NBI_KMK 2021

Characteristics of nerve impulse

Coordination
10.1 NERVOUS SYSTEM Stimulation

All-or-nothing event

Refractory period

Speed of conduction

Structure of synapse
The small gap between the terminal end of a
neuron and another cell

1. Resting state
2. Depolarization Presynaptic neurons: carry
3. Rising phase of impulses to the synapse
action potential
4. Repolarization/
Falling phase of
action potential
Postsynaptic neurons: carry impulses away
5. Undershoot/
from the synapse
Hyperpolarization
 NBI_KMK 2021

Coordination
Synaptic transmission 10.1 NERVOUS SYSTEM Action of drugs (cocaine) on the
across synapses nervous system.

Action potential , depolarizing the presynaptic membrane ----

opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels --- influx of Ca2+ into the
Acts as a stimulant ---- Affects the brain’s limbic system ----
synaptic knob ----- synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic
- blocks the reabsorption of dopamine back into the
membrane ----Neurotransmitter released into the synaptic
presynaptic membranes ---- dopamine stays in synaptic
cleft by exocytosis ---- Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor Transmission of impulse across
clefts, continually binds to the receptors in postsynaptic
--- triggers opening of ligand-gated ion channels --- influx of synapse and along the axon membrane---- Depolarization occurs repeatedly which
Na+ depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
result in continuous impulse transmission
Synapse Axon
Impulse is chemically transmitted Impulse is electrically transmitted
Involves the neurotransmitter substances No neurotransmitter substances are involved
Impulse transmission is slower Impulse transmission is very fast
Involves the diffusion of Ca2+ ions into the synaptic knob to activate Ca2+ ions are not involved
the vesicles
The diffusion of Na across the membrane is needed
Transmission of impulse is unidirectional (for chemical synapse)
 NBI_KMK 2021

Acetylcholine released at synaptic terminal Binds to receptor proteins of the ligand

gated ion channel on the motor end plate

Action potential is propagated along plasma

Triggering an action potential in muscle
membrane (sarcolemma) and down T tubules
fiber

Action potential triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Coordination Muscle contraction based on

10.2 MECHANISM OF
Sliding filament theory.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Structure of sarcomere
 NBI_KMK 2021

Coordination
10.3 HORMONES IN
MAMMALS
Coordination Classes of hormones
10.4 PHOTOPERIODISM 1) based on structure:
-Amine (derived from amino acids), Peptide/
Mechanism of Protein and Steroid
2) based on solubility:
hormone reaction - Lipid-soluble hormones: Steroid hormones
Gene Activation - Water-soluble hormones: Non-steroid hormones
Role of phytochrome in the
regulation of flowering. Activation of Second messenger (cAMP)

LONG-DAY PLANT SHORT-DAY PLANT

(longer day, shorter (shorter day, longer
night) night)

PFR PFR
increase decrease

Promotes
Promotes
flowering in
flowering in
SHORT-DAY Steroid hormone binds to a Hormone-receptor complex
LONG-DAY
PLANT receptor in the cytoplasm diffuses into nucleus Hormone- receptor
PLANT Non-steroid hormone
binds to receptor forming complex binds with G
Specific genes undergoes
hormone- receptor protein and G protein
transcription producing Interacts with DNA &
mRNA complex binds to GTP
activate specific genes
cAMP activates variety of Activated G protein
mRNA undergoes translation producing specific protein protein kinases. Activated activates adenylyl cyclase.
protein kinases triggers Activated adenylyl cyclase
enzyme cascade reaction converts ATP into cAMP
producing mRNA