II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
2. REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
1. Define Emasculation.
A. Removal of anthers from bisexual flowers is
called as emasculation.
2. Define polyembryony. With one example
A. Presence of many embryos in a seed is called as
polyembryony.
ex-Mango, Citrus
3. What is the importance of pollen grains?
A. Rich with nutrients, used as food supplements in
the form of tablets and syrups.
These are used in athletes for race horses also.
4. Define Embryogeny.
A. Early stage of embryo development is called as
embryogeny.
5. How are pollen grainspreserved? What is its
use?
A. Liquid nitrogen at -196 ℃ in pollen banks. They
are useful for crop improvement and plant
breeding programme purpose.
6. Give an example for a plant that causes pollen
allergy.
A. Parthenium or carrot grass
7. Differentiate between the Apocarpous and
syncarpuspistil with examples.
A.Apocarpous pistil: Free pistils-(means each
carpel(ovule) has its own ovary style and stigma)
ex- Michelia, lotus, rose
Syncarpous pistil: fused pistils (means many
carpels(ovules) fused in single ovary,style,stigma
ex-Papaver
8. Define pollination.Write the difference
b/wAutogamy, andAllogamy.
A. Pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from
anther to stigma of flower
Autogamy(self-pollination) Pollinationoccurs
within the same flower (self-pollination) ex-Pea,
It is mainly two types
1.Cleistogamy, 2. Chasmogamy
Allogamy(cross-pollination) Pollination occurs
between two flowers of same plant or different
plants (crosspollination) ex-Mango.
It is mainly two types
1. Geitonogamy 2. Xenogamy
9. Differentiate between cleistogamy and
chasmogamous flowers with examples.
A. Cleistogamous flowers: pollination occursin un
opened flowers Ex: Viola oxalis, commelina.
Chasmogamous flowers: pollination occurs in
openedflowers
Ex: Pea commelina
10. List out the plants which produce the both
cleistogamous (at bottom) and chasmogamous
(attop) flowers
A. Viola (common pansy), Oxalis,Commelina.
11. Differentiate between Geitonogamy and
xenogamy with examples.
A.Geitonogamy-pollination takes place in two
different flowers of same plant is called as
geitonogamy.
Ex: Corn
Geitonogamy is functionally cross- pollination.
But genetically it is a self-pollination or
autogamy, because pollen grains come from the
same plant
Xenogamy- pollination takes place in two
different flowers of different plants belongs to
the same species
Eg: Squash, Onions
12. Differentiate between Endospermic
(Albuminous) and Non-endospermic (Non-
albuminous) seeds with examples.
A. Endospermic (Albuminous) seeds: seeds that
retain a part of the endosperm during embryo
development.
Ex: Wheat,Maize,Barley,Castor
Non-endospermic (Non-albuminous) seeds:
seeds that do not retain endosperm as it is used
during embryo development.
Ex: Pea, Ground nut
13. List out the dis-orders caused by pollen
grains.
A. Allergy, Asthma, Bronchitis
14. Write a note on viability of pollengrains.
A. 30 minutes -ex-cereals (wheat, jowar, bajra)
Months-ex - Rosacea, Leguminosae, Solanaceae)
15. Write about the different stages of dicot
embryo.
A.Pro-embryo  globular-embryo  heart shaped
embryo  mature embryo.
16. Define scutellum with one example.
A. Single cotyledon of grass (monocot)family
plants-is called as scutellum
Ex: maize
17. Define perisperm and pericarp with one
example
A. Perisperm (2n): Remaining nucellus tissue (2n)
present in seed is called as ex; Black pepper, and
beetle nut plant.
Pericarp: Wall of the fruit is called as pericarp.
18. Define the true, False, and parthenocarpy
fruits with one example.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
A. True fruit-fruit formed from fertilised ovary is A. Orchids
called as true fruit. 21. Write a note on viability of seeds in Lupines
Ex: Brinjal/ Pomogranatum. and Phoenix
False Fruit; fruit formed from other floral parts A. Lupins-10,000-years in dormancy (extracted at
(like thalamus and pedicel) except ovary is arctic tundra)
called as ex-Apple and Straw berry(thalamus), Phoenixdactylifera-(date palm)2000-years in
cashewnut(pedicel) dormancy (extracted at king Herods palacenear
Parthenocarpic fruits-Fruit formed from the Dead sea)
unfertilised ovaryby inducing growth hormones 22. Differentiate between coleoptile & coleorhiza.
(like-auxins,gibberellins). These fruits are A.
seedless. Coleoptile Coleorhiza
Ex- Banana, grapes Hallow follicular Un differentiated sheath
19. Define Apomixis. With examples structure enclosed enclosed to the radicle
A. The development of seeds(2n) without the epicotyle& few & root cap.
fertilisation is called as-Apomixis. leaf primordia
Ex- Asteraceae, grasses family plants. 23. Define epiblast.
A. A thin flap on coleorhiza for protection &
These seeds are formed through,
storage.
asexualreproduction, but it mimics like sexually
reproducing seeds
20. Name the fruits containing thousands of tiny
seeds.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
3. HUMAN REPRODUCTION
1. Define Spermiogenesis. Fertility: 60%,
A. The process of transformation of spermatids into Size & Shape: 40%
spermatozoa (or) mature sperm. 5. Define scrotum and add its function.
2. Define seminal plasma? What is its A. A pouch where testis are located. It helps to
composition? maintain the low temperature of the testes (2 to
A. Secretion of seminal vesicle, bulbourethral 2.50C) lower than the normal temperature (37oC)
glands & prostate glands is called as seminal (That means nearly 34.5 or 350 C temperature
plasma. necessary for spermatogenesis)
Composition: Fructose, calcium and certain 6. Leydig cells means
enzymes A. Interstitial space of testis contain interstitialcells
3. What are the accessory ducts,external (or) Leydig cells.This his cell helps to secrete
genitalia, glands of male Reproduction androgen (or)testosterone hormone.
system? 7. What is the function of the bulbourethral
A. Accessory ducts:Rete testis, vasa efferentia, glands?
epididymis, vasa differentia. A. Lubrication of the penis
External genitalia: Penis, urethra scrotum
scrot 8. Spermiation means
Glands:Paired: seminal vesicles A. Releasing of sperm from seminal tubules of
Paired: Bulbourethral glands testis.
Aprostate gland. 9. Define semen
4. What is the normal count? Fertility and size A. Semen = Seminal plasma + Sperm
shape of the human sperm?
A. Normal count – 200 – 300 millions in one coitus.

