Ministry of Higher Education

Kandahar University
Engineering Faculty
Water And Environmental Engineering Department

(Proposal)
Identifying Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting And select of
Groundwater Recharge Zone Using Gis in Nangarhar Province
of Afghanistan

Advisor:
Prof. Mohmmad Aslam Haziq

Submitted by:
Group (5)

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 1. Contents
First Chapter.........................................................................................................................................4
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1(Background)......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Problem statement...........................................................................................................................6
1.3 Importance of Research..................................................................................................................6
1.4 Objectives.........................................................................................................................................7
1.5 Research questions..........................................................................................................................7
1.7 limitations.........................................................................................................................................7
Second chapter...................................................................................................................................8
Literature review...............................................................................................................................8
2.1 History of Rainwater harvesting................................................................................................8
2.2 Rainwater harvesting method:.................................................................................................11
2.3 Rainwater Harvesting Components:...........................................................................................12
2.4 Advantage of Rainwater harvesting:........................................................................................13
2.5 Disadvantage of Rain Water Harvesting.................................................................................13
2.6 Surface and Ground water........................................................................................................14
2.7 Groundwater extractions..........................................................................................................14
2.8 Ground water recharge zone....................................................................................................15
2.9 Artificial Recharge of Groundwater........................................................................................17
2.10 Neutral Recharge.....................................................................................................................18
2.11 Dam site selection.....................................................................................................................19
2. Third chapter...................................................................................................................20
3. Research Methodology....................................................................................................20
4. 3.1 Research Methodology Chart...................................................................................20
5. 3.2 Study Area..................................................................................................................21
6. 3.3 Water Sources in Nangarhar province....................................................................21
7. 3.4 Groundwater Resources in Nangarhar Province...................................................21
8. 3.5 Data collection............................................................................................................22
9. 3.5.1 primary data............................................................................................................22
10. 3.5.2 Secondary data........................................................................................................22
11. 3.6 Introduction of GIS...................................................................................................23
12. 3.6.1Components of GIS..................................................................................................23
13. 3.6.2 Applications of Geographic Information System (GIS)......................................23

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14. 3.7 Methodology for Finding Rain Water harvesting Areas.......................................24
15. 3.8 Methodology for Finding Groundwater recharge area.........................................26
16. 3.9 Some command which we used for our Research for site selection of RWH.......28
17. 3.10 Command for Groundwater recharge zone selection..........................................28
18. References.........................................................................................................................29

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 First Chapter
Introduction
1.1(Background)
Water is one of the most important natural resources in our daily life. As a valuable natural
resources, water plays an important role for human needs in relation of food security, industrial
development, and sustainable ecosystem services along with the socio-economic progress of a
nation ( Saha & Ghosh,at,all, 2021) most people in the world do not have access to fresh water
for domestic purposes. In many parts of the world piped water is also not available, uncertain or
too expensive. One of the biggest problems of the 21st century is water shortage. Rainwater
harvesting (RWH) has regained its importance as a worthy alternative or supplementary water
resource, along with more customary water supply technologies.
More current and future water shortages can be relieved if rainwater harvesting is practiced more
widely ( Worm, & Hattum, 2006)The pressure on water resources in the world is driven by
demographic, economic and social factors. Population which increases day by day in world is the
function of growth, gender and age distributions, and migration imposed very heavy pressure on
fresh water resources because water demand will increase. Economical changes and growth also
having impact on water resources. Similarly changes in lifestyle and individual awareness of
water resources, changes in consumption rate also impact on water resources and issues relate to
water. (Adeboye & Olanike, 2009)
Rain water management through water harvesting and storing of surface runoff by clayey
leveling application on the soil surface can help in reducing water shortage problems in the study
area. (RAHMANI, 2018)Also, the majority of precipitation events are extreme, frequently leads
storms with very high rain intensities. Harvesting rainwater is an effective strategy for reducing
the shortage of water in developing nations. Most of water harvested for agricultural use can be
stored underground in natural systems to prevent water loss (Haziq, 2022)
And Rainwater harvesting is a technology used to collect, convey and store rain for future use
from clean surfaces such as a roof, land surface or rock catchment. The water is generally stored
in a rainwater tank or directed to recharge groundwater. Rainwater infiltration is another part of
rainwater harvesting playing an important role in storm water management and in the keeping of

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the groundwater levels. Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for over 4,000 years in the
world, traditionally in arid and semi-arid areas, and has provided
drinking water, domestic water and water for livestock and small irrigation. Today, rainwater can
harvest on very modern ways, water-saving and simple technology. (Khoury, 2022)
Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation, is the activity of direct collection of rain water.
Collected water can be stored for direct use or can be re-charged into the Ground Water.
Selection of suitable sites for water harvesting structures needs more date from different sources
for which the applications of modern remote sensing and geographic information system
techniques are very famous in recent years” ( Prasad, & Bhalla,at,all, 2014) Rainwater harvesting
structures (RWHSs) are an effective tool to generate water resources and for future water supply
in sub-humid regions, where the water supply is not enough.
(Chanda & Hazra,at,all, 2022) Rainwater harvesting describes processes in which precipitation that
falls on a site is turned, captured, and stored for use on-site, as opposed to allowing it to run off,
evaporate, or infiltrate into the soil. Depending on its usage, captured precipitation may require
some treatment. (Medina, 2016)
Groundwater:
Groundwater is the largest available source of fresh water lying under the ground. Water, one of
the most important resources in our day-to-day life is reducing faster in rural as well as urban
areas mainly because of increase in agricultural and domestic demands. In water resources
planning, ground water drawing is increasing due to the scarcity of good quality of surface water
and growing need of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses
(Kumar, 2010)With increasing population, demand for more reliable supplies of water has
increased. The situation is serious in places where groundwater is the only accessible water
resource and discharge of water is more than the rate of recharge (Shripad, 2010)
Groundwater Recharge is a hydrological process in which water flows from the surface of the
earth to the water table through the pores and absorption in the soil and reaches the underground
water. Water is added to Reservoirs (Simmers, 2002)
Afghanistan is a landlocked country, the water sources are mainly from the highlands, about 80%
of the water comes from the mountains with a height of 2000 meters (Qureshi, 2002). The
climatic conditions of the country are different in rainy and semi- arid regions and there are
irregular rains. (2002 Qureshi)

