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Spoken words in all languages consist of speech-sounds. and speech without words is
impossible. Thus language performs its function as the most important means of
human intercourse.
To have a good pronunciation means 1/ to articulate correctly all the speech-sounds
of the language not only in isolated words, but also in sentences, 2/ to pronounce
sentences fluently at the right speed, with correct stress, melody, tamber, rhythm and
pauses.
In order to acquire a good pronunciation in a foreign language one must know what
to do with his organs of speech to produce the necessary speech-sounds.
"THE ORGANS OF SPEECH
The organs of speech are as follows: 1/ the mouth cavity containing the teeth, the roof
of the mouth - the alveolar ridge, the hard palate, the soft palate with the uvula; the
tongue - the blade with the tip, the front of the tongue, the back of the tongue, 2/ the
lips; 3/ the nasal cavity; 4/ the pharynx; 5/ the epiglottis; 6/ the larynx containing the
vocal cords; 7/ the wind- pipe.
The organs of speech are devided into movable and fixed. The first ones take an
active part in the articulation of speech-sounds and are called active organs of speech.
The fixed speech organs with which the active organs form obstruction are called
passive organs of speech. They serve as points of articulation.
THE NOTION OF THE PHONEME
The phonetic laws of a language reflect its phonetic structure, or system, whose basis
is formed by its system of PHONEMES.
The phoneme is the smallest unit of language existing as such a speech-sound which
is capable of distinguishing one word from another or one grammatical form of a
word from another form of the same word. For exemple, the English words bead
Ibi:dI, bid Ibidl, bed IbedI, bad Ibeadl, bud /bʌd/ are distinguished from one another
by the vowel sounds /i:/, /i/, /e/, /ea/, / ʌ/. The vowel sounds /e/ and /ea/, for example,
differentiate two grammatical forms of the noun man: the singular form man /mæn/
and the plural form men /men/. So these different vowel: sounds represent
DIFFERENT PHONEMES of the English language.
The different consonant sounds /s/ and /Z/ distinguish from each other such words as
advice IedvaisI and advise /ədˈvaɪz/, while
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one consonant sounds IsI and ItI differentiate the grammatical forms of many English
verbs e.g. asks /æsks/ and asked /æskt/. So the consonants IsI and ItI also represent
different English phonemes.
An actually pronounced speech - sounds are variants / allophones / of a phoneme.
Different allophones of one and the same phoneme have one or more articulatory and
acoustic features in common. At the same time they differ from each other in some /
usually slight / degree because of the influence upon them of their position ,
neighbouring speech - sounds and other phonetic factors . Allophones of one and the
same phoneme can not differentiate words or the grammatical form of a word. For
example, in the words eight Ieitl and eighth /eɪtθ/ the ItI - consonants are similar, but
at the same time they are slightly different : the ItI in eight is an alveolar consonant ;
the ItI in eighth is a dental consonant .
The substitution of one phoneme for another is a phonemic mistake , it prevents the
listener from recognizing the words , e.g .: vine - wine , seat- sit . The substitution of
one allophone of a phoneme for another allophone of the same phoneme / a non -
phonemic mistake / does not prevent the hearer from recognizing the words . But the
process of understanding of speech is considerably hampered.

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PHONEMES IkI IgI

The English IkI and IgI are occlusive noise plosive backlingual velar consonants; IkI is voiceless-fortis,
IgI is voiced-lenis. In pronouncing the English IkI and IgI the back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate
and a complete obstruction is formed there. Immediately after that the tension in the place of obstruction is
released and the air breaks through the obstruction with plosion. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the
lower teeth. The vocal cords are not made to vibrate in pronouncing IkI. while in pronouncing IgI they are
close together and made to vibrate. IkI is aspirated, IgI is non-aspirated.
IKI SPELLING
k - key ch - ache
c – can сq - acquire
сс - account q - quick
ck – back qu - quay [ki: ]

IkI at the beginning of words

Key cat cope clean
Kick cover keep correct
kept come kind keen
can clever cloud quinsy
kiss cut coal quiet

IkI + IrI
cry crowd cross cradle
cricket crop cruel creation
cream crush crime crystal

IkI in the middle of words

Across conclusion locket accuse
account October pocket acknowledge
cricket occupy hockey dictate

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IkI at the end of words
Nick lick milk lack check
sick trick take sack dark
pick thick lock back mark

1.A pot calls a kettle black.