10. Differentiate between theSpermatogenesis and Oogenesis.

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
It occurs in testis In ovaries
Spermatogonia undergo mitotic(E/D)(E/D) division to Oogonia undergo mitotic(E/D)
(E/D) division and produce
produce primary spermatocytes primary oocyte
Primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic (R/D) (R/ Primary oocyte undergoes meiotic (R/D)
(R/ division and
divisions and Produce 4 haploid sperms in these produce single ovum or egg, and 3 polar bodies.
2 sperms (50%) contain X chromosomes
remain2 sperms contain Y- Chromosomes.
It starts in puberty almost continued until death It starts before birth (fetal
fetal)and continued until
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
menopause (age 45-50years)
11. What are the primary sex organs, Accessory Releasing of ovum from ovary, by the help of
ducts, external genitalia of females? L.H,(luteinizing hormone) on 14th day of
A. A. Primary sex organs-ovaries menstrual cycle
B.Accessory ducts of female;Oviduct, uterus, 22. Define fertilisation and where it is occurrs.
cervix, vagina and external genitalia located in A. Fusion of sperm with ovum is called
the pelvic region & mammary glands. Fertilisation.
C.External genitalia of females In ampulla orampulla – isthmic junction
-Mons pubis, labiamajor, labia major, 23. Define implantation
hymen,vagina and clitoris A. The process of attaching of blastocyston
12. Write about the uterus (womb) endometrium of uterus is called as implantation
A. It opens – in to vagina through a narrow cervix. 24. Define chorionic villi
The cavity of the cervix is called. Cervical canal A. Finger like projections appear on the trophoblast
which along with vagina forms the birth canal called chorionic villi
13. How many layers are present in the wall of 25. Define placenta. What is its function? name
uterus? the hormones secreted by placenta and only in
A. Three layers they are pregnancy
1. Peri-metrium: Thin layer, smooth muscles A. Chorionic villi of Embryo + Endometrium of
2. Myo-metrium: Strong contraction during mother
delivery of the baby by the action of oxytocin Integrate and form common barrier to embryo
hormone. and maternal body called placenta
3. Endo-metrium:It undergoes cyclical change Function: It also act as endocrine tissue and
during menstrual cycle produce the several hormones like
14. In what stage of meiosis primary oocytes are PlacentalHormones: Pregnancy hormones only
arrested 1. Estrogen 1. Estrogen
A. Prophase I of meiosis 2. Progesterone 2. Progesterone
15. Define Antrum 3. HPL (Human placental lactogen) 3. Cortisol
A. Fluid filled cavity of secondary follicle is called 4. HCG (human chronic gonadotropin) 4. Prolactin
as Antrum. 5. Relaxin(secreted by ovary) 5. Thyroxine
16. Example of menstrual cycle occurs in female 6. Its supplys the O2 and nutrients and remove
primates the
A. Human, Monkey, Apes CO2
17. Define – Menarche and Menopause 26. In what structure of embryo produce the
Menarche- Beginning of first menstruation at embryonic layers.
puberty A. Inner mass cells
Menopause- ending of menstrual cycles, around 27. Name the cells produced by the Inner cell
50 years of age mass what is its function
18. How many days later normally menstruation A. Stem cells – having potency to gives rise to all
is repeated. the tissues and organs
A. 28 or 29 days 28. Human pregnancy last in how many months.
19. Define Menstrualcycle. How many phases are A. 270 – 280 days
present in it. 29. Define parturition
A. The cycle of events starting from one A. The act of giving birth to young ones (child
menstruation to the next menstruation is called birth) is called as Parturition.
the ‘Menstrual cycle” 30. Write about the different months of
1.Menstrual phase pregnancy development in the Human
2.Follicular phase After one-month heart is formed
3.Luteal or secretory phase embryos
20. Name the hormone secreted by corpus luteum End of second Limbs and digits areformed.
month
A. Progesteron
End of 12 weeks Most of the major organs system
21. Define ovulation when it is occurred. (first trimester) are formed (limbs and external
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
genital organs are well developed) oxytocin from the maternal pituitary
th
5 Month First movement of foetus. Hair (or)Oxytocin hormone(from maternal pituitary)
appears on head reflexes induces the uterine contraction, and
End of 24 weeks Body covered with fine hairs, eye ejection of fully developed foetus is called as
(second- lids separate, Eye lashes are formed foetal ejection reflexes
trimister) 32. Define lactations and Colostrum
End of 9th month Foetus fully developed and is A. Lactation - Secretion of milk at the end of
ready for delivery
pregnancy
31. Define Foetal Ejection reflexes.
Colostrum - Initial milk produced in few days (7
A. The signals for parturition originate from the days) after delivery is called as Colostrum.IgA
fully developed foetus and the placenta antibody is present.
whichinduces mild uterine contractions called
foetal ejection reflex. This triggers release of
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
4. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. Define Amniocentesis. Menstrual problems
A. A foetal sex determination test based on Pregnancy/ delivery, Contraceptives, Abortions,
chromosomal pattern (karyotype) in Amniotic STD’s and Infertility.
fluid (surrounding the developing embryo). Ban 7. What is the main goal of Family planning
on amniocentesis legally checked increasing programme?
female foeticides. A. To attain total reproductive health as a social
2. Which country was first initiated the “family goal so this programme is implemented National
planning” – in the world? level.
A. India – (1951) 8. Saheli means
3. R.C.H means A. A new “oral – contraceptive” pills for females
A. Reproductive Child Health care programmes. was developed by scientists at CDRL.
4. What are the tasks of R.C.H? (Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow)
A. Creates awareness about the reproduction related It containsnon-steroidal preparation
aspects in peoples through. Saheli pills used once a week
 Audio visual print media It has few side effects and high contraceptive
 Govt. and non Govt agencies value.
 Parents, Teachers, Friends and close Relatives 9. Define Reproductive health according to
 Provide facilities for build up a Reproductive W.H.O.
health society A. Total wellbeing in all aspect of reproduction. i.e.,
5. What are the uses of Sex education to physical, emotional, behavioural and social.
introduce in the Schools?
10. What are characters of “Ideal
A. It provides right information to youth. Contraceptives”.
Like A. Should be user friendly
1. Discourage myths & mis-conception in youth Easily available
(sex related aspects)
Effective and reversible with no (or) least side
2. Adolescence relate changes.
effects.
3. Safe and hygienic sexual practice, sex abuses,
Not interfere with the sexual drive, desire and
sex crimes.
the sexual act of user.
4. STD’s and AIDS
6. What are the action plans to reproductive 11. What is the effective and emergency
health? contraceptives due to rape (or) “casual
A. Strong infrastructural facilities. unprotected intercourse”
A. Administration of progestogens (or) progestogen
Professional expertise
oestrogen combinations (or) IUDs within 72
Material support: These are essential to provide
hours of coitus could be avoid possible
medical assistance and care to people in
pregnancy.
reproduction related problems like.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
5. PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
1. What is polygenic inheritance? Give two Turner syndrome (loss of X chromosome -resulting
examples -45 chromosomes)
A. Many genes express single phenotypic character is Polyploidy; -increasing in whole set of
called as polygenic inheritance. chromosomes in an organism is called as
Ex-Skin colour in humans and Height in humans polyploidy.it is due to the failure of cytokinesis
2. Define point’s mutations with one example. after telophase stage of cell division
A. Change in the single base pair of DNAs is called as 13. What is pleiotropy? Explain with one example
point mutations. A. A single gene can express many phenotypic
Ex - sickel cell anaemia Characters is called as pleiotropy.
3. Write the two categories of genetic disorders Ex;Phenyl ketonuria
A. Mendelian Phenylketonuria:It is an autosomal recessive and
Chromosomal inborn disease. The affected individual lacks an
4. Why Mendel works are not recognised till-1990. enzyme (phenyl alanine hydroxylase)that converts
A. No proper communication at that time the phenylalanine (AA) into tyrosine (AA). As a
result ofthis phenylalanine is accumulated in brain
-he used maths in biology first time
and converted into phenyl pyruvicacid (PPA) and
-He is not provide any physical proof for the
other derivatives.
existence of factors (genes)
5. Define Co-dominance with one example - Accumulation of PPA in brain results in mental
retardation.
A. If offspring express both parental characters is
called as co-dominance -PPAis excreted through urine because of its
poorabsorption by kidney.
Ex-AB blood group in humans
6. Explain the sex determination in human 14. What is pedigree analysis? Mention
&Drosophila (xx-xy type). itssignificance
A. xx-female, xy-male A. Analysis of traits in several generations of a family
is called the pedigree analysis -It helps to trace the
7. Explain the sex determination in grasshopper,
inheritance of a specific trait,abnormality or
cockroach and Hemiptera bugs (xx-xo-type).
disease using standard symbols
A. xx-female, xo-male
15. Define Multiple allelism? List out the alleles of
8. Explain the female hetero gamete of following
A,B, AB,O. blood groups.
A. a. ZW-ZZ types
A. If a character is controlled by more than a pair of
b. ZO-ZZ
allels is called as ex-ABO, blood groups
9. Define mutations and mutagen A-IAIA,IAIO,B-IBIB,IBIO, AB-IAIB,O-IOIO
A. Mutation-alteration of DNA sequences and 16. Define Arhenotoky, Thelytoky.
consequently result in changes in the genotype and Arhenotoky: Unfertilised eggs develops into Male
the phenotype of an organism is called as is called as Arhenotoky
mutations Eg: Honey Bees (Apis – indica), Ants, Wasps
Mutagens:agents which cause the mutations called Thelytoky: Unfertilised eggs develops into Female
mutagens is called as Thelytoky.
10. Give two examples to the frame shift mutations. Eg: Arthoropodas, Salamanders, Fishes, reptiles
A. Deletions and duplications(insertions) (whiptail lizard)
11. Give the examples to the mendelian dis orders 17. Define Linkage and Recombination.
and chromosomal disorders. A. Linkage: The close association of two or more
A. Mundelein disorders(gene disorders) -ex; sickle genes on a chromosome and inherited to the next
cell anaemia,colour blindness,haemophilia,phenyl generation is called as Linkage.
ketonuria,thalassemia, cystic fibrosis. Due to linkage parental combination are more.
Chromosomal disorders; Down syndrome, Recombination:A piece of DNA (genes) are
Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome broken and recombine to produce new combination
12. Differentiate between aneuploidy, and of allels is called as Recombination.
polyploidy Due to recombination non parental combinations
A. Aneuploidy-gain or loss of the chromosomes is are more
called as aneuploidy. It creates the genetic diversity and leads to the
Ex-Down syndrome in human (gain of speciation and evolution.
chromosome at 21st -resulting 47 -chromosomes)

6. MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
1. Write about the nucleotide number in Ф 174 8. What is the meaning of antiparalled polarity
(a bacteriophage), Bacteriophage lambda, E. in sense of DNA
coli. A. Means one chain of DNA has the polarity
 Ф 174 (a bacteriophage) has 5386nucleotides. 5'  3' the other has 3'  5'
 Bacteriophage lambda has 48502 base pairs(bp). 9. What is the bond pairing process in the DNA
 E. coli has4.6x106bp. nitrogen bases
 Haploid content of human DNA is3.3x109bp. A. A T

