CHAPTER I

The Problem

Introduction

Accidents happen anytime and anywhere but the road is among the most

common places where they happen. And one of the common factors that caused

traffic accidents is driving under the influence of alcohol and drug substance.

Drunk driving is prohibited in all parts of the world. Each country has a law

banning drunk drivers from operating and maneuvering a vehicle. In the

Philippines, this act of man is governed under the Republic Act No. 10586 also

known as the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013. The law provides all

the programs, that can help the law enforcers implements what is stated in the

law. But no matter how effective the programs is, if the implementation is not

properly implemented and in addition to this is the aggressiveness of the drivers

specially when they are in the influence of alcohol and drug substances, the law

becomes meaningless. This is the problem that we can always see on Cagayan

de Oro City main road. The law stated that it shall be unlawful for any person to

drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs

and/or other similar substances, however these laws were not properly observed

precisely by the drivers.

Road-traffic collisions are responsible for 1.2 million deaths and as many as 50

million injuries annually according to estimates by the World Health Organization.

Although death and injury due to road-traffic collisions have decreased in recent

1
years in many high-income countries, their burden remains a large contributor to

overall mortality and morbidity (Cinnamon, et.al, 2011). More than 90% of

drivers engaged in some form of risky driving behavior (Fergusson, et.al., 2008)

which is mostly attributed to alcohol drinking. O’Connor and Ruiz (2014), on road

traffic injuries in the Philippines, it highlights that there are 1.24 million deaths

due to road traffic injuries and majority occur in low and middle-income countries.

In spite of the presence of this law and information drive of the government there

is an increasing trend of violations on the traffic rules and regulations and part of

it is drunk driving which lead to great extent of fatality to the persons involved.

Human error is the major cause of traffic violations (Miguel, et.al, 2014,

Pungtilan, et.al., 2013). Road accidents in Cagayan de Oro City main road are

also nowhere to be tolerated. From January to February of 2015, road accidents

in Cagayan de Oro reached 731, up from 679 from the same period on the

previous year (Lynlrd Alexsei N. Corrales). According to the Road and Traffic

Administration, Philippines, in 2015, the damage from the accidents amounted to

5.9 million pesos compared to 4.3 million pesos on the previous year.

This study is conducted to know what is the profile of drivers and how their

demographical characteristics affects the level of implementation. It seeks to

perceived the level of implementation of the anti-drunk driving law in terms of

conducting road test, violations committed by the drivers and its corresponding

penalties regarding the violations according the anti-drunk driving law.

2
 Conceptual Framework

The Republic Act 10586 refers to the “Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act

of 2013”, states in its declaration of policy that the Constitutional principle

recognizes the protection of life and property and the promotion of the general

welfare as essential for the enjoyment of the blessing of democracy. Thus, the

State ensure road safety through the observance of the citizenry of responsible

and ethical driving standards. Towards this end, the State shall penalize the acts

of driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and other intoxicating

substances and shall instill the standards of safe driving and the benefits derived

from it through institutional programs and appropriate public information

strategies.

3
 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Perceived level of the

Profile of respondents in drivers on the method of
terms of: implementation in terms

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of:

 Age
 Conduct of road
 Sex
The study is based on the IV- DV system
testing
 Educational
approach as shown in the Figure1. As shows, the  Violations
attainment
independent variable which is the profile of  Penalties
 Civil status
respondents in terms of age, sex, educational

attainment and civil status. The dependent

variable is the perceived level of the drivers on the method of implementation in

terms of conduct of road testing, violations and penalties that were embodied on

the provisions of RA 10586. The dependent variable which is the perceived level

of the drivers on the method of implementation will depend now on the

independent variable which is the profile in respondents in terms of their

demographic profile.

Statement of the Problem

4
 This study aimed to determine implementation of RA 10586 among the

driver passing the selected main road of Cagayan de Oro City

Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the drivers in terms of?

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Educational attainment; and,

1.4 Civil Status;

2. How do respondents, perceived the level of implementation of the anti-

drunk driving law in terms of?

2.1 Conduct of Road Testing

2.2 Violations

2.3 Penalty

Significance of the Study

5
Driving under the influence of any substance like alcohol had leads to many road

incidents or much worse the alcohol related crimes. If alcohol consumption does

indeed lead to violent behaviors, then it may be possible to reduce violence

through changes in policies that affect the demand for alcohol (Markowitz, 2001).

From a policy perspective, understanding the nature of implementation programs

of RA 10586 is important. This study can contribute to the following institution:

Community. This study will provide information regarding the implementation of

traffic rules and regulations and awareness of the motorists/ drivers in the driving

of the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 or R.A 10586. At a similar

point, build up harmony in a society where each driver has a sense of security

and create fear in mind to the drivers of potential accidents, loss of life, and

damage to property before committing the action that knows that they have to

face the consequences.

Land Transportation Office. This study will improve the service standards and

regulations of the LTO and for other purposes, strengthen its advocacy on road

safety to lessen death attributes and the number of road accidents due to drunk

driving.

Hospitals. This study will provide help to medical services where road accidents

due to drunk driving and associated injuries are major public health problems in

the country.

Scope and Limitations

6
 This study will focus on the implementation of drunk driving law among the

driver passing the selected main road of Cagayan de Oro City. The primary

subject of this research study are the 50 drivers that questioned for the collection

of data. The study was conducted on the road of Barangay Bulua.

The source of this study is taken in the provisions under the Anti-Drunk

and Drugged Driving Act of 2013. The profile of the driver in terms of their age,

sex, educational attainment and civil status, have effect on the method of

implementation. Furthermore, the researchers conduct an analysis on the main

road on how the programs are implemented as to the case of road accidents.

Afterwards, the researchers come up with the assessment procedures where the

information gathered were analyzed and evaluated.

Although the research has reached its aims, there are some unavoidable

limitations. The researchers choose only 50 drivers who are at least 18 years old

and above, for the reason that the one who can avail driver license must be at

least 18 years old according to the mandating of LTO. Another is that, the

respondents may not be honest with their answers that may lead to the

misinterpretation of data.

