A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No.

1 (2023), 7–14 7

Ǧͪͪͪͬ ‡•‡ƒ” Š’ƒ’‡”ȁͩͯͫ

  ͩͨǤͩͬͮͪͪȀ Ǧͪͪͪͬ ‡ ‡‹˜‡†ǣͪͨͪͪǦͩͨǦͩͩ
͸ʹͳǤ͵ͳǣͷͶ͸Ǥ͵Ͷǣ͸ͷͷǤʹʹͶ  ‡’–‡†ǣͪͨͪͫǦͨͫǦͨͫ

‹Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”›ƒ‘†‡•’”‹–‡†„›”‘–‘‰”ƒ˜—”‡

Alexandra Pekarovicova, Kevin Matthew, Jorge Vicco Mateo, Kholoud Al-Ajlouni and Paul D. Fleming

Center for Printing and Coating Research, a.pekarovicova@wmich.edu

‡•–‡”‹ Š‹‰ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒŽƒƒœ‘‘ǡ 

„•–”ƒ –

•ˆ‘”‹Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”›ƒ‘†‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘”’”‹–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡”‘–‘‰”ƒ˜—”‡’”‹–‹‰’”‘ ‡••Ǥ ”ƒ’Š‹–‡’‘™-

†‡”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹œ‡•™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ• ‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ”„‘„Žƒ ϐ‹ŽŽ‡”•Ǥ
•’‘Ž›‡”„‹†‡”•ǡ’‘Ž›˜‹›Ž‹†‡‡ϐŽ—‘”‹†‡ȋ Ȍȋ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ‡•—”‡Šƒͱͩͨͨƒ†—”‡ŠƒͱͫͨͨȌƒ†’‘Ž›˜‹›Ž
’›””‘Ž‹†‘‡ȋȌ™‡”‡–‡•–‡†Ǥ •™‡”‡’”‹–‡†—•‹‰’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›‰”ƒ˜—”‡‡‰”ƒ˜‹‰Ǥ •‘Ž‹† ‘–‡–‘ˆͫͨȂͯͨΨ
™ƒ•‡šƒ‹‡†Ǥ–ͯͨΨ•‘Ž‹†•ǡ‹Žƒ›‡”•™‡”‡ͪͭȂͪͯρ–Š‹ ™‹–Šƒ••Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‘ˆͪǤͩȂͪǤͭ‰Ȁ ͪ. A solids content
‘ˆͭͨΨ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•––Šƒ–’”‘†— ‡†ƒ•‘‘–Š—‹ˆ‘”ϐ‹ŽǤ ƒŽˆ ‡ŽŽ•™‡”‡ƒ†‡—•‹‰’”‹–™‹–Šͩͨͨͨρ
Š‘Ž‡•‘”–Š‡›™‡”‡„ƒ” ‘ƒ–‡†Ǥ ƒŽˆ ‡ŽŽ•™‡”‡ Šƒ”‰‡†ƒ††‹• Šƒ”‰‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘‡ƒ•—”‡‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ž‘••
ȋ ȌǤ •™‹–Š‹š‡†„‹†‡”•—”‡ŠƒȀ™‡”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰„‡––‡”–Šƒ•‘Ž‡’‘Ž›‡”•Ǥ ƒŽˆǦ ‡ŽŽ–‡•–‹‰”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†
–Šƒ–ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž‡„‹†‡”Šƒ•‘–‰‘‘†‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ–Š—•‹–™ƒ•‹š‡†™‹–Š ǤŠ‡ ™ƒ•Ž‘™‡”™Š‡
‹š‡† Ȁ„‹†‡”™ƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡†‹ƒ‘†‡‹Ǥ

‡›™‘”†•ǣ printed batteries, ink formulation, half cell, capacity, irreversible capacity loss