9
Diploid content of human DNA is 6.6x10 bp. GC
2. Where the following linkages present in the 10. What fashion DNA two strand are coiled
DNA strand. A. Right handed fashion
a)N-glycosidic linkage: Nitrogen base is linked 11. What is the pitch(length) of helix
to the pentose sugar to from nucleoside. A. 3.4.n.m (or) 34 A0
b)phospho-ester linkages: Phosphate is linked 12. How many base pairs(b.p) and bases(b) are
to 5 OH of a nucleoside. present in each pitch
c)phospho-diester linkages: Two nucleotide are A. 10
linked through 3' 5' to form a dinucleotide. 13. What is the distance between two nitrogen
3. What is the difference between 5 and 3 dash bases?
prime. A. 3.4 A0 (or) 0.34 n.m
A. 5'  Free phosphate -at – 5th position of sugar 14. What is the length of human haploid(n)and
3'  Free OH at-3rd position of sugar diploid(2n)dna, and E.colidna
4. Which chemical substances are considered as A. Haploid (n)  3.3  10 9
a back bone of DNA Diploid (2n)  6.6  10 9
A. Sugar + Phosphate 15. Write about the Central dogma of molecular
5. Difference between DNA and RNA biology
A.
DNA ( C5 H10O4 ) RNA ( C5 H10O5 )
No additional OH Every nucleotide has an A.
additional OH group at 2nd 16. What is the length of human DNA in meters?
position of the ribose A. 2.2 meters
Thymine pyrimidine Uracil – (5 methyl uracil) is 17. Name the proteins present in the
is present present instead of thymine chromosomes,write the charge of that
proteins.
6. Who identified DNA first time in nucleus A. Histone, positive
A. Fridrichmeischer (1869) 18. Totally howmany histone proteins are present
7. Who named the DNA as a Nuclein? what are they
A. Fridrichmeischer (1869) A. 5  H1 , H 2 A, H 3 B, H 3 , H 4
8. Write about the achievements of following 19. Define Nucleosome
scientists  Negatively charged DNAis wrapped around
a)Watson and crick: Proposed the double histone octamer is called as nucleosome.
helicle structure of DNA.  A typical nucleosome contains 200bp.
b)wilkins and franklin: Discovered the X-ray20. How many base pairs are present
diffraction nucleosome?
c)Erwin chargoff: he stated that the ratio A. 200 b.p
between adenine and thymine and guanine and 21. Differentiate between euchromatin and
cytosine are constant and equals one. heterochromatin
AT   Euchromatin: light stained, loosely packed
 1 active chromatin is called as euchromatin.
G  C
 Heterochromatin: Dark stained,densely
He discovered the 1:1 – ratio of purine and packed inactive chromatin is called as
pyramidine heterochromatin.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
22. What is the conclusion of Oswald Avery,Colin
-Macleod,Maclyn-Mc carty (1933-44)
A. -They worked to determine the biochemical
nature of‘transforming principle’in Griffith’s
experiment.
- They purified - DNA, RNA and Proteins- from
heat killed S cells which were added DNase,
RNase and protease enzymes respectively.
- Theyfind out RNase, protease did not affect
transformation. So the transforming substance
was not a protein or RNA.
23. Digestion of DNA with DNase inhibited
transformation.
A. It means that DNA caused transformation of R
cells to Scells, i.e. DNA was the transforming
principle.
24. Name the radioactive chemicals used in the
Harshey and Chase experiment
A. Radioactive sulphur (S-35)
Radioactive Phosphorous (P-32)
25. List out the criteria of a genetic material
A. A genetic material must have the following
properties:
(i) It should -be able to generate its replica
(Replication).
(ii) It should- chemically and structurally be
stable.
(iii) It should provide the scope for- slow
changes (mutation) that are required for
evolution.
(iv) It should - be able to express itself in the
form of 'MendelianCharacters’.
26. Name theisotopes used in the Meselson and
stahls experiment.
A. 15NH4Cl (15N: heavy isotope of N)
14NH4Cl (14N: heavy isotope of N)
27. Who first discovered the semiconservative
method of DNA replication in E-coli.
A. Watson and Crick
28. What are the experimental results of
taylor,collegues in 1958?
A. Taylor &colleagues (1958) performed similar
experiments on in Viciafaba(faba beans) using
radioactive thymidine to detect distribution of
newly synthesized DNA in the chromosomes. It
proved that the DNA in chromosomes also
replicate semi conservatively.
29. Name the enzymes involved in the DNA
replication in e.coli
A. DNA dependent DNA polymerase
30. What is the total no of base pairs in e.coli
A. 4.6x106B.P
31. How much time taken averagly for complete
the DNA replication in E.coli.
A. 38 minits
32. What direction DNA replication is occurred
A. 5'  3'
33. In which phase of cell cycle DNA replication is
occurred
A. S-sub phase of interphase of cell cycle.
34. Define transcription and translation with
equation
A. Transcription: Formation of mRNA from DNA
is called as DNA   
Transcription
 mRNA
Translation: Formation of proteins from mRNA
is called mRNA  Tranlation
 protein
35. Define gene and cistron
A. Gene is a functional unit of inheritance. It is the
DNA sequence coding for an RNA (mRNA,
rRNA or tRNA).
Cistron is a segment of DNA coding for a
polypeptideduring protein synthesis.
36. Differentiate between the mono, polycistronic
structural genes
A.
Monocistronicstructuralgenes(splitgenes):Itiss
eenineukaryotes. Here, coding sequences (exons
or expressed
sequences)areinterruptedbyintrons(interveningseq
uences). Exons appear in processedmRNA.
Introns do not appear in processedmRNA.
Polycistronic structural genes: It is seen in
prokaryotes. Here, there are no splitgenes.
37. Differentiate between exons and introns
A. Exons-coding sequences of mRNA
Introns-non codindsequeces of mRNA
38. Define splicing (RNA splicing)
A. The process of joining coding exons by
removing non-coding introns by RNA splicing
enzymes is called RNA splicing.
It is occurs in splicisomes.
It is absent in prokaryotes because no nucleus in
prokaryotes.
39. Name the factors initiate and terminate the
protein synthesis
A. Initiation factor is -  (sigma factors)
Termination factor is -  (Rho factors)
40. Differentiate between the protein synthesis of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Transcription and Transcription occur in
Translation occur in nucleus and translation
only in one occurs in cytosol (or
compartment Cytoplasm)
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
No-splicing Yes
41. List out the RNA-polymerases found in the
nucleus of eukaryotes
A. RNA PI (polymerase I) - transcribe rRNA of
 28s18s and 5.8s 
RNA PII(polymerase II)  transcribe hnRNA
RNA PIII(polymerase III)  it transcribe 5s
rRNA, Sn RNA
42. List out the RNA-polymerases found in the
organellsof eukaryotes
A. RNA polymerase
43. Differentiate between capping and tailing.
A. Capping - adding of unusual nucleotide
(methyle guanosine triphosphate to the 5' end of
hnRNA is called as capping.
Tailing- Adding of adenylate residues of 200 to
300 bases to the 3' end in a template independent
manner
44. Statement - 61 codons require to code 20 AA.
45. Write about the following scientists
researches
Gamov: (i)Stated that 4 bases code the 20 A.A
(amino acids)
(ii) The code should constitute a combination of
bases.
(iii) The code should made up to 3-nucleotides.
HG Khorana: He developed the chemical
method that help to instrumental in synthesising
RNA-molecules with defined combination of
bases (homopolymers and co-polymers)
Marshall Nirenberg’s: He find out the cell free
system for protein synthesis finally helped the
code to be deciphered (decoded)
Severoochoa enzyme: He find out the
polynucleotide phosphorylase enzyme it helps to
polymerising RNA with defined sequences in a
template independent manner (enzymatic
synthesis of RNA)
46. Name the recently discovered 21st and 22nd
AA and their coding triplet codans
A. 21st A.A-selenocystine - UGA
22nd A.A-pyrolysine - UAG
47. Who discovered the technique of DNAfinger
printing?
A. Alec Jeffreys
48. Expand VNTR.
A. Variable number Trandem Repeats
49. DNA is most preferred gentic material
compared to RNA. Comment.
A. -Both DNA and RNA are capable of replication
but not the proteins
-The DNA was stable and exhibited certain
properties even in heat killed S-bacteria in
Griffith experiment, but 21  OH group present
at every nucleotide in RNA is reactive group and
makes RNA labile and easily degradable. RNA
is also known for its catalytic property
(ribozyme).
50. Why is DNA most preferred genetic material
over RNA?
A. Because DNA is most stable nucleic acid
compared to RNA.
51. Why is RNA more reactive nucleic acid
compared to DNA?
A. RNA is more reactive because 21  OH group
present at every nucleotide in RNA is reactive
group and makes RNA labile and easily
degradable.
52. Why was RNA considered as first genetic
material?
A. RNA was considered as the first genetic material
because:
-There are enough evidences to suggest that the
essential life processes like metabolism,
translation, splicing etc., are evolved around
RNA.
-RNA is used to act as genetic material as well as
catalyst (ribozymes). So it was reactive and
unstable.
Human Genom Project
1. HGP how many years’ project.
A. 13 years (1990-2003)
2. How many books, pages, letters are present in
HGP.
A. 3300 books, each book with 1000 pages, each
page with 1000 letters.
3. Define bioinframatics.
A. Collecting of complex biological data such as
genetic codes using computers.
4. What are the goals of HGP?
A. i) Identifying the 20 to 25 thousand of genes.
ii) Sequencing of 3 billion base pairs
iii) Storing information in data bases
iv) Improve the tools for data analysis.
v) Transfer HGP to other sector like industries.
vi) Solving ELSI (Ethical legal social issues
arrised in project.
5. Explain the silent feature of human genome
project.
A. i. The human genome contains 3164.7 million
bp.
ii. Average gene have 3000 basis (1500 B.P)
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
iii. Destrophin is the largest gene present on x viii. Chromosome 1 has – 2968 genes.
chromosome contains 2.4 million bases (1.2 Y – chromosome 231 genes
m.b.p) ix. 1.4 Million locations are SNPs (Single
iv. Total genes 30,000. Nucleotide Polymorphism)
v. 50% genes function unknown.
vi. Less than 2% of genes code proteins.