7
Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined in

the context of this research.

Age. Age as being used in this research refers to the length of time that a driver

lived or existed.

Driver. Refers to every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle (RA 4136).

Educational attainment. It refers to the level of education an individual has

completed.

Implementation. It refers to the process of formulating a policy or a plan in

certain programs.

Land Transportation and Traffic Code. A Law that deals primarily with the

registration of all motor vehicle and the licensing of the drivers.

Civil Status. It describes the person’s relationship with a significant other.

Main Road. A road that is commonly used and that goes through the main part

of a Cagayan de Oro City in this research.

Motor vehicle. Refers to vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular

power using the public highways (RA 4136).

8
PNP-HPG. Refers to a Group of uniformed personnel under the PNP who

enforces the traffic laws and regulations, promote safety along the main road or

public highways and enhances traffic safety consciousness among drivers.

Programs. It refers to a planned implemented under RA 10586 or otherwise

known as Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013.

R.A 10586. It refers to an Act Penalizing Persons Driving Under the Influence of

Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs, and Other Similar Substances.

Sex. Refers to both sexes of male and female as being used in this research.

Traffic enforcer. Police personnel who maintain public order and safety of the

main road.

9
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalizations or

conclusions, methodologies, and other data that are related to the present study.

The materials that are included in this chapter help in familiarizing information

that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Related Literature

Review related literature in foreign settings

According to (Subramanian R.) motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause

of death for Ameri-cans age 4 and ages 11 through 27. In the United States,

alcohol-impaired driving was responsible for 31 percent of fatal crashes in 2010

and resulted in more than10,000 deaths (National Center for Statistics and

Analysis [NCSA]2012). Alcohol-related crashes cost the United States an

estimated to 85.5 million drinking-and-driving trips in the past 30 daysduring2008

(Moultonetal.2010). Although the United States made progress in reducing

impaired driving between 1982 and1997, little has been achieved since that time

(Dang 2008; Fellet al. 2009).

10
Local Literature

Review related literature in local settings

Renato Novero (2018) head of the Enforcement Team of the Land

Transportation Office (LTO)-Bacolod City, confirmed that they have started on

Monday, August 20, the implementation of Republic Act 10586 or Anti-Drunk

Driving Act of 2013. This means drivers of public utility vehicles (PUVs) and

private motored vehicles who violated the new law will be apprehended. "The

driver should strictly follow the He said LTO-Western Visayas held a seminar and

deputized 50 personnel of the Philippine National Police (PNP) that includes 15

in Bacolod City, Silay City with eight, Talisay City with seven, Murcia with seven,

Bago City with three and the Highway Patrol Group with three. Law because

violation would mean a huge number of penalties including imprisonment,”

Novero warned.

11
Related Studies

Foreign Studies

The Grand Rapids Study by Borkenstein et al.14 was the first and still most

elegant case-control study. It compared 5,985 drivers involved in accidents

during 1962–63 with a control group of 7,590 drivers during the same period. The

control group was randomly sampled at 2,000 places at times of day and days of

week, representative of accidents occurring over the previous three years. This

remains a landmark in its field despite the passage of a quarter century and the

accumulation of several more recent studies. Moreover, Borkenstein et al.14

Grand Rapid study had a significant impact on public policies in North America,

Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Europe. Since then, the use of deterrence

techniques in the prevention of alcohol related traffic problems has been gaining

increasing importance. Deterrence administered by law enforcement agencies,

has been the principal method to reduce alcohol impaired driving. Legislation has

moved from prohibiting ‘intoxicated’ drivers to specifying blood alcohol

concentration (BAC) limits for drivers. While originally, such legislation specified

limits as high as 0.10%, recently countries have reduced the level to as low as

0.02%. The BAC level legally permitted is a public policy decision by legislators,

while scientists can present experimental and epidemiological evidence

indicating the BAC level at which psychomotor skills deteriorate and accident

12
probabilities increase. Virtually all drivers are substantially impaired at 0.05%

BAC.

Local Studies

Cruz, M. C. A. (2020). Effectiveness of Implementing Traffic Rules and

Regulations Regarding Republic Act 10586 in Cabanatuan City. After conducting

the research procedure, the researcher found out that in Implemented Rules and

Regulation, the Motorist/Drivers and the LTO Enforcers described it as being

often obey and well performed of their duties and responsibilities regarding R.A

10586, but there is significance difference between the response of both

respondents. However, the findings of this study have led the researcher in

determining the effectiveness of implementing traffic rules and regulation and

awareness of the Motorist/Drivers in driving of the said Implemented Rules and

Regulations.

In Tan (2018), the Land Transportation Office (LTO) reported that few violators
were caught for RA 10586, which is only 101 motorists for six months in the
country
and are first-time offenders. In 2015, the agency had provided a total of 756
breath
analyzers to the Philippine National Police (PNP) and its offices in different
regions
and deputized 818 personnel coming from various government agencies
including
the LTO, PNP, and Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) to arrest

13
violators. In Region 1, the Land Transportation Office conducted a three-day
Deputization and Traffic Law Enforcement seminar for 116 police officers for
deployment in the highways as LTO Deputized Enforcers. The policemen are
deputized to help reduce the incidence of traffic accidents by irresponsible and
reckless drivers through strict enforcement of traffic rules and to discipline
drivers.
The deputized 116 policemen will complement the LTO enforcers in the region in
enforcing traffic rules and regulations. They also help educate motorists and
impose discipline on the highways. Most of the road accidents is attributed to
abusive drivers and motorists who do not know the meaning of traffic signs and
warnings.

agolong et al. (2014) found out that the traffic enforcement of the Traffic
Management Center in Davao City in terms of traffic direction and control was
very high, especially in directing the vehicles and pedestrians in the proper
loading areas. They advise the general public concerning traffic congestion. The
traffic enforcers showed very good performance in the apprehension traffic
violators. Drivers apprehended violates the non-wearing of helmet or seatbelt,
and driving under the influence of alcohol or drug. Strict traffic enforcement is
observed but the respondents differ in their ability in the implementation.
Vehicular accidents and accidents involving pedestrians is attributed on drivers’
attitude towards policies and the enforcement ability of the traffic enforcers.