2.Keep calm and cool.

3.The cock crowed in the morning.

4.Uncle has hurt his ancle.

5.Dick can't drink cold milk.

6.Take the key from the bookcase.

There was an Old Man
Who when little
Fell casually into a kettle
 But growing too stout
He could never get out
So he spent all big life in that kettle.

IgI SPELLING
g – get gh - ghost

gg – giggle gu - guess
give get

IgI at the beginning of words

give go girl graceful
get good glad gun
giggle government gas guide
guilt gulp gaily goose

|g| + |r|
great grace grin gradually
green gross grocer grammar
grow group grizzle grand

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IgI at the end of the words
dig bag log tug
pig sag dog shrug
big lag frog smug

1.Give it a good clean.

2.I showed my card to the guard.

3.Go to the garden.

4.I guess he is going to give you his gun.

5.He was chatting gaily at the gate.

I like to go out in the garden
I like to get up the well
I like to do anything really
But I hate to do nothing at all.
 IkI and IgI COMPARED
At the beginning of words
Guard – card goat - coat
Gum – come glean - clean
Gap – cap glass - class
Game – came grow - crow

In the middle of words

bigger – bicker jingle - tinkle
anger - anchor jungle - uncle
angle - ankle

At the end of words

Back – bag lock – log chuck - ahrug
Sack – sag lack – lag check – beg
Pick – pig dick – dig neck – leg
Tuck – tug dock – dog mock – frog

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- Hello, Kitty!
- Hello! Glad to see you.
- What are you going to do?
- I am going to do some gardening.
- What a nice girl you are. Can I help you?
- Of course, you can.
- Go home and take a spade to dig with.

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PHONEMES IsI IzI

The English IsI IzI are constrictive noise fricative forelingual apical alveolar consonants |s| is voiceless-
fortis, IzI is voiced-lenis. In pronouncing IsI and IzI the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveolar ridge. A
rounded narrowing is formed between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. The air passes along the
centre of the tongue and between its raised sides. The air passes through the narrowing with friction. In
pronouncing IzI the vocal cords vibrate. In pronouncing IzI they don't vibrate. ISI is partially devoiced at
the end of words.
SPELLING
s – see
c - cent

IsI at the beginning of words

See sell stand smoke
Say cellar certain smile
Sound ceiling staff snow
So sing snack soak

Isl in the middle of words

Recent answer basket decide
Receive anniversary basic destiny
Recite assimilation basis electricity
Reciprocal announcement capacity gasoline

|s| at the end of words

Gas dress pass slice
Focus bus loose nice
Force cross mass tense
Embrace loss less chance

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Isl and /θ/ COMPARED
miss – smith use - youth
tense – tenth mouse - mouth
pass – path souse – south

|s|, /θ/ at the beginning of words

seem - theme sing - thing
sick - thick sun - thumb
sin - thin sigh - thigh
sink – think symbol - thimble
sing - thing

1.Today we start at six.

2.He tends to see the sunny side of the street.

3.This theme seems to be simple.

4.Where's the bus stop?

5.Some of these books seem to be strange.

A sailor went to sea, to see what he could see.
And all that he could see,
Was see, sea, sea.

IzI SPELLING
s – desire z - zip

IzI at the beginning of words

Zip zone zeal zenith
Zero zoo zebra zeat
zone

IzI in the middle of words

Deserve egoism muzzle president
Design neutralization nasal preserve
Desire frenzy palatalization reserve
Desist freezing presume transmit

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IzI at the end of words

is size propose toys depends
freeze organize daze beds defines
tease recognize doors bells compose

IzI and /ð/ COMPARED

Liza - neither seizing - seething
teasing – teething closing - clothing

1.Liza doesn't come either.

2.She is a cousin of my mother.

3.Whose watch is this?