53. What are the differences between m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA?
Sl.No Characteristics m-RNA t-RNA r-RNA
1 Percentage of total 5 to 10% 10 to 15% 80%
RNA in the cell
2 Structure Linear and single 3 or 4 double Many double stranded
stranded. stranded region region
3 Number of nucleotides 900-1500 nucleotides. 73-93 Nucleotides 120-4500 nucleotides
4 Site of synthesis Nucleus, on DNA Nucleus, on DNA Derived from
template template nucleolus.
5 Nature of RNA Functional RNA Functional RNA Structural RNA
6 Function Convey genetic Transfer amino Help in binding m-
information from acids to site of RNA and t-RNA to the
DNA to the protein synthesis. surface of Ribosome
Ribosome
DNA (C5H10O4) RNA (C5H10O5)
1.Mostly genetic material -Not, except T.M.V, Q.B-bacteriophage, HIV,
influenza, corona viruses
2. More stable Less (or) unstable
3. Less reactive More
4. Undergoes slow mutations Fast so corona virus having many strains
5. de oxy ribose sugar it is a monosaccharide Ribose sugar it is also monosaccharides and pentose
and pentose sugar. sugar
nd
6. No OH at the 2 position of the sugar. OH present at the 2nd position of ribose.
7. Language is A, G, C, T (nitrogen bases) Language is AGCU (nitrogen bases)
AT A U
Purines pyrimidines Purines pyrimidines
GC GC
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
7. EVOLUTION
1. What is mean by – Evolutionary biology and 15. Explain the Abiogensis (or) Spontaneous
Evolution? generation theory.
A. Evolutionary biology: It explain the history of A. Proposed by Aristotle & Plato life – may be
life forms on earth origin decaying and rotting matter (like straw
Evolution: It explain the changes of flora and and mud)
fauna that occurs in m.y.a (million years ago) It was dismissed because this did-not answer
called Evolution how the “first lifeforms came on earth”.
It explain about the origin of universe, stars, 16. How CH 4 ,  NH 3 and H 2O are formed
Earth and Life A. H  C  CH 3 H  N  NH 3 H  O  H 2O
2. How stellar distance is measured
A. Light years 17. Explain – biogenesis theory
A. 1. Proposed by Louis Pasteur
3. What is the composition of universe?
2. According to him “life comes only from pre-
A. Galaxies it contain, Stars, Cloud gases and dust
existing life”.
4. When universe and earth was orginated?
3. He conducted the swan flask experiment.
Universe – 20 b.y.a
4. Killed yeast is kept in the sterilised flask. Life
Earth – 4.5 b.y.a
did not origin inside the flask
5. Explain the origin of universe through Big
5. Killed yeast is kept in the sterilized flask and
bang hypothesis
exposed to the air. Life arose from the killed
A. A singular ‘Huge explosion’ occurred in the
yeast.
universe due to this hydrogen and helium gases
18. Explain about the Oparin (Russia) Haldane
are formed these gases are condensed under the
(England)
gravitation and formed the galaxies
A. According to them life came from evolution of
6. How hydrogen and helium are formed.
“pre-existing non-living inorganic molecule to
A. Due to a singular huge explosion in universe
organic molecules Ex: (RNA,protein) called as
7. How galaxies are formed.
“probiont(or)coacervatives”
A. Hydrogen and helium condensed under the
Ex: Yeast Prions (viruses)
gravitation formed the galaxies
19. Explain about the S.L miller experiment
8. Where is the Earth?
A.
A. In solar system
9. In which galaxy solar system is located
A. Milky way galaxy
10. What are the gases released from the earth
surface
A. 1. Water vapour 2. Methane 3. CO2 4. NH3
11. How H2O molecules split
A. H 2O 
u . v . rays
H 2  2e   1 O2
2
12. How O2 reacts with NH 3  CH 4
A. 6 NH 3  6O2  3N 2  12 H 2O
CH 4  2O2  CO2  2 H 2O
13. How rains and oceans are formed
A. Water vapour cooled fall as rains it fills all the
depression and form oceans
14. Explain panspermia (or) cosmozoic theory
A. Proposed by Arrhenius according to him spores
(zoospores) are considered as a “unit of life”. He created electric discharge in a closed flask
These spores transferred to different planets containing CH 4 , H 2 , NH 3 and “water vapour”
including earth cause the origin of life. This idea at 800 0 C . He observed the formation of –
still favourite to some Astronomers “Aminoacids (or) Organic compound”
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
20. Explain about the “Special creation theory” A. It is a Reproductive fitness that means better
A. It was proposed by Suarez in BC – 1541-1671 fitted organisms are leave more progeny than
 According to him – universe, life and species other.
were created in 6 days 23. Explain the conclusion of Alfred Wallace
 Earth was 4000 years’ old (A naturalist)
 Diversity of the species was always same A. He worked in malay – Archepelago island”
since – creation, will be the same in feature Come to similar conclusion like Darwin
also. 24. Explain about the Fossileevidances
A. 1. Fossils are the hard remaining parts of living
21. Explain about Darwin theory
A. Darwin travelled in HMS Beagal (sail ship) in organisms found on rocks as a sediments (or)
1833 at the age of 22 yrs deposits
According to him 2. Sediments: Formed one above the other
1. Existing organisms share the similarities of indicates long history (or) age of hard parts of
fossils.
different degrees from ancestors
3. Different sediments indicates fossils of
2. When years gone different life forms extincted
different age who probably died during the
new life forms are arosed different period of
formation of the particular sediment some of
history of earth. them are similar to modern organisms.
3. Organisms – built variations to tolerate the 4. Fossils represents geological period in which
changed natural (or) Environmental conditions life forms are extincted. Ex. Dinosaurs
which cause speciation and evolution. 5. Certain life forms having certain geological
22. According to Darwin what is the meaning life spans. Hence new life forms arise different
about fitness of individual (or) fitness of times in the history of earth all these are called
population. paleontological evidence.
25. Differentiate between Homology and Analogy
Homology Analogy
Same structures origin for different function Different structures origin for same function, (no
common ancestor)
Examples Examples:
1. Plant:Tendrils of Cucurbita& thorns ofBougainvillea 1. Plant:Potato (Stem - modification)
(both are origin from same axillary bud) but tendrils for Sweet Potato (Root - modification)
climbing thorns for protection
2. Animals (vertebrates): 2. Animals:
Heart & Brain origin from same embryo but different Eyes of - Octopus (Origin from skin)
functions Eyes of – Mammals (Origin from embryonic
layers)
3.Fore limbsof Bats, Cheetah whale & human (all 3. Flippers of Penguin (Hindlimbs) Dolphin
mammals) share bone of fore limbs &Pentadactyl (5 digits). (Forelimbs) helps for the same function like
They are Humerus, radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, swimming.
Phalanges)
4. 4.
S. Animal Forelimb Function S. Animal Organ Function
No organs No modification
1 Whales, Flipper Swimming 1 Butterfly Integument Flying
Dolphins, (F.L) wings (or) (or)
Seal Insects Patagium
2 Frog Fore limbs Hopping/ Jumping wings
(F.L) 2 Birds & Bats Fore limbs Flying
3 Lizard Fore limbs Crawling
(F.L)
4 Birds Wings (F.L) Flying
5 Bat Wings (F.L) Flying
6 Horse Fore limbs Running
(F.L)
7 Man Hands (F.L) Walking/ Running/
Gripping
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
5. It shows the Divergent evolution that means - same 5. It shows the Convergent evolution that means
structure developed in different direction to adapt for - different structures developed in same direction
different needs.
26. Explain about the embryological evidances
A. Proposed by Ernst Heckel - According to him
all vertebratescertain features are common (gill
slits) it is functional organ only in fishes and not
found in any other adult vertebrates. That means
Embryonic characters may passed into the
adults.
Karl Ernest von Baerdisapproved the
Heckelstatement that the characters formed in
embryonic stage never passed in to adult stages
of other animals.
Example tadpol larva in frog (present in larval
stage absent in adults) tail in human beings
present in embryonic stage but it is absent in
adults.
27. How age of fossil were calculated.
A. Radio carbon dating process.
28. How evolution occurs through natural
selection explain with examples
A. Darwin stated that origin of new species
(Evolution) takes place through. Natural
selection that means nature only selecting the
organisms.
Ex. 1. Moth experiment:
2. Excess use of pesticides and insecticides
3. Using the antibiotic drugs against the
microbes in Eukaryotic organisms cells
Moth experiment: In England 1850 non-
polluted area white colour lichens are grown
abundantly on tree trunks so nature appear grey
colour.
So white winged moths are growing abundantly
because of their camouflage so predators not
to adapt for same needs
identifying white winged moths only black
colour moths can appear so in grey environment
black moth appear clearly to predators so black
colour moths are died because of predatism. So
more grey colour moths are alive.
In 1920: same area are Industrialised, Industries
release charcoal powder so area is polluted
lichens are not grown in this area. Because
lichens are not growing in polluted area.
(pollution indicators)
Now tree trunks are coated with black charcoal
colour. In this black environment black moths
are camouflage so their member are more.
White winged moths are less because predators
can identify them. (predatism)
Excess usage if herbicides and pesticides -
Causing to develop the resistant against
pesticides and insecticides Ex. DDT and
mosquito coil.
Using of antibiotic drugs against the
microbes: Develops the resistance against that
antibiotics.
Ex: Salmonella typhi bacteria develop
resistance to the regular using of antibiotic so
the doctor should change antibiotics.
STATEMENT
Natural selection examples are the examples of
evolution by Anthropogenic action and
Stochastic process based on the chance events in
nature and chance mutation in the organisms
29. Describe about the Adaptive radiation?
The evolution of different species in a given
geographical area starting from a point and
literally radiating to other areas of geography
(habitats) is called as “Adaptive radiation”
Ex. 1. Darwin finches
2. Australian Marsupials
3. Placental mammals
Darwin finches: Darwin find out some small
black birds in Galapagos Island he called them
as a Darwin finches.
He observed - many varieties of finches origin
in the same island.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
Originally: They are in Seed eating habitate Darwin Hugodevris
(vegetarian finches) with pointed beak. But due He worked in He worked on Evening
to adaptive radiation some birds adapted to flesh Galapogus Island prime rose (Oenothera
eatinghabitate so their beak is altered in to thick lamarkiana)
and stout. Small variations Large variations arising
S.No Placental Australian (Sports) cause suddenly in population
mammals marsupials Speciation and cause speciation and
1 Mole Marsupial mole Evolution Evolution.
2 Mouse Marsupial mouse Variation are Mutations are random and
3 Flying squirrel Flying phalenger small and directionless
4 Wolf Tasmanian wolf directional
Evolution is Large mutations caused
5 Anteater Numbat (anteater)
gradual speciation called
6 Lemur Spotted cuscus
saltations.
7 Bob cat Tasmanian tiger cat
32. Define Saltations
30. Explain about the mechanism of Biological
Saltations- Single step large muations caused
Evolution
speciation is called as Saltation.
A. Biological Evolution:
33. What are the two key concepts about the
According to Darwin natural selection, the rate
Darwin theory of Evolution.
of appearance of new form is linked with the
A. 1. Branching descendent
life span of organisms.
2. Natural selection
If Life span is small – New species formation is
34. Write about the Lamark principles with
past. Ex: Microbes
examples.
Life span is more – New species formation is
A. 1. Use and disuse theory
slow (or) long. Ex: Fish and Foul
2. Acquire characters in the organisms life
Examples:
inherited to next generation.
Colony A Colony B
Ex. Giraffe neck
35. On what facts natural selection theory is
based.
A. Facts
1. Population size is – stable - when natural
In changed medium resource arelimited (Except seasonal
In normal medium only some microbes fluctuations)
many microbes are are survived. 2. Population size is – limited - due to
survived.
competition for resources.
Basing and above experiment colony B is better
3. Population size is – growing maximumly -
than colony A in view of variations in short
or exponentially - if everybody reproduced
period.
maximally.
31. Differentiate between the concepts of Darwin
and Hugodevris.