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1.2 Problem statement
In more countries of world every drop of water has values but in most Provinces of Afghanistan
It has destructive effects. And day by day water table go down because most time people use
groundwater due this problem Nangahar Province ground water must be kept. Instead of
groundwater, rainwater must be used. Nangahar Province located in the east of Afghanistan and
Nangahar is an agriculture and dense population province.
The province has seasonal climate that there doesn’t rain fall in this area. The groundwater water
table day by day go down because there is not enough precipitation and average precipitation
100---300mm. (Qureshi, 2002) In some area of Nangahar Province there is not enough water for
drinking and agriculture because the rainfall is less than past and also for water control and usage
parts. There are not rules and public knowledge. If Nangahar rain water does not control more
problems will happen and groundwater will go down and will eliminate a lot of agriculture area.
Wild animals and some other water related problems will happen. For the solution of this
problem water control and groundwater recharging is very important. for rain water harvesting
and recharging groundwater suitable site selection is very important and finding suitable site for
rainwater harvesting because we selected this research.

1.3 Importance of Research

Water shortage is the big problem of the world. This time most country collect rainwater
harvesting for Groundwater Recharge, Domestic washing and Drinking. Because Rainwater
harvesting is the simple way for water shortage. harvest rainwater systems are inexpensive, offer
high-quality water. A lot of rain water can be used also to recharge groundwater aquifer through
artificial recharge techniques. Finally, it helps to reduce flow of rain water by collecting rain
water, also can prevent even urban floods and reduced soil erosion.
The estimation of runoff volume can be important as an informative tool and help in land use
planning, drainage systems, flood control, locating suitable water storage structures and for
warning purposes. but for Afghanistan this rainwater destructive effects. Because the people of
Afghanistan don’t work for this issue and can’t select good site for rainwater harvesting.
Therefore, we want to select suitable sit for rainwater harvesting of Nangahar province of
Afghanistan.

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1.4 Objectives
1.suiteble site selection for Rainwater harvesting.
2.site selection for Groundwater Recharge zone.
3.Useing GIS for this site selection.

1.5 Research questions

1.How can we select suitable site for Rainwater harvesting?
2.How can we select Groundwater Recharge Zone?
3.Which Software is used for this site selection?

1.6 Scop
Scope of the study is focused on the rain water harvesting and recharge ground water zone in
Nangahar Province. This will include looking at the processes of collecting rain water and how
to recharge ground water? And to select the site for harvesting rain water, to select site for
harvesting rain water by GIS software and how to manage rain water for keeping ground water
level.

1.7 limitations
 Unfamiliarity of GIS.
 Unavailability of update Data

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 Second chapter
Literature review
2.1Rainwater harvesting
In this chapter will mention some last researches about rain water harvesting and also some
technique and structure for rain water collection.
RWH methods are very old and have been extensively used in many countries in the past, such
as China, India, and some African and Arabic countries. These techniques were used in
commercial, agriculture, and human utilization by applying simple ways that developed
gradually later
(Alrawi, 2023)The term harvesting was probably used first by Geddes of University of Sydney.
He defined harvesting as the collection and storage of any form of water either runoff or creek
flow for irrigation use ( Amani, 2012)
One of the biggest challenges of the 21st century is to overcome the growing water shortage.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has thus regained its importance as a valuable alternative or
supplementary water resource, along with more conventional water supply technologies.
(Warm & Hattum,at.all, 2006) Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for over 4,000 years
throughout the world, acted for over 4,000 years throughout the world, traditionally in arid and
semi-arid areas, and has provided drinking water, domestic water and water for livestock and
small irrigation. (Khoury, 2022)Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) techniques have been utilized
throughout time as some irrigation methods have been used by the people of Ur (present Iraq)
around 4500 BC and are at present used in India (Khadin structures) (African Developmentbank,
2006)
In the third century BC, the peasant communities in Balochistan (now located in Pakistan,
Afghanistan and Iran) and Kutch, India, used to harvest rain water for irrigation. In ancient Tamil
Nadu (India) was made the rainwater harvesting by Chola Kings. Rain water from the
Brihadeeswara Temple (located in the Balaganpathy Nagar, Thanjavur, India) tank was collected
in Shivaganga. The Viranam was built during the later Chola period tank Cuddalore district Of
Tamil Nadu, drinking water and irrigation purposes to save (1011 to1037). Viranam is a 16 km
(9.9 mi) long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cubic feet (41,500,000 m3)