4.Where's the Z00?
5. Last Thursday she was three.
 It's cold and still, the wind is away.
And little Jack Frost is busy today.
He nips my cheeks, he nips my nose,
And before I can catch him away he goes.

lsl and IzI COMPARED

fussy – fuzzy muscle – muzzle
decease – disease precedent - president
racer – razor seal - zeal

- Excuse me! Could you tell me the way to the Z00?

- Certainly. You'll have to take a bus.
- The buses are busy, I must say.
- Oh, I forgot. Today is Wednesday. The Z00 is closed.

PHONEMES IfI, IvI

The English IfI, IvI are constrictive noise fricative labio-dental consonants, IfI is voiceless-fortis, IvI is
voiced-lenis. In pronouncing IfI and IvI the lower lip is raised to the upper teeth, a narrowing is formed
between the upper teeth and the inside of the lower lip. The air passes through the opening with audible
friction. In pronouncing IfI the vocal cords don't vibrate. In pronouncing IvI they vibrate.

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IfI SPELLING
F – five ph – emphasis gh – laughter lf – half ff - muff

IfI at the beginning of words

Five father frame Fly
Fine phone fox foam
Fit physics find flunk
Feet fellow forward flap

|f| in the middle of words

before coffee emphasis laughter
befall different graphic loft
befogged difficulty infant often
befriend diffusion inferior rifle
 IfI at the end of words
behalf off muff paraph
calf cough knife self
half enough Iife snuff
stuff gruff wife safe

1.Somebody phoned from his father's farm.

2.He has never made an effort.

3.He looks only at the surface of things.

4.The horse thief was found out.

5.Five fellows followed him.

I'm a scary little hare, with floppy ears,
One here, one there.
My feet are bare.
Poor little here - always full of fears!
The Baby Hare heard our reply,
Dear little Hare, you should not cry.
Bare feet are fleet feet,
Long ears help you hear.
But it`s a bad and very sad to be so full of fear".

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IvI at the beginning of words
very veal velvet variant vast
village verse verb various vend
van voice valid vase verb

IvI in the middle of words

wives Devon evil cover division
knives even pavement driver shrivel
lives novel clever convey uvula

IvI at the end of words

give dove have motive save
live five nave move wave
love glove rave crave prove

1.We had a fine view of the village.

2.You won't find any vacant house in this village.

3.A very vivacious and vain villain visited various villages.

4.He never knows the value of vaccine.

5.Only a few share his point of view.

As I was going to St.-Ives
I met a man with seven wives.
Every wife had seven sacks,
Every sack had seven cats,
Every cat had seven kits.
Kits, cate, sacks and wives,
How many of them were going to St.-Ives.

IfI and IvI COMPARED

at the beginning of words
Fast – vast fat - vat
Few – view physics - visit
Fine – vine fain - vain
fail - vale

in the middle of words

effort – ever reference - reverence
offer – hover rifle - rival
cypher - driver rife- rive
surface – service define - divine

at the end of words

proof - prove safe - save
life - alive thief - thieve
wife - five chief - achieve
stuff – starve buff – above

- Did your wife find the book on Friday?

- No, she didn't. She looked for It everywhere but failed.
- What was that?
- A very interesting novel by the famous French writer Balzac.
- Was it her favourite novel?
 - Not a favourite one, but she loved it very much.

PHONEME I m I

The English Iml is unocclusive nasal bilabial sonorant. In pronouncing the English Im| the tongue is
retracted, the front part of the tongue is lowered. The lips are pressed together forming a complete
obstruction. The soft palate is lowered and the air exhaled from the lungs passes through the nasal cavity.
ImI at the beginning of words
map maid mint modern
man miss meek mother
meet many mess money
meal mock mild morning
may mist mid member
modern

ImI in the middle of words

timid penman coming blackmall
norman comfort committee climate
camp lemon clamp gamble

ImI at the end of words

form same time climb blame

calm plum am datum form
room tram loom bosom harm

1. Michael Moris is a very modest man.

2. My mother will miss me if I go away for many months.
3. May I come to see you in the morning?
4. All the members of my family prefer mild climate.
5. I need a map to get to the camp.

