FIRST CRY OF THE KATIPUNAN

⚫First Cry - Unang sigaw or cry/call for rebellion

Reason - the secret organization of the Filipinos or the Katipunan was exposed to the Spaniards and the
members were tracked and many were imprisoned (August 19, 1896).

Originally the term ory referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards (Guardia
Civil). The cry could also refer to the tearing up of community tax certificates (cédulas personales) in
defiance of their allegiance to Spain. The inscriptions of "Viva la Independencia Filipina" can also be
referred to as term for the ory. This was literally accompanied by patriotic shouts

What Happened?

• Andres Bonifacio, the Supreme Leader of the Katipunan organized a meeting outside the city
particularly in Balintawak to talk about their next movement for the revolution against the Spaniards.
According to him, the start of the revolution will begin at the end of the month of August.

• Andres Bonifacio speech

•The Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio tore the "cedulas as an expression of their open defiance
against Spanish rule in the country.

Cedula means identification card and residence tax certificate that are something to presented to the
Spaniards

Controversial facts of the First Cry

- According to Guillermo Masangkay, the first rally of the Philippine Revolution happened on August 28,
1898 at Balintawak in the house of Apolonio Samson. Andres Bonifacio led the meeting accompanied by
Emilio Jacinto.

Among those who attended. I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas
Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon. They
were all leaders of the Katipunan and composed the board of directors of the organization. Delegates
from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong were also present.

-According to Lt. Olegario Diaz, the event happened on August 24, 1896.

-According to Gregoria De Jesus, wife of Andres Bonifacio, the event happened on August 25, 1896 at
Balintawak particularly on Pasong Tamo.

-Julio Nakpil - after the death of Andres Bonifacio, Gregoria De Jesus married Julio Nakpil

- Pio Valenzuela - right hand man of Andres Bonifacio. He believe that the first rally happened on August
23, 1898 at Sitio Gulod, Pugad Lawin, in the house of Juan Ramos, son of Tandang Sora

FINAL DATE AND LOCATION:

AUGUST 23, 1888, PUGAD LAWIN (QUEZON CITY)

IMPORTANCE OF THE CRY OF THE KATIPUNAN TO OUR SOCIETY TODAY:

Because of their rebellion against the Spaniards, we have experienced the freedom that we have today

The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny

SPANISH PERSPECTIVE

-The cavite mutiny happened on January 20, 1872 Wherein, 200 Filipino soldiers rose up against the
Spanish colonial forces inside the Cavite arsenal (pagawaan ng mga armamento ng mga sundalo sa
Spanish colonial government).

They executed several high-ranking officials that were in the arsenal, and it became violent
Unfortunately for Filipino soldiers, they were easily defeated by the reinforcement groups of the Spanish
colonial government, under the leadership of Rafael Izquierdo.

Massive arrests were made against Filipino and Mestizo Liberal thinkers and Clergies. Some of them
were imprisoned, exiled, while others were executed.

GOMBURZA - the most popular victims of execution by the Spaniards. They were executed on February
17, 1872, at Bagumbayan, through a garrote

1. Mariano Gomez

2. Jose Burgos

3. Jacinto Zamora

Basis of Perspective will be the writers:

• Jose Montero Y. Vidal a spanish historian, who interpreted that the mutiny was an attempt to remove
and overthrow the spanish colonizers in the Philippines

• Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez he was the governor-general during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to
execution of 41 of the mutineers, including the gomburza martyrs. Izquierdo also acted as governor-
general of Puerto Rico from march 1862 to April 1862

Their statements are just related in favor to the cavity mutiny. According to them:

- The Cavite Mutiny is one of the starting plots to be free from the Spanish Colonial Government through
uprising because of the spread of propaganda pamphlet and ideas of Liberal thinkers in Europe -The
Liberal thinkers are the ones who criticize the government and they are the ones who question if it's still

relevant or appropriate to have colonies and there is still right towards Spanish Colonies. Jose Montero
Vidal & Rafael Izquierdo stated that there was an alliance between Filipino Priests, Rebels and other
enemies of Spain to form an uprising or wide revolution against Spaniards in the Cavite Mutiny -Rafael
izquierdo sent a message to the king of Spain about a plan attempting to expel Spanish rule in the