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(Morey & Dhurve,at.all, 2016)

In the Irrawaddy Delta Myanmar saline groundwater and communities on mud-lined rain water
ponds for their drinking water needs during the dry season. Some of these ponds are centuries
old and treated with great reverence and respect are (Morey & Dhurve,at.all, 2016)
Kenya has already been successfully harvesting rainwater for toilets, laundry, and irrigation.
Since the establishment of the country's 2016 Water Act, Kenya has prioritized the regulation of
their agriculture industry. (Wikibooks, 2023)
Frankfurt Airport has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The system helps
save approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system was 1.5
million dm (US$63,000) in 1993. This system collects water from the roofs of the new terminal
which has an area of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport
in six tanks with a storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet
flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system. (Wikibooks, 2023)
The earliest signs of water harvesting are believed to have taken place during the pre-Axumite
period (560 BC) in Ethiopia. However, lack of scientific planning and overuse had led to the
shortages of this precious resource in various parts of the country.
(Yilma & Nedaw,at.all, 2022) The use of rainwater-collection systems is known to have existed
4,000 years ago, in the semi-arid and arid regions of the Negev desert, in Palestine, which
receives less than 15 cm of rainfall a year. Hillsides were cleared to increase runoff, and contour
ditches helped collect water for crop irrigation. (Bakir, 2008) Evidence of RWH technology is
more than 9000 years old in Jordan. Farm ponds (embung in Indonesia) are a common form of
RWH technology in Indonesia’s semi-arid region. In the early 1980s, the government started
constructing ponds in Timor Island with assistance from international donors Prior to that,
however, several ponds had already been constructed in cattle grazing area on the north coast of
the North Central Timor also known as Timor Tengah Utara (TTU) district in the 1970s by
Timor Livestock Company (Timlico) (sunil & sujono, 2023) The term harvesting was probably
used first by Geddes of University of Sydney. He defined harvesting as the collection and storage
of any form of water either runoff or creek flow for irrigation use ( Amani, 2012) Rainwater is
collected by a rooftop runoff system as well as by a soil infiltration system and stored in a

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25,000-gallon underground cistern. The collected water is used for toilet flushing and irrigation.
The goal of rainwater harvesting is to collect 430,000 gallons annually. This would allow for
79% reduction of potable water needed for toilet flushing and 14% reduction
of potable water for irrigation. Collected rainwater is also used for decorative water features in
the building(Medina, 2016)Above statistics indicate that just 10 % of the total annual
precipitation recharge groundwater naturally and since more than 15% of the agricultural land is
being irrigated by groundwater in karez wells fed by springs and shallow wells in Afghanistan
(Ahmad, 2018)An investigation in 2007 showed that over 10 million RWH reservoirs were
constructed in China to supply domestic water for 22 million people (Gould et al., 2014). In
Chennai, India, 50,000 RWH installations were built in 2014 to provide potable water. For
Australia, it has become a principal method of suppling household water (Taher & Nasimi, 2022)

Water harvesting was practiced more than 1000 years back in South India, by way of
construction of irrigation tank, or anis, temple tanks, farm ponds etc., but the research in India on
this subject is of recent one. Work is taken up at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, Central arid Zone
Research Institute, Jodhpur, Central Research Institute for dryland Agriculture (CRIDA),
Hyderabad, State Agricultural Universities and other dry land research centers throughout India.

(Sivanappan, 2006) Pakistan, in the mountainous and dry province of Balukhistan, bunds are
constructed across the slopes to force the runoff to infiltrate. In China, with its vast population is
actively promoting rain and stream water harvesting. One very old but still common flood
diversion technique is called ‘Warping’ (harvesting water as well as sediment).

(Sivanappan, 2006) The water harvesting for household and for recharging purposes are also in
existence for long years in the world. During rainy days, the people in the villages used to collect
the roof water in the vessels and use the same for household purposes including drinking. In
South East Asian countries people used to collect the roof water (thatched roof by providing
gutters) by placing 4 big earthen drums in 4 corners of their houses. They use this water for all
household purposes and if it is exhausted only, they will go for well water. The main building of
the Agricultural College at Coimbatore was constructed 100 years ago and they have collected
all the roof water by pipes and stored in a big underground masonry storage tank by the sides of
the building(Sivanappan, 2006) Rainwater harvesting system was introduced after the 1998
drought by Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG). The 1999 ‘Guidelines for

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Installing a Rainwater Collection and Utilization System’ can be seen as the initial phase of the
rainwater

harvesting policy in Malaysia. The main purpose of these guidelines is to reduce the dependence
on treated water and provides a convenient buffer in times of emergency or a shortfall in the
water supply (shaari, 2009)27 rainwater systems at Figtree Place in Australia found that all
coliform bacteria were removed after storage in the hot water tank in the 23 samples collected.
This removal efficiency was achieved with rainwater of fairly poor quality (Despins &
Farahbakhsh, 2009)

Currently is in China and Brazil on the roof rainwater harvesting is practiced for providing
drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, for small irrigation and a way to the
groundwater to replenish water levels. Running the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects
Gansu province in China and semi-arid North East Brazil. (Morey & Dhurve,at.all, 2016)

