AC Fundamentals

Eng. (Ms.) H.C. Ganege

 Generation of three phase supply

Consider three wire

loops as shown in
figure

Place the three

wire loops 120⁰
apart.
Generation of three phase supply
 Three phase supply

Instantaneous
van (t) = Vm cos( t)
Phase Voltages vbn (t) = Vm cos( t −120)
vcn (t) = Vm cos( t − 240)
 Balanced Three Phase system

• Three sinusoidal voltages of equal amplitude

and frequency out of phase with each other
by 120°. Known as “balanced”.
• Phases are labeled A, B, and C.
• Phases are sequenced as A, B, C (positive) or
A, C, B (negative).
 Phasor Diagram
Vc=Vm 𝖻 +120°

Va=Vm 𝖻 0°

Vb=Vm 𝖻 -120°

Instantaneous
van (t) = Vm cos( t)
Phase Voltages vbn (t) = Vm cos( t −120)
vcn (t) = Vm cos( t − 240)
 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝐿 − 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐼𝑎𝑛 = 𝐼𝑏𝑛 = 𝐼𝑐𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
Wye (Star) Connection 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ − 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐼𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎𝑐 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ

𝐼 𝑝ℎ= 𝐼𝐿

Delta (Mesh) Connection

𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝐿

𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑝ℎ
 Three phase power
Apparent power
𝑆 = 3𝑉𝐿𝐼𝐿
𝑆 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ𝐼𝑝ℎ

Active power
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos ∅
𝑃 = 3𝑉𝑝 ℎ 𝐼𝑝 ℎ cos ∅

Reactive power
𝑄 = 3𝑉𝐿𝐼𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅
𝑄 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