Mathematics C Standard Term 2

Lecture 26

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Syllabus Reference: 11-8

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION is a method which allows complex integrals to be changed to

simpler form or non standard integrals to be changed to standard form.

Indefinite Integrals using Substitution

 You will be given the substitution u  g ( x ).

du
 Determine and hence write du  g ( x ) dx .
dx
 Rewrite the integral completely in terms of the variable u.
 Use the standard integrals to find the integral in terms of u.
 Replace u by g ( x ) to obtain the answer in terms of x.

Examples

1.


 2

(a) Perform the integral  4 x 3 x 4  1 dx using the rules of integration.



 2

(b) Perform the integral  4 x 3 x 4  1 dx using the substitution u  x 4  1 .



 x 1
2. Find  dx using the substitution u  3 x 2  6 x  5 .
 3x  6 x  5
3 2

1
ex 1
3. Integrate 2
using the substitution u  .
x x

 dx
4. Find  using the substitution u  ln x .
 xln x 
3

 x
5. Find  dx using the substitution u  1  x .
 x 1
 Definite Integrals using Substitution

 The terminals on the integral must be changed in a manner defined by the substitution.

 There is no need to change back to the original variable after integrating as the terminals
are now values of the new variable.

Examples

1
 x2
6. Evaluate  2 dx using the substitution u  x 2  4 x  5 .
0 x  4 x  5

1

Evaluate  x1  x  dx using the substitution u  1  x .
9
7.

0

ln 3
 ex
8. Evaluate  dx using the substitution u  e x .
x
0 1 e

u3 1
9. (a) Show that  u 2  u 1 .
u 1 u 1
1
x
(b) Hence, evaluate 
 dx using the substitution x  u 2
0 1  x

Note: In 9(b) the given substitution allows more than one value of the new variable when the terminal
x  1 is substituted. In these cases we always use positive square roots.

Extra Question for the Tutorial

10. A bottle shop owner can supply between 6 and 15 bottles of Superior Vintage Champagne per
week for sale to willing customers. He find that when he charges $p for a bottle then the
demand is x bottles per week and the rate of change of price with respect to demand is
3x  6
 .
2 x3
Also when he charges $82 the demand is 6 bottles per week.

(a) Use the substitution u  x  3 to show that p ( x)  100  x x  3 .

(b) Hence find the price he should charge to increase the demand to a dozen bottles
per week.

Suggested Exercises: Learning Guide Ex11-8 Sets 1 & 2

1 5 1 5
Selected Answers 6. ln( ) 7. 8. 4  2 2 9. (b)  2 ln 2 10. (b) $53.52
2 2 110 3