14
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the research design, research respondents, research

locale, research instrument, sampling procedure, data gathering procedure,

scoring procedure and statistical treatment of the study.

Research Design

The descriptive method of research through a survey questionnaire was

used to described profile of drivers in terms of their age, sex, educational

attainment and civil status. It was conducted on the road of Bulua, Cagayan de

Oro City. It focuses on how do the respondents, perceived the level of

implementation of the anti-drunk driving law. Brief analysis was conducted and

followed by a survey questionnaire, to know if the respondent is aware of the

15
conduct of road testing, the violations that they committed and the affiliate

penalty. Survey was composed of questionnaires that is used to gather the data

of the respondents.

Research Respondents

There were 50 random respondents in all. The researcher chooses the

respondents based on who are available on the selected main road of Cagayan

de Oro City.

Research Locale

This study was conducted in the selected main road of Cagayan de Oro

City of Misamis Oriental. The researcher selects the location based on most

traffic area. The selected location is the road of Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City.

Research Instrument

A researcher-made questionnaires was utilized as the primary device to

collect, measure and analyze the data. The questionnaires consist of two parts.

16
Part 1 determines the profile of the 50 respondents as per their age, sex,

educational attainment and civil status.

The instrument was pre-test and was associated with a series of amendments

according to ideas and suggestions by experts to assess its legitimacy and

reliability.

Sampling Procedure

The researcher uses simple random sampling procedure since we choose

the responder based on who

are available on the road.

Data Gathering Procedure

The study was conducted on the selected main road of Bulua, Cagayan

de Oro City since random respondent are drivers. The researchers explained the

purpose of the study to the selected respondents and collected the data by

means of survey questionnaire.

Scoring Procedure

17
 The following shows the scoring procedure that were used in describing

the data of the study was based on survey questionnaires that collected form the

respondents that pass the main road of Cagayan de Oro City. The questionnaire

was answerable by always, often, sometimes and never wherein the scale of

always is 4 and the scale of never is 1 which is the lowest.

Scale range Description

4 3.28-4.03 Always

3 2.52-3.27 Often

2 1.76-2.51 Sometimes

1 1.00-1.75 Never

Survey questionnaires for the drivers as done survey, based on how do

the respondent, perceived the level of implementation of the anti-drunk driving

law in terms of conducting road test, violations and its affiliate penalty.

Statistical Treatment

18
 The researcher uses the following statistical treatment in the analysis and

interpretation of the study.

1. The profile of the respondents was determined using the frequency count

and percentage distribution of age, sex, educational attainment and civil

status.

2. The weighted mean was used to determine the perceived level of

implementation of anti-drunk driving law in terms of conduct of road

testing, violations and penalty.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered.

The presentation precedes the following order in the statement of the problem.

Problem number 1: What is the profile of the drivers in terms of?

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

19
 1.3 Educational attainment; and,

1.4 Civil Status;

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage distribution on Age of the driver (N=50)

Frequency Percentage

Age (f) (%)

18 – 20 years old 5 10%

21 – 23 years old 6 12%

24 – 26 years old 9 18%

27 – 29 years old 7 14%

30 – 32 years old 6 12%

20
 33 – 35 years old 3 6%

36 – 38 years old 4 8%

39 – 40 years above 10 20%

Total 50 100%

Table 1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of drivers

according to their age. The data revealed that out of 50 drivers, 10 or 20% are 39

to 40 years old and above, 9 or 18% are 24 to 26 years old, 7 or 14% are 27 to

29 years old, 6 or 12% both the 21 to 23 years old and 30 to 32 years old, 5 or

10% are 18 to 20 years old, 4 or 8% are 36 to 38 years old and 3 or 6% are 33 to

35 years old.

It was observed that there are many drivers who are age of 39 to 40 years

old and above who passed the road of Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City.

Table 2. Frequency and Percentage distribution on Sex of the driver (N=50)

21
 Frequency Percentage

Sex (f) (%)

Male 43 86%

Female 7 14%

Total 50 100%

Table 2 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of drivers

according to their sex. The data revealed that out of 50 driver, 43 or 86% are

male and 7 or 14% are female.

It was observed that the majority of drivers who passed the road of Bulua,

Cagayan de Oro City are male.

Table 3. Frequency and percentage distribution on Educational Attainment

of the driver (N=50)

Frequency Percentage

Educational (f) (%)

Attainment

Grade school level 4 8%

22
 High school level 23 46%

Vocational 8 16%

College level 15 30%

Total 50 100%

Table 3 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of drivers

according to their educational attainment. The data revealed that out of 50 driver,

23 or 46% attained high school level, 15 or 30% attained college, 8 or 16%

attained vocational and 4 or 8% attained grade school level.

It was observed that majority of the driver who passed the road of Bulua,

Cagayan de Oro City, attained education on high school level.

Table 4. Frequency and Percentage distribution of Civil Status of driver

(N=50)

Frequency Percentage

Civil Status (f) (%)

23
 Single 18 36%

Married 28 56%

Separated 4 8%

Total 50 100%

Table 4 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of drivers

according to their civil status. The data revealed that out of 50 driver, 28 or 56%

are married, 18 or 36% are single and 5 or 8% are separated.

It was observed that majority of the driver who passed the road of Bulua,

Cagayan de Oro City are married.

Problem number 2: How do drivers, perceived the level of implementation

of the anti-drunk driving law in terms of:

Table 5. Conduct of Road Testing

Rati

Indicators ng Scale Over all

4 3 2 1 WM SD DR

24
1. Alam ko na

kapag pinahinto ako 37 5 4 4 3.50 14.15 Always

nang law

enforcement officer

para sa pagsusuri,

ay kailangan kung

sumunod sa kanila.