The majority of the water harvested for agricultural use can be stored underground in natural
systems to prevent water loss. However, rainwater collected for domestic usage may well be
contaminated by bacteria and dangerous substances, necessitating careful consideration when
selecting the catchment area.
The technique used in this work is supported by a detailed examination of research on
Afghanistan’s water resources. Similarly, in a study conducted in Afghanistan’s Badghis
Province using GIS and multi-criteria decision-making techniques, suitable rainwater harvesting
sites were found using cutting-edge technical methods that took into account several biophysical
factors that were chosen in accordance with the needs of the target region’s environment.
Another study has investigated the feasibility of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system in Kabul
New City (Haziq, 2022)

2.2 Rainwater harvesting method:

It is easy to collect rain water from the building, roofs and numerous other sources. As long as
you are ready and you have everything with a few different items, what it needs, harvest rain
water and enjoy naturally delicious, clean and useful water start. Rainwater harvesting systems
can be purchased from various home improvement stores completely. The cost of these systems
is different. Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater

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1. Surface runoff harvesting 2. Roof top rainwater harvesting

 Surface runoff harvesting:

In this method, rainwater flows away as surface runoff and can be stored for future use. Surface
water can be stored by diverting the flow of small creeks and streams into reservoirs on the
surface or underground. It can provide water for farming, for cattle and also for general domestic
use. Surface runoff harvesting is most suitable in urban areas
 Roof Top rainwater harvesting:
It is the system collect rainwater, where it is harvest falls. In on the roof is the catchment area
and collected rainwater, from roof/ building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to
artificial recharge system. This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented
properly helps in augmenting the ground water level of the area. (Medina, 2016)

2.3 Rainwater Harvesting Components:

(i) Rooftop collection systems are common, taking advantage of drainage and gutter
systems. Metal roofs are ideal for rainwater collection. They are easy to keep clean and maintain
a high level of rainwater quality. Some roof materials, such as asphalt, may limit water uses to
non-potable ones.
(ii) Conveyance systems via gutters, channels, and pipe systems are used to carry collected
water to storage and areas of use
(iii) Storage systems keep collected rainwater for later use. These are typically tanks, either
on the surface or below ground. Open ponds may also be used, particularly for decorative effect.
(iv) Treatment will be required for most potable uses and possibly for some non-potable uses.
Treatment typically includes filtration to remove particulate matter in the collection and
conveyance of the area. (Medina, 2016)
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting:

The system mainly constitutes of following sub components:

1. Catchments: Used to collect and store the captured rainwater.

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2. Transportation: It is used to transport the harvested water from the catchment to the
recharge.

3. First flush: It is used to flush out the first spell of rain

4. Filter: Used for filtering the collected rainwater and removing pollutants. (Medina, 2016)

5. Tanks and the recharge structures: Used to store the filtered water which is ready to use

2.4 Advantage of Rainwater harvesting:

1. Rainwater collection and delivery system installation are quite cheap

2. This is an easily accessible clean water source

3. Rainwater is a renewable source, so it does not exhaust our resources.

Modern cities have converted most of their land surface into impervious concrete

layers which can cause flooding during heavy rainfall. Collection of surface runoff will

4. reduce urban flooding.

5. Rainwater harvesting will lessen soil erosion happening due to heavy surface runoff
(Medina, 2016)

2.5 Disadvantage of Rain Water Harvesting

1. Uncertain rainfalls or Unpredictable Rainfall, not
• Supplies can be contaminated by bird/ animal droppings on catchment surfaces and guttering
structures unless they are cleaned / flushed before us.
• Poorly constructed water jars/containers can suffer from algal growth and invasion by insects,
izards and rodents.
• They can act as a breeding ground for disease vectors if they are not properly maintained
2. When used to water plants, some roof types may seep chemicals, insects, dirt, or animal
excrement that might harm the plants.
3. Rodents, mosquitoes, algae growth, insects, and lizards can contaminate rainwater collection
systems and the water that is collected. If they are not adequately managed, they could end up
serving as breeding sites for several species.
4. Installation requires some technological knowhow.
5. Rainfall amounts might be restricted by little or no precipitation (Kumar & patel, 2023)

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2.6 Surface and Ground water
 Surface Water: Surface water is accumulated on the ground or in a stream, river,
lake, reservoir, or ocean. The total land area that contributes surface runoff to a lake or river is
called catchment area The volume of water depends mostly on the amount of rainfall but also on
the size of the watershed, the slope of the ground, the soil type and vegetation, and the land use.
Any changes in the water level of a lake are controlled by the difference between the input and
output compared to the total volume of the lake (Karapanagioti & Konstantina,at.all, 2017)
 Groundwater

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water worldwide and is hosted in aquifers.