PHONEME |n|
The English InI is anocclusive nasal forelinguel apical alveolar sonorant. In pronouncing InI the tip of the
tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge, forming a complete obstruction. The soft palate is lowered and
the air passes through the nasal cavity, the vocal cords are made to vibrate.
InI at the beginning of words

nip near note number

nар night next now
neap nine noble nurse
neat nut noise new
need not noon neck

InI in the middle of words

garden minute find hand

minor kingdom mind land
kind journal innocent enjoy
dental depend concert cent

InI at the end of words

pin ban pen man

win balloon prune can
ten gun bin down
fun lean pan keen

1. Nick Green didn't notice anybody.

2. Now and again they called on Nelly’s niece
3. Oh, no, don't go home alone, nobody knows how lonely the road is
4. Nobody needs your help now.

If many men knew what many men know

If many men went where many men go
If many men did what many men do
The world would be better - I think so, don't you?

ImI and InI COMPARED

at the beginning of words

map-nap miss-niece moon-noon

meat-neat mid-need min-nine
might-night meet-nick motion-notion
mock-nock mess-nurse middle-needle

in the middle of words

ample- angel composition-condition

bombast -bondage damage-danger
camp- candle family-finally
lamp-land

ImI and InI at the end of words

same-pain form - born

am-men time - nine
blame - main harm - gun
barm-barn bomb -bond
beam - bean loam - loan
 ⁃ Wouldn't you mind my opening the window?
⁃ No, I wouldn’t . It’s stuffy in the room
⁃ Aren't you going home yet?
⁃ I am afraid not. I must get ready for the seminar which I am to attend tomorrow.
⁃ May I wait for you?
⁃ Do,please.

PHONEME IwI
The English IwI is a constrictive median bilabial sonorant. In pronouncing the English IwI the lips are
rounded and slightly pro-truded. The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate.
The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords vibrate. Prom the initial position the tongue and the lips
immediately glide into the position for the following vowel.
IwI at the beginning of words

we why want warm

weak wood woman war
well winter wind wall
with west window wonder

IwI in the middle of words

IsI + IwI

swear swift
swim switch
sweat swirl
swing swell

IkI + IwI
quite quick
quote question
quinsy quill
quarter quality

ItI + IvI

twenty twice twin twilight tweed

twelve twist tweet twig tweak

1. William wants to know whether the weather will be wet.

2. Everywhere we saw the white snow.
3. Didn't this waiter work in Washington last winter?
4. No sweet without some sweat.
5. Where there's a will, there's a way.
6. Oh, what, a tangle wed we weave, when first we practice to deceive.

Swan swam over the sea .

Swim, swan , swim.
Swan swam back again,
Well swam swan.

South winds bring wet weather. The North wind wet and cold together.

IwI and IvI COMPARED

weal - veal worse - verse
web - verb went - vent
wary - vary wain - vain
west - vest wine - vine

1. Willian always wears a very warm woolen vest in winter.

2. Victor, however, will never wear woolen underwear when even inthe Wild West.

- When I went out it was very dark

- Where were you going?
- I went to Victor and he wasn't in.
- But he never goes out in the evening.
- It was an unfortunate visit. I walked around and came back home.

PHONEME I ŋ I
The English I ŋ I is an occlusive nasal backlingual velar sonorant. In pronouncing the English I ŋ I the back
of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate. The soft palate is lowered and a complete obstruction is
formed between the soft palate and the back of the tongue. The air passes through the nasal cavity. The tip of
the tongue is near the lower teeth. The vocal cords are made to vibrate.

I ŋ I in the middle of words

finger longer jungle Hungary
singer hunger single language
anger linger longish penguin
languid England

I ŋ I at the end of words

king thing ding hang
sing bring ping lung
tang long pang wing
ring tongue fling wring

I ŋk I and I ŋg I COMPARED
ink - singer
pink - spring thank - hang
think - anger drunk - hunger
blank - finger crank - jungle
monk - single

I ŋ I and I ŋiŋ I COMPARED

cling - clinging hang - hanging
sing - singing fling - flinging
ring - ringing ping - pinging
bring - bringing wing – winging

1. She is easily angered!

2.To know everything is to know nothing.
3.Better die standing than live kneeling.
4.The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
5.Young singer, don't sing this song. It's sad. It's so long.

