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OBJECTIVES
Personal Pronouns
What is a personal pronoun simple definition?
A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper
name of a person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the grammatical
person, gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces.
1st I Yo
1st We Nosotros
Personal pronouns are the stunt doubles of grammar; they stand in for the people
(and perhaps animals) who stand in our sentences. They allow us to speak and write
with economy because they enable us to avoid repeating cumbersome proper nouns
all the livelong day.
Personal pronouns are words like “you” that refer to the person speaking or writing,
to the person they’re addressing, or to other people and things.
Like other pronouns, they are used in place of nouns to allow us to speak and write
more concisely. For example, without the first-person pronoun “I,” you would have
to use your name every time you wanted to make a statement about yourself.
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I I am the writer.
I am
I am from Peru.
you are She is from Panama.
he/she/it is Example:
He is from China.
we are You are from Japan.
you are
they are
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I am not
I am not from London.
you are not
You are not from Mexico.
he/she/it is not Example:
He is not from Iceland.
we are not
She is not from Australia.
you are not
I feel great!
Pauline loves pie.
I’m sorry to hear that you’re sick.
Speak Speaks
Play Plays
Give Gives
Make Makes
Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs in English in the present tense follow very simple rules. The only
change that is made to these verbs is in the third person – for He, She or It.
1. If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or the letter O, we add + ES in the third
person.
Kiss Kisses
Fix Fixes
Watch Watches
Crash Crashes
Go Goes
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A mechanic fixes car.
2. If the verb ends in a Consonant + Y, we remove the Y and + ies in the third
person.
Carry Carries
Hurry Hurries
Study Studies
Deny Denies
The formula for making a simple present verb negative is do/does + not + [root
form of verb]. You can also use the contraction don’t or doesn’t instead of do
Examples:
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Pauline does not want to share the pie.
The formula for asking a question in the simple present is do/does + [subject] +
[root form of verb].
Examples:
pie?
Don´t you like animals?
Does he like hamburgers?
Doesn´t she eat banana?
Do you know the doctor?
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VERB TO BE/PAST TENSE
The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or
existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your brother Carlos did while he
was in town last weekend.
The past tense of To Be in English has two forms: WAS and WERE
Subject To Be
I was
He was
Singular
She was
It was
We were
You were Plural
They were
To Be – Affirmative
Subject To Be Examples
To Be - Negative Sentences
The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb (was or were).
Subject To Be Examples
Play→ Played
Type→ Typed
Listen→ Listened
Push→ Pushed
Love→ Loved
For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more
erratic:
Examples:
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See→ Saw
Build→ Built
Go→ Went
Do→ Did
Rise→ Rose
Am/Is/Are→ Was/Were
Examples:
Wolfgang did not brag too much about his hula hoop skills.
For the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. When the subject of the
sentence is singular, use was not or wasn’t. When the subject is plural, use were
not or weren’t.
Examples:
The third-place winner was not as happy as Wolfgang.
The fourth-place winner wasn’t happy at all.
The onlookers were not ready to leave after the contest ended.
The contestants weren’t ready to leave either.
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How to ask a question?
The formula for asking a question in the simple past tense is did + [subject] + [root
form of verb].
Examples:
Did Wolfgang win the gold medal or the silver medal?
Where did Wolfgang go to celebrate?
Did the judges decide fairly, in your opinion?
When asking a question with the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. The
formula is was/were + [subject].
Examples:
Was Wolfgang in a good mood after the contest?
Were people taking lots of pictures?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The present continuous (also called present progressive) is a verb tense which is
used to show that an ongoing action is happening now.
Subject ► + Verb to be ► + Verb-ing
For example: You are watching TV.
+ I am speaking to you.
Affirmative
Form
+ You are reading this.
? Is he watching TV?
Interrogative
? Are they waiting for John? Form
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For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing.
die > dying
tie > tying
Usage
Usage Example
I. Fill in the blanks with "he", "she", "it", "they" or "we" – Personal Pronoun.
II. Write the appropriate short answer that coincides with the short question
using the verb be.
10. Thais __________ (teach) English in a private school.one of the most modest
people I have ever met.
11. Jessica __________ (kiss) her mother before she goes to bed.