36. Describe about the types of Natural selection

Stabilising selection Directional selection Disruptive selection
It is operated in stable It is operated in gradual It is operated in changed environmental
environment changing environment condition

In England babies Insects and pests develop the 1. Darwin finches,

maintain the stable resistancy against DDT and 2. In California sun flower population
weight the eliminated the mosquitos coil. divided into two population one
high and low weight. population adapted to the dry
environment others with wet
environment.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks

37. What is the novelty and brilliant insight of Significance: It explain the genetic equilibrium
Darwin? in a stable population by using algebric equation.
He is influenced with the Thomas Malthus book It provides the theritical base line for measuring
“Essay on principles of populations”. the evolutionary changes.
According to him - Variations are heritable it 39. Define genepool
utilise more resources to re produce more A. The total number of genes and allels in a given
progeny. population is called as
Due to variations in a period of time many 40. How many factors affect Hardy Weinberg
generations are survived and leave the more equilibrium.
progeny later change the population A. 5 factors i. Gene migration/ Gene flow
characteristics hence new forms may be arised ii. Genetic drift
38. Explain about the Hardy Weinberg iii. Genetic recombination
equilibrium principles. iv. Mutations
A. If a population at a equilibrium state gene v. Natural selection
frequency and the genotypic frequency (allelic 41. Explain Gene migration/ gene flow
frequency) remain constant (or) equilibrium A. When population migrate to another place gene
state, generation after generations. It was first frequency change in original and as well as in
discovered by Hardy (UK) Mathematician, the new population.
Weinberg (Germany) Physician. That’s why 42. Define Founder effect.
called as the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. A. Some individuals randomly separate from
In stable population a gene with two alleles they parental population and settled somewhere else.
are dominant gene = p They become Founder member to the orgin of
Recessive gene = q new population is called as Founder effect.
p+q=1 Such population will have different allelic
p2 = dominant genotypic frequency frequency as compared to the original
q2 = Recessive genotypic frequency population.

  p  q   1 or p  q  2 pq  1
2 2 2
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
Kangaroo
43. Define Genetic drift or (Sewall Wright effect). 53. Explain about the mammals characters.
With one example. A. Viviparous, Intelligent
A. Any alteration in allele frequency of the natural Origin & Evolution of Man
population by pure chance like death is called as
Genetic drift. 54. How many year ago Dryopithecus & Rama
Ex. Elimination of a particular allele from a pithicus existed. How are they
population due to events like accidental death. A. 15.m.y.a
44. How many years before First cellular forms They were hairy walked like Gorrillas and
(Anaerobic and Aerobic)/ Invertebrates Chimpanzees
jawless fishes, seaweeds, pea plants, gaint Bones discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania3 to 4
reptiles. m.y.a Man like Primate walked in Estern-Africa.
A. First non-cellular anaerobic life form origin - 3- They are not toller than 4 feets but walked
b.y.a uprigh
Aerobic cellular life form origin - 2000 – m.y.a 55. Difference between Rama &Drypithecus.
Invertebrates – 500-m.y.a A.
Jawless fishes – 350-m.y.a Rama. P Dryo. P
Seaweeds & Pea plants – 320 – m.y.a Man – like Ape - like
Gaint reptiles dominate – 200-m,y.a 56. Man like (Rama – P) bones where they were
45. Name the organism first invaded on land. discovered. What it’s revealed.
A. Plant A. Ethiopia & Tanzania, these revealed hominid
46. How was first fish? features
A. They are jawless fishes with stout & strong fins 57. Dry & Rama. P what evidences are showing
could move on land and go back to water. A. 1. Homind features
47. Explain about the coeloncant fishes. 2. 3-4 m.y.a man like – primate walked in
A. They are caught 1938 in South Africa. They Eastern Africa
having lobbed fins and lived on land & water. 3. Not taller than 4 – feets but walked upright.
They are the ancestor of modernday frog and 4. Bones are discovered in Ethiopia & Tanzania,
salamander. these revealed hominid features
Beliving they are extincted species 58. When Australo P – origin?
48. How reptiles are evolved. Explain the A. 2-m.y.a – East Africa grass land
characters of reptiles with examples. 59. What is the weapon & Food habitates of
A. From Amphibians Austalo P
Characters of reptiles A. Hunted – with “stone weapons” But essentially
They lay thick shelled eggs. Which do not dry up ate fruits.
under the sunlight (unlike Amphibians) 60. Who is the First human like being (the
Ex: Turtles, Tortoises and Crocodiles. hominid). What is his brain capacity?
49. Name the fish like reptiles. When it is origin? A. Homo habilis (650-800cc)
A. Ichthyosaurs. 200 – m.y.a Did not eat – meat (Vegetarian man)
50. Write the character of gaint reptiles like 61. How many years ago Homo erectus (java
Dinosaurs and Tyrannosaurus rex. man) origin. What is his brain capacity?
A. Biggest size shape with 20 feets in height. A. 1.5 m.y.a fossils from java in 1891
Huge body appearance (fearsome) dagger like Large brain – 900 cc
teeths. They are orgin65 m.y.a ate the meat
51. Why dinosaurs are suddenly disappeared. 62. What is the Brain size of Neanderthal men
A. Because of climatic changes. (Asia man) where he lived.
52. Name the first mammals. Give some examples A. 1400 cc – lived near East & central Asia (Asia
of Mammals. man)
A. Shrew. between – 1 lack to 40,000 year back.
Aquatic mammals They are buried their dead bodies.
Ex: Dolphin, Whales, Seals, Sea cow 63. Where Homo sapiens arose.
Terrestrial mammals
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
A. Africa and moved across the continents and A. 18000 y. a
developed into distinct races. 66. When agriculture & human settlement is
64. When modern Homo sapiens arose started
A. Ice – age between – 75,000 to 10,000 A. 10,000 y. a
65. When prehistoric cave art developed.

Human evolution chart.

EVOLUTION OF MAN
MAN ORIGIN BRAIN C.C CHARACTORS/EVIDENCE
1 Dryopithecus 15m.y.a 300cc  Hairy-walked-like gorilla and
(Ape like) chimpanzee
 Fossil bones discovered in Ethiopia and
2 Tanzania ( Africa )
Rama-p  3-4 m.y.a-man like primate (Rama-
(man like) p)walked in eastern Africa
 Not taller than 4 feet
3 Australo.p 2m.y.a 350  Lived in east African grass land
to 500cc  Hunted with stoneweapon but, essentially
eat fruits (vegetarians)
4 Homo-habilis 2m.y.a 650  First human like being(hominid)Did not
(Tool maker) to 800 cc eat meat (vegetarians)
(Hand man)
(First hominid)
5 H.errectus 1.5m.y.a 900cc  Fossils discovered in java-island-in 1891
(Java-man)  Eat meat(Non-veg)
6 Neanderthalis 1 lakh 1400cc  Lived in east central-Asia
(Asia -man) to 40000y.a  Used hides to protect their bodies
 They buried dead’s
 Cave dweller
7 Cro-Magnon 40000y.a 1600cc  Cave-painter, carnivore, direct ancestor
to modern man
8 Modern-man 75000 1450  Origin in Africa erect, moved across
Homo sapian to 10000y.a to 1550cc continent and developed in to distinct
ICE-age races