Spades for digging, pens for writing.

Ears for hearing, teeth for biting.
Eyes for seeing. legs for walking.
Tongues for thinking and for talking.

I n I and I ŋ I COMPARED
in the middle of words
annoy - ankle pintch – pink
band - bank friend – flank
land - lank cent - crank
at the end of words
pin - ping fun – lung
win - wing can - hung
bin - bring pan - pang
clean - cling keen - king

- Is Henry likely to play bridge at the Green's to- night ?

- I don't think so. He'll probably go to the concert instead.
- What can Mary be doing now?
 - Well, she may be having dinner.
- And I think she might be writing a letter to me.
- She is more likely to be writing a letter to Henry.

PHONEME I l I
The English I l I is a constrictive lateral forelinguel-apical- alveolar sonorant. In pronouncing the English I l I
the tip of the tongue is raised to touch the teeth-ridge. The sides of the tongue are lowered and the air escapes
through the narrowings which are formed between the sides of the tongue and the hard palate. The soft palate
is raised. The vocal cords vibrate. There exist several variants of the English I l I. At the end of the word and
before consonants there appears a "dark" variant of the English I l I. In pronouncing the "dark" I l I the back
of the tongue is raised.
"Clear" variant of the English I l I occurs before vowels and before I j I. The front of the tongue is raised.
The English "dark" I l I is softer than the corresponding Russian I ʌ I. But the English "clear" (palatalized) I l
I is harder than the corresponding Russian variant.

I ɫ I at the beginning of words

let look life little
live love land lecture
lot leave lock lip
lack labour log luck

I l I in the middle of words

belt help milk older

dealt health silk clever
felt shelf old clean
field bold cloud

I l I at the end of words

bell ill still stool
fell people hill kill
feel sell deal well
fill tell full all
shall
 I 1 I and I ɫ I COMPARED
bull - bullish cool - cooling
full - fullish fool - fooling
Bill - Billie feel - feeling
Mill - miller tell – telling

1.All is well that ends well.

2.The girl doesn't feel well.
3.The child is old enough to go to school.

Little lady Lily lost her lovely locket.

Lucky little Lucy found the lovely locket.
Lovely little locket lay in Lucy's pocket.
Lazy little Lucy lost her lovely locket.

- Look here, Helen!

- Yes? What is it, Larry?
- I've got something pleasant to tell you.
- I'm listening to you, Larry.
- I'm glad to say that Lily is all right now and she will live in London.
- All's well, that ends well.

PHONEME I r I
The English I r I Is a constrictive median forelingual cacuminal-post-alveolar sonorant. In pronouncing the
English I r I the tip of the tongue approaches the back of the teeth-ridge forming a rather wide narrowing of
the air passage. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The soft palate is raised and the air escapes
through the mouth cavity along the tongue. The vocal cords are made to vibrate. The English I r I
considerably differs from the Russian I p I. The muscles of the tongue are lex and the tongue is made to
vibrate in pronouncing the Russian I p I. One should avoid the vibration of the tongue while pronouncing the
English I r I.

I r l at the beginning of words

ready right rush
reach room root
risk run round
rent rice rent rude
red road rule

I r I in the middle of words

merry Harry glory foreign
cherry narrow hurry tomorrow
carry sorry current borrow
mushroom berry very sorrow

IpI+IrI IbI+IrI I g I +I r I I k I+I r I IfI+IrI

print bring greek cream free
press bread green creep frame
proof brush group crew fry
price bright ground crown frown
prune break grace crop frost

I tr I and I dr I
try trot dream dry
truck treat drift drive
trick tree drop drill
tram trip droop dress

1.A foreign accent is a very great drawback.

2.The three will probably drive across the Brooklyn Bridge.
3.We gathered ripe red raspberries along the river road.
4.When at Rome do as Romans do.
5.Neither rhyme nor reason.
6.Every cook praises his own broth.

