Content

The
 MACTAN ISLAND, PHILIPPINES
Mactan Island, coral
island, central Philippines,
located in the Bohol Strait off
the eastern shore of the island
of Cebu. Rectangular in shape,
the low-lying island
has extensive mangrove
swamps. It protects the harbor Fig. 1.1

MACTAN
of Cebu City. ISLAND,
 LAPU-LAPU CITY
Formerly known as the
Municipality of upon, The City
of Lapu-Lapu was named after
the first Filipino fighter who
successfully defeated the
Spanish invaders in the Battle
of Mactan, which led to the death of the Spanish Leader, Magellan. In the 16th century Mactan
Fig. 1.2
LAPU-
Island was colonized by Spain. Augustinian friars founded the town of upon in 1730 and became
LAPU CITY,
a city in 1961. It was renamed after Datu Lapu-Lapu, the island's chieftain who defeated
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 in the Battle of Mactan, commemorated at the
Lapu-Lapu shrine in Barangay Mactan.
On April 27, 1521, Lapu-Lapu, a native chieftain, successfully repulsed the foreign
invaders in Mactan. He defeated the Spanish troops and killed their leader, Ferdinand Magellan.
Lapu-Lapu City is considered to be part of the Cebu Metropolitan Area and occupies a majority
of the Mactan Island, located off the main island of Cebu. Lapu-Lapu City has a unique
topography as it is separated from the province of Cebu by the Mactan Channel.
1|Page
A PROPOSED MIXED-USE
DEVELOPMENT
Below is a brief timeline of the history of Lapu-Lapu City in order:
1. Pre-Spanish Period: Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the area that is
now Lapu-Lapu City was inhabited by the Cebuano people. Chief among them was Datu
Lapu-Lapu, who was the leader of the island of Mactan.
2. Battle of Mactan: On April 27, 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, leading
a Spanish expedition, landed on Mactan Island in his quest to circumnavigate the globe.
Magellan sought to convert the locals to Christianity and establish Spanish authority.
However, Lapu-Lapu resisted Magellan's efforts and, in the famous Battle of Mactan,
defeated the Spanish forces, resulting in Magellan's death. This event marked the first
recorded resistance to Spanish colonization in the Philippines.
3. Spanish Colonization: After Magellan's death, the Spanish continued their efforts to
colonize the Philippines, eventually succeeding in subjugating the native populations of
Cebu and the surrounding islands.
4. American Period: The Philippines came under American rule after the Spanish-
American War in 1898. During this time, Mactan Island and its surrounding areas
developed economically and politically.
5. World War II: During World War II, Mactan Island played a significant role in the
Philippines' resistance to Japanese occupation. American and Filipino forces established a
defensive position on the island, which saw action in the early stages of the war.
6. Cityhood: Lapu-Lapu City was officially established as a chartered city on June 17,
1961. It was named in honor of Datu Lapu-Lapu, who symbolizes resistance and bravery
against foreign rule.
7. Economic Development: Lapu-Lapu City, particularly the island of Mactan, has become
a major economic and industrial hub in the Philippines. It is known for its tourism
industry, export processing zones, and the Mactan-Cebu International Airport.
8. Modern Development: In recent years, Lapu-Lapu City has experienced significant
growth and development, attracting investments in tourism, real estate, and business. It is
2|Page
DEVELOPMENT
also a popular tourist destination due to its beaches, resorts, and historical sites related to
the Battle of Mactan.
Population of the city
Fig. 1.3
POPULATI
ON
Lapu-Lapu City's 2023 population is now estimated at 508,159. In 1950, the population
of Lapu-Lapu City was 46,769. Lapu-Lapu City has grown by 12,493 in the last year, which
represents a 2.52% annual change. These population estimates and projections come from the
latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects.
 PUSOK, LAPU-LAPU CITY, CEBU
Pusok is situated at approximately 10.3246, 123.9744, in the island of Mactan. Elevation
at these coordinates is estimated at 11.2
meters or 36.7 feet above mean sea level.
Pusok is a barangay in the city of Lapu-
Lapu. Its population as determined by the
2020 Census was 32,791. This
represented 6.59% of the total population
of Lapu-Lapu.
Fig. 1.4
PUSOK,
Population by age group LAPU-
3|Page
DEVELOPMENT
According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest population in Pusok is 20
to 24, with 4,553 individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 80 and
over, with 76 individuals.
Combining age groups together, those aged 14 and below, consisting of the young
dependent population which include infants/babies, children and young adolescents/teenagers,
make up an aggregate of 26.42% (7,611). Those aged 15 up to 64, roughly, the economically
active population and actual or potential members of the work force, constitute a total of 71.40%
(20,570). Finally, old dependent population consisting of the senior citizens, those aged 65 and
over, total 2.18% (629) in all.
Age group Population (2015) Age group percentage
Under 1 772 2.68%
1 to 4 2,387 8.29%
5 to 9 2,429 8.43%
10 to 14 2,023 7.02%
15 to 19 2,500 8.68%
20 to 24 4,553 15.80%
25 to 29 4,232 14.69%
30 to 34 2,681 9.31%
35 to 39 2,003 6.95%
40 to 44 1,488 5.16%
45 to 49 1,117 3.88%
50 to 54 812 2.82%
55 to 59 717 2.49%
60 to 64 467 1.62%
65 to 69 321 1.11%
70 to 74 142 0.49%
75 to 79 90 0.31%
4|Page
DEVELOPMENT
Age group Population (2015) Age group percentage
80 and over 76 0.26%
Total 28,810 100.00%
Youth Dependency Ratio: 37
 CULTURE AND TRADITION OF LAPU-LAPU CITY
Cebu, island, central Philippines. It is the center of Visayan-Cebuano culture and has
preserved a strong Spanish tradition in its cultural life. Attracted by the island's focal position,
the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan landed there and converted the ruler and chiefs to
Christianity.
1. The city is known for its colorful festivals and street parties.
Throughout the year, Lapu-Lapu
City celebrates various festivals, adding
vibrancy and excitement to the community.
One such examples is "Rampada" or also
known as "RamPa sa kalsaDa" is one of the
festival of the Historic Resort City of Lapu-
Lapu in Cebu. Lapu-Lapu City counselor

