluate the effect of coconut peat on the growth

and yield response of Ipomoea aquatica. Selected physical and chemical

properties of thirteen coconut coir wastes (pith plus short-to medium-length

fibres) commercially produced in six countries from Africa, America and Asia,

were evaluated as growing media or growing media constituents for

containerised plants. Coir waste was evaluated as a lightweight material and

showed a high total porosity, over 94 % (vol). It exhibited a very high air content

together with fairly low easily-available water. Total water-holding capacity in coir
waste was lower than peat. pH was slightly acidic and salinity varied between 0.4

and 6.0 dS m-1. Cation exchange capacity ranged from 32 to 95 m.e./100 g and

C/N ratios averaged 117. Coir waste contained more lignin and cellulose, but

less hemicellulose when compared with peat. The amount of naturally-occurring

available nutrients was low, especially mineral nitrogen, calcium and magnesium.

On the other hand, indigenous phosphorus and potassium contents in coir waste

were extremely high. Remarkable differences were observed between sources

with respect to physical and chemical properties. Two individual coir waste

samples from Mexico and Sri Lanka were manipulated in order to prepare

suitable coir waste-based container media for growing Calendula

officinalis and Coleus blumei. The removal of excess salts by controlled leaching

did not improve plant growth and development in comparison with unleached coir

waste. No N immobilisation was found in coir waste-based media with a

conventional fertilisation programme. As a consequence of the particular

chemical properties of coir waste, nutritional regimes may need to be adjusted on

a crop-by-crop basis. The two plant species tested grew equally well or better in

the best coir waste media than in the control mix composed of 3:1

(vol:vol) Sphagnum peat and vermiculite. A bovine manure compost (BMC) and a

green compost (GC) were evaluated as components of substrates in partial

substitution of peat for organic melon seedlings production. Treatments,

differentiated on the basis of the volume percentage of the two analysed

composts, were compared to the control (a mixture of peat, coconut fibre and

perlite). In order to respect the guidelines of organic production, all the

treatments were fertilised, at the beginning of the trial, with guano. Compost-

based substrates were analysed for physical, physicochemical and chemical

parameters (bulk density, porosity, pH, EC, nutrients content etc.). Even though

significant differences were observed, recorded values were in the range of

acceptability for growing media. In terms of performance, seedling growth in

treatments containing 30% and 50% of composts was significantly higher than in

control. Recent central processing of domestic wastewater in Malaysia has

initiated investigations into the disposal/utilization of the sewage sludge

produced. We had conducted an experiment to investigate the feasibility of using

dewatered sewage sludge and coconut coir as a peat substitute in a potting

medium for chrysanthemum. The experiment involved 9 treatments with sewage

sludge (SS) and coconut coir (CC) mixed in different ratios (v/v) to replace peat

in the standard potting medium of 3:2:1 (soil: peat: sand).The potting medium

contained the following treatments, T1: peat + recommended rates of Agroblend

(Ag), a slow release fertilizer, and Grofas (Gf), a foliar fertilizer (commonly used

medium and fertilization), T2: [1SS:1CC] + Ag, T3: [1SS:1CC] + half

recommended rates of Agroblend and Grofas (1/2Ag + 1/2Gf), T4: [2SS:1CC] +

Ag, T5: [2SS:1CC] + 1/2Ag + 1/2Gf, T6: [3SS:1CC] + Ag, T7: [3SS:1CC] + 1/2Ag

+ 1/2Gf, T8: [4SS:1CC] + Ag, and T9: [4SS:1CC] + 1/2Ag + 1/2Gf; laid-out in a

randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Results of the study show

that in general the media with sludge and coconut coir mixtures produced better

plant growth and higher total number of flowers than peat. However, the higher

ratio of SS:CC, (4SS:1CC) produced poorer plant growth and less number of
flowers. Increase in sewage sludge in the medium resulted in increase in foliar

contents of heavy metals. This study demonstrates that sewage sludge and

coconut coir mixture in the ratio of 1:1 may best substitute peat in the potting

medium for chrysanthemum with only Agroblend fertilizer application. Peat is

widely used in the ornamental nursery industry as a major constituent of growing

media for container plant production. In recent years, environmental concerns

about peat extraction in wetland ecosystems have risen. Conservation of existing

biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and the adoption of biodiversity-based

practices have been proposed as ways of improving the sustainability of

agricultural production through greater reliance on ecological goods and services

with less damaging effects on environmental quality and biodiversity (Jackson et

al., 2007). Furthermore, in southern Europe, peat is imported and its cost has

become more expensive and its properties more variable (Ribeiro et al., 2007).

