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General Chemistry 2 – Grade 11

(STEM) Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 – Week 1D: Properties of Water

First Edition, 2021

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Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
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email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
1
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
General Chemistry 2, Quarter 3, Week 1D

Properties of Water

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular forces.
(GC11IMFIIIa-c-103)

Learning Objectives:

After going through this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:
1. identify the properties of water; and
2. discuss the properties of water in relation to molecular structure and intermolecular
forces.

Time Allotment: 1 hour

Key Concepts

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER

The water molecule ( figure 1) is composed of two (2) hydrogen (H) atoms and one (1) oxygen (O) atom.
The oxygen atom has 8 electrons, and each hydrogen atom has 1 electron. The covalent bond is formed
when atoms of hydrogen share electrons with an oxygen atom.
Water (H2O) molecule is polar with strong intermolecular forces. It forms a special dipole
bond called a hydrogen bond. Four hydrogen bonds can be formed in a water molecule (figure
2). These bonds are strong, however, it is constantly breaking, shifting and re-forming giving the
water its unusual properties.

Figure 1. Water Molecule Figure 2. Hydrogen Bonding

Source: https://healingearth.ijep.net/ Source: https://healingearth.ijep.net/

PROPERTIES OF WATER

 Surface Tension Molecules at

Water molecules attract with other water the surface
form strong
molecules forming a bond that creates an elastic film bonds
on the surface of water resulting to surface tension.
Surface tension allows the surface of the water to
support weights and pull water droplets into round
shapes. Figure 3. The surface tension of
water at a molecular level
Source: https://www.usgs.gov/

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
2
 Paper clip is made of steel and with higher density, but it
can float on the surface of water because of high surface tension
of water.
Figure 4. Paper clip on top of the water
Source: https://www.usgs.gov/

Water striders can walk on top of water. This is because of

the high surface tension of water, and water striders also have
distributed weight and highly adapted legs.

Figure 5. Water Strider on top of the water

Source: https://www.usgs.gov/

When drops of water will be added to the coin and reach

the coin’s edge, dome of water will be formed on top of the coin.
This is the result of the water molecules clinging to one another
forming an optimal shape. This shows cohesion and surface
tension of water.
Figure 6. Drops of water on the coin
Soure: https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/

 Capillary Action
Intermolecular forces also cause a polar liquid like water to rise against gravity into a small-
diameter tube (a capillary), as shown in figure 7. This is also because the molecules of water are
attracted to the substance in the tube (figure 8). This phenomenon is called capillary action. When
a glass tube is placed in water, the water rises into the tube. Water rises higher in a tube with a
smaller diameter.

Figure 7. Capillary action of water Figure 8. Water molecules have strong adhesive forces toward glass
in different glass tubes molecules and form a concave meniscus.
Source: Dr. Clay Robinson, PhD, West Texas A&M University.
Source: https:/ /www.slideshare.net/

 Viscosity
Water has a viscosity of 1 centipoise or 0.001 Pa/s at 20 oC. Polar water is more viscous
than nonpolar liquids like liquid nitrogen. But compared to long-chain molecules, water is less
viscous.

Figure 9. Water has a low viscosity because it is not a long-chain molecule.

Source: https://slideplayer.com/

 Vapor Pressure of Water

The vapor pressure of water refers to the pressure at which equilibrium occurs between the
gaseous phase and the liquid phase of water molecules, in a closed container. In this condition
vapor pressure is constant. Water has low vapor pressure because of the high surface tension.

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
3
 In an open container, equilibrium would not be reached because the molecules in the
gaseous phase will just fly off and some gas molecules will change to the liquid phase.

a) (b)
Figure 10. Molecules of water in (a) sealed bottle and (b) opened bottle
Source: https://slideplayer.com/

 Molar Heat of Vaporization and Boiling Point

Water at the boiling point has a molar heat of vaporization equal to 40.7
kJ/mol. This means that 40.7 kJ of heat is absorbed from the surroundings as 1 mol of water at
100°C and 1 atm pressure is converted to 1 mol of water vapor at 100°C.

 Other Properties of Water

1. Universal Solvent
Water is a universal solvent. Water has a unique ability to dissolve many chemical
substances. It can dissolve salts and other ionic compounds, polar covalent compounds like
alcohols, and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Nutrients needed by plants are dissolved in
water and are absorbed by plants. Water can also absorb pollutants from farming and industrial
plants resulting in water pollution.

2. Specific Heat
Water has high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to increase the
temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 oC. Water has a very high specific heat with 1
calorie/g-oC (4.18 J/g-oC). This is the reason that water can absorb a greater amount of heat even
the temperature rises very slightly.
For example, at the beach on a sunny day, we observe that the sand is usually quite hot to
walk on. The water on the other hand always feels cool. This is due to the fact that the sand has
a lower specific heat capacity compared with water. The sand takes less energy to raise the
temperature by one degree while water with a high heat capacity, requires more heat energy to
increase its temperature by one degree. The sun heats sand more quickly but the water more
slowly.