2. Gaano ko ba

kadalas alam yung

mga pagsusuri na 23 8 15 4 3.00 7.23 Often

ginagawa nang mga

awtoridad sa tuwing

may nahuhuli silang

lumalabag sa anti-

drunk driving law?

3. Alam ko na

kapag positive ako

sa sobriety test ay 30 6 5 9 3.14 10.21 Often

pwede akong

malagay sa

25
mandatory breath

analyzer test para

sukatin ang level

nang alcohol sa

dugo ko.

4. Alam ko na

kapag di ako

sumunod sa 31 5 8 6 3.22 10.74 Often

mandatory breath

analyzer test ay

pwede ma revoke

ang aking lisensya.

5. Alam ko na

kapag may

makatwiran dahilan

ang law 40 2 3 5 3.54 15.91 Always

enforcement officer

upang maniwala na

ako ay lango sa

droga habang nag

26
 mamaneho ay

pwede akong dalhin

sa police station.

TOTAL WEIGHTED

MEAN 3.28 11.65 Often

Legend:

WM – weighted mean

SD – standard deviation

DR – descriptive rating

Point Value Mean Scale Descriptive Rating

4 3.28 – 4.03 always

3 2.52 – 3.27 often

2 1.76 – 2.51 sometimes

1 1.00 – 1.75 never

The table 5 shows the descriptive statistics on how the driver perceived the level

of implementation of the anti-drunk driving and drugged law in terms of the

conduct of road testing.

The data revealed that on question 5, majority of the drivers responded on the

rating scale 4 in which it has obtained the highest mean rating of 3.54 with a

27
standard deviation of 15.91 and described as “Always”. On the other hand,

question 2 has obtained the lowest mean of 3.00 with a standard deviation of

7.23 and described as “Often”.

The overall weighted mean rating was 3.28 with standard deviation of 11.65 and

described as “Often”. This means that many drivers who passed the road of

Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City often knows about the conduct of road testing done

by traffic

law enforcement officer, like the field sobriety test and mandatory breath analyzer

test.

Table 6. Violations

Rating Scale Over all

Indicators 4 3 2 1 WM SD DR

1. Alam ko na

labag sa batas na 41 3 2 4 3.62 16.47 Always

magmaneho nang

lasing.

2. Alam ko na

labag sa batas na 40 2 5 3 3.50 13.61 Always

magmaneho nang

28
lango sa droga o

iba pang katulad

na mga sangkap

nito.

3. Alam ko na

pwede akong 40 3 3 4 3.58 15.88 Always

makulong sa

paglabag sa batas

ukol sa anti-drunk

driving law.

4. Alam ko na

kapag hindi ako

sumunod sa

pinapatupad na 36 6 5 3 3.50 13.61 Always

batas ay pwede

akong arestohin sa

kasong hindi

pagsunod sa

awtoridad.

29
 5. Alam ko na

kapag nasa

impluwensya ako 38 4 5 3 3.54 14.74 Always

nang alak o droga

ay pwede itong

magresulta sa

aksidente na

pwede ikamatay

ko at nang ibang

tao.

TOTAL

WEIGHTED 3.56 15.32 Always

MEAN

Legend:

WM – weighted mean

SD – standard deviation

DR – descriptive rating

Point Value Mean Scale Descriptive Rating

30
 4 3.28 – 4.03 always

3 2.52 – 3.27 often

2 1.76 – 2.51 sometimes

1 1.00 – 1.75 never

The table 6 shows the descriptive statistics on how the driver perceived

the level of implementation of the anti-drunk driving and drugged law in terms of

the violations.

The data revealed that on question 1, majority of the drivers responded on

the rating scale 4 in which it has obtained the highest mean rating of 3.62 with a

standard deviation of 16.47 and described as “Always”. On the other hand,

question 4 has obtained the lowest mean of 3.50 with a standard deviation of

13.61 and described as “Always”.

The overall weighted mean rating was 3.56 with standard deviation of

15.32 and described as “Always”. This means that majority of the drivers passed

the road of Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City always know about the violations under

the provisions of anti-drunk and drugged law. Furthermore, the data revealed that

the drivers always know the consequences if they happen to infract any

violations under the said law.

31
Table 7. Penalty

Indicators R

ating scale Over all

4 3 2 1 WM SD DR

1. Alam ko na kapag

ako'y naka bangga at

nasa ilalim ng 19 9 9 13 2.68 3.20 Often

impluwensya ng alak

ay pwede akong

makulong at pag

multahin sa halagang

100 thousand

hanggang 200

thousand pesos

kapag nagresulta ng

32
pisikal na pinsala sa

biktima.

2. Alam ko na kapag

ako’y naka bangga at

nasa ilalim nang

impluwensya nang 21 8 9 12 2.76 5.12 Often

alak ay pwede akong

makulong at pag

multahin sa halagang

10 thousand

hanggang 20

thousand pesos kahit

ito ay hindi nag

resulta nang pisikal

na pinsala o

pagkamatay nang

biktima.

3. Alam ko na kapag

ako’y naka bangga at

nasa ilalim nang

impluwensya nang

33
alak ay pwede akong 18 11 10 11 2.72 4.09 Often

makulong at

pagmultahin sa

halagang 300

thousand hanggang

500 thousand pesos

kapag nag resulta sa

pagkamatay nang

biktima.

4. Alam ko na kapag

ako’y naka bangga at

nasa ilalim nang

impluwensya nang 24 7 6 13 2.84 7.16 Often

alak at hindi

professional license

ang aking gamit ay

pwede kumpiskahin

at suspendihin nang

isang taon ang aking

lisensta sa unang

pagkahuli at tuluyang

bawiin kapag akoy

34
nahuli sa

pangalawang

pakakataon.