 Pre-historic cave art developed in 18000 years ago

 Agriculture and human settlement -> 10000y.a started in (Dr Rama and Hanuma joined in Neurology
and cardiology medicine
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
8.HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
1. BACTERIAL DISEASES
a. Typhoid:Pathogen is Salmonella typhi.
Mode of transmission: It enters the small
intestine through food and water and migrates to
other organsthrough blood.
Symptoms: Sustained high fever (39o-40o C),
weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache
& loss of appetite. Intestinal perforation and
death may occur.
Widal test is used for confirmation of the
disease.
b. Pneumonia: Pathogen is Streptococcus
pneumoniae & Haemophilus influenzae.
It infects lung alveoli. The alveoli get filled with
fluid leading to respiratory problems.
Mode of transmission: Inhaling the
droplets/aerosols released by an infected person.
Sharing glasses and utensils with an infected
person.
Symptoms: Respiratory problems, fever, chills,
cough, headache. In severe cases, lips and finger
nails turn grey to bluish colour.
2. VIRAL DISEASES
Common cold: Pathogen is Rhinoviruses.
Mode of transmission: Inhaling droplets
resulting from cough or sneezes. Through
contaminated objects.
Symptoms: Infects nose & respiratory passage.
Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat,
hoarseness,cough, headache, tiredness etc. Last
for 3-7 days.
3. PROTOZOAN DISEASES
a. Malaria: Pathogen is Plasmodium sp. (P.
vivax, P.malariae, and P. falciparum).
Mode of transmission: Anopheles mosquito
bite.
Symptoms: Haemozoin (toxin released by
Plasmodium) causes chill and high fever
recurring every 3-4 days.
b. Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery): Pathogen
isEntamoeba histolytica.
Mode of transmission: Houseflies (mechanical
Carriers) transmit parasites from faeces to food
& water.
Symptoms: Constipation, abdominal pain and
cramps,stools with excess mucous and blood
clots.
4. HELMINTH DISEASES
a. Ascariasis: Pathogen is Ascaris (Intestinal
parasite).
Mode of transmission: Soil, water, vegetables,
fruits etc.
Contaminated with faeces containing eggs of
parasites.
Symptoms: Internal bleeding, muscular pain,
fever,anaemia and blockage of intestinal
passage.
b. Filariasis (Elephantiasis): Pathogen is
Filarial worms or Wuchereria(W. bancrofti&
W. malayi).
Mode of transmission: Bite of female Culex
mosquito.
Symptoms: Filarial worms live in lymphatic
vessels (usually of lower limbs). It causes
chronic inflammation of the organs in which
they live for many years. Limbs and genital
organs may be deformed.
5. FUNGAL DISEASES
a. Ring worms: Pathogens are Microsporum,
Trichophyton &Epidermophyton. They are
seen in groin, b/w toes etc.
Mode of transmission: From soil or by using
towels, cloths, comb etc. Heat and moisture help
fungi to grow.
Symptoms: Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on
various body parts such as skin nails and scalp.
Intense itching.
6. What are allergens mention its symptoms.
Allergies
It is the exaggerated response of the immune
system to certain antigens present in the
environment.
Allergens: Substances causing allergy. E.g. mites in
dust, pollens, animal dander, fur etc.
Antibodies produced against the allergens are of
IgE type.
Allergy is due to the release of chemicals like
histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
Founder effect. Such population will have
different allelic frequency as compared to the
original population.
7. Distinguish between benign and malignant
tumour
A. Benign tumour: Tumour confined to their
original location and do not spread.
Malignant tumour (metastasis);Tumour that
spreads via blood and damages other cells also
called metastasis
8. Name the plants from which cocaine,
morphine, and cannabinoids are extracted
A. Cocaine: -Erythroxylum coca.
Morphine: -Papaver somniferum
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
Cannabinoids: - Cannabis sativa 1.Acne.
2.Increased aggressiveness.
3.Decreasedsperm.
4.Breastenlargement.
9. What are interferons? mention their 5. Enlargement of prostategland.
significance
6. Mood swings &depression.
A. α-Interferons (Biological response modifiers)are
protein molecules produced by virus-infected 7. Reducedtesticles.
tumour (cancer)cells which protect non-infected 8. Kidney &liverdysfunction.
cells from viral infection. 9.Prematurebaldness
10. What is withdrawal syndrome? Mention its In females:
characteristics 1.Masculinisation
A. Sudden discontinue of regular dose of Alcohol or 2.Mood swings &depression
drugscausing discomfort characteristics in the
3.Increasedaggressiveness
body is called as withdrawal syndrome.
Anxiety,nausea,shakiness,and sweating are the 4.Excessive hairgrowth
characteristics 5.Abnormalmenstrualcycle
11. Define cirrhosis 6.Deepening ofvoice
A.long-time useof Alcoholor drugs damages nervous 7.Enlargement ofclitoris
system and liver is called as cirrhosis 14. List out the Autoimmune diseases.
12. Mention the drugs misused by sports persons 1. Rheumatoid arthritis.
to enhance their performance 2. Multiple sclerosis
A. Narcotic analgesics,anabolic steroids,diuretics 3. Addison’s disease
and certain hormones in sports to increase the 4. graves disease.
muscle strength and bulk and to promote
aggressiveness,and as a result increase the
athletic performance.
13. Mention the side effects of using anabolic
steroids in male and female.
A. In males:
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
10. MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
1. Define the Prions.
A. Proteinaceous infectious agents
2. List out the microbes grown in Nutritive
media
A. Bacteria, Fungi
3. List out the uses of ‘LAB’.
A. 1. LAB (Lactic acid bacteria) add to milk and
convert to curd
2. LAB – produce acids that coagulate and
partially digest the milk proteins.
3. Increasing vitamin B12 in food
4. In stomach check the disease causing
microbes.
4. Name the traditional fermented drink of the
southern India made by fermenting sap from
palms
A. Toddy (palm –wine)
5. List out some fermentable foods
A. Bamboo – shoots, Fishes, Soybean
6. Name the bacteria produce the “Swiss –
cheese”
A. Propionibacteriumsharmani
7. Define fermentors.
A. Large vessels are used for the production
Beverages and Antibiotics in industries is called
as fermentors.
8. Name the microbe used for the production of
Beverages like Wine, Beer, Whisky, Brandy
(or) Rum.
A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast)
9. Name the raw material used for the
production of Ethanol form the brewer’s
yeast.
A. Malted cereals and fruit juice.
10. Differentiate between distilated and non
distilated Alcoholic drinks.
Distillated Alcoholic Non –
drinks distilatedAlchoholic
drinks
Whisky, brandy, rum Ex. Wine, beer
Alcoholic % is above Less than – 15%
15%
11. What are flocs?
A. Masses of bacteria associated with fungal
filaments to form mesh like structure during
secondary treatment of sewage is called as flocs.
12. BOD refers – Bio-chemical oxygen demand
(i) Demandof oxygen byaerobic bacteria to
oxidise the organic material in a given sample of
the water (1 litter) is called as BOD.
(ii) The sewage water is treated till the BOD is
reduced.
(iii) Indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic
matter present in the water.
(iv) BOD is more in waste water polluting
potential
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
11. Biotechnology Principles and Process
1. Define Biotechnology.
A. The European Federation of Biotechnology
(EFB) defines Biotechnology is ‘the integration
of natural science and organisms, cells, parts
thereof, and molecular analogues for products
and services.
2. What are the tools of Biotechnology?
A. Restriction enzyme
Polymerise enzyme
Ligases
Vectors
Host organisms
3. Define plasmids?
A. Autonomously replicating circular extra
chromosomal DNA.
4. Define molecular scissors or restriction
enzymes.
A. An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites
(recognition sites).
5. Which is the first restriction enzyme
discovered?
A. Hind II, with 6 base pairs.
6. Expand Eco R I.
A. E-Genus name (Escherichia)
Co- species name (coli)
R- Name of the strain
1-Strain number
7. Differentiate endonucleases and exonucleases.
A. Exonucleases: They remove nucleotides from
the ends of the DNA
Endonucleases:They cut at specific positions
within the DNA
8. What is palindromic DNA sequence?
A. It is a sequence of DNA base pairs that read the
same on the two strands in 5' → 3' direction and
in 3' → 5' direction. E.g.
5' —— GAATTC —— 3'
3' —— CTTAAG —— 5'
9. Gel electrophoresis means
A. It is a process for separation of biomolecules
based on charges using agarose gel.
It is a technique which separates biomolecules
based on size and charge of the particle.
In this process the negatively charged particles
moves towards the anode(positive electrode) and
positively charged particles moves towards the
cathode (negative electrode).
10. What is selectable marker?
A. Genes which helps in identifying and eliminating
non-transformants and selectively permitting the
growth of the transformants.
Ex:  - galactosidase
11. What is cloning site?
A. The restriction site where the restriction enzyme
cleaves the DNA.
12. Name the plasmid presents in Agrobacterium
tumefaciens.
A. Ti-plasmid
13. Write the methods to introduce alien DNA
into host cell.
A. Micro-injection, Biolistic or gene gun
15. Define micro-injection.
A. In this method direct introduction of recombinant
DNA into the nucleus of an animal cell is called
as micro-injection.
16. What is biolistic or gene gun?
A. Gold or tungsten coated with r-DNA directly
introduced in to the plant cell is called as
biolistic.