3. Boiling Point
The boiling point of water is unusually high. Water boils at 100 oC. Due to intermolecular
forces, the water stays to be in a liquid state at a large range of temperatures. During summer
days, a pond does not dry quickly because the amount of energy required to evaporate the water
is so high.

4. Density
Solid water is less dense and floats on liquid water. The molecules in solid water are
different than they are in liquid water. In solid water, the hydrogen bonds have an open
structure with unoccupied spaces, resulting in a larger volume. This makes solid water or ice
becomes less dense causing ice to float on water. In temperate countries, water bodies freeze. Ice
will float, causing the aquatic organisms to still live and survive under the surface which
remains liquid.

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
4
 Figure 11. The structure of Ice and Liquid Water
Source: https://slideplayer.com/

Activity 1. What Do I Have?

Learning Objectives:
1. Identify the properties of water.
2. Discuss the properties of water in relation to molecular structure and intermolecular forces.

What you need: Pen and Paper

What to do: Complete the table below by writing in column 2 the property of water illustrated in
column 1 and give a brief discussion about each property in column 3. Number 1 is answered as
your guide.

ILLUSTRATION PROPERTY BRIEF DISCUSSION

(in 1 or 2 sentence/s)
Solid water (ice) has hydrogen bonds
with open structure and unoccupied
Density spaces, causing it to become less dense
and will float on water.
1. ice cube in a glass of water
Source: smithplanet.com

2. droplets of water on the leaf

Source: https://www.scienceabc.com/

3. pond slowly drying out

Source: https://i.imgur.com/4kK18rb.jpg

4. liquid and gas phase at

equilibrium in a closed container
Source: https://www.usgs.gov/

5. water as it rises to tubes with

different diameter
Source: https://taminglittlemonsters.com/

6. water flows easily

Source: https://www.chemistryworld.com/

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
5
 Activity 2. Float!, then Rise!

Learning Objective: Conduct simple activities showing some properties of water.

What you need:

Pen, paper, small basin, tissue paper, clear glass, water, needle, drinking straw

What to do: Perform the following activities. Take picture of your observations or illustrate your
observations and answer the guide questions in a separate sheet of paper.

A. 1. Fill the basin with water to the top.

2. Put the needle on a tissue paper (as seen in the figure at the right)
and lower it down to the top of the basin with water. Observe what
will happen.
3. If the needle sinks, repeat step 2 using a dry needle and a new
sheet of tissue paper until the needle floats on water. Source: http://www.learnplayimagine.com/

Guide Question:
Why did the needle float on water? Explain in 1 or 2 sentence/s.

B. 1. Half-fill a clear glass with water.

2. Put a drinking straw in the glass with water (as seen in the figure
at the right).

Guide Question: Source: https://www.vectorstock.com/

What happens to the water inside the drinking straw?
Explain in 1 or 2 sentence/s.

Reflection

What to do: Answer the question below on a separate sheet of paper. Write 3 sentences.

Swimmers are encouraged to practice swimming in freshwater like lakes or rivers

rather than in seawater. Why?

Rubrics:

5 – Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no misconception.

4 - Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception.
3 – Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions.
2 – Explanation is not consistent with the concepts.
0 - No discussion.

References for learners:

Ansell, Dave. 2007. “Floating a Needle.” Penny” Accessed January 13, 2021, from
https://www.thenakedscientists.com/get-naked/experiments/floating-
needle#:~:text=If%20you%20get%20it%20right,the%20surface%20it%20will%20sink.
Earth Science Teaching Guide for Senior High School, Published by the Commission on Higher
Education, 2016
Healing Earth. “The Structure of Water.” Accessed January 13, 2021, from
https://healingearth.ijep.net/water/structure-
water#:~:text=The%20water%20molecule%20is%20comprised,is%20called%20a%20covale
nt%20bond.
Author: Charlyn M. Campado
School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
6
Markgraf, Bert. 2018. “What Intermolecular Forces are Present in Water?” Accessed January
13, 2021, from https://sciencing.com/three-ways-polarity-water-molecules-affect-
behavior-water-10036437.html
Slideshare. “Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties” Accessed January 13, 2021, from
https://www.slideshare.net/clwatson12/47-intermolecularforces
Slideplayer. “Physical Properties of Liquids” Accessed January 13, 2021, from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4181999/
Steve Spangler Science. “Drops on a Penny” Accessed January 13, 2021, from
https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/penny-drops/
Water Science School. “Vapor Pressure and Water” Accessed January 13, 2021, from
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/vapor-pressure-and-
water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
Water Science School. “Surface Tension and Water.” Accessed January 13, 2021, from
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/surface-tension-and-
water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

Answer Key
Activity 1

Activity 2

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
7