5. Alam ko na kapag

ako’y naka bangga at

nasa ilalim nang

impluwensya nang 24 6 7 13 2.84 7.16 Often

alak at professional

license ang aking

gamit ay pwedeng

suspendihin at

tuluyang bawian

nang lisensya sa

unang pagkahuli.

TOTAL WEIGHTED

MEAN 2.76 5.35 Often

Legend:

WM – weighted mean

35
SD – standard deviation

DR – descriptive rating

Point Value Mean Scale Descriptive Rating

4 3.28 – 4.03 always

3 2.52 – 3.27 often

2 1.76 – 2.51 sometimes

1 1.00 – 1.75 never

The table 7 shows the descriptive statistics on how the driver perceived

the level of implementation of the anti-drunk driving and drugged law in terms of

the penalties.

The data revealed that on question 4, majority of the drivers responded on

the rating scale 4 in which it has obtained the highest mean rating of 2.84 with a

standard deviation of 7.16 and described as “Often”. On the other hand, question

1 has obtained the lowest mean of 2.68 with a standard deviation of 3.20 and

described as “Often”.

The overall weighted mean rating was 2.76 with standard deviation of 5.35

and described as “Often”. This means that majority of the drivers passed the road

of Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City often know about the penalties attached to the

said law when they violate any of the provisions under the law.

36
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary and conclusion derived in the conduct

of the study which is to probe the level of implementation of RA 10586 among the

driver passing the selected main road of Cagayan de Oro City. It also provides

recommendations that can be pursued by the traffic enforcers.

The study was conducted on the selected main road of Cagayan de Oro

City. The respondents were the drivers who passed the Bulua road. They were

selected using simple random sampling. It employed quantitative research and

quasi-experimental method. Pertinent data were obtained thru pre-test and post-

test. The statistical tools used were mean, percentage and frequency.

A. Summary of the Findings

The findings of the study were summarized according to the statement of

the problems stated in Chapter 1.

1. What is the profile of the drivers in terms of?

1.1 Age

37
 It was observed that there are many drivers who are age of 39 to 40 years

old and above who passed the road of Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City.

The data revealed that out of 50 drivers, 10 or 20% are 39 to 40 years old

and above, 9 or 18% are 24 to 26 years old, 7 or 14% are 27 to 29 years old, 6 or

12% both the 21 to 23 years old and 30 to 32 years old, 5 or 10% are 18 to 20

years old, 4 or 8% are 36 to 38 years old and 3 or 6% are 33 to 35 years old.

1.2 Sex

It was observed that the majority of drivers who passed the road of Bulua,

Cagayan de Oro City are male.

The data revealed that out of 50 driver, 43 or 86% are male and 7 or 14%

are female.

1.3 Educational Attainment

It was observed that majority of the driver who passed the road of Bulua,

Cagayan de Oro City, attained education on high school level.

The data revealed that out of 50 driver, 23 or 46% attained high school

level, 15 or 30% attained college, 8 or 16% attained vocational and 4 or 8%

attained grade school level.

1.4 Civil Status

It was observed that majority of the driver who passed the road of Bulua,

Cagayan de Oro City are married.

38
 The data revealed that out of 50 driver, 28 or 56% are married, 18 or 36%

are single and 5 or 8% are separated.

2. How do respondents, perceived the level of implementation of the anti-

drunk and drugged driving law in terms of?

2.1 Conduct of Road Testing

The data revealed that many drivers who passed the road of Bulua,

Cagayan de Oro City often knows about the conduct of road testing done by

traffic law enforcement officer, like the field sobriety test and mandatory breath

analyzer test.

2.2 Violations

The data revealed that majority of the drivers who passed the road of

Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City always know about the violations under the

provisions of anti-drunk and drugged law. Furthermore, the data revealed that the

majority of the driver feared the consequences if they happen to infract any

violations under the said law.

2.3 Penalty

The data revealed that majority of the drivers who passed the road of

Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City often know about the penalties attached to the said

law when they violate any of the provisions under it.

39
 B. Conclusions

Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn by

the researcher:

1. The researcher concludes that the driver who passed the Bulua road

always know about the violations taken under the provisions of anti-drunk

and drugged driving law. As observed that the respondents are afraid of

getting jailed if they happen to be arrested while under the influence of

alcohol or any drug substance.

2. The researcher further concludes that the driver who passed the Bulua

road often knows about the implementation of RA 10586 in terms of the

conduct of road testing and the penalties attached for the violation thereof.

As observed that the respondents still do not fully know about the

implementations of the law in term of its penalties and conduct of road

testing. Furthermore, the researcher observed that the respondents often

knows that they will charge of a different fines as attached to the violations

that they committed.

3. The demographical profile of the respondents also had great affects when

it comes to the level of perception of the respondents towards the

implementation of anti-drunk and drugged driving law.

40
 C. Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following

recommendations are suggested:

1. The researchers recommends that the drivers should adhere to programs

and have a seminar for them to have knowledge regarding the

implementations of Anti-drunk and drugged driving law and for them to

know what is the importance of that law in terms of road traffic safety. The

researchers recommend the drivers should voluntarily agree to the

mandatory drug test whenever they apply or renew their driver’s license.

2. The researcher recommends that the Law Enforcement Officer of LTO

should attend seminars and trainings not just inside the organization but

also outside of their organization to gain further knowledge regarding the

conduct of field investigation.

3. The LTO should develop a training facility for their own officers for the

preparation and actual field investigation as regards to this law.

4. The PDEA should create a group of expert agents that will battle big

organized drug cartels and syndicate that manufacture or imports drugs

inside our country.

41
 5. Lastly, the researcher recommends that the future researcher who will

read this research study will develop and enhance this study for the

advancement of our country.

Bibliography

Cinnamon, Jonathan, Schuurman, Nadine and Hameed, Morad (2011).

Pedestrian Injury and Human Behavior: Observing Road-Rule Violations at

High-Incident Intersections

Fergusson, David M., Horwood, L. John and Boden, Joseph M. (2008).