Thus, the availability of environmentally friendly substrates with good quality, low

cost, and obtainable in great quantity is attracting more attention.

Recently, several formulations of alternative materials for potting ornamental

plants are being developed, in particular for herbaceous and annual species. The

use of alternative growing media requires knowledge of their physical and

chemical properties responsible for providing adequate support and a reservoir

for air, water, and nutrients. The influence of the alternative substrates on plant

growth and ornamental traits needs to be evaluated during the entire cultivation

period. Studies have indicated that various organic substitutes can be used

effectively as support media. Among these, coco fibers are increasingly used as
substrate because they have many characteristics in common with peat

(Lennartsson, 1997). This material is now being successfully used as a peat

substitute for several container-grown ornamental plants such

as Dieffenbachia (Stamps and Evans, 1997) and Grevillea (Offord et al., 1998).

The feasibility of using pine bark mixtures in substrate formulation was shown

in Pinus and Cupressus by Guerrero et al. (2002) and Hernández-Apaolaza et al.

(2005). The effect of adding composted waste to a peat growing media is both

economically and environmentally attractive (Erhart et al., 2005; Hargreaves et

al., 2008). Studies on the use of green waste as a partial substitute for peat in

growing media have been carried out, for example, in Gerbera (Pinamonti et al.,

1997), Impatiens and Antirrhinum (Klock,1997), Calendula and Calceolaria (Pras

ad and Maher, 2001), Cyclamen and Begonia (van der Gaag et al., 2007),

and Philodendron (Grigatti et al., 2007). In Gerbera, coco peat was also

successfully used (Barreto and Jagtap, 2006). Several studies concern the use of

inorganic materials as peat substitutes for ornamental pot plant production.

Expanded perlite appears to be the most used (Guérin et al., 2001; Marfà et al.,

2002). Other inorganic substrates may also act as peat substitutes, like

expanded clay, volcanic lapilli, and pumice (Fascella et al., 2003).

Tomato
On a worldwide scale, the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) continues to

increase in importance for consumption as a fresh crop, for inclusion as a major

constituent in many prepared foods, and also for research into the fundamental

principles of growth and development in plants. Members of the

genus Lycopersicon are tolerant of a wide range of both environmental and

nutritional conditions. A few of the species have been crossed to provide a large

number of varieties directed towards either the production of a single-harvest

field crop, or, particularly under protection, a succession of fruit for the fresh

market over quite a long time-span. Field tomatoes are amenable to mechanical

harvesting through the combined efforts of plant breeders and agricultural

engineers, thus allowing vast tonnages to be grown and processed economically.

The products are incorporated into a wide range of canned, frozen, preserved or

dried foods. In view of their economic importance, and because they are

amenable to the techniques of molecular biology and genetic engineering,

tomato fruit have been selected for intense study at the molecular level over the

last decade. Tomato, (Solanum lycopersicum), flowering plant of the nightshade

family (Solanaceae), cultivated extensively for its edible fruits. Labelled as

a vegetable for nutritional purposes, tomatoes are a good source of vitamin

C and the phytochemical lycopene. The fruits are commonly eaten raw in salads,

served as a cooked vegetable, used as an ingredient of various prepared dishes,

and pickled. Additionally, a large percentage of the world’s tomato crop is used

for processing; products include canned tomatoes, tomato juice, ketchup, puree,

paste, and “sun-dried” tomatoes or dehydrated pulp. Tomatoes are ubiquitous in

the American diet. They appear in sauces, salads, juices, soups and elsewhere.

Their prevalence is good news; tomatoes are healthful as well as tasty and

versatile. They are especially lauded for their cardiovascular benefits.

"Tomatoes are low in calories, (about 25 calories per one medium-size tomato)

yet filled with nutrition," said Heather Mangieri, a Pittsburgh-based registered

dietitian and nutritionist, health author and spokesperson for the Academy of

Nutrition and Dietetics. They are good sources of several vitamins, minerals and

phytonutrients, especially the carotenoid lycopene, which gives tomatoes their

vibrant red color.

