DEPARTMENT OF CYBER SECURITY

Subject
Digital Logic Design Lab (EE-123L)

Submitted To
Dr. Bahman R. Alyaei

Class & Section

BSCYS-1-A

Submitted By
Bismah Raees (231292)
Azeem Khan (231294)
M. Haris Sarfraz (231296)
Qasim (231300)
Lab#02
To implement the basic logic gates using transistors
Date of submission
27th February, 2024.
 NAND, NOR and NOT GATES

OBJECTIVES:
To implement the basic logic gates using transistors.

THEORY:
 NAND, NOR and NOT are Boolean operators that perform logical functions. NAND
gate only not produces an output signal, when signals are received at the same time at
every input.
 NOR gate produces output signal, when no input signal is received at one input signal at
least.
 NOT gate has a single input and a single output. It outputs the value that is the reverse of
the input.
 A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch is a type of electrical switch that has three
terminals and can be used to connect or disconnect a single circuit to one of two different
paths.
 LED bulb is used to show the output of the circuit.
 Two switches are connected in a series in the NAND gate circuit where as in NOR gate,
the two switches are connected parallel. NOT gate only has a single switch connected
parallely to the LED.
 Practically, CMOS technology is used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication process that
utilizes both P-type and N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors to
implement logic functions.
 A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a type of semiconductor device that utilizes the
properties of semiconductor materials to amplify or switch electronic signals.
 NPN Transistor is used in this experiment which is the mode of operation is:
 Active Mode (Amplification):
The NPN transistor operates in the active mode when a small signal is applied to
the base, resulting in amplification of the signal across the collector-emitter
terminals.
 Saturation Mode (Switching):
For switching applications, the transistor is driven into saturation by applying a
sufficient base current. In saturation, the collector current is at its maximum, and
the transistor acts like a closed switch.
 Cutoff Mode (Switching):
The transistor is turned off in cutoff mode when the base-emitter junction is
reverse-biased, resulting in minimal or no collector current.
CIRCUIT ELEMENT:
● A battery source.
● Resistor
● Transistor
● Ground connection
● Wires
● Switch/Switches
● LED bulb

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
NOT GATE:

R1
100Ω

S1
Q1 LED1
2N2222

Key = Space

V1
5V

R1 100Ω

S1
Q1 2N2222 LED1

Key = Space

V1
5V
NOR GATE:

R1 100Ω

S2 LED1
Q1 2N2222 Q2 2N2222
S1

V1
Key = Space
5V
Key = Space

R1 100Ω

S2 LED1
Q1 2N2222 Q2 2N2222
S1

V1
Key = Space
5V
Key = Space
 R1 100Ω

S2 LED1
Q1 2N2222 Q2 2N2222
S1

V1
Key = Space
5V
Key = Space

R1 100Ω

S2 LED1
Q1 2N2222 Q2 2N2222
S1

V1
Key = Space
5V
Key = Space
NAND GATE:

R1 100Ω

S1
LED1

Q2 2N2222
Key = Space

V1
5V
S2

Q1 2N2222
Key = Space

R1 100Ω

S1
LED1

Q2 2N2222
Key = Space

V1
5V
S2

Q1 2N2222
Key = Space
 R1 100Ω

S1
LED1

Q2 2N2222
Key = Space

V1
5V
S2

Q1 2N2222
Key = Space

R1 100Ω

S1
LED1

Q2 2N2222
Key = Space

V1
5V
S2

Q1 2N2222
Key = Space
OBSERVATIONS:
As can be seen above:
1 The LED in the NAND gate circuit only lights off when both the switches are closed (when
both have value of 1), as it is a series circuit and both switches are needed to be closed to
provide a continuous path.
2 The LED in the NOR gate circuit lights off in all circumstances except for when both
switches are open (both have value of 0), as it is a parallel circuit and can work if both or any
of the switches are open.
3 The LED in the NOT gate lights up only when the switch is open (when the switch has value
of 0), because NOT gate is a logic gate that inverts the binary input.

TRUTH TABLES:
NAND GATE:
A B Result
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR GATE:
A B Result
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

NOT GATE:
A Result
0 1
1 0
CONCLUSION:
1. In conclusion, this experiment aimed to implement basic logic gates using transistors and
investigate their behavior in electronic circuits, using combinations of NPN.
2. Each logic gate exhibited the expected output based on the input combinations, validating
their functionality in performing logical operations.
3. The experiment highlighted the pivotal role of transistors in realizing logic gates.
Transistors acted as electronic switches, allowing or blocking the flow of current based on
input signals.
4. Understanding the biasing conditions and transistor configurations was essential for
achieving the desired logic gate behavior.