Is driving under the influence of cannabis becoming a greater risk to driver safety

than drink driving? Findings from a longitudinal study

Roberto, Andres L. (2014). Alcohol and Hospitalized Road Traffic Injuries

in the Philippines Yale J Biol Med. 2014 Sep; 87(3): 307–319.

Pungtilan, Mark Gelie et.al (2013). Perceptions of the Riding Public on the

causes of road accidents in the municipality of San Nicolas

Markowitz, S. 2001. "Criminal Violence and Alcohol Beverage Control:

Evidence from an International Study," NBER Working Paper No. 7481, January

2000, and in The Economic Analysis of Substance Use and Abuse: The

Experience of Developed Countries and Lessons for Developing Countries, M.

Grossman and C.R. Hsieh, eds. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar

Publishing, 2001.

42
 Subramanian R. Motor vehicle traffic crashes as a leading cause of death

in the United States, 2008 and 2009. In: Traffic Safety Facts: Re-search Notes.

Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, National Highway of Traffic

Safety; 2012. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811620.pdf.

Accessed April 14, 2012

Moulton BE, Peterson A, Haddix D, Drew L. National Survey of Drink-in

and Driving Attitudes and Behaviors: 2008: Vol 2. Findings Report. Washington,

DC: US Department of Transportation, National High-way Traffic Safety

Administration; 2010. DOT HS 811 343.

Dang JN. Statistical Analysis of Alcohol-Related Driving Trends,1982–

2005.

Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Ad-ministration; 2008. DOT HS

810 942. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810942.pdf. Accessed

April 15, 2012. Delaware v Prouse. 440 U.S. 648: 1979

Borkenstein R.F., Crowther R.F., Shumate R.P., Ziel W.B., Zylman R. The

role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents, Bloomington, Department of Police

Administration, Indiana University (1964)

Mary Chris Austria Cruz, Effectiveness of Implementing Traffic Rules and

Regulations Regarding Republic Act 10586 in Cabanatuan City

43
 APPENDIX A

Letter Request address to Road and Traffic Administration Office

44
 Appendix B

Map of Cagayan de Oro City

45
 Appendix C

Map of Bulua Road

46
 Appendix D

Survey Questionnaire

47
INSTRUCTION: Provide a check (✔) on the space provided that corresponds your

profile

AGE:
☐ 18 – 20 years old
☐ 21 – 23 years old
☐ 24 – 26 years old
☐ 27 – 29 years old
☐ 30 – 32 years old
☐ 33 – 35 years old
☐ 36 – 38 years old
☐ 39 – 40 years old and above
SEX:
☐ Male
☐ Female
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
☐ Grade school

☐ High school

☐ Vocational

☐ College graduate
CIVIL STATUS:
☐ Single

☐ Married

☐ Widowed

INSTRUCTION: Encircle the number that corresponds on the perceived level of

drivers in terms of conduct of road testing

48
Legend:

Scale Description

4 Always

3 Often

2 Sometimes

1 Never

IN TERMS OF CONDUCT OF ROAD TESTING:

Always Often Sometimes Never

1. Alam ko na kapag pinahinto ako

nang law enforcement officer para 4 3 2 1
sa pagsusuri, ay kailangan kung
sumunod sa kanila.

2. Gaano ko ba kadalas alam yung

mga pagsusuri na ginagawa nang
mga awtoridad sa tuwing may 4 3 2 1
nahuhuli silang lumalabag sa anti-
drunk driving law?

3. Alam ko na kapag positive ako sa

sobriety test ay pwede akong
malagay sa mandatory breath 4 3 2 1
analyzer test para sukatin ang level
nang alcohol sa dugo ko.

4. Alam ko na kapag di ako

49
sumunod sa mandatory breath 4 3 2 1
analyzer test ay pwede ma revoke
ang aking lisensya.

5. Alam ko na kapag may

makatwiran dahilan ang law
enforcement officer upang maniwala
4 3 2 1
na ako ay lango sa droga habang nag
mamaneho ay pwede akong dalhin
sa police station.

IN TERMS OF VIOLATIONS:
Always Often Sometimes Never

1. Alam ko na labag sa batas na

4 3 2 1
magmaneho nang lasing.

2. Alam ko na labag sa batas na

4 3 2 1
magmaneho nang lango sa droga o
iba pang katulad na mga sangkap
nito.

3. Alam ko na pwede akong

4 3 2 1
makulong sa paglabag sa batas ukol
sa anti-drunk driving law.

4. Alam ko na kapag hindi ako

sumunod sa pinapatupad na batas ay
4 3 2 1
pwede akong arestohin sa kasong
hindi pagsunod sa awtoridad.

50
5. Alam ko na kapag nasa
impluwensya ako nang alak o droga
4 3 2 1
ay pwede itong magresulta sa
aksidente na pwede ikamatay ko at
nang ibang tao.

IN TERMS OF PENALTIES:
Always Often Sometimes Never

1. Alam ko na kapag ako'y naka

bangga at nasa ilalim ng
impluwensya ng alak ay pwede 4 3 2 1
akong makulong at pag multahin sa
halagang 100 thousand hanggang
200 thousand pesos kapag
nagresulta ng pisikal na pinsala sa
biktima.

2. Alam ko na kapag ako’y naka

bangga at nasa ilalim nang
impluwensya nang alak ay pwede
akong makulong at pag multahin sa
4 3 2 1
halagang 10 thousand hanggang 20
thousand pesos kahit ito ay hindi
nag resulta nang pisikal na pinsala o
pagkamatay nang biktima.

3. Alam ko na kapag ako’y naka

51
bangga at nasa ilalim nang
impluwensya nang alak ay pwede
akong makulong at pagmultahin sa 4 3 2 1
halagang 300 thousand hanggang
500 thousand pesos kapag nag
resulta sa pagkamatay nang biktima.