Philippines led by Filipino priests and declare GOMBURZA as the new rulers of the country. He also said
that the priests invited rebels and enemies of Spain with a promise of money, power and better lives and
future for the Filipinos if the Spaniards will be expelled.
According to Montero and izquierdo, the Cavite Mutiny was planned by intelligent Filipinos and priests.
In fact, the Cavite Mutiny only started with a purpose of uprising until it results to a revolution. However,
they state that the plan is to attack Spanish Leaders in the Cavite Arsenal then will be followed by

successively executing high ranking officials of Spain and lastly, massacre of friars

According to Izquierdo's investigation, the Cavite Mutiny will start through rocket explosions in the walls
of

Intramuros Consequently, the day of Mutiny was also the day celebrating the Feast of the Virgin of
Loreto. The people in Cavite thought that the fireworks display in Sampaloc was the signal to start the
uprising which was also what Izquierdo have thought.

The Filipino soldiers lost their fight since there was no reinforcement.

Looking through the Spanish Perspective of Jose Montero Vidal and Rafael Izquierdo, it is concentrated
against

the Liberal thinkers in the Philippines.

• Liberal thinkers - are middle class, educated and brought home liberal ideas about rights and
independence - One of the focus of the Spanish perspective is the Filipino Clergies (naglalakad sa
secularization ng

Pilipinas) Montero and Izquierdo stated that the plan of attack from the Cavite Arsenal is just a part of a
wide plot against Spanish Colonial government according to Spanish perspective. FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE

Based from the Writing of Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Travera

-A Filipino historian who also had a relative arrested and punished during the Cavite Mutiny, According
to him, it only started because of the removal of privileges of the Filipino workers in the Cavite Arsenal.

-Dr. Pardo de Tavera blames Gen. Izquierdo about the mutiny because of his strict leadership and cruelty
particularly the workers and soldiers of the arsenal. In addition, he stated that the Spaniards used the
opportunity to worsen the situation by saying that it is a huge plan of revolution against the Spanish
Colonial government.

-The big question is, why did the Spaniards used the Cavite Mutiny as a grand scale of revolution instead
of just a small uprising of Filipino soldiers that lost their privileges?

The friars (prayle/pari) wanted to make sure they will retain power. Because in Spain, the influence of
Liberal thinkers we're becoming stronger The Spanish government of Madrid were slowly adapting to
Liberal policies such as changing the Philippine education system, the want to create the Philippine
Institute and removing friars out of the picture in terms of handling educational institutions in the
country

-The friars were threatened that slowly, they will be removed in power in the Spanish Colonial
government in the Philippines. They wanted to make sure that through the Cavite Mutiny, the Spanish
government in Spain will change is mind and discontinue the intent of reforms in the Philippines
-The mutiny was used as a leverage in order to prolong power. During that time, policies of Spain were
slowly changing for their colonies becoming liberal. The friars were afraid because of it plus the circling
secularization, losing power among colonial territories of Spain.

-They wanted to use the Cavite Mutiny to enlarge and eliminate critics and enemies especially those who
run the secularization movement which is GOMBURZA.

-Dr. Pardo de Tavera blames the lack of reforms from Spain to the Philippines. The Cavite Mutiny is
focused on the dissatisfaction of Filipino soldiers in the Cavite Arsenal. He also added that the Spaniards
and friars just wanted to worsen the situation and tell there were a grand scale of revolution in order to
maintain power They were scared that if the Spanish government started adapting Liberalism, they
might wake up one day without power. They became desperate to create something out of nothing and
saw the Cavite Mutiny as a perfect opportunity

WHY THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION FAILED SUCCESSFULLY?

In more than three centuries of Spanish occupation, the Philippines saw a number of rebellions that
were unsuccessful in attaining independence But in 1896, the struggle of the Katipunan or the KKK in the
Philippines would be the final attempt that would eventually gain independence from Spain. However,
the events leading up to it would be filled with courage, determination, and heroism, but also chaos,
selfishness, and betrayal. This is the tragedy of the Philippine Revolution

Spain had a huge empire, including the Philippines, which they ruled for 333 years. But with colonization
came oppression. The Spanish exploited the country's resources and forced the indigenous population
into hard labor while imposing high taxes.

They also tightly controlled the people and suppressed any political dissent. The Spanish tried to
suppress local culture, banned native languages, imposed Christianity, and discouraged traditional
practices. This treatment understandably made the Filipinos unhappy and they resisted Spanish rules
through various revolts throughout the years, such as the Dagohoy revolt and Silang revolt, to name a
few. But the last attempt at independence from the Spaniards came during the Philippine Revolution of
1896 to 1898. In 1892, Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan, also known as the Kataas-taasang
Kagalang-galang- Katipunan ng mga anak-nang-bayan, or the KKK.