ͩǤ –”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†„ƒ ‰”‘—†
Due to the increasing impact of oil pollution on the
environment (COͪ production and liquid spills), more
automobile and many other industries have turned to
electric item manufacturing. Therefore, the production
‘ˆ‘”‡‡‡”‰›Ǧ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‹‡†Ž›
batteries has become a hot topic at the moment. The
traditional lead-acid battery is bulky and heavy, but
the printing processes can produce much thinner and
lighter batteries to provide power for wearable devices,
ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡†‹•’Žƒ›•ǡƒ†•ƒ”–Žƒ„‡Ž•ƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•ȋ‘•–ƒǡ
‘­ƒŽ˜‡•ƒ†ƒ ‡”‘•Ǧ±†‡œǡͪͨͪͨǢŠƒǡ‘”‡œ‡ŽŽ‹
ƒ†ƒŠ‹›ƒǡͪͨͩͭȌǤ‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ’”‹–‡†‡Ž‡ –”‘-
‹ •ǡ ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ „ƒ––‡”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ —†‡”‰‘‡ ”ƒ’‹† †‡˜‡Ž‘’-
ment in the past ten years.
The use of printing processes in battery manufactur-
‹‰ ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ•• ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ „ƒ––‡”‹‡•
ȋ”†—‹‹ǡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͪͨͩͮȌǤ ”‹–‹‰ ƒ ’”‘†— ‡ ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡
batteries with different design patterns, and their mul-
tilayer printing stack can shape the geometry and
structure of the battery and improve its electrochem-
ical performance. There are usually two types of the
printed structures of printed batteries, such as stack
or sandwich architecture and the coplanar or parallel
architecture. Components used are anode, separator,
electrolyte, cathode, and current collectors deposited
‘–Š‡ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡•—„•–”ƒ–‡ȋƒ ‡”‘•Ǧ±†‡œƒ†‘•–ƒǡ
ͪͨͩͰȌǤ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ „ƒ––‡”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡† ‹ ƒ
•–ƒ ‡†•–”— –—”‡ȋ‹ŽŽ‡”–ǡ‡—•‡”ƒ†ƒ—ƒǡͪͨͩͰȌǡ
™Š‹Ž‡•‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‹ƒ ‘’Žƒƒ” ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹ǡ
‡–ƒŽǤǡͪͨͩͭȌǤ Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘’Žƒƒ” ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‹•
that it, among other manufacturing processes, can be
made using the screen-printing process and the total
–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ––‡”› ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†–‘ͨǤͭǤ –•
disadvantage is that its discharge current and area ratio
charge density is lower, and it has a higher internal
resistance.
Currently, many researchers are focusing on screen
printing of battery electrodes. This printing technol-
ogy can use high viscosity inks for printing, which
allows them to have good coverage on different mate-
”‹ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒ• ‘’’‡”ˆ‘‹Žȋ‹ ‘ƒ–‡‘ǡͪͨͪͪȌǡ‘”’Žƒ•–‹ 
ȋŠƒ‘ ƒ† —ǡ ͪͨͩͱȌǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ’”‹–‹‰
Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ‹‘ „ƒ––‡”› ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ȋŠƒǡ ‘”‡œ‡ŽŽ‹ ƒ†
ƒŠ‹›ƒǡͪͨͩͭȌǤƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‹œ‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘’”‹–„ƒ–-
tery electrodes, the amounts of active materials, the
roughness of the electrode layer, and the thickness of
‡ƒ ŠŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ––‡”› ƒ„‡‘†‹ϐ‹‡†ǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ˜‡
been many studies using printing methods such as
‰”ƒ˜—”‡ ’”‹–‹‰ǡ ϐŽ‡š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ’”‹–‹‰ǡ • ”‡‡ ’”‹–-
‹‰ǡ‡š–”—•‹‘’”‹–‹‰ǡƒ†‹Œ‡–’”‹–‹‰–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡
8 A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023), 7–14
„ƒ––‡”›‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡’”‘†— –‹‘ȋސ†‡”‰ƒƒ”†ǡ ڕ‡Žƒ†
”‡„•ǡͪͨͩͫǡ ü„‡”ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡͪͨͩͭȌƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ––‡’–•–‘
’”‹–‡Ž‡ –”‘Ž›–‡ȋ ü„‡”ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡͪͨͪͪȌǤ‹–Š‹—‡–ƒŽ
powder-based inks, which contain lithium metal pow-
der, polymer binders, and other conductive materials
ƒ„‡—•‡†‹ƒ‘†‡’”‹–‹‰Ǥ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ-
tages of printed batteries are based on mature print-
‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡Ž‹‰Š–ǡϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ǡ
low-cost, can be mass-produced, customizable, and
more environmentally friendly.
Research in the printed batteries based on gravure
printing showed that the quality of the gravure printing
layer mainly depends on several physical parameters
such as ink, substrate, and process. To enable the mass
production of batteries through gravure printing, the
study was done using carbon coated ZnͨǤͱ ‡ͨǤͩO (encap-
•—Žƒ–‡†‹ƒ–Š‹ϐ‹Ž‘ˆ ƒ”„‘Ȍƒ•ƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒŽŽ‘›‹‰
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ȋ”‡••‡”ǡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͪͨͩͫȌǤ ‹–Š –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡‹•ǡͪǦ’”‘’ƒ‘Ž ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ ‘•‘Ž˜‡–
–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡‡š ‡••‹˜‡•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡•‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
inks in combination with corona pretreatment of the
substrate for increased surface energy and thus ink
ƒ†Š‡•‹‘ ȋ‹• ƒ›ǡ Š‘—ϐ‹ ƒ† ƒŽˆ”‡›–ǡ ͪͨͩͩȌǤ •‹‰
the gravure printing process, multiple layers can be
deposited, and the multilayer method applied is able to
‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ••Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ȋƒ„‘—–ͩǤͯ‰ Ϋͪ)
to achieve high homogeneity of the gravure printed
layer, and its highly reproducible electrochemical per-
ˆ‘”ƒ ‡—’–‘ͬͨͨŽ‹ˆ‡ › Ž‡•ȋ‘–ƒ‹‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡͪͨͪͩȌǤ
Printing inks for anode and cathode layers contain
active materials, such as graphite and graphene, and
ƒ –‹˜‡ϐ‹ŽŽ‡”••— Šƒ•ƒ‘ ƒ”„‘•ǡƒ†”‡•‹•‘”„‹†‡”•ǡ
which are selected based on ink – chemistry whether
ink is solvent, or water-based. Graphene can be doped
by ball milling technique, and can be combined with
•‹Ž‹ ‘ǡ•‹Ž‹ ‘‘š‹†‡ǡƒ†‹”‘‘š‹†‡ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡†’‡”-
ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ȋ—ǡ‡– ƒŽǤǡͪͨͪͪȌǤ‡•‹• ƒ‹ Ž—†‡Ž‹–Š‹ƒ–‡†
’‘Ž›ƒ ”›Ž‹  ƒ ‹†ǡ ‘” ’‘Ž›˜‹›Ž‹†‡‡ ϐŽ—‘”‹†‡ ȋ Ȍ ‘ˆ
different degrees of polymerization. The advantage of
printing batteries is that layers of variable thickness
ƒ„‡’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ”‹–‡†Žƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ǡƒ†–Š‡›
can be integrated into various substrates and devices.
Printing technologies make it possible to easily scale up
the products (Costa, Gonçalves and Lanceros-Méndez,
ͪͨͪͨȌǤ”‹–‡†Žƒ›‡”••Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‹ ǡ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›—’–‘
ͩͨͨρƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡• ”‡‡’”‹–‹‰‹•–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ
Š‘‹ ‡ȋƒ••‡ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡͪͨͩͱȌǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•‘–— Š‹ˆ‘”-
ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘—†•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›‹‰”ƒ˜—”‡’”‹–‹‰‘ˆƒ‘†‡•
ƒ† ƒ–Š‘†‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”‡‡†–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡‰”ƒ˜—”‡
process for printing these features for batteries.
 –Š‹• ™‘”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –‘ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ ”‘–‘‰”ƒ˜—”‡
printing inks for anodes and evaluate their printability
in terms of print uniformity, thickness of the layers and
ultimately, half-cell battery performance.
ͪǤ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ‡–Š‘†•
The substrate for anode Li-ion battery printing was
‘’’‡”ˆ‘‹Žˆ”‘ ‘Ǥǡ™‹–Š ƒŽ‹’‡”‘ˆͱρǤ –••—”-
ˆƒ ‡ ”‘—‰Š‡•• ™ƒ• ͨǤͫͪ ρ ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› ”—‡”
white light interferometry. Sheet resistivity of Cu foil
™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†—•‹‰Ǧͪͫͪ•Š‡‡–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‡–‡”
™‹–Šˆ‘—”Ǧ’‘‹–’”‘„‡ƒ†‹–™ƒ•ͨǤͨͨͩͰȳȀsq. Surface
energy of copper foil was measured via contact angle
™‹–Š ™ƒ–‡”ǣ ͰͯǤͪ ά ͩǤͫ° ƒ† Š‡šƒ†‡ ƒ‡ǣ ͫǤͫ ά ͨǤͩ°, as
well as surface tension of water via pendant drop mea-
•—”‡‡–ǣͯͩǤͩ ά ͨǤͮȀǢ•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡•‹‘‘ˆŠ‡šƒ†‡-
ƒ‡˜‹ƒ’‡†ƒ–†”‘’‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ǣͪͬǤͭ ά ͨǤͫȀǤ
Š‡•‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ™‡”‡ ’Ž—‰‰‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ™‡•Ȃ‡†–
equation and surface energy of copper was estimated
–‘„‡ͪͮǤͭ ά ͨǤͯȀǤ
Š‹›‹š‡”ͩͨͨȋ ‘Ǥǡ‘›‘ ƒ’ƒȌ™ƒ•
‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‘”‹š‹‰–Š‡‹•Ǥ•–Š‡ ‘†— –‹˜‡‰”ƒ’Š-
‹–‡’‘™†‡”•ǡŠ‹Ž‹’•ͭρǡͳͲ ρǡͳͷ ρȋŠ‹Ž‹’•ͮͮǡ
‘—•–‘ǡ‡šƒ•Ȍƒ†ƒ‰‡ͫ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ȋ ‹–ƒ Š‹Š‡‹ ƒŽǡ
Sakuragawa, Japan), and conductive nanoparticle car-
„‘„Žƒ ϐ‹ŽŽ‡”ȋͬͬͨͨ‘”ͬͭȌ™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ
ͪͨ™‡”‡—•‡†ǤŠ‡ ˆ”‘‹‰ƒŽ†”‹ Š™‹–Š
different degrees of polymerization and commercial
ƒ‡•—”‡Šƒͱͩͨͨǡ—”‡Šƒͱͫͨͨȋ—”‡Šƒ‘Ǥǡ ƒ’ƒȌ
™‹–Š ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ͪǤͰ × ͩͨͭ –‘ ͩ × ͩͨͮ was dis-
•‘Ž˜‡† ‹ Ǧ‡–Š›ŽǦͪǦ’›””‘Ž‹†‘‡ ȋȌ •‘Ž˜‡– ƒ†
—•‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡Ǥ  •‘‡ ‹•ǡ ƒ ’‘Ž›˜‹›Ž’›””‘Ž‹-
†‘‡ȋȌ™‹–Š‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆͩͨ ͨͨͨ‘”’‘Ž›˜‹-
›Ž’›””‘Ž‹†‘‡Ȁ’‘Ž›˜‹›Ž‹†‡‡ϐŽ—‘”‹†‡‹š‘ˆ„‹†‡”•
ȋȀ Ȍ™ƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡†ǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆϐ‹‹•Š‡†‹•
™ƒ•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†‘ƒ–‘ƒƒ”ͫͨͪ”Š‡‘‡–‡”Ǥ
‹‰—”‡ͭǣ ”ƒ˜—”‡Ǧ’”‘‘ˆ‡”
”‹–‹‰™ƒ•†‘‡‘—ˆ‘‹Ž—•‹‰ƒ‰”ƒ˜—”‡‰”ƒ˜—”‡
Ǧ’”‘‘ˆ‡”ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͩȌǡ™Š‹ Š—•‡•ƒϐŽƒ–’Žƒ–‡ƒ•ƒ‹ƒ‰‡
ƒ””‹‡”ǤŠ‡‰”ƒ˜—”‡’Žƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‰”ƒ˜—”‡Ǧ’”‘‘ˆ‡”
™ƒ•‡‰”ƒ˜‡†„›Ȁ‘Ž‘”‡ Šȋ ”‡‡•„‘”‘ǡǡ Ȍ
™‹–Š ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”› ‡‰”ƒ˜‹‰ ƒ– ͯͭ  Ǥ  ’Žƒ–‡ ™ƒ•
A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023), 7–14 9