Hydrological recharge of aquifers hugely varies geographically and strongly depends, among
other factors, on climate, geology, soil type, vegetation, and land use. Groundwater is recharged
from precipitation, which is complemented by natural infiltration by surface water or by artificial
recharge. On a global scale, 20% of the irrigation water and 40% of the water used in industry
are derived from groundwater (Karapanagioti & Konstantina,at.all, 2017)

2.7 Groundwater extractions

Around 99% of global fresh water reserves are groundwater sources. The flow rate of
groundwater is very low (7-60 cm per day) making it a stationary source of water. Exact
quantification of total global groundwater is very difficult which varies depending upon
estimation methods and inclusion or exclusion of old groundwater (Sharma & Kumar, 2021)In
general, groundwater constitutes about 89% of the freshwater on Earth (excluding the polar ice
caps). Therefore, owing to the well-documented world water scarcity, it is immensely important
to manage the precious groundwater resources (Sharma & Kumar, 2021)

For instance, approximately 75% of India’s rural population is primarily dependent on

groundwater and moreover, about 25% of the total consumption of water of urban population is

14
met by groundwater. Furthermore, since India has very large population, the use of groundwater
has increased manifold past few years, resulting in scenario of scarcity and groundwater
resources of India become critical and threatened (Sharma & Kumar, 2021)

the Americas (North and South America) contain B45% of ground water reserves, which make it
a very rich area in terms of per capita groundwater share. Asia, Europe, and Africa contain 28%,
15.5%, and 9% of global groundwater reserves, respectively. The groundwater is the backbone
of world’s rural economy. The most significant withdrawal of groundwater is by the means of
agricultural irrigation. Throughout the globe, groundwater sources cover around 43% of total
water consumption in irrigation (Sharma & Kumar, 2021)

The developed countries have developed irrigation infrastructure to reduce the dependency on
the groundwater and better regulations on water usability. In USA, around 40% of total irrigated
water is withdrawal from groundwater sources. In China also, over 40% of irrigated water
(irrigated area over 39 million ha) is withdrawn from groundwater resources (Sharma & Kumar,

2021) Due to the pressure of growing population in the developing countries, the groundwater
extraction is projected to be increase by 19% by 2050 for the irrigation (Udimal et al., 2017) The
groundwater is thus extensively used for drinking in both rural as well as urban areas. In India,
around 85% of the population is totally dependent on the groundwater for drinking purpose. In
Africa, over 75% of the population relies on the groundwater for drinking purpose. This results
in to the drastic depletion of local groundwater as seen from the examples of Beijing (ground
water table dropped to B45 m between 1950 and 1990) (Sharma & Kumar, 2021) Consequently,
dipping in groundwater levels occur dangerously and this further in return known to harm the
climate, for example, in India, groundwater extraction via electrical and diesel pumps accounts
for an estimated 16-25 million metric of carbon emissions which is about 4%-6% of India’s total.
The water extraction climate change equilibrium effect (Sharma & Kumar, 2021)

2.8 Ground water recharge zone

Groundwater recharge is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water
to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. The

15
aquifer also serves as a distribution system. The surplus rainwater can then be used to recharge
groundwater aquifer through artificial recharge techniques.
Infiltration of water into the ground and the proceeding percolation into ground layers, is called
“recharge”. Recharge can occur in several different ways such as direct infiltration of rain and snow,
infiltration through stream beds, inflow in subsurface layers from adjacent formations and infiltration
from irrigation.

The complex interaction between groundwater and surface water can impact recharge and
discharge processes (Sophocleous 2002).

Groundwater interacts with all surface water features such as lakes and streams, and a change in
one cause change/changes in the other in terms of quantity and quality. Surface waters can
recharge groundwater and also affect its quality. Similarly, in many instances, groundwater
contributes to streams and lakes by increasing their water and solute (Winter 1998). In many
parts of the world especially in arid and semi-arid areas, groundwater is the main source for most
water-consuming activities. However, in most of such areas, groundwater withdrawals exceed
natural recharge

1.The aim of this study was to select suitable sites for groundwater recharge Silakhor floodplain,
Broujerd using GIS technology, classified study area and finally find percentage of suitable site
for groundwater recharge zone High suitable 227 14.05 Suitable 368 18.66 Average 366 18.55
Rather unsuitable 543 27.54 Low suitable (Hamidreza Mehrabi, 2012)

2. Objectives of research were, to Recharge Groundwater Zones (GWRZ) in the integrated use of
remote sensing, GIS and MCDM techniques. And also studying divided in four parts. 40% of the
total area falls under ‘very good’ zone which is a good indication for future artificial recharge
planning.

3. Aim of the study was to evaluate groundwater recharge potential by using a geographic
information system (GIS) and remote sensing in the Ziway Abijata sub-basin, Central Rift Valley
of Ethiopia. They achieve four sites for recharge and divided for fifth class. Total recharge area

2,725.0 (Mitiku Badasa Moisa a, 2023)

16
4. This research for about delineate, identify and map the groundwater potential zone of Vamana
Puram river basin as an example for sustainable water resource development and planning in the
area. method comes to around 85%. The groundwater potential zone map thus obtained,
categorized into five classes-very high, high, moderate, low and very low. The study reveals that
about 59% of the river basin is covered under moderate groundwater potential zone (Arulbalaji
&. Padmalal,2012)
5. This study aimed to identify appropriate sites for artificial recharge in the arid area of
Iranshahr Plain based on GIS-FAHP integration by using GIS and improved

AHP to rehabilitate better and restore the aquifer. The geology, climate, vegetation, aquifer
properties, and topography data were used. and the result they showed that 72.8%, 16.7%, 7.7%,
2.5% of the areas were classified as unsuitable, moderate, suitable, and perfectly suitable sites for
planning a groundwater recharge site. and the result they (Zaresefat,2022)