4. Alam ko na kapag ako’y naka

bangga at nasa ilalim nang
impluwensya nang alak at hindi
4 3 2 1
professional license ang aking gamit
ay pwede kumpiskahin at
suspendihin nang isang taon ang
aking lisensta sa unang pagkahuli at
tuluyang bawiin kapag akoy nahuli
sa pangalawang pakakataon.

5. Alam ko na kapag ako’y naka

bangga at nasa ilalim nang
impluwensya nang alak at
4 3 2 1
professional license ang aking gamit
ay pwedeng suspendihin at tuluyang
bawian nang lisensya sa unang
pagkahuli.

Appendix E

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10586

52
 AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE
OF ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in

Congress assembled:

SECTION 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as the “Anti-Drunk and
Drugged Driving Act of 2013”.

SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – Pursuant to the Constitutional principle that

recognizes the protection of life and property and the promotion of the general
welfare as essential for the enjoyment of the blessing of democracy, it is hereby
declared the policy of the State to ensure road safety through the observance of
the citizenry of responsible and ethical driving standards.

Towards this end, the State shall penalize the acts of driving under the influence
of alcohol, dangerous drugs and other intoxicating substances and shall inculcate
the standards of safe driving and the benefits that may be derived from it through
institutional programs and appropriate public information strategies.

SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this Act:

(a) Alcohol refers to alcoholic beverages classified into beer, wine and distilled
spirits, the consumption of which produces intoxication.

(b) Breath analyzer refers to the equipment which can determine the blood alcohol
concentration level of a person through testing of his breath.

53
(c) Chemical tests refer to breath, saliva, urine or blood tests to determine the
blood alcohol concentration level and/or positive indication of dangerous drugs
and similar substances in a person’s body.

(d) Dangerous drugs and other similar substances refer to drugs listed in the
schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs, as
amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the schedules annexed to the 1971 Single
Convention of Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in its attachment which is
an integral part of Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the
“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” and those that the Board may
reclassify, add to or remove from the list of dangerous drugs.

(e) Driving under the influence of alcohol refers to the act of operating a motor
vehicle while the driver’s blood alcohol concentration level has, after being
subjected to a breath analyzer test, reached the level of intoxication, as established
jointly by the Department of Health (DOH), the National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM) and the Department of Transportation and Communications
(DOTC).

(f) Driving under the influence of dangerous drugs and other similar substances
refers to the act of operating a motor vehicle while the driver, after being
subjected to a confirmatory test as mandated under Republic Act No. 9165, is
found to be positive for use of any dangerous drug.

(g) Field sobriety tests refer to standardized tests to initially assess and determine
intoxication, such as the horizontal gaze nystagmus, the walk-and-turn, the one-
leg stand, and other similar tests as determined jointly by the DOH, the
NAPOLCOM and the DOTC.

(h) Motor vehicle refers to any land transportation vehicle propelled by any power
other than muscular power.

54
(i) Motor vehicles designed to carry hazardous materials refer to those designed to
carry or transport materials which may endanger health and lives of the public.

(j) Public utility vehicles refer to motor vehicles for hire and used to carry or
transport passengers or goods.

SEC. 4. Driver’s Education. – Every applicant for a motor vehicle driver’s license
shall complete a course of instruction that provides information on safe driving
including, but not limited to, the effects of the consumption of alcoholic
beverages on the ability of a person to operate a motor vehicle, the hazards of
driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar
substances, and the penalties attached for violation thereof.

For professional drivers, every applicant for a driver’s license or those applying
for renewal thereof shall undergo the driver’s education herein stated.

The driver’s license written examination shall include questions concerning the
effects of alcohol and drug intoxication on the ability of a person to operate a
motor vehicle and the legal and pecuniary consequences resulting from violation
of the provisions of this Act.

SEC. 5. Punishable Act. – It shall be unlawful for any person to drive a motor
vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar
substances.

SEC. 6. Conduct of Field Sobriety, Chemical and Confirmatory Tests. – A law

enforcement officer who has probable cause to believe that a person is driving
under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances by
apparent indications and manifestations, including overspeeding, weaving, lane
straddling, sudden stops, swerving, poor coordination or the evident smell of

55
alcohol in a person’s breath or signs of use of dangerous drugs and other similar
substances, shall conduct field sobriety tests.

If the driver fails in the sobriety tests, it shall be the duty of the law enforcement
officer to implement the mandatory determination of the driver’s blood alcohol
concentration level through the use of a breath analyzer or similar measuring
instrument.

If the law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe that a person is
driving under the influence of dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances, it
shall be the duty of the law enforcement officer to bring the driver to the nearest
police station to be subjected to a drug screening test and, if necessary, a drug
confirmatory test as mandated under Republic Act No. 9165.

Law enforcement officers and deputized local traffic enforcement officers shall be
responsible in implementing this section.

SEC. 7. Mandatory Alcohol and Chemical Testing of Drivers Involved in Motor

Vehicular Accidents. – A driver of a motor vehicle involved in a vehicular
accident resulting in the loss of human life or physical injuries shall be subjected
to chemical tests, including a drug screening test and, if necessary, a drug
confirmatory test as mandated under Republic Act No. 9165, to determine the
presence and/or concentration of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or similar
substances in the bloodstream or body.

SEC. 8. Refusal to Subject Oneself to Mandatory Tests. – A driver of a motor

vehicle who refuses to undergo the mandatory field sobriety and drug tests under
Sections 6, 7 and 15 of this Act shall be penalized by the confiscation and
automatic revocation of his or her driver’s license, in addition to other penalties
provided herein and/or other pertinent laws.

56
SEC. 9. Acquisition of Equipment. – Within four (4) months from the effectivity
of this Act, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the Philippine National
Police (PNP) shall acquire sufficient breath analyzers and drug-testing kits to be
utilized by law enforcement officers and deputized local traffic enforcement
officers nationwide giving priority to areas with high reported occurrences of
accidents. For purposes of acquiring these equipment and for the training
seminars indicated in Section 10 hereof, the LTO shall utilize the Special Road
Safety Fund allotted for this purpose as provided under Section 7 of Republic Act
No. 8794, entitled: “An Act Imposing a Motor Vehicle User’s Charge on Owners
of All Types of Motor Vehicles and for Other Purposes”. Additional yearly
appropriations for the purchase of breath analyzers and drug-testing kits shall be
provided annually under the General Appropriations Act.