‡‰”ƒ˜‡†™‹–Šͩ ͨͨͨǡͭͨͨǡͪͭͨƒ†ͩͪͭρ ‹” —Žƒ”Š‘Ž‡ Precisely controlled porous architecture of electrodes

•Šƒ’‡† ‘‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‡–ƒ‹Ž ‘ˆ ͭͨͨ ρ ‘‹ƒ‰‡
ƒ”‡ƒ‹••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͪƒ†™Š‹–‡ǦŽ‹‰Š–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‘-
‡–”›†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹••Š‘™ƒ– ‹‰—”‡ͫǡ•Š‘™‹‰†‡’–Š‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ•
ƒ– ͯͭ ρ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ ‘’‡‹‰ ‹ ‘‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ͩ ͨͨͨ ρ †‡•‹‰‡† Š‘Ž‡ ™ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ– ͩ ͩͱͬ ρǤ
‰”ƒ˜‹‰™ƒ•†‘‡„›Š›„”‹†’”‘ ‡••‘ˆŽƒ•‡”ƒ„Žƒ–‹‘
and chemical etching. Such holes in the printed image
improve the battery performance at high C rates and
reduce lithium dendrites that collect on the electrodes.
‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ˆ‘” ˆƒ•– Šƒ”‰‹‰ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ ƒ•– Šƒ”‰‹‰
requires electrodes with high porosity and low tor-
tuosity enabling fast electrolyte transport and at the
•ƒ‡ –‹‡ ’”‡˜‡– Ž‹–Š‹— ’Žƒ–‹‰ ȋ‹Œƒ‹Ž‘˜‹ ǡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ
ͪͨͪͩȌǤ Š—•ǡ ‹” —Žƒ” Š‘Ž‡•ǡ ‘” ‘Ǧ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ™‡”‡
designed on printed electrodes with the aim to create
so called secondary porosity. Secondary porosity was
found useful in suppressing Li dendrites formation in
‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ƒ–ˆƒ•– Šƒ”‰‹‰”ƒ–‡•ȋƒ‹ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡ
ͪͨͪͪǡƒŽƒ‹ƒ’’ƒǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡͪͨͪͪȌǤ

Š‡’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ†‹ϐ‹Ž•™ƒ•’”‡’ƒ”‡†‘
ƒ”—‡”™Š‹–‡ǦŽ‹‰Š–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‘‡–”›‹•–”—‡–Ǥ ƒ‰‡
ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ’”‹–‡†‹ϐ‹Ž•™ƒ•†‘‡—•‹‰Ǧ‹–ͪ
software.

 ‘”†‡” –‘ –‡•– ‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› Ž‘•• ȋ Ȍ ‘ˆ

ƒ‘†‡•ǡŠƒŽˆ ‘‹ ‡ŽŽ•™‡”‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͬȌ‹ƒ
‰Ž‘˜‡„‘š–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‘‹•–—”‡ƒ†‘š›‰‡†ƒƒ‰‡ǤŠƒŽˆǦ
cell contains a conductive electrode, conductive elec-
–”‘Ž›–‡ƒ†ƒ —””‡– ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”Ǥ‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡Ȁ‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡
‹‰—”‡ͮǣ‡–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ‡™‰”ƒ˜—”‡‡‰”ƒ˜‡†’Žƒ–‡ capacity and stability of the electrode was obtained
ȋ„›‘Ž‘”Ȁ‡ Šǡ ”‡‡•„‘”‘ǡǡȌ ˆ”‘–Š‡‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‘•–ƒ–‹  › Ž‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͭȌǤ
™‹–Šͱͬͬμm nonimage area ( ‹” —Žƒ”Š‘Ž‡Ȍ
Top cap large Spacer
Cathode or Li metal
Separator Electrolyte 3–4 drops
Anode or Li metal Electrolyte 1 drop
Spacer
Gasket Spring
ŽƩŽŵĐĂƉƐŵĂůů

‹‰—”‡Ͱǣ Š‡ƒ–‹ ‘ˆŠƒŽˆ ‘‹ ‡ŽŽ

ȋ ƒ•‡ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡͮͬͭʹȌ

Ϯ͘ϱ
First charge and discharge cycle
Ϯ͘Ϭ Second charge and discharge cycle Irreversible capacity
U vs. Li/Li+ [V]

ϭ͘ϱ

ƒȌ ϭ͘Ϭ

0.5

0
Ϭ ϱϬ ϭϬϬϭϱϬ ϮϬϬ ϮϱϬϯϬϬ
Capacity [mAh·gоϭ]
‹‰—”‡ͱǣ ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘
„Ȍ ȋ‹„‹ Šǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡͮͬͭͳȌ

ͫǤ ‡•—Ž–• ƒ† †‹• —••‹‘

Anodes for Li-ion battery electrodes were printed

Ȍ
F‹‰—”‡ͯǣŠ‹–‡ǦŽ‹‰Š–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‘‡–”›
‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜—”‡‡‰”ƒ˜‡†’Žƒ–‡ǣ˜‹‡™ˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ȋƒȌǡ
‡ŽŽ’”‘ϔ‹Ž‡‹Ǧ†‹”‡ ‹–‘ȋ„Ȍǡƒ†‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ȋ Ȍ
™‹–ŠŽ‘‰Ǧ Šƒ‹ ’‘Ž›‡”‹•Ǥ•ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹-
als, graphite powders of different particle sizes were
‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥ ”ƒ’Š‹–‡’‘™†‡”•ƒ”‡†‡‡‡†–‘„‡‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–
ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǣ–Š—•ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡
considered very suitable for this work. At this stage,
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ ’‘™†‡”•  ˆ”‘ ͭ ρ –‘
ƒ„‘—–ͪͪρ™ƒ•ƒ••‡••‡†Ǣ–Š—•‘Ž›–Š‡‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡’ƒ”–
10 A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023), 7–14

