Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler's three laws describe how planetary bodies orbit the Sun.
They describe how
(1) (The Law of Ellipses)
planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus,
- the shape of the orbit of the planets are ellipse.

(2) (The Law of Equal Areas)

a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, -
The radius vector traced from the sun to the planet sweeps out the same amount of area in the same
amount of time
-the line connecting any planet to the sun covers equal areas at equal time intervals.
- Perihelion refers to the point when the planet is closest to the sun, whereas aphelion refers to the
point where the planet is furthest from the sun.

(3) (The Law of Harmonies)

a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).

Fluid Mechanics
The study of fluid behaviour (liquids, gases, blood, and plasmas) at rest and in motion is known as fluid
mechanics. Fluid mechanics has numerous applications in mechanical and chemical engineering, as well
as biological and astrophysical systems.
Basic principle of fluid mechanics
 Momentum principle
 Energy equation
 Continuity equation

Pressure and Density

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Pascal's law states that a pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is
transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and the walls of the container, as seen
in Equation
P = F÷ A
Where P is the pressure, F is the force, and A is the area

Archimedes' principle,
-named after an inventor and a mathematician who lived in ancient Greece, states that the
buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the
object. Buoyancy is the ability of an to float in water or air.
The Archimedes principle states that the upward buoyancy force exerted on a
body partially or completely immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body
displaces and acts in an upward direction in the center of the mass of the displaced fluid. The
Archimedes principle is a fundamental law of physics for fluid mechanics. It was formulated by
Archimedes of Syracuse.
push = density of fluid * gravity acceleration * volume of object.

Bernoulli’s Principle

The derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation represents an elegant application of the

Work-Energy Theorem. Here we discuss the conditions under which Bernoulli’s
Equation applies and then simply state and discuss the result.
Bernoulli’s Equation applies to a fluid flowing through a full pipe. The degree
to which Bernoulli’s Equation is accurate depends on the degree to which the
following conditions are met:
1. The fluid must be experiencing steady state flow. This means that the flow
rate at all positions in the pipe is not changing with time.
2. The fluid must be experiencing streamline flow. Pick any point in the fluid. The
infinitesimal fluid element at that point, at an instant in time, travelled along a
certain path to arrive at that point in the fluid. In the case of streamline flow,
every infinitesimal element of fluid that ever finds itself at that same point
travelled the same path. (Streamline flow is the opposite of turbulent flow.)
3. The fluid must be non-viscous. This means that the fluid has no tendency to
“stick to” either the sides of the pipe or to itself. (Molasses has high viscosity.
Alcohol has low viscosity.)
Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the fluid
increases, pressure decreases. ... A higher pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid
toward lower pressure. So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a
change in pressure (force).

Summary
Pascal’s law states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid
is transmitted equally throughout the fluid. The ability of fluids to transmit pressure
in this way can be very useful—from getting toothpaste out of a tube to applying
the brakes on a car.
Archimedes’ determined that an object displaces the same volume of fluid as
its own volume.
・ According to Archimedes’ law, the buoyant force acting on an object equals
the weight of the fluid that the object displaces.
・
The shape of an object may affect how much fluid it displaces and therefore
the buoyant force acting on it. This explains why one object may sink while another
object with the same weight but a different shape may float.
Bernoulli’s law states that the pressure of a moving fluid such as air is less
when the fluid is moving faster. Bernoulli’s law explains how wings of airplanes
and birds create lift and allow them to fly.