But Americans didn't always take advantage of tomatoes' goodness. Tomatoes

were used as a decorative plant until the late 1800s. People thought tomatoes

were poisonous, probably because they belong to the nightshade family,

according to the Texas A & M University horticulture department. (Tomatoes do,

in fact, contain alkaloids that can cause adverse reactions in some people.)

However, while people in North America were shunning tomatoes, indigenous

peoples in South America, as well as Europeans, were chowing down. Tomatoes

are native to the region of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. Around

the 1500s, Spanish conquistadors began shipping them around the globe. In

case you were wondering, a tomato is a technically a fruit, because it’s seed-

bearing and develops from the ovary of a flowering plant. (Botanically speaking,

vegetables consist of other plant parts, like roots, leaves, and stems.) But when it

comes to nutrition, tomatoes —along with seedy cucumbers and zucchini—are

categorized as vegetables. That's due in part to their lower carb and sugar

contents: A medium tomato provides just 22 calories, and about 5 grams of total

carb, with 3 as sugar and 1.5 as fiber. But this low-calorie, low-carb package is

chock-full of nutrients, and has been linked to a variety of health benefits. Here

are seven, along with some simple ways to incorporate more tomatoes into your

everyday meals and snacks. A single tomato can provide about 40% of the daily

recommended minimum of vitamin C. What's more, tomatoes supply vitamin A,

which supports immunity, vision, and skin health; vitamin K, which is good for

your bones; and potassium, a key nutrient for heart function, muscle

contractions, and maintaining a healthy blood pressure and fluid balance.

Tomatoes contain an antioxidant called lycopene, which is responsible for their

red color. Research suggests that in terms of heart health benefits, it's more

effective to eat tomatoes and tomato products than take lycopene supplements.

Other studies have shown that higher blood levels of lycopene are tied to lower

death rates for people with metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors that raise

the chances of developing heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. Lycopene is also

good for your eyes. And that's not the only peeper-protective nutrient in

tomatoes; they contain lutein and beta-carotene as well. According to research,

those nutrients support vision and protect against eye conditions including

cataracts and macular degeneration. The fluid and fiber in tomatoes may be

helpful if you're prone to constipation. (According to the USDA one large tomato

contains 6 ounces of fluid, and 1.5 grams of fiber.) Just be aware that in some

people, the acidity from cooked tomatoes may trigger or worsen acid reflux and
indigestion. Tomatoes may be a protective food for people with type 2 diabetes:

In one study, people with diabetes who supplemented with cooked tomatoes for

30 days experienced a decrease in lipid peroxidation, a chain reaction in which

substances called free radicals attack fat, leading to damage that ups the risk

of heart disease. This is particularly important, because diabetes doubles the risk

of stroke and heart attack. A 2011 study found that the combination of tomato

paste and olive oil protected against sun damage, and boosted the production of

pro-collagen, a molecule that gives the skin its structure and keeps it firm and

youthful. Scientists believe that the lycopene in tomatoes is key. It’s at its highest

concentration when tomatoes have been cooked, and olive oil boosts its

absorption from your digestive system into your bloodstream. Your can

incorporate tomatoes into your diet in a number of forms—fresh, dried, or as

sauce, salsa, or paste. This also allows you to enjoy tomatoes year-round.

Add fresh tomatoes to omelets and salads, and serve them sliced, drizzled with

balsamic and garnished with fresh basil, sea salt, and cracked black pepper.

Dress fresh greens or steamed veggies with sundried tomato pesto, or drizzle it

over broiled fish. Toss spaghetti squash or beans with tomato sauce, or use it as

a topping for sautéed green beans or potatoes. Add salsa to scrambled eggs or

taco salad, or spoon onto cooked fish, black beans, or brown rice. Use tomato

paste in veggie chili, or mix it into hummus, along with roasted garlic and harissa.