There was a rat, his tail was long,

But he stole some bread
Which was certainly wrong.
Row, row, row you boat
Gently down the stream.
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily
Life is but a dream.

- Open your books at page three.

- What paragraph shell we read?
- Read the second paragraph, Robert. Don't prompt, Mary. Has he made any mistakes?
- Robert didn't pronounce the word "road" correctly.
- Pronounce the word, Robert. Wrong. Try again.

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offer - hover rifle - rival
cypher - driver rife - rive
surface - service define - divine

at the end of words

proof - prove safe - save

life - alive thief - thieve
wife - five chief - achieve
stuff - starve buff - above
- Did your wife find the book on Friday?
- No, she didn't. She looked for it everywhere but failed.
- What was that?
- A very interesting novel by the famous French writer Balzac.
- Was it her favourite novel?
- Not a favourite one, but she loved it very much.

PHONEMES [Ө] [ð]

The English [Ө] and [ð] are constrictive noise fricative forelingual apical interdental consonants; [Ө] is
voiceless-fortis, [ð] is voiced-lenis. In pronouncing [Ө] and [ð] the tongue is flattened. The tip of the tongue
is between the upper and the lower teeth. The air passes through the narrowing between the upper teeth and
the tip of the tongue. In pronouncing [Ө] the vocal cords do not vibrate, in pronouncing [ð] the vocal cords
vibrate.

[Ө] at the beginning of words

thank thread thunder throat
think through thumb thousand
theatre thrill thud thrash
theft three throw throttle

[Ө] in the middle of words

authority anthem forthright forthcoming

author earthquake toothache pathless
catholic enthusiasm mouthful pathetic
 32
[Ө] at the end of words
bath tooth health froth
path youth beneath cloth
Smith fifth month broth
South moth both North

1. The third Thursday of this month is the sixteenth.

2. Thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty-three.
3. The teacher thought and thought and thought. And no one knew the thought he thought.
4. Wealth is nothing without health.
Thomas thinks of terrible things.
And to the troubled teacher brings
Things that sing and things that sting,
Things that swing and things that cling.
Things that ping and ring and fling
And of all these things he thinks nothing.

[ð] at the beginning of words

these there though themselves
that then thence their

[ð] in the middle of words

either mother bathing weather

feather other heather southern
leather together heathen northern

1. These are three brothers, these are their father and mother. This is their other brother.
2. We haven't had much thunder this summer.
3. What's that got to do with it?
4. They pass through the city..
5. Is that so?

I eat my peas with honey

I've done it all my life.
It makes the peas taste funny
But it keeps them on the knife
 33
[Ө] and [s] COMPARED

Smith - miss youth - use

tenth - tense mouth -mouse
path - pass south - souse
thin - sin thing - sing

[ð] and [Ө] COMPARED

neither - Liza
teething – teasing
seething - seizing
clothing - closing
[ð] and [d] COMPARED

then - den those - dose

they – day there - dare

A. : Hello, John, I'm glad you have come. How are you?
B.: Quite well, thank you. Have you met Mr. and Mrs. Smith? They are staying with us for the week-end.
A.: Oh, yes. We know each other quite well.
B.: That's good. And now this is Mary with the tea, I think. Thank you, Mary.

PHONEMES |ʧ| – |ʤ|

The English |ʧ| and |ʤ| are occlusive noise affricative fore- and mediolingual apical palato-alveolar
consonants; |ʧ| is voiceless-fortis, |ʤ| is voiced-lenis. They are articulated with the tip of the tongue pressed
against the alveolar ridge; without remaining there for any appreciable time the tip of the tongue moves to
the position of |ʃ| or |ʒ|. Thus a complete obstruction is replaced by a narrowing. In pronouncing the English |
ʧ| the vocal cords do not vibrate, in pronouncing |ʤ| they vibrate, but the muscles of the tongue are less
tense.
Spelling
ch – chess, tch – match, t – picture, mixture

34
|ʧ| at the beginning of words

chain chap charge chief

chair chance check child
chamber change chase cheer
chalk cheap chat chest

|ʧ| in the middle of words

teacher feature mixture treachery

picture question lecture creature
stretcher leaching matchless pitcher

|ʧ| at the end of words

catch hatch pitch witch

patch stretch match porch
watch much wrench screech
latch Dutch wretch staunch

1. Most Scotch children like cheese.

2. Why did the teacher ask such a question?
3. Don't touch those peaches in the kitchen.
4. Charles chose the cheapest cheese.
5. The children watched the match with pleasure.