SEC. 10. Deputation. – The LTO may deputize traffic enforcement officers of the
PNP, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and cities and
municipalities in order to enforce the provisions of this Act.

SEC. 11. Law Enforcement Officer Education. – The LTO and the PNP shall
conduct training seminars for their law enforcers and deputies with regard to the
proper conduct of field sobriety tests and breath analyzer tests every year. Within
four (4) months from the effectivity of this Act, the LTO shall publish the
guidelines and procedures for the proper conduct of field sobriety tests, which
guidelines shall be made available to the public and made available for download
through the official LTO website.

SEC. 12. Penalties. – A driver found to have been driving a motor vehicle while
under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances,
as provided for under Section 5 of this Act, shall be penalized as follows:

(a) If the violation of Section 5 did not result in physical injuries or homicide, the
penalty of three (3) months imprisonment, and a fine ranging from Twenty

57
thousand pesos (Php20,000.00) to Eighty thousand pesos (Php80,000.00) shall be
imposed;

(b) If the violation of Section 5 resulted in physical injuries, the penalty provided
in Article 263 of the Revised Penal Code or the penalty provided in the next
preceding subparagraph, whichever is higher, and a fine ranging from One
hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) to Two hundred thousand pesos
(Php200,000.00) shall be imposed;

(c) If the violation of Section 5 resulted in homicide, the penalty provided in

Article 249 of the Revised Penal Code and a fine ranging from Three hundred
thousand pesos (Php300,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00)
shall be imposed; and

(d) The nonprofessional driver’s license of any person found to have violated
Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated and suspended for a period of
twelve (12) months for the first conviction and perpetually revoked for the second
conviction. The professional driver’s license of any person found to have violated
Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated and perpetually revoked for the first
conviction. The perpetual revocation of a driver’s license shall disqualify the
person from being granted any kind of driver’s license thereafter.

The prosecution for any violation of this Act shall be without prejudice to
criminal prosecution for violation of the Revised Penal Code, Republic Act No.
9165 and other special laws and existing local ordinances, whenever applicable.

SEC. 13. Direct Liability of Operator and/or Owner of the Offending Vehicle. –
The owner and/or operator of the vehicle driven by the offender shall be directly
and principally held liable together with the offender for the fine and the award
against the offender for civil damages unless he or she is able to convincingly

58
prove that he or she has exercised extraordinary diligence in the selection and
supervision of his or her drivers in general and the offending driver in particular.

This section shall principally apply to the owners and/or operators of public utility
vehicles and commercial vehicles such as delivery vans, cargo trucks, container
trucks, school and company buses, hotel transports, cars or vans for rent, taxi
cabs, and the like.

SEC. 14. Nationwide Information Campaign. – Within one (1) month from the
promulgation of the implementing rules and regulations as provided under Section
17 hereof, the Philippine Information Agency (PIA), in coordination with the
LTO, the local government units (LGUs) and other concerned agencies, shall
conduct information, education and communication (IEC) campaign for the
attainment of the objectives of this Act.

SEC. 15. Nationwide Random Terminal Inspection and Quick Random Drug
Tests. – The LTO shall conduct random terminal inspections and quick random
drug tests of public utility drivers. The cost of such tests shall be defrayed by the
LTO.

SEC. 16. Review of Penalties. – The LTO shall, after five (5) years from the
effectivity of this Act and every five (5) years thereafter, review the applicability
and enforcement of all foregoing pecuniary penalties and shall initiate amendment
and/or upgrade the same as may be necessary, subject to the approval of the
Secretary of the DOTC.

SEC. 17. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – The DOTC, the DOH and the
NAPOLCOM shall, within three (3) months from the effectivity of this Act,
jointly promulgate the necessary implementing rules and regulations to carry out
the provisions of this Act.

59
 SEC. 18. Separability Clause. – If, for any reason, any part or provision of this
Act is declared invalid, such declaration shall not affect the other provisions of
this Act.

SEC. 19. Repealing Clause. – Subparagraph (f), Section 56, Article 1 of Republic
Act No. 4136, otherwise known as the “Land Transportation and Traffic Code”,
as amended; subparagraph (f), Section 5 of Republic Act No. 7924, otherwise
known as “An Act Creating the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority,
Defining its Powers and Functions, Providing Funds Therefor and for Other
Purposes;” subparagraph (a), Section 36 of Republic Act No. 9165; and all other
laws, orders, issuances, circulars, rules and regulations or parts thereof which are
inconsistent with any provision of this Act are hereby repealed or modified
accordingly.

SEC. 20. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days from its
publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general
circulation.

60
 Appendix F
Documentation

61
62
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Michael Francis T. Autida

Address: Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Mobile No.: 09277521024
Email address:mita.autida.coc@phinmaed.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname: mak-mak
Birthday: March 29, 2000
Birthplace: buko, balingasag, misamis oriental.
Age: 22
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single
Fathers Name: Rammel Autida
Mothers Name: Rita tadulan Autida

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary: PHINMA-CAGAYAN DE ORO COLLEGE

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
2018-2022
Secondary: KINUGUITAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
2012-2016

63
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Glaselle Jean Dumandan Gaas

Address: Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Mobile No.: 09686991575
Email address:gldu.gaas.coc@phinmaed.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname: glay-glay
Birthday: September 14, 1999
Birthplace: Cabanglasan, bukidnon
Age: 22
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single
Fathers Name: Norberto Gape Gaas
Mothers Name: Lucila dumandan Gaas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary: PHINMA-CAGAYAN DE ORO COLLEGE

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
2018-2022
Secondary: CABULOHAN-PARADISE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
2012-2016

64
65