17. What is recombinant protein?
A. A protein coding gene expressed in a host cell is
a recombinant protein.
18. What is the use of ethidium bromide in B.T.?
A. For staining of DNA fragments
19. Elusion means.
A. Separation and extraction of DNA from gel piece
is called as Elusion
20. How DNA, RNA and proteins are separated.
A. DNA-Chilled ethanol
RNA-Ribonuclease
Proteins-Protease
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
12. Biotechnology and Its Application
1. What are the three critical researches of Bio
technology?
A. i) Providing the best catalyst from the microbes
ii) Creating optimal condition to the catalyst
iii) Develop the down streaming processing
technology to purify the protein and organic
compounds.
2. How Bio-technology useful in human life
A. Improve the quality of human life in food
production and health.
3. What are the three options for increasing the
food production?
A. i) Agrochemical based agriculture
ii) Organic agriculture
iii) Genetically engineered crop-based
agriculture
4. Define G.M.O (Genetically modified
organisms)
A. Organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi)
formed after altering or manipulation of genes is
called as. They are two types
i) G.M plants also called (transgenic plants)
ii) G.M animals also called (transgenic animals)
5. What are the uses of G.M plants?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Organisms and Population
1. What is Competitive release?
A. When a competitively superior species is
removed from a given geographical area, it
allows the inferior species to expand its
population. Ex: Superior barnacle Balanus
dominates the inferior smaller Barnacle Catha
malus.
2. Define Resource partitioning.
A. If closely related species dependant on the same
resource avoid competition by choosing different
times for feeding or different foraging patterns.
Ex: Five closely related species of warbler birds
living on same tree avoid competition and co-
exist due to different foraging patterns.
3. What are Ectoparasites,Endoparasitism and
Brood parasitism
A. Ectoparasitism-Parasites that feed on the
external surface of the host organisms. Ex: Lice
on humans, ticks on dog, Cuscuta, growing on
hedge plant.
Endoparasitism-Parasites that live inside the
host body at different sites (kidney, liver, lungs
etc)
A. i) They are tolerating to the abiotic stresses
(cold, drought, salt, heat) and biotic factors.
ii) Reduced the dependency (Reliance) on
chemical pesticides (pest – resistant crops).
iii) Reduce the post-harvest losses.
iv) Increased the mineral usage in plants (this
prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soli)
v) Increase the nutritional value of food, e.g.,
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice (Golden rice) rich
with the beta - carotene
It is a precursor to the vitamin ‘A’
6. What are the three order of insects which
participate in the cotton infection?
A. Lepidopteron (tobacco bud worm, army worm)
Coleopterons (Beetles)
Dipteran (Flies, Mosquitoes)
7. Name the genes control the “Cotton boll
worms pest?
A. cry I AC
cry II Ab
8. Name the genes control the Corn borer pest
A. cry I Ab
9. Name the nematode involved in the RNAi
A. Meloidogyne incognita (Infect the roots of
tobacco)
Brood parasitism
The parasitic birds lay eggs in the nest of its
host and lets the host incubatethem.
- During evolution, eggs of the parasitic bird
have evolved to resemble the host’s egg in
size and colour. So the host bird cannot detect
and eject the foreign eggseasily.
E.g. Brood parasitism between cuckoo andcrow
Commensalism
One organism is benefitted. Other is neither
benefited nor affected
Examples:
 Orchid (+) growing as epiphyte on a mango
branch(0).
 Barnacles (arthropod) (+) growing on the back
of a whale(0).
 Cattle egret (+) & grazing cattle (0). The
egrets forage close to where the cattle are
grazing. As the cattle move,
thevegetationinsectscomeout.Otherwiseitisdif
ficultfor the egrets to find and catch
theinsects.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
 Sea anemone (0) &clown fish (+). Stinging
tentacles of sea anemone gives protection to
fish frompredators.
4. Explain about the Mutualism. With examples.
 Lichen:Itisamutualisticrelationshipbetweenaf
ungus& photosynthesizing algae
orcyanobacteria.
 Mycorrhizae: Associations between fungi &
the roots of higher plants. The fungi help the
plant in the absorption of essential nutrients
from the soil while the plant provides the
fungi withcarbohydrates.
 Mutualismbetweenplant&animalthroughp
ollinationand seeddispersion:
 Fig trees & wasps. The fig species is
pollinated only by its ‘partner’ wasp species.
Female wasp pollinates the fig inflorescence
while searching for suitable egg- laying sites
in fruits. The fig offers the wasp some
developing seeds, as food for the wasplarvae.
 Orchids show diversity of floral patterns.
They can attract the right pollinator insect
(bees & bumblebees) to ensure pollination.
Not all orchids offerrewards.
 ‘Sexualdeceit’ofOphrys(Mediterraneanorchi
d).One petal of its flower resembles female
bee in size, colour & markings. So male bee
‘pseudocopulates’ with the flower and is
dusted with pollen. When this bee
‘pseudocopulates’ with another flower, it
transfers pollen toit.
If the female bee’s colour patterns change
slightly during evolution, pollination success
will be reduced unless the orchid flower co-
evolves to maintain the resemblance of its
petal to the female bee.
5. Define diapause with example.
A. A suspended development stage during
unfavourable conditions.Ex: Zooplankton.
6. Differentiate between Aestivation
A. Hibernation with one example
Aestivation: (Summer sleeping)- The animals
which are metabolicallyinactive insummer
season is called as
Ex: snails, fishes.
Hibernation:(Winter sleeping)- The animals
which are metabolicallyinactive inwinter season
is called as
Ex: bear, squirrel
7. What are the special adaptations of parasites?
- Loss of unnecessary sense organs
- Loss of digestive system
- Presence of adhesive organs or suckers
- High reproductive capacity
8. Explain about the R.B.C adaptations in
people living in high altitudes.
A. People living in high altitudes have more RBC
count compared to people living in plains.
9. How do the body compensate low oxygen?
A. Availability at higher altitude (altitude sickness)
-By increasing RBC production
-Increasing breathing rate
-Decreasing the binding affinity of
Haemoglobin.
10. Define natality and mortality.
A. Natality: It refers to the number of births during
a given period in the population
Mortality: It refers to the number of deaths
during a given period in the population.
11. Define mutualism with examples.
A. It is an interaction where both the species
involved are equally benefitted.
Ex: Mycorrhiza (association between fungi and
roots of higher plants)
Lichen (association between fungi and algae)
12. Answer the following questions with respect
to the given population growth curve graph.
a = exponential growth curve,
b = logistic growth curve
The equation for exponential growth curve
dN/dt=rN, the equation for logistic growth curve
is dN/dt=rN(K-N/K)
‘K’ = represents carrying capacity.
The means maximum number of individuals of a
population, which can be supported with
optimum resources for their survival is called
carrying capacity.
‘r’- is the intrinsic rate of population size
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
14. Ecosystem
1. Define Ecosystem? Write the types of A. The rate of biomass production is called as
Ecosystem. productivity.
A. Interaction between Living-organisms (Biotic) GPP: (Gross Primary productivity)
and Environment (Abiotic) is called Gross production of organic matter
Terrestrial - E NPP (Net primary productivity):
Ex. Forest, grassland, and desert GPPR (Respiratory loss)
Aquatic - E 11. Annual NPP of whole biosphere is __.
Pond, lake, river A. 170 billion tons (organic matter) above
Waterland, estuary 55 billion tons from ocean
2. Give the one example of global ecosystem
115 billion tons from surface.
A. Ex: Biosphere
12. Why Earthworm considered as a friend to the
3. Give some examples of manmade Ecosystem. farmers.
A. Crop field & Aquarium A. Because they break the complex organic matter
4. Example to the input of energy. in to simple and loosening the soil.
A. Productivity 13. Give examples for producers of terrestrial
5. Give some examples to the – transfer of the and aquatic ecosystem
energy A. Terrestrial Ecosystem
A. Food chain Food web Nutrient cyclingHerbaceous and ecosystem woody plants
6. Give some examples of output of energy Aquatic Ecosystem
A. Degrading & Energy loss photo planktons, Algae, Higher plants
7. Define stratification 14. Define food web
A. Vertical distribution of different species A. Natural inter connection of food chains is called
occupying different levels is called as as food web.
stratification.
15. Define standing crop? How it measured
Ex. Trees – Top strata/ layer
A. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living
 material at a particular time called as the
Shrubs – Second standing crop. It can be measured in (i) Biomass
 (or)
Herbs / Bottom grasses (ii) The number in a unit area.
8. What is the component of Ecosystem? 16. How Biomass of a species is expressed?
A. 1. Productivity 2. Decomposition A. Fresh (or) dry weight. But dry weight is more
3. Energy flow 4. Nutrient cycle accurate.
9. Define primary production? 17. Define 10% law (10 percent law) with
A. The amount of Biomass/organic matter produced examples.
per unit area during photosynthesis units of A. 10% of energy is transferred to from the lower
primary productivity. trophic level to higher tropic level is called as
10% law.
Ex. Weight (g2)
Energy (K Cal m2)