ƒ„Ž‡ͭǣ ”ƒ˜—”‡ƒ‘†‡‹ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘
 ‘’‘•‹–‹‘  ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘
  –‹˜‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‡ ƒ††‹–‹˜‡ ‹†‡” ȋ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ȀȀ Ȍ
ͩ Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡’‘™†‡”ȋͭρȌ Nanoparticle  ͱͪȀͪȀ ͮ
2 Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡’‘™†‡”ȋͩͨρȌ ƒ”„‘„Žƒ ϐ‹ŽŽ‡”ȋȌ or PVP
3 Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡’‘™†‡”ȋͩͭρȌ
ͬ ƒ‰‡ͫ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡’‘™†‡”ȋͪͪǤͬρȌ

of the ink formulation was changed, and the rest of the
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•Š‡Ž†–Š‡•ƒ‡ȋƒ„Ž‡ͩȌǤ‘Ž‹† ‘–‡–
‘ˆƒŽŽˆ‘—”‹•™ƒ•‡’–ƒ–ͭͨΨǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‹‰Š‡”•‘Ž‹†
content could not be printed uniformly on the designed
•–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ˜—”‡ ’Žƒ–‡Ǥ • ƒ „‹†‡”ǡ —”‡Šƒ ͱͫͨͨ
 ™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ†ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž˜‡–ǡ™ƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥ
Š‡   ‹• ƒ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘Ǧ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡ –Š‡”‘’Žƒ•–‹ 
ϐŽ—‘”‘’‘Ž›‡”Ǥ –‹•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’‘Ž›‡”—•‡†‹ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ-
tions requiring the highest purity as well as resistance
–‘ •‘Ž˜‡–•ǡ ƒ ‹†•ǡ ƒ† Š›†”‘ ƒ”„‘• ™‹–Š ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ –™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•ƒ
known binder for carbon electrodes in supercapacitors
and other electrochemical applications. The NMP was
selected as a solvent for this system because of its high
chemical and thermal stability, and compatibility with
many solvents such as alcohols, ketones, chlorinated
ƒ†ϐŽ—‘”‹ƒ–‡†Š›†”‘ ƒ”„‘•Ǥ
the stress or shear rate is decreased, the viscosity of
polymer suspensions or inks is regained, e.g., when
ink is printed its viscosity increases again, which helps
the ink to set on the substrate and create required
print features. Not all inks set at the same speed. The
speed at which the structure is restored is related to
–Š‹š‘–”‘’›Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ͮ•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‡–‡•–‡†‹•ƒˆ–‡”
increased shear drastically decreased in viscosity, but
after returning to the original shear rate, the viscosity
was regained rather quickly, which shows that all of
–Š‘•‡‹•†‹•’Žƒ›‘Ž›™‡ƒ–Š‹š‘–”‘’‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤŠ‡
Š‹‰Š‡•–˜‹• ‘•‹–›™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ‘”‹™‹–ŠŠ‹Ž‹’•ͭρǡ
™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹•™‹–Šƒ‰‡ͫƒ†Š‹Ž‹’•ͩͭρŠƒ†–Š‡
lowest viscosity. Pseudoplastic behavior of the inks was
‘ϐ‹”‡†‹”‡‰‹‡ of shear rate ‘ˆͨǤͩΫͪͨͨ•Ϋͩ for the
ϐŽ‘™ —”˜‡ǤŽŽ‘ˆ‹•™‡”‡•Š‡ƒ”Ǧ–Š‹‹‰ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͯȌǤ
5 m
10 m
15 m
Mage 3

‹‰—”‡ͲǣŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›–‡•–‹‰‘ˆ ‹•™‹–Š‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹œ‡ͱμm to ͮͮǤͰμmƒ†•‘Ž‹† ‘–‡–‘ˆͱͬάǢ
–‡•–‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ͬǤͭ•ίͭ ՜ͮͬͬ•ίͭ ՜ͬǤͭ•ίͭ™‡”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†
ˆ‘”–Š‹š‘–”‘’‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”–‡•–‹‰
‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹• ™‡”‡ –‡•–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ”Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ȋ ‹‰—”‡•ͮƒ†ͯȌǤ‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ’‘Ž›‡”•—•-
pensions usually increases with increased degree of
polymerization, and higher solids content. At certain
composition, its viscosity is reduced by increasing the
applied shear rate, because the bonds between the
’‘Ž›‡” Šƒ‹•ƒ”‡„”‘‡ȋ”‹ƒ–ƒϐ‹ŽŽ‘’‘—Ž‘•ǡͩͱͰͰȌǤ
Tendency of ink to lose viscosity when stirred is called
pseudoplasticity. This property favors the ink in the
‘‡–‘ˆ’”‹–‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–ϐŽ‘™•‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ǤŠ‡
‹‰—”‡ ͳǣ ‹• ‘•‹–› Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ   ‹• ™‹–Š ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹œ‡‘ˆͱμm to ͮͮǤͰμmƒ†•‘Ž‹† ‘–‡–‘ˆͱͬ ά
™‹–Š•Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡Ǣ•Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡‘ˆͬǤͭȂͭͬͬ•ίͭ™ƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†
ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹• ™‡”‡ ’”‹–‡† ‘ ƒ  ‰”ƒ˜—”‡
Ǧ’”‘‘ˆ‡” ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͩȌǡ ƒ† –Š‡•‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–•
•Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ ’‘™†‡” ™‹–Š ͭ
ρ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •‹œ‡ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† –Š‡ „‡•– ’”‹– “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ Š‡
”‡ƒ•‘ ƒ› „‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ͭ ρm graphite particle size
‘—Ž††‡’‘•‹––Š‡‹ϐ‹Ž™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡•–’”‹ƒ”›’‘”‘•-
‹–›ƒ†–Š‡„‡•–‹ϐ‹Ž‹–‡‰”‹–›ǤŽ•‘ǡͭρm particle
size of graphite probably enables easiest ink release
ˆ”‘‰”ƒ˜—”‡‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ””‹‡”Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡƒŽŽƒ’’Ž‹‡† 
inks seem to have too high viscosity for rotogravure
’”‹–‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™‡™ƒ–‡†–‘‡š’‡”‹‡–
A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023), 7–14 11

‹‰—”‡ʹǣ ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‹–‡†‘Ǧ‹ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ȋŠ‘Ž‡•ȌͱͬͬυȋƒȌǡƒ†ͭ ͬͬͬυȋ„Ȍ