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck

If a wood-chuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck as much wood
As a wood-chuck would chuck
If a wood-chuck could chuck wood.

|ʤ|
SPELLING
j - jest;
g- gin;
dg - bridge
di - soldier
|ʤ| at the beginning of words

just genius job

gentle generous jacket
giant gem gerund
gypsy general gesture jail
jealousy jelly jerk

35
|ʤ| in the middle of words

magic magistrate legislate hugely

tragic liegemen legitimate hedgehog
logic legible imagination frigid
surgeon legion fragile

|ʤ| at the end of words

bridge grudge urge upsurge

plunge huge usage range
rage pledge large dredge
image marge ledge cage

1. Just a joke.
2. Julius was jealous.
3. Jane, Jim and George Jones.
4. John, put the orange juice into the fridge.
5. A journalist made a journey over Japan.

Jack and Jill went up the hill

To fetch a pail of water.
Jack fell down and broke his crown
And Jill came tumbling after.

|ʧ| and |ʤ| COMPARED at the beginning of words

cheep – jeep chop - job

chew - Jew chest - jest
chaw - jaw cheer - jeer
chain - Jane char - jar

in the middle of words

teacher - magic treachery - surgery

feature - tragic lecture - ledger
picture - logic leaching - grudging
question - surgeon creature – ginger
 36
|ʧ| and |ʤ| at the end of words

much - grudge match - image

pitch - bridge porch - George
stretch - pledge Dutch - drudge
wretch- dredge fetch - ledge

- I say, George, I'd like to buy a watch.

- Which one do you like best?
- This one, I suggest.
- How much is it?
- Five pounds.
- I imagine it's fairly cheap and fairly good.
- Buy it, Jack, if you have chosen.

|ʤ| - [dr] and |ʧ| - [tr]

|ʤ| and [dr] COMPARED

jug - drug jaw - draw

judge -drudge Jill- drill
jest - dressed Jane - drain
Jag - drag

1. The judge was drumming on the table.

2. I'm dressed for the party.
3. I don't drink dry gin.
4. Jane tried to dry her dress.

|ʧ| and [tr] COMPARED

cheat - treat chance - trance

cheese - trees chew - true
chip - trip chap - trap
chain - train check - track

1. The chap trapped me.

2. Jane missed her train.
3. The child tried to dress.
4. She tried to use the chance.
 37
- Is Jane going by train?
- No, she didn't manage to get a ticket.
- Did she try to?
- She says she did.
- I don't trust her.
- You should treat her better.
 - 38 -
THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH-SOUNDS
Speech-sounds are divided into VOWELS and CONSONANTS.
A consonant is a sound produced with an OBSTRUCTION to the air stream. The organs of speech are tense
at the place of obstruction.
In the articulation of voiceless consonants the air stream is strong, while in voiced consonants it is weaker.
Consonants may be either sounds in which noise prevails over tone - NOISE CONSONANTS,- or sounds in
which tone prevails over noise - SOVORANTS. The English sonorants are:
ImI, Ini. InI, IwI, IlI, IrI, IjI
According to the type of obstruction English consonants are devided into OCCLUSIVE and
CONSTRICTIVE. Occlusive consonants are produced with a complete obstruction formed by the
articulating organs. They may be: A. noise consonants, B. sonorants.
According to the manner of the production of noise occlusive noise consonants are divided into. PLOSIVE
CONSONANTS /or STOPS/ and AFFRICATES. In the production of plosive consonants the speech organs
form a complete obstruction which is then quickly released with plosion.
The English plosives are:
Ipi, IbI, ItI, IdI, IkI, Igi
In the production of affricates the speech organs form a complete obstruction which is then released so
slowly that considerable friction occure at the point of articulation. The English affricates are:
ItfI, IdgI
In the production of occlusive sonorants speech organs form a complete obstruction In the mouth cavity, the
air escapes through the nasal cavity. The English occlusive sonorants are:
ImI, In, InI
Constrictive consonants are produced by a narrowing of the air-passage. They may be: A. NOISE
CONSONANTS /or FRICATIVES/ and B. sonorants. In the production of fricatives the speech organs form
an incomplete obstruction. The English fricatives are:
/f,v,θ,ð,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,h/
In the production of constructive sonorants the air-passage is fairly wide, there is no audible friction, tone
prevails over noise.