Bon appétit.
https://www.health.com ›

https://www.goodhousekeeping.com

https://www.goodhousekeeping.com

https://www.goodhousekeeping.com

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00548

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.127

Ajili SH, Ebrahimi NG, Khorasani MT (2003) Study on thermoplastic

polyurethane/polypropylene (TPU/PP) blend as a blood bag material. J
Appl Polym Sci 89(9):2496–2501

Anjana R, George KE (2012) Reinforcing effect of nano kaolin clay on

PP/HDPE blends. Int J Eng Res Appl 2(4):868–872
Araujo LMG, Morales AR (2018) Compatibilization of recycled
polypropylene and recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) blends with
SEBS-g-MA. Polímeros 27(8):84–91

Arvanitoyannis I, Biliaderis CG, Ogawa H, Kawasaki N (1998)

Biodegradable films made from low-density polyethylene (LDPE), rice
starch and potato starch for food packaging applications: part 1.
Carbohydr Polym 36(2–3):89–104

Athauda TJ, Williams W, Roberts KP, Ozer RR (2013) On the surface

roughness and hydrophobicity of dual-size double-layer silica
nanoparticles. J Mater Sci 48(18):6115–6120

Chauhan K, Priya V, Singh P, Chauhan GS, Kumari S, Singhal RK (2015)

A green and highly efficient sulfur functionalization of starch. RSC Adv
5(64):51762–51772

https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.29.12.1484

https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.2.312

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas 2010 Vol.4 No.2 pp.153-162 ref.30

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00189-4
P. Noguera, M. Abad, V. Noguera, R. Puchades, A. Maquieira

10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.517.34

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Acceptability of Rice (Oryza sativa)

husk and Coconut ( Cocos nucifera) Growth and Germination of Tomato
peat as a soil substitute (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds

insects
 CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents the materials and methods used in the study. The

experimental design, management of the block, gathering the data, with respect

of each organ of concern discussed in this chapter.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers used Completely Randomized Design in the study. A

Completely Randomized Design is an experimental design in terms of data

analysis and convenience where subjects are Randomly assigned to treatments.

The researchers contain 3 treatments and 15 subjects where 5 are assigned in

each.

Table1. The Completely Randomized Design of the study

T1 T2 T3

R1 T1R1 T2R1 T3R1

R2 T1R2 T2R2 T3R2

R3 T1R3 T2R3 T3T3

R4 T1R4 T2R4 T3T4

R5 T1R5 T2R5 T3T5

MATERIALS/APPARATUS

The researchers used different materials and/or apparatuses in the study.

The researchers used 3 mortals, 3 pestles, 1 graduated cylinder, 3 pairs of
gloves, and 100 ml of distilled water, 1 kilo of rice (Oryza sativa) husk and 1000g
of Coconut(Cocos nucifera) peat, and 15 seeds of Tomato(Solanum
lycopersicum)seeds.

The table below shows the materials and apparatuses used in the study

Table 2. materials and apparatuses and its quantity used in the study

MATERIALS QUANTITY

Mortars 3

Pestles 3

Graduated cylinder 1

Pairs of gloves 3

Distilled water 1000 ml

Rice(Oryza sativa)husk 1000 g

Coconut(Cocos nucifera)peat 1000 g

PROCEDURE
PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

Materials such as mortars and pestle, graduated cylinder, pairs of gloves

etc., were gathered from the Baao National High School, Science and Research

Laboratory. Next, the apparatuses were washed and sterilized it to boiled water.

Lastly, the apparatuses were dried.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds were collected by the

researchers from a local farmer at San Francisco, Municipality of Baao. The rice

(Oryza sativa) husk are collected in rice mill at San Ramon, Baao, Camarines

Sur. While coconut (Cocos nucifera) peat were collected from a local farmer at

Salvacion, Baao, Camarines Sur.

PREPARATION OF EACH TREATMENT

A rice (Oryza sativa) husk was placed in the first pottery, another was

placed in the second pottery with coconut (Cocos nucifera) peat then the third

pottery was the mixed coconut (Cocos nucifera) peat and rice(Oryza

sativa)husk. For control seeds where grown in a soil soaked with distilled water.

Each pottery was labeled as Treatment 1(with rice husk), Treatment 2(with

coconut peat), Treatment 3(with mixed rice husk and coconut peat) and for

contro (soil only).

 FLOWCHART

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

COLLECTION OF TOMATO (SOLANUM

LYCOPERSICUM) SEEDS

COLLECTION OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) HUSK

COLLECTION OF COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA)

Separating of coconut PEAT
skin to get the
coconut peat

PREPARATION OF TREATMENTS

Grinding of rice
husk
Placing of each treatment in a
pottery

Addition of
Putting 20 tomato seeds in each
distilled water
of the four pottery