™‹–Š‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ͱυƒ†ͱȀȀ‹ȋƒƒ†„ȌǢ
ƒ†ͭ ͬͬͬυŠ‘Ž‡•’”‹–‡†™‹–ŠͱȀȀǦ —”‡Šƒ͵ͭͬͬȋ Ȍƒ†ͱȀȀǦ —”‡Šƒ͵ͯͬͬȋ†Ȍ

with lower ink viscosity, for which a new PVP resin at
ͩͨ ͨͨͨ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–™ƒ•–‡•–‡†–‘†‹•’‡”•‡‰”ƒ’Š-
‹–‡ƒ†ƒ‘ ƒ”„‘ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ •™‹–ŠͫͨΫͯͪ
Ψ•‘Ž‹†•™‡”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡ˆ”‘Š‹Ž‹’•
ȋͭȌ ™‹–Š •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ ͭ ‹ ”‘•ǡ ƒ† ‘†— –‹˜‡ ϐ‹ŽŽ‡” 
ͬͬͨͨ™‹–Š–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‰”‡†‹‡–•Š‹Ž‹’•ͭǡͬͬͨͨ
ƒ†‘ˆͰͨȀͭȀͩͭǤ•ƒ•‘Ž˜‡–ǡ‡–Šƒ‘Ž‘”™‡”‡
—•‡†Ǥ–Šƒ‘Ž™ƒ•‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‰–‘‘ˆƒ•–ǡ–Š—•™ƒ•
chosen as a more suitable solvent. The average surface
–‡•‹‘‘ˆ‹™‹–ŠͯͨΨ•‘Ž‹†•™ƒ•ͫͱǤͬȀ
and average contact angle with copper surface was
ͬͨǤͰ°ȋ†ƒ–ƒ‘–•Š‘™ȌǤ–ͯͨΨ•‘Ž‹†•ǡ‹Žƒ›‡”•™‡”‡
ͪͭΫͪͯ ρ –Š‹  ™‹–Š ƒ•• Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ͪǤͩΫͪǤͭ ‰Ȁ ͪ
ȋ†ƒ–ƒ‘–•Š‘™ȌǤ‹••Š‘™‡†‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–†‹•’‡”•-
ing characteristics and improved print quality when
‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š ‹’”‹–•Ǥ
”‹–‡† ‹• ™‹–Š  ”‡•‹ ƒ”‡ •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡• Ͱƒ
ƒ†Ͱ„Ǥ ”ƒ˜—”‡’”‹–•™‹–Šƒ•ƒ•‘Ž˜‡–™‡”‡‡ƒ•-
ier to work with than using inks with water or ethanol
as a solvent. Designed circular holes with diameter of
ͩ ͨͨͨρ™‡”‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹’”‹–‡† ‹” Ž‡•‘ˆͰͬͮ ά ʹͲ
ρ ‹ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ͷͲͲ ρ circular holes were
’”‹–‡†™‹–Šͪͩͱ ά ͳͳρ†‹ƒ‡–‡”, smaller than those
•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͫȋ ‹‰—”‡•Ͱƒƒ†Ͱ„ȌǤ”‹ƒ”›’‘”‘•-
ity of printed electrodes mostly depends on different
particle sizes of active material, in our case graphite of
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •‹œ‡• ‘ˆ ͭΫͩͭ ρ. Designed circular
holes, or nonimage areas are responsible for secondary
porosity.
”‹–‡†‹ϐ‹Ž•‘ ‘’’‡”ˆ‘‹Ž™‡”‡—•‡†–‘ ‘•–”— –
ŠƒŽˆ ‘‹ ‡ŽŽ•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‰—”‡ͬǤ ƒŽˆ ‡ŽŽ•™‡”‡—•‡†
–‘ƒ••‡••”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡Ȁ‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ’”‹–‡†ƒ‘†‡•Ǥ ””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ž‘••‘ˆŠƒŽˆ ‘‹
cells made with PVP inks was too high and half cells did
‘–Šƒ˜‡•—ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–Š‡
‡š–•–‡’™ƒ•‹š‡†™‹–Š Ȃ—”‡Šƒͱͩͨͨ‘”
—”‡Šƒͱͫͨͨƒ†ŠƒŽˆ ‡ŽŽ•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ǤŠ‡ϐ‹”•–
ƒ––‡’–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‹š‹‰—”‡Šƒƒ†”‡•‹•‹•
’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ•‘ˆƒ”ͪ ǣ ͩ”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•–‡•–‡†ǡƒ†‹•‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†
—‹ˆ‘”’”‹–•ǤŠ‡‹”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ ™ƒ•
–‡•–‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͱȌǤ •™‡”‡„ƒ” ‘ƒ–‡†ǡ‘–‰”ƒ-
vure printed to ensure higher thickness of layers than
what was possible to achieve with gravure printing.
‹‰—”‡ͱ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š ‹‰—”‡ͭǤ
”‘ ‹‰—”‡•ͩͨƒ†ͩͩǡ‹– ƒ„‡•‡‡–Šƒ–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡
‘ˆ ‹š‡† Ȁ  ‹• ™ƒ• ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡† ‘-
’ƒ”‡† –‘  ‘”   ƒŽ‘‡ǡ ƒ† ‹š‡† Ȁ 
achieved actually better performance and suffered
ˆ”‘Ž‡•• –Šƒ‹•ƒ†‡™‹–Š•‘Ž‡—”‡Šƒͱͩͨͨ‘”
ͱͫͨͨǤŠ‡‹•‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–†‹•’‡”•‹‰
properties. The macromolecule of PVP contains strong
’‘Žƒ” Žƒ –ƒ Š›†”‘’Š‹Ž‹  ‰”‘—’• ƒ† Ϋ Ž‘‰Ǧ Šƒ‹
lipophilic groups, which can be well compatible with
a variety of solvents and can be coated on the surface
of particles to form a good dispersion effect through
•–‡”‹ Š‹†”ƒ ‡Ǥ –”‘†— ‹‰ǡƒ’‘Ž›‡”™‹–Šƒ
amphiphilic structure, onto the surface of graphite
ƒ •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ †‹•’‡”•‹‘ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
12 A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023), 7–14
‹‰—”‡͵ǣ ””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ž‘••
‘ˆŠƒŽˆ ‡ŽŽ™‹–Šƒ‘†‡‹ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘
ͱȀȀȋή ͵ͭͬͬȌεʹͬȀͱȀȋͱήͭͬȌǢ
ƒ••Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ǣηͱǤͮͲ‰Ȁ ͮǡ’‘”‘•‹–›ǣ̵ͯͱά
‹‰—”‡ͭͬǣ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆŠƒŽˆǦ ‡ŽŽ„ƒ––‡”›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡
ȋƒ• Ȍ™‹–Š”‡•‹•ǣ•‘Ž‡ǡ–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ•‘Ž‡
ƒ†–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆȀ
‹‰—”‡ͭͭǣƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ„ƒ” ‘ƒ–‡†•ƒ’Ž‡•Ǣ–‡•–
‘†‹–‹‘•ǡˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣͬǤͬͭȂͭǤͱǡΰͬǤͭ
of graphite in water, or organic solvents. Therefore, PVP
can be used as dispersant for Li-ion battery electrode
‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡” ‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋ‘ŽŽ‡ǡͪͨͪͩǢ‹ǡ
ͪͨͪͪȌǤŠ‹•‹•‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ–‡Šƒ ‡•
–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ’”‹–‡†ƒ‘†‡•‹‹š‡†
Ȁ  ‹•Ǥ  ™‹–Š ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– ƒ”‘—†
ͩͨ ͨͨͨ ”‡ƒ–‡• Ž‘™ ˜‹• ‘•‹–› †‹•’‡”•‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ
be suitable for gravure printing, but as a sole binder it
†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡•—ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‡‡†‡†
ˆ‘” „ƒ––‡”› ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡Ǥ   Šƒ• Žƒ”‰‡ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”
™‡‹‰Š– ȋͭͨͨ ͨͨͨΫͩ ͨͨͨ ͨͨͨȌ ƒ† ‹–• ƒ ”‘‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•
create highly viscous dispersions, suited better for
screen printing than for gravure printing.
‡•‹†‡•‘’–‹‹œ‡†˜‹• ‘•‹–›ǡ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽƒ††‹•’‡”•-
‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ‹š‡†Ȁ •—•’‡•‹‘•‡šŠ‹„‹–
‹–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ„‡‡ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡†‡Ž‡ –”‹-
ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡–™‘„‹†‡”•ƒ† 
ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͩͪȌ™‡”‡‹š‡†ƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͬǣͩƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™‡†
–‘ •–ƒ† ˆ‘” ͨΫͪͬ Š‘—”•ǡ ‘„˜‹‘—• †ƒ”‡‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”
™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡‹š–—”‡•Ǥ
&DUERQ\OJURXS Methylene group
H F
1 2
C C
Q
H F n
ƒȌ          „Ȍ
‹‰—”‡ͭͮǣ ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ”„‘›Ž‰”‘—’
‘ˆȋƒȌƒ†‡–Š›Ž‡‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ ȋ„Ȍ