2.9 Artificial Recharge of Groundwater

Groundwater recharge can also happen as a result of human intervention to the hydrological
cycle i.e., artificial recharge. Artificial recharge is defined as the operations planned and
managed by human in order to transfer surface water into the ground (Masoom, 2012)
Taheri and Zare (2011) studied the artificial recharge of groundwater applicability and impacts in
a semi-arid region of western Iran called Kangavar Basin. The aim of the study was to evaluate
artificial recharge in the area and calculate the safe yield of the aquifer (Masoom, 2012)
The aim of the study was to evaluate artificial recharge in the area and calculate the safe yield of
the aquifer. The study showed positive impacts of the artificial recharge through increased
storage of the aquifer and groundwater level rise. Groundwater level declinations as a result of
over-exploitation of groundwater in many parts of India urged the government to implement
artificial recharge projects throughout the country. Injections wells, infiltration tanks, ditches and
canals are being used for artificially recharging groundwater in states of Tamilnadu, Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Kerala (Masoom, 2012) The study by the JICA on groundwater resources in
Kabul (2007) reveals that, as a result of over-exploitation of groundwater, there is no more
groundwater development in the shallow aquifer in the Kabul Basin. Therefore, proper steps as
"aggressive development" scheme toward groundwater development e.g., artificial recharge
should be taken. Injecting the excess water of flood or streams in rainy season back to the ground

17
to augment the aquifer storage, is considered as a practical option for groundwater management
of Kabul, Afghanistan. Japan, China, Iran and India are the Asian countries with large-scale
artificial recharge projects. In Europe, Czech Republic is one of the countries experiencing
drought and its adverse impact on groundwater storages (Masoom, 2012)
The Lee River water is used for artificial recharge projects in London, (Masoom, 2012)
Environmental tracer studies and groundwater flow modelling indicate that recharge is about 5–
10 mm/year in the fringe area, where rainfall is about 450 mm, to less than 1 mm/year in the
central Kalahari, where rainfall is about 350 mm. (Simmers, 2002)

Recharge in the Botswana Precambrian area is largely restricted to fractured zones that form
groundwater basins that are about 5–10 km2 in area. In many places, these zones coincide with
morphological depressions or ill-defined dry valleys. Average areal recharge in the basins, where
mean annual rainfall is 500–550 mm, ranges from 10 mm/year through alluvial loamy sediments
to 30 mm/year through coarse-grained sediments and fractured outcrops. Several studies in areas
that have even more arid conditions (average rainfall less than 200 mm/year) indicate that
regional recharge of a few millimeters per year is not uncommon in areas with a coarse-grained
soil or fractured-rock outcrops (see Issar and Passchier 1990) (Simmers, 2002)

Since the mid-1980s, a relative explosion of groundwater-recharge studies has been reported in
the literature. It is therefore relevant to assess what is now known and to offer further guidance to
practitioners involved in water-resource development (Simmers, 2002)

2.10 Neutral Recharge

The basic form of recharge for Groundwater.

The main components of Neutral recharge are:

1.Infiltration and percolation of part of the total precipitation at the ground surface. The exact
proportion actually reaching the water table depends largely on the rainfall intensity (I) and
infiltration capacity (f p)
2. Seepage from streams and lakes: - Seepage from streams (influent seepage through the banks
and the stream bed), lakes and other water bodies is another important source of natural recharge.
In humid and sub humid areas where ground water levels may be high, the influence of seepage
may be limited in extent and may be seasonal.

18
3. Under flow from another aquifer: - An aquifer may be recharged by underflow from a nearby,
hydraulically connected aquifer. The amount of this recharge depends on the head differential,
the nature of the connection, and the hydraulic properties of the aquifers. (Masoom, 2012)

2.11 Dam site selection

1. This research aim to develop a MCDA technique based on Remote Sensing (RS) and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the potential zones for RWH in the Al
Qalamoun Basin. And select four dams’ site for rainwater harvesting.
This decision was based on factors such as storage capacity, surface area to volume ratio, runoff
availability, and cost minimization ( Ahmad & Arsalan,at.all, 2023)
2. identifying the best suitable RWH sites and artificial recharge structures by GIS-Based Multi-
criteria Decision. and the result total of 8546 sites are found suitable for check dams
(pawan & madan, 2023)
3. This research aim to identify potential RWH sites in the study area using GIS and RS data and
the result found total 500 km2 of the catchment area 29.18% of the area has highly suitable
40.87% of the area has suitable 22.49% of the total area has moderately suitable 6.98% of the
area has marginally suitable and 0.5% of the area is not suitable for runoff water harvesting at the
study area. (chimdessa & Dibaba, 2023.)
4. The main objective of this study is to present a methodology for better decision making to
identify suitable site for rainwater harvesting in the west desert of Iraq based on GIS and remote
sensing result they find total suitable area for water harvesting was 28% of the study area, while
21% indicated moderate suitability for rainwater harvesting (sayl & Ahmed, 2023)
5. The main objective of this study Identifying Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting
Structures Using Runoff Model (SCS-CN), Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Upper
Kangsabati Watershed, West Bengal, India. and the result total thirty-three check dams, twenty-eight

19
minor irrigation tanks, and eleven percolation tank’s locations have identified for sustainable
rainwater harvesting structures (Saha & Ghosh, 2021)

Third chapter
Research Methodology

3.1 Research Methodology Chart

Site selection

Data collection

Primary Data Secondary Data

DEM
Land Map Books
Soil Map Journal
Precipitation Internet
Land Use Research
Geology Map Article

Data Analysis

Techniques Used For Data Analysis

GIS
AHP Google earth
Excel
20

Identifying Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting And select of Groundwater Recharge Zone
Figure 1 Research flow chart