-39 -

Constrictive sonorants may be MEDIAN anI LATERAL.

In the production of median sonorants the air escapes without audible friction over the central part of the
tongue, the sides of the tongue are raised. The English median constrictive sonorants are:
IwI, IrI, IjI
In the production of lateral constrictive sonorants the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge, the sides of
the tongue are lowered, leaving the air-passage open along them. The English lateral constrictive sonorant is:
IlI
According to the active organ of speech English consonants are divided into LABIAL, LINGUAL, and
GLOTTAL.
Labial consonants may be: A. BILABIAL and 3. LABIO-DENTAL.
Bilabial consonants are articulated by the two lips. The English bilabial consonants are:
ipI, IbI, ImI, IwI
Labio-dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth. The English labio-dental
consonants are:
IfI, IvI
Lingual consonants may be: A. FORELINGUAL, B. MEDIOLINGUAL, and
C. BACKLINGTAL.
Forelingual consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge.
According to the position of the tip English forelingual consonants may be: APICAL and CACUMINAL.
Apical consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against either the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge.
The English forelingual apical consonants are:
IθI, IðI, ItI, IdI, Ill, InI, IsI, IzI
Cacuminal consonants are articulated by the tongue tip raised against the back part of the alveolar ridge. The
English forelingual cacuminal consonant is:
IrI
Mediolingual consonants are articulated with the front of the tongue against the hard palate. The English
mediolingual consonant is:
IjI

- 40 -
Backlingual consonants are articulated by the back of the tongue against the soft palate. The English
backlingual consonants are:
IkI, IgI, IŋI
Glottal consonants are pronounced in the glottis. The English glottal consonant is:
IhI
According to the point of articulation forelingual consonants ure divided into INТЕRDENTAL,
ALVEOLAR, PALATO-ALVEOLAR, and POST-ALVEOLAR.
Interdental consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue between the teeth. The English interdental
consonants are:
IðI, IθI
Alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. The English alveolar
consonants are:
ItI, IdI, InI, IlI, IsI, IzI
Palato-alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip and the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.
The English palato alveolar consonants are:
[ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ]. [dʒ]
Post-alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the back part of the alveolar ridge.
The English post-alveolar consonant is :
IrI
According to the point of articulation mediolingual consonants are PALATAL, backlingual consonants are
VELAR.
The English palatal consonant is:
IjI
The English velar consonants are:
IkI, IgI, InI
According to the work of the vocal cords consonants are divided Into VOICELESS and VOICED. According
to the force of articulation consonants are divided into relatively strong, or FORTIS, and relatively weak, or
LENIS. English voiced consonants are lenis, voiceless consonants are fortis.
The English voiceless fortis consonants are:
[p] [t] [k] [s] [ʃ] [θ] [tʃ] [h] [f]
The English voiced lenis consonants are:
[b] [d] [g] [v] [n] [z] [m] [n] [ð] [w] [i] [r] [j]

-41-
According to the position of the soft palate consonants are divided into ORAL and NASAL.
Nasal consonants are produced with the soft palate lowered, the air passage through the mouth is blocked.
The air escapes through the nasal cavity. The English nasal consonants are:
ImI, InI, [ŋ]
Oral consonants are produced when the soft palate is raised and the air escapes through the mouth. The
English oral consonants are: [p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g] [f] [s] [ʃ] [θ] [v] [z] [ʒ] [ð] [tʃ] [dʒ] [m] [n] [ŋ] [l] [r] [w]
[j]