‹‰—”‡ͭͯǣ  •’‡ –”ƒ‘ˆή—”‡Šƒ͵ͭͬͬȋƒȌǡ
ȋ„Ȍǡƒ†—”‡Šƒ͵ͭͬͬȋ Ȍ
A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023), 7–14 13

  ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‹š–—”‡• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†
what may be contributing to color change and change
‹ ‹ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ ‹†‡”• ™‡”‡ †”‹‡†
ƒ† ‰”‘—†ǡ ƒ†   ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ˆ”‘ ͭͨͨ ίͩ
–‘ͬ ͨͨͨ ίͩ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͩͫȌǤŠ‡  •’‡ –”—•Š‘™‡†
„”‘ƒ†‡‹‰‘ˆΫ ‰”‘—’•ƒ–ͫ ͬͫͬ ίͩǡƒ†ͫ ͬͪͮ ίͩ
™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž† ‘ —” †—‡ –‘ •–”‡– Š‹‰ ‘ˆ Ϋ  „‘†•Ǥ
–”‡– Š‹‰‘ˆΫ ‰”‘—’•ƒ–ͫ ͨͨͨ ίͩ and C=O group
ƒ–ͩ ͮͭͪ ίͩ was also observed, which strongly suggests
the formation of hydrogen bonds between C=O groups
‘ˆƒ†‡–Š›Ž‡‡‰”‘—’•‘ˆ ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͩͪȌǡ
which could lead to improved electrical performance of
’”‹–‡†ƒ‘†‡•Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ‘” 
—”‡Šƒͱͩͨͨƒ†—”‡Šƒͱͫͨͨ‹–Š‡‹š–—”‡™‹–ŠǤ
ͬǤ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•
Gravure inks for battery anodes were formulated and
’”‹–‡† ‘ ƒ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› Ǧ’”‘‘ˆ‡” ™‹–Š ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”›
‡‰”ƒ˜‹‰Ǥ – ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –Šƒ–  ‹• •Š‘™‡† ‰‘‘†
printability, but poor battery performance. Using
‹š‡† Ȁ  ͱͫͨͨ ‘” Ȁ  ͱͩͨͨ „‹†‡”
combination could effectively improve battery perfor-
ƒ ‡™‹–Š‘—–•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–Ž›•ƒ ”‹ϐ‹ ‹‰–Š‡’”‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
”‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡•Šƒ˜‹‰’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹œ‡•„‡–™‡‡
ͭρ–‘ͪͪǤͬρǡ‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡™‹–Šͭρ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹œ‡™ƒ•
–Š‡‘•–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‰”ƒ˜—”‡’”‹–‹‰ǤŠ‡ ‹•
—†‡” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ‡—”‡Šƒͱͩͨͨ‘”ͱͫͨͨ™‹–Š
•‘Ž˜‡– •Š‘™‡† „‡•– •’‡ ‹ϐ‹  ƒ’ƒ ‹–› †—”‹‰ –Š”‡‡
Šƒ”‰‹‰Ȁ†‹• Šƒ”‰‹‰ › Ž‡•ǡƒ† ™ƒ•‡˜‡Ž‘™‡”
™Š‡ –Š‡•‡   ’‘Ž›‡”• ™‡”‡ ‹š‡† ™‹–Š Ǥ
Š‡  •–—†›•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‡–Š›Ž‡‡‰”‘—’ȋΫ ͪ)
and carbonyl groups (C=O) demonstrated lower
–”ƒ•‹––ƒ ‡ ƒ† Ϋ  ‰”‘—’• •Š‘™‡† •–”‡– Š‹‰Ǥ
This clearly suggests the formation of hydrogen
„‘†•Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ Š›†”‘‰‡ „‘†• ˆ‘”‡† „‡–™‡‡
the methylene groups and carbonyl groups could be
ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ˆƒ –‘”–‘–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ ‹‹š‡†
binder printed anodes.

 ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–

Š‹•™‘”™ƒ•ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡„›ˆ—†‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š†˜ƒ ‡†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ˆϐ‹ ‡ȋǦͨͨͨͱͩͩͩȌ„›—Ǥǡ‡–ƒŽǤǣ

ƒ„Ž‹‰†˜ƒ ‡†Ž‡ –”‘†‡” Š‹–‡ –—”‡–Š”‘—‰Š”‹–‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ”‘˜‹ ‘˜ƒǤǣ  Ǧ   ”ƒ˜—”‡ƒ›ͪͨͪͩ‰”ƒ–Ǥ

‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•

”†—‹‹ǡ Ǥǡ ‘‰ƒ‹‰Ž‹‘ǡǤǡ‘• ‘‡ǡǤƒ†ƒŽŽ‡• Š‹ǡ ǤǡͪͨͩͮǤŽ‡ –”‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ„‹‘•‡•‘”•ˆ‘” Š‡‹ ƒŽ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡
ƒ‰‡–•Ǥ ǣǤǤ‹‘Ž‡Ž‹•ƒ† ǤǦǤ‹‘Ž‡Ž‹ǡ‡†•Ǥ‹‘•‡•‘”•ˆ‘”•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†„‹‘–‡””‘”‹•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠƒǡ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†ǣ
’”‹‰‡”ǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͨͯȀͱͯͰǦͫǦͫͩͱǦͪͰͱͪͮǦ̴ͯͮǤ
‹• ƒ›ǡ Ǥǡ Š‘—ϐ‹ǡǤƒ†ƒŽˆ”‡›–ǡǤǡͪͨͩͩǤ—”ˆƒ ‡–‡•‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǦƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž‹š–—”‡•ˆ”‘‘–‡ƒ”Ž‘•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‡‹ ƒŽŠ›•‹ •ǡͩͫͬȋͬȌǣͨͬͬͯͨͱǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͮͫȀͩǤͫͭͬͬͱͪͮǤ
‘ŽŽ‡ǡǤǡ‰ˆƒǦ ‡˜ƒ‡”–ǤǡͪͨͪͩǤ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ƒ‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡†‹•’‡”•‹‘Ǥƒ–ǤͫͪͰͯͬͱͱͩǤ
”‡••‡”ǡǤǡ—‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ Ǥǡ ‹‡†Ž‡”ǡǤǡ”—‡‰‡”ǡǤǡŽ‘‡’• ŠǡǤǡƒ‹–Š‡”ǡǤǡ‹–‡”ǡǤǡƒ‹ŽŽƒ”†ǡǤƒ†ƒ••‡”‹‹ǡǤǡͪͨͩͫǤ
”ƒ•‹–‹‘Ǧ‡–ƒŽǦ†‘’‡†œ‹ ‘š‹†‡ƒ‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ•ƒ‡™Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ‹‘ƒ‘†‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡‹•–”›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡͪͭȋͪͬȌǡ
’’ǤͬͱͯͯΫͬͱͰͭǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͪͩȀ ͬͨͫͬͬͫ–Ǥ
‘•–ƒǡǤǤǡ ‘­ƒŽ˜‡•ǡǤƒ†ƒ ‡”‘•Ǧ±†‡œǡǤǡͪͨͪͨǤ‡ ‡–ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹’”‹–‡†„ƒ––‡”‹‡•Ǥ
‡”‰›–‘”ƒ‰‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡͪͰǡ’’ǤͪͩͮΫͪͫͬǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͩͮȀŒǤ‡•ǤͪͨͪͨǤͨͫǤͨͩͪǤ
ƒ‹ǡ ǤǤǤǤǡƒŽƒ‹ƒ’’ƒǡǤǡƒ††‹’ƒ–ŽƒǡǤǡƒœ—‹ǡǤ Ǥǡ—ǡǤƒ†–ƒ•Š„ƒ”ǡǤǤǡͪͨͪͪǤ‘˜‡ŽŽƒ•‡”’ƒ––‡”‡†
‡‡„ƒ•‡†ƒ‘†‡•ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆƒ•– Šƒ”‰‹‰‹Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”‹‡•Ǥ ǣͮͬͮͮ ‡•‘”•ǤƒŽŽƒ•ǡǡǡ
ͫͨ –‘„‡”Ȃͪ‘˜‡„‡”ͪͨͪͪǤ ǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͩͨͱȀͭͪͩͯͭǤͪͨͪͪǤͱͱͮͯͪͰͨǤ
ü„‡”ǡ Ǥǡ”‡„•ǡǤǡƒ••‡ǡǤƒ†‹ŽŽˆƒŠ”–ǡǤǡͪͨͩͭǤ”‹–‡†„ƒ––‡”‹‡•ǡ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǡ•–ƒ–—•ǡ”‡ ‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡˆ—–—”‡
’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ ǣǤ ƒ‡ǡ‡†Ǥ†˜ƒ ‡•‹”‹–‹‰ƒ†‡†‹ƒ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡Ͱͮnd –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” Š
‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹Ǥ ‡Ž•‹‹ǡ ‹Žƒ†ǡͮΫͱ‡’–‡„‡”ͪͨͩͭǤƒ”•–ƒ†–ǣ‹ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹Ǥ
ü„‡”ǡ Ǥǡ”‡„‡•ǡǤǡ‹”•–‡ƒǡǤƒ†‘Ž‡•‘˜ƒǡǤǡͪͨͪͪǤ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡ –”‘Ž›–‡ˆ‘”’”‹–‡†„ƒ––‡”‹‡•Ǥ ǣǤ‹†‰™ƒ›ǡ‡†Ǥ
†˜ƒ ‡•‹”‹–‹‰ƒ†‡†‹ƒ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡Ͱʹth –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹Ǥ
”‡‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡǡǡͩͰΫͪͩ‡’–‡„‡”ͪͨͪͪǤƒ”•–ƒ†–ǣ‹ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹ǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͬͮͪͪȀ†˜ƒ ‡•̴ͬͰ̴̴ͪͨͪͪͩͬǤ
ƒ•‡ǡǤǡ—Ž‘’ǡǤǡ‘Žœ‹ǡǤƒ†”ƒ•ǡǤǡͪͨͩͰǤ‡ŽŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ‘†‡Ž‹‰ǡƒ†’”‘–‘–›’‹‰ȋȌˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡
ƒ† ‡ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ‘”ˆƒ•– Šƒ”‰‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǣͫͯͩǤ ǣͮͬͭʹ‡Š‹ Ž‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆϔ‹ ‡—ƒŽ‡”‹–‡˜‹‡™.
”Ž‹‰–‘ǡǡͩͰΫͪͩ —‡ͪͨͩͰǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǣ ‡Š‹ Ž‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆϐ‹ ‡Ǥ
ŠƒǡǤǡ‘”‡œ‡ŽŽ‹ǡǤƒ†ƒŠ‹›ƒǡǤǤǡͪͨͩͭǤ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”’”‹–‹‰•‡•‘”•ƒ†‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ •‘˜‡”Žƒ”‰‡ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡
•—„•–”ƒ–‡•ǣƒ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ ‡•‘”• ‘—”ƒŽǡͩͭȋͮȌǡ’’ǤͫͩͮͬΫͫͩͰͭǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͩͨͱȀ ǤͪͨͩͬǤͪͫͯͭͪͨͫǤ
14 A. Pekarovicova, et al. – J. Print Media Technol. Res. – Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023), 7–14

‹ǡ ǤǦǤǡ‘ǡǤǡ‘‘ǡǤǦ Ǥǡ —‰ǡǤǤǡƒ˜—œǡǤǤǡ‹ǡǤǦ ǤǡŠ‘‹ǡ ǤǦǤǡ‘‰ǡ ǤǤƒ†Š‘‹ǡ ǤǤǡͪͨͩͭǤŠƒŽˆ‹ŽŽ‹‡–‡”–Š‹ 