10. Define Productivity. Write the types of GPP,

NPP.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
15.Bio Diversity and Conservation
1. Define Biodiversity. 7. Which area has great Biodiversity on earth?
A. The sum of total of species richness is called A. Tropical Amazon Rain Forest (South America)
asBidodiversity. 8. Who proposed species area relationship?
2. Mention Biodiversity hotspots in India. A. Alexander von Humboldt (great German
A. Western Ghats,Himalayas,indoburma. Naturalist/ Geographer) states that within a
3. Introduction of some alien species or alien region species richness increased with increased
species invasion leads to extinction of explored area but only up to a limit. Curve is
indigenous species. Justify with examples. Rectangular hyperbola
A.Nile perch-fish,
Carrot grass(parthenium)
Water hyacinth
African cat fish (clariasgariepinus)
4. Name any four recently 3extinct organisms as
per IUCN red list.
A.Dodo, (a bird of Mauritius)
Quagga, (plains zebra of Africa)
Thylacinus,(Tasmanian tiger or wolf of
Australia)
Tiger(sub species; Bali, Javan,Caspian) In Log scale relationship is a straight line
5. Name any two species which became extinct Log S = Log C + Z log A
due to overexploitation human S = species richness
A. Passenger pigeon,stellar sea cow A = Area
6. Define endemism, sacred grove, and Z = slope of the line (regression co – efficient)
cryopreservation C = y – intercept
A. Endemism. The species confined or (present) that
9. David Tilman’s statement
region only and not found anywhere else is
A. - Area with more species showed less year to
called as Endemism
year variation in total biomass.
Sacred grove; cultivation of trees that are
-Increased biodiversity contributed to higher
having religious importance to a particular
productivity.
culture is called as sacred grove.
10. Define Bio prospecting or bio diversity
Cryopreservation
prospecting
Gametes of threatened species can be preserved–
A. Investigation of plants and animal species which
in viable and fertile condition for long period is
called as cryopreservation. are commercialuseful (medicinal drugs etc) to
humans is called as
Later used in – Tissues culture procedure
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
(FROM 2014-23)
1. Differentiate between geitonogamy and
xenogamy.
A. A. Geitonogamy: Transfer of pollen from anther
to stigma of different flowers of the same plant.
B. Xenogamy: Transfer of pollen from anther to
stigma of flowers of different plants.
2. What is ovulation
A. Releasing of ovum from ovaries by the influence
ofL.H(luteinizing hormone) on14-day 0f
menstrual cycle
3. Name the cells secrete androgen
A. Leydig cells
4. Differentiate between menarche and
menopause.
A. Menarche- Onset of menstrual cycle
Menopause: Ceasing of menstrual cycle
5. Name the physical and physiological barrier
between maternal body and embryo(foetus)
A. Placenta
6. Saltation means.
A. Single step large mutations that leads to
speciation are called as Saltation.
7. What is gene pool?
A.Gene pool; collection of entire genes in a
population is called as.
8. What is adaptive radiation? Give two
examples.
A. Evolution of different species in a given
geographical area starting from a point and
radiating to other areas of geography.
Ex: 1 Darwin Finches
2. AustralianMarsupials
9. Name the causative agent of elephantiasis &
pneumonia.
A. Elephantiasis
Wuchereriabancrofti, Wuchereriamalayi,
Pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia,
Haemophilus influenzae
10. What is allergy? Name the antibody produced
in this reaction.
A. Exaggerated (abnormal) immune response by the
body.
Ig E is produced in this reaction.
11. Mention the cells involved in cell mediated
immunity and humoral immunity.
A. Cell mediated immunity: T-cells
Humoral immunity: B-cells
12. Define Benign and malignant tumor.
A. Benign tumour:Tumour confined to their
original location and do not spread.
Malignant tumor: Tumor that spreads and
damages other cells.
13. Cocaine and morphine producing plants.
A. Cocaine: -Erythroxylum coca.
Morphine: -Papaver somniferum
14. Mention the bacterium responsible for the
large holes in swiss cheese.
A. Propionibacterium sharmanii.
15. Define PCR and enzyme used.
A. PCR-Polymerase chain reaction.
Enzyme- Taq polymerase (Thermus aquaticus)
19. Define natality and mortality.
A. Natality: Total number of births per year
Mortality: Total number of deaths per year
20. What is test cross? Mention its significance
A. It is the cross between F1 hybrid and its recessive
parent.
Significance: It helps to check the purity of the
gametes.
21. Differentiate between homology and analogy
with examples.
A. Homology: Organisms with similar structure
and different functions
Analogy: Organisms with different structure and
same function (No common ancestor).
22. Differentiate between active immunity and
passive immunity.
A. Active immunity: Immunity in which antibodies
are produced by the body in response to
pathogen/antigen.
Passive immunity: Immunity in which ready-
made antibodies are given to the body.
23. What are sacred grooves? mention any two
examples.
A. Cultivation of trees that are of religious
importance to a particular culture
.
24. What is commensalism? give one example
A. The relationship in which one organism is
benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor
harmed.
25. Define BOD, Biomagnification?
A. Biochemical Oxygen Demand is the demand of
oxygen to aerobic microbes to oxidize organic
substance in the water sample
Biomagnification is the increasing concentration
of toxicants in the successive trophic levels.
26. Gel electrophoresis.
A. It is a technique to separate molecules based on
charge and size.
27. SCP
A. Single cell protein.
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
Ex. Spirulina.
28. Any 4 hormones secreted by placenta
A. 1.. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
2.HPL (human placental lactogen)
3.Estrogen
4.Progesterone
29. Any 4 std diseases.
A. 1. Gonorrhoea
2. Syphilis
3. Genital herpes
4. Trichomoniasis.
30. Fungus produced cyclosporin A.
A. Trichoderma polysporum.
31. Molecular scissors
Examples: Eco R I, Hind II, BamHI
32. Reverse transcriptase.
A. Enzyme which synthesis DNA from the template
RNA.
33. Name the organism which produces Statin,
mention its function.
A. Statin is produced by yeast Monascuspurpureus.
Function: - Blood-cholesterol
cholesterol lowering agent.
34. IUCN red list animals.
A. Dodo, Quagga, Thylacine,
35. TH Morgan experiment.
A. Morgan described linkage and recombination of
genes responsible for non
non-parental
recombination’s. He stated that Non-parental
Non
combinations are more due to the recombination
of genes.
36. Agarose gel diagram.
37. Leydig cells, Sertoli cells.
A. Leydig cells secretes
etes androgens or testosterone
Sertoli cells secretes and provide nourishing to
developing sperms.
38. Hormone secreted by corpus luteum.
A. Progesterone
39. α-Interferons.
A. α-Interferons (Biological response modifiers)are
protein molecules produced by virus-infected
virus
tumour (cancer)cells which protect non-infected
non
cells from viral infection.
40. AIDS tests.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
A. ELISA-Enzyme
PCR- Polymerase chain reaction
41. Gause’s competitive exclusion principle
A. Two closelyy related species competing for the
same resource cannot co-exist
co indefinitely.
42. Define the two techniques to make host
competent in r-DNA
DNA technology.
A. Using divalent cations (calcium ions)
Heat shock treatment
43. Euchromatin and heterochromatin.
A. Euchromatin: The loosely packed region of the
chromatin which stains less.
Heterochromatin: The densely packed region of
the chromatin which stains dark.
44. Define Endemism and Cryopreservation
A. Endemism:Species
Species confined to an area and not
found anywhere else.
preservation of Gametes of
Cryopreservation:preservation
threatened species in viable and fertile condition
is called as
45. Factors effecting Hardy -Weinberg principle.
A. 1. Gene migration/Gene flow
2. Genetic drift
3. Genetic
enetic recombination
4. Mutation
5. Natural selection.
46. What are the criteria DNA act as a genetic
material?
A. It should replicate
It should be chemically and structurally stable
It should undergo mutation
It should be able le to express in the form of
mendelian characters
47. Emasculation: removal of anthers in bisexual
flowers.
48. Genetic drift:
A. Any alteration in allele frequency of the natural
population by pure chance like death is called as
Genetic drift.
Ex. Elimination of a particular allele from a
population due to events like accidental death
49. Flocs: masses of bacteria associated with fungal
filaments and form a mesh like structure during
secondary treatment sewage is called as
50. Biodiversity hot spots in India: Western
ghats,Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma,
Burma, Himalaya
51. List of mendelian disorders.
A. Haemophilia, Sickle
Sickle-cell anaemia,
Phenylketonuria
52. Accessory ducts of male and female
reproductive system.
A. Male: rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas
deferens.
Female: oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina.
53. Implantation: Attachment of blastocyst to
endometrium of uterus.
uterus
CORI GAATTC
54. Recognition sites of E. CORI:
55. Foetal ejection reflex:
II PU BIOLOGYTarget 70 – Question Bank_ 1 & 2 Marks
The signals for parturition originate from the
fully developed foetus and the placenta which
induces mild uterine contractions called foetal
ejection reflex. This triggers release of oxytocin
from the maternal pituitary
(or)
Oxytocin hormone(from maternal pituitary)
induces the uterine contraction, and cause the
ejection of fully developed foetus and placenta is
called as
56. Examples of evolution by anthropogenic
action: Industrial melanism.
57. Importance of selectable markers in plasmids.
A. They are used to select transformed cells from
non-transformed.
58. Colostrum: The yellowish fluid secreted by
mother during the initial days of lactation.
Ig A
74. Biofortification: cultivation of crops for nutrient
enrichment (proteins, minerals, vitamins)
75. Palindromic sequences: DNA base pairs which
reads the same on two strands in both the
directions means foreword and backword
directions

76. Any two species which have become extinct

due to over exploitation
A. Stellar sea cow, Passenger pigeon
Biopsy test means.
Cancer detection and diagnosis
Biopsy: A thin piece of the suspected tissue is
stained and examined under microscope
(histopathological studies).
77. Point mutations means.one example
A. mutations takes place by changing single base
pair is called as Point mutations.
Ex:Sickle cell anaemia disease

Predicted questions
Typhoid-Salmonella typhi, WIDAL test
Pneumonia-Haemophilus influenzae,
Streptococcus pneumonia
Common cold-Rhinovirus
Elephantiasis-Wuchereriabancrofti, W.malayi
Amoebiasis-Entamoeba histolytica
Ascariasis (amoebic dysentery)-Ascaris
Ring worm- Microsporum,Epidermophyton