It was a secret society that aimed to overthrow the Spaniards and establish a Philippine government. The
members of the Katipunan were composed of mainly working-class Filipinos who were tired of the
poverty and oppression that marked Spanish colonial rule, and they were driven by a burning desire for
freedom, equality, and justice.

Cahatipunan was a daring response to the growing sense of nationalism among Filipino people. It was a
call to arms, a rallying cry for all those who dared to dream of a better future for their country. The
organization grew quickly, and by 1896, it had become a powerful force that posed a significant threat to
the Spanish colonial forces. The Katipunan made its grand entrance in the Battle of San Juan del Monde
on August 30, 1898, officially beginning the bloody and violent Philippine Revolution. The battle was a
response that the Spanish authorities discovered to the Katipunans' plans for an uprising.

In the days leading up to the battle, Spanish forces arrested several of the society's prominent members,
leaving the Katipunan with no choice but to launch an attack on the Spanish forces in the area. However,
the odds were not in the Katipunans' favor. The Spanish authorities had a well-equipped and well-trained
army, while the Katipunan was composed mainly of untrained volunteers armed with only

basic weapons

Moreover, the Katipunan lacked coordination and planning, leaving them at a severe disadvantage
Eventually, the Katipunan suffered heavy losses and lost its first battle. Soon, news of the resistance
spread

to the Spanish government in Spain. They knew they had to act fast to quell the rebellion in their colony,
so they sent reinforcements and additional resources to the Philippines The Spanish government was
determined to crush the rebellion and restore its authority in the colony.

But the Spanish response was not limited to just sending reinforcements. They also unleashed a brutal
crackdown and resistance, with several prominent members of the Philippine Revolution executed in a
bid to intimidate and discourage further resistance. Among the people was Jose Rizal, a key figure in the
propaganda movement and a symbol of hope for the people even before. With the Spanish military
regaining strength, the odds were stacked against the Katipunan. The lack of resources and support for
the resistance

meant that the battles that followed would be marked by even more significant losses and casualties for
the

Katipunan.

As the battles raged on, a particularly charismatic leader was gaining popularity and quickly rose through
the ranks of the Katipunan. Despite being outmatched in terms of manpower and resources, Emilio

Aguinaldo was able to lead the Katipunan to several important victories in Cavite, his hometown. He was
a skilled military strategist and tactician, and his leadership and battle inspired others to follow him.
Aguinaldo

was also politically savvy and was able to navigate the complex political landscape of the Philippines. He

was able to forge alliances and gain the support of other groups. Despite fighting with the Katipunan, the

leaders in Cavite, along with Emilio Aguinaldo, formed their own faction of the Katipunan, called
Magdalo The Katipunan leaders also formed their own faction called the Magdiwang, which is closely
associated with Andres Bonifacio himself, the founder of The Katipunan. The Magdalo faction, composed
of the wealthy

and educated, had a more moderate stance towards politics and was open to negotiations with the
Spanish colonial authorities. They believed that the Katipunan needed to focus on establishing a new
government

and gaining political power. Meanwhile, the Magdiwang faction, consisting of members from the lower
social classes, was determined to continue the armed struggle against the Spanish.

This division within the Katipunan was rooted in differences in leadership style, political ideology, and

personal ambition, and made it more difficult to achieve their goal of independence, to reorganize the
Katipunen into a more formal and centralized organization. Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, and

members of both the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions held a meeting in Cavite to once and for all,
elect the

new leaders of The Katipunan. This meeting was infamously known as the Tejeros Convention of 1897. At

the convention, however, Andres Bonifacio was not elected as the new head of the revolutionary

government. Instead, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the new president. Bonifacio argued that he, as
the

founder of the Katipunan, should be the one to lead the new government. But Aguinaldo, with his
impressive

military record and popularity, won out in the end. It was suggested that Bonifacio should instead

automatically have the position of Vice President. However, the election continued and Mariano Trias
took

the position of Vice President. As the elections continued, Andres Bonifacio was elected last as the
Director

of Interior, but was then challenged by Daniel Tirona, who argued that he was not qualified for the
position

due to his lack of formal education and that the position should be held by someone who holds a
lawyer's

diploma.