3.2 Study Area

For this study Nangarhar province has been selected as a study area. Nangarhar is the famous
province of Afghanistan It is 826 meters above sea level and is Located in eastern Afghanistan,
At 34.43 degrees in latitude and 70.45 degrees in longitude and it is the fifth largest province in
Afghanistan due to population. And 122km2 area Nangarhar has a hot arid climate where the
temperature reaches 490 degrees Celsius. The annual rainfall reaches 200-400 mm and it has 22
districts, Haska Meyna, Shinwar, Achin, Bishud, Chaparhar, Darai Nur, Bati Kot, Dur Baba,
Goshta, Hisarak, Kama, Khogyani, Rodat, Lal Pur, Momand Dara, Nazyan, Pachir Aw Agam,
Rodat, Shirzad, Surkh Rod, Kuz Kunar, Momand Dara

3.3 Water Sources in Nangarhar province

There are two types of water sources in Nangarhar province The main source of surface water in
Nangarhar province is the Konar river, it originates just south of the Hindu Kush Mountains it
later merges with Kabul River in the Nangahar province and also some irrigation dam which
bring 12,000 Hectare of land under irrigation is one Kama Dam and more also have the same
water sources like, Sor Khab canal in Nangarhar province and also Kabul River.

3.4 Groundwater Resources in Nangarhar Province

Groundwater is used for
drinking, industrial,
Agriculture and other
purposes in Nangarhar
province. The underground
water table of the province
depends on the depression
of water in the Duranta dam
and Konar river, Kabul

21
River Thus, the groundwater reserves also decrease with it . In particular, the kama canal, Duranta
dam plays an important role in the Recharge of groundwater resources.

Figure 2 Study area of nangarhar

3.5 Data collection

Data collection is the most important part of a study in which make it possible to collect accurate
data from the field and conduct relevant observations. As the research is qualitative so it is
important to consider both technique and software. It exists in both primary and secondary data.

1. Primary data

2. Secondary data

3.5.1 primary data

Primary data is the information received directly from the site through GIS, and from some
below sites.
Following is primary Data
DEM Table-1Data and sources
No Data Source
Land Map
1 DEM earth explorer, USGS
Soil Map
2 Land cover Esri land cover
Precipitation
3 Soil Map soil map FAO
Land Use
4 Precipitation power access climate dada
Soil Mop
5 Rainfall data Cru.org

3.5.2 Secondary data

Secondary data is information available contain in books, thesis and notes? As, the research was
conducted based on primary sources and most of study data gathered from Earth explorer USGS,

22
ESRI and also more other sites as above mentioned. But for strengthening the research data, GIS
and some other technique like AHP used for the supporting primary data. secondary sources also
used for reaching the aim of the study. The following is secondary data:

1. Books
2. Journal
3. Internet
4. Researches
5. Article

3.6 Introduction of GIS

GIS is a generic term implying the use of computers to create and display digital maps. The
attribute data which describe the various features presented in maps may relate to physical,
chemical, biological, environmental, social, economic or other earth surface properties. An
analysis of the three letters of the acronym GIS gives a clear picture of what GIS is all about:

G: Geographic: Implies an interest in the spatial identity or locality of certain entities on, under
or above the surface of the earth.

I: Information: Implies the need to be informed in order to make decisions. Data or raw facts are
interpreted to create information that is useful for decision-making.

S: System: Implies the need for staff, computer hardware and procedures, which can produce the
information required for decision-making that is data collection, processing, and presentation.
(Ali, 2020)

3.6.1Components of GIS
Hardware
Software
Data
User/People (Ali, 2020)
3.6.2 Applications of Geographic Information System (GIS)
Applications of the GIS are listed below:
❖ GIS for Fisheries and Ocean Industries:

23
GIS tools add value and the capability to ocean data. ArcGIS is used to determine the spatial
data for a fisheries assessment and management system.
❖ Wastewater Management:
integrated planning system including sewers, catch basins, ditches, and waterways for planning
storm impacts
❖ Water Quality Management:
Modeling soil, land use, and watershed characteristics to evaluate alternative scenarios.
❖ Industrial & Commercial uses:
Industry and commerce use GIS in many ways. Utility companies (power, gas, water, and
telephone) are major investors in digital GIS technology for managing and monitoring their
supply networks, often on an international basis

❖ Agricultural purposes:

In sectors such as agriculture, forestry, water resources or mining, GIS issued assess yields and
management strategies

❖ Navigation (Routing and Scheduling):

Web-based navigation maps encourage safe navigation in waterway. Ferry paths and shipping
routes are identified for the better routing. ArcGIS supports safe navigation system and provides
accurate topographic and hydrographic data. (Ali, 2020)

❖ Forestry Management:

Imaging and digital elevation modeling to evaluate damage to forests from the effects of fire,
logging, pesticides, and acid rain and to describe trends in forest resources.