‘’Žƒƒ”ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡„ƒ––‡”›™‹–Š™‹”‡Ž‡••”‡ Šƒ”‰‹‰ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥƒ‘‡––‡”•ǡͩͭȋͬȌǡ’’ǤͪͫͭͨȂͪͫͭͯǤ
Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͪͩȀŽͭͨͬͭͰͩͬǤ
ƒ ‡”‘•Ǧ±†‡œǡǤƒ†‘•–ƒǡǤǤ‡†•ǤǡͪͨͩͰǤ”‹–‡†„ƒ––‡”‹‡•ǣƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘„‘‡ǡ
 ǣ ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•Ǥ
‹ǡǤǡͪͨͪͪǤ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–Š‹—„ƒ––‡”›‹†—•–”›Ǥȏ‘Ž‹‡Ȑ› ‘”—‡”‰›Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’•ǣȀȀ
™™™Ǥ–ƒ‘ƒ„ƒ––‡”›Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ‘ˆǦ’˜’Ǧ†‹•’‡”•ƒ–Ǧ‹ǦŽ‹–Š‹—Ǧ„ƒ––‡”›Ǧ‹†—•–”›Ȁεȏ ‡••‡† ƒ—ƒ”›ͪͨͪͪȐǤ
Libich, J., Máca, J., Vondrák, J., ,‡ ŠǡǤƒ†‡†ŽƒâÀ‘˜žǡǤǡͪͨͩͯǤ ””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ†”ƒ–‡Ǧ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
of lithium-ion negative electrode based on natural graphite, ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‰›–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡͩͬȋͫȌǡ’’ǤͫͰͫΫͫͱͨǤ
Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͩͮȀŒǤ‡•–ǤͪͨͩͯǤͨͫǤͨͩͯǤ
‹Œƒ‹Ž‘˜‹ ǡǤǡƒ‰ǡ Ǥǡ‹ǡǤǡƒ‰ǡ Ǥǡ—ǡǤǡ—ǡǤƒ†Š‡Ž†‘ǡǤǤǡͪͨͪͩǤ—ƒ–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ”‡ƒ –‹‘
inhomogeneity on optimizing capacity and reducing lithium plating in conventional and architectured electrodes during
ˆƒ•– Šƒ”‰‹‰Ǥ ǣ ͮͬͮͭ ƒŽŽ‡‡–‹‰ƬšŠ‹„‹–ǣ  ͬͭǤ‘•–‘ǡǡǡͫͨ‘˜‡„‡”Ȃͯ‡ ‡„‡”ͪͨͪͩǤ
Materials Research Society.
‘–ƒ‹‘ǡǤǡ‹ ‘ǡ Ǥǡ‡ ‹”‘Žƒ‘‡Žƒ—”‘ǡǤǡ•‡„ƒ—‡”ǡ Ǥǡ‹†‡”ǡ ǤǤǡ”‡••‡”ǡǤƒ†ƒ••‡”‹‹ǤǡͪͨͪͩǤ ”ƒ˜—”‡Ǧ
’”‹–‡† ‘˜‡”•‹‘ȀƒŽŽ‘›‹‰ƒ‘†‡•ˆ‘”Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”‹‡•Ǥ‡”‰›‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡͱȋͱȌǣͪͩͨͨͫͩͭǤ
Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͨͪȀ‡–‡ǤͪͨͪͩͨͨͫͩͭǤ
ƒŽƒ‹ƒ’’ƒǡǤǡƒ††‹’ƒ–ŽƒǡǤǡŠƒ†‹ǡǤǡƒ‹ǡ ǤǤǤǡƒ‰ǡ Ǥǡ ƒ•‘ǡǤǡƒ”ƒƒ–Š—ǡǤǤǡƒœ—‹ǡǤǡ—ǡǤƒ†
–ƒ•Š„ƒ”ǡǤǡͪͨͪͪǤ ’”‘˜‹‰”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ —”ƒ ›‘ˆ—Ž–‹Žƒ›‡”• ”‡‡Ǧ’”‹–‡†‰”ƒ’Š‹–‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•™‹–Š•‡ ‘†ƒ”›
’‘”‡‡–™‘”•ˆ‘”ˆƒ•– Šƒ”‰‹‰Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”‹‡•Ǥ ǣͮͬͮͮ  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ Ž‡š‹„Ž‡ƒ†”‹–ƒ„Ž‡
‡•‘”•ƒ†›•–‡•ȋ ȌǤ‹‡ƒǡ—•–”‹ƒǡͩͨΫͩͫ —Ž›ͪͨͪͪǤ ǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͩͨͱȀ ͭͫͯͮͬǤͪͨͪͪǤͱͯͰͩͭͩͱǤ
ƒ••‡ǡǤǡ–‡‹‡”ǡǤǡ ‡””‡„ƒ—‡”ǡǤƒ†Žƒ›’‘Ž‡ǡǤǤǡͪͨͩͱǤŠ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ƒŽ‡†‡”‹‰‘–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ
ˆ—ŽŽ›’”‹–‡†ȁͪ batteries. Ž‡š‹„Ž‡ƒ†”‹–‡†Ž‡ –”‘‹ •ǡͬȋͫȌǣͨͫͭͨͨͫǤ
Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͰͰȀͪͨͭͰǦͰͭͰͭȀƒ„ͫͰ‡ͪǤ
ސ†‡”‰ƒƒ”†ǡǤǤǡ ڕ‡ŽǡǤƒ†”‡„•ǡ ǤǤǡͪͨͩͫǤ‘ŽŽǦ–‘Ǧ”‘ŽŽˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‘Ž›‡” ‹‡ ‡ƒ”–ǣ‘Ž›‡”Š›•‹ •ǡͭͩȋͩȌǡ’’ǤͩͮΫͫͬǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͨͪȀ’‘Ž„ǤͪͫͩͱͪǤ
”‹ƒ–ƒϐ‹ŽŽ‘’‘—Ž‘•ǡǤǡͩͱͰͰǤ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆϔŽ—‹†”Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”Š‡‘‰”ƒ•Ǥͪnd‡†Ǥȏ’†ˆȐƒŽ–‡  ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ǡ
 Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒŽ–‡ • ‹Ǥ ‘Ȁ”Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ’†ˆεȏ ‡••‡† ƒ—ƒ”›ͪͨͪͪȐǤ
‹ ‘ƒ–‡‘ǡ Ǥǡƒ––Š‡™ǡǤǡ‡ƒ”‘˜‹ ‘˜ƒǡǤƒ† Ž‡‹‰ǡǤǤǡͪͨͪͪǤ •ˆ‘”‹Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”›ƒ‘†‡•’”‹–‡†„›
”‘–‘‰”ƒ˜—”‡Ǥ ǣǤ‹†‰™ƒ›ǡ‡†Ǥ†˜ƒ ‡•‹”‹–‹‰ƒ†‡†‹ƒ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡Ͱʹth –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹Ǥ ”‡‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡǡǡͩͰΫͪͩ‡’–‡„‡”ͪͨͪͪǤƒ”•–ƒ†–ǣ‹ƒ”‹‰ƒ‹Ǥ
Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͬͮͪͪȀ†˜ƒ ‡•̴ͬͰ̴̴ͪͨͪͪͨͬǤ
‹ŽŽ‡”–ǡǤǡ‡—•‡”ǡǤƒ†ƒ—ƒǡǤǤǡͪͨͩͰǤ”‹–‡†„ƒ––‡”‹‡•ƒ† ‘†— –‹˜‡’ƒ––‡”•‹–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ–‡š–‹Ž‡•Ǥ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡
‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ’’Ž‹‡†Š›•‹ •ǡͭͯȋͭȌǣͨͭ ͨͪǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͯͭͮͯȀ ǤͭͯǤͨͭ ͨͪǤ
—ǡǤǡ —‘ǡǤǡ‡‰ǡǤǡ—ǡ Ǥǡƒ‰ǡ Ǥƒ†ƒ‹ǡ ǤǡͪͨͪͪǤ ”ƒ’Š‡‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”›ƒ‘†‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†„›‡ Šƒ‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ„ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǣƒ”‡˜‹‡™ƒ†’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ‘’‘•‹–‡•ƒ”–, ‰‹‡‡”‹‰,
ͪͬͮǣͩͩͨͪͫͪǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͩͮȀŒǤ ‘’‘•‹–‡•„ǤͪͨͪͪǤͩͩͨͪͫͪǤ
Šƒ‘ǡǤƒ†—ǡ ǤǡͪͨͩͱǤ‘‘Ž‹–Š‹ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡Ž‹–Š‹—Ǧ‹‘„ƒ––‡”›‘ƒ’Žƒ•–‹ •—„•–”ƒ–‡„›’”‹–‹‰
methods. ƒ‘‡•‡ƒ” Š,ͩͪȋͩͨȌǡ’’ǤͪͬͯͯȂͪͬͰͬǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͩͨǤͩͨͨͯȀ•ͩͪͪͯͬǦͨͩͱǦͪͬͯͩǦœǤ