3.7 Methodology for Finding Rain Water harvesting Areas

The ArcGIS hydro has good tools to help planning and decision making to select suitable areas
for rain harvesting. The hydrological parameters, slope, flow accumulation and stream network,
were operated from the DEM. For finding catchment outlet we removed all sinks for flow
continuity. Satellite imagery used to extract land use/ land cover. Different commands of ArcGIS
program were used to find a suitable site for rainwater harvesting. this commands and tools generate
suitable maps for rainwater harvesting by operating different criteria maps using weight overly process.
All criteria do not have the same importance for selecting rainwater harvesting areas. Thus, different

24
weight was identified for these criteria. Site selection for rain harvesting belongs on the best site from a
set potential site for rainwater harvesting

five steps were used for rainwater harvesting areas in this study, which are as below. Firstly, the
option of the appropriate standard: what factors should be taken into account when choosing the
rainwater harvest site. Secondly, adding the weight of the factor to these parameters. Thirdly,
Weight distribution for the General Parameters. Fourthly, the study focused on GIS. Fifth: the
suitable areas are targeted. The first five are used to determine the rainwater harvesting area,
based on previous studies.

In this analysis, we have used the following five parameters.

1. Usage land use / land cover

2. Classification soil and Texture

3. geological sciences

4. Slop

5. Density of Line

Above issues explanation

Land use/land cover

Land use and land cover shows us a cover land and used area for this study Firstly, data was
taking from Esri land cover and Nasa site, also GIS was used for classification of land cover and
land use to extract study area

Soil texture

A soil's texture is determined by the division of silt, sand, and clay in the particles. It has a
special impact on infiltration and surface runoff. RWH is generally more suitable for fine- and
medium-textured soils due to their higher water-holding capacity (Ibrahim et al.
2019). According to its capacity to hold water and to infiltrate it, it was reclassified into five
suitable RWH classes. So, in this data GIS was used for classification of soil texture.

Geology

25
geology involves the study of landforms, structures, and the subsurface to understand the
physical processes creating and modifying the earth’s crust. Remote sensing is used as a tool to
extract information about the land surface structure, composition, or subsurface, but is often
combined with other data sources providing complementary measurement

Slope

The slope of the catchment is one of the important factors that affect the selection of the
rainwater harvesting structure. This is because of the water velocity is directly related to the
slope angle of the ground. If the catchment slope is less than 5 % of steep valley, the slope will
improve and give better storage efficiency for the initiated reservoir. The slope is derived from
the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), (Sayl & Muhammad,At,all, 2016) so in study also slop of
the study area was found and explained

Drainage
Drainage network helps in delineation of watersheds and for suggesting various water harvesting
structures and soil conservation measures. Drainage pattern is defined as the plan, which the
individual stream courses collectively form. It refers to both spatial relations of individual
streams and the overall pattern made by the individual drainage lines.

3.8 Methodology for Finding Groundwater recharge area

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone and Mapping using GIS/Remote Sensing
Techniques and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

AHP

This process of AHP Was made by Thames in 1980 AD. this process was used for multi criteria
decision making. In this process for every weight factor could be selected by systematic standard

The evolution and flow of groundwater are controlled by material features of the geology near-
surface and sub-surface soil features, structure, and drainage patterns, where recharging is in
effected by rainfall, land use type, and infiltration rates.

In this study we analysis flowing issues

1. Drainage Density which controls the runoff distribution and infiltration rates

26
2. Rainfall The major source of water

3. LU/LC which affects the recharge processes

4. Slope which drives the water flow energy

5. Soil which govern the infiltration rates

6. Geology which controls infiltration, movement, and storage of water

7. Lineament density which increase hydraulic conductivity

Drainage

Drainage Density which controls the runoff distribution and infiltration rates

Drainage network helps in delineation of watersheds and for suggesting various water harvesting
structures and soil conservation measures. Drainage pattern is defined as the plan, which the
individual stream courses collectively form. It refers to both spatial relations of individual
streams and the overall pattern made by the individual drainage lines.

Rainfall

Rainfall The major source of water

Rainfall plays important role in mapping groundwater potential zones because it is the primary
source for groundwater. The rainfall data for 15 years (2000 to 2020) was collected and using
Thiessen polygon the rainfall station which influence the study area was identified. The area was
divided into five zones as very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The annual average
rainfall of the area is200 -400mm. Rainfall map of the study area

LU/LC

LU/LC which affects the recharge processes

Land use and land cover shows us a cover land and used area for this study Firstly, data was
taking from Esri land cover and Nasa site, also GIS was used for classification of land cover and
land use to extract study area

Slope

Slope which drives the water flow energy

27
The slope of the catchment is one of the important factors that affect the selection of the Ground
water recharge This is because of the water velocity is directly related to the slope angle of the
ground.

Soil

Soil which governs the infiltration rates

Soil texture is the main parameter used for assessing the groundwater recharge potential zone.

Geology

Geology which controls infiltration, movement, and storage of water

Lineament

Lineament density which increases hydraulic conductivity

Using hydrological tools like few directions’ raster and stream-link raster led to the delineation
of watersheds. The spatial join tool in ArcGIS v10.7 enabled us to combine the information of
the watershed area and lengths of the lineaments under respective watersheds for calculating the
lineament density per watershed

3.9 Some command which we used for our Research for site selection of RWH
1. Clip
2. Fill
3. Flow Accumulation
4. Flow Direction
5. Stream Order
6. Lain Density
7. Basin
8. Slop
9. Reclassify
10. Algebra Map
11. Weighting sum

28
3.10 Command for Groundwater recharge zone selection
1. polygon to raster
2. Stream to future
3. Hill Shade
4. Interpolation
5. Reclassify
6. Fill
7. Slop
8. Flow Accumulation
9. Flow Direction
10. Lain Density

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