Fig. 1.5
RAMPADA
Harry Radaza proposed this and was later approved by the Lapu-Lapu City officials. The first
FESTIVAL
Rampada festival was held on April 30, 2011 after the Kadaugan sa Mactan reenactment.
Rampada is technically based on the Mar Digras of Brazil in terms of costume and the
beat of music, the only difference is that the story of Rampada of Lapu-Lapu depicts, as it
depicts the story of victory and celebration of the people of Mactan Island headed by the Datu
Lapu-Lapu and his wife Reyna Bulakna from the colonization of the Spaniards.
5|Page
DEVELOPMENT
Lapu-Lapu City celebrates the Kadaugan sa Mactan festival. This annual festival
commemorates the historic victory of Lapu-Lapu over Magellan. It features grand street parades,
cultural performances, and reenactments of the battle.
2. The city is known for its delicious seafood.
Lapu-Lapu City is famous for its fresh catch, including the Lapu-Lapu fish, which is a
popular dish in the region.
3. Lapu-Lapu City is a gateway to
nearby islands.
From Lapu-Lapu City,
visitors can easily access other
beautiful islands in the region, such
as Bohol and Cebu.

Fig. 1.6
LAPU-
4. The city has a strong tradition of boat building.
LAPU CITY
Lapu-Lapu
City is known for its
skilled craftsmen who
build traditional
outrigger boats called
“bangka.”
Fig. 1.7
LAPU-
5. The Lapu-Lapu
LAPU
City Hall is a prominent landmark.
The Lapu-Lapu City Hall is an
architectural masterpiece, reflecting the
city’s progressive development.
"The city’s branding colors
painted on government infrastructure
6|Page
DEVELOPMENT
attribute to the character of the Oponganons as the sky blue color means independent and
trustworthy, yellow means positivity and warm, orange means fun, green means healthy and
INT
balance."
 MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT
Mixed land use development combines residential, commercial, cultural, or institutional
functions into a building, block, or neighborhood. It's usually planned and built in a small, dense
area to increase walkability and cycling.
FIG. 2.1
HAGENMA
Mixed-use development refers to the practice of combining different types of land uses
within a single project or development area. This approach creates vibrant, diverse, and
pedestrian-friendly spaces that often include residential, commercial, recreational, and
sometimes industrial components.
 COMPONENTS OF MIXED-USED DEVELOPMENT
o Type of land use functions that will be mixed (residential, commercial, cultural, and
institutional)
o Amount of density (vertical or horizontal mixed-use style)
o Height and placement of buildings (high-rise or lower-level buildings)
7|Page
DEVELOPMENT
o Transportation considerations: public transit access, walkability, cycling.
 TYPES OF MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT
There are several types of mixed-use developments, each designed to serve various needs
and create specific environments. Here are some common types of mixed-use development:
o Vertical Mixed-Use Development:
In this type, different land uses are
stacked within the same building
or high-rise structure. For example,
a building may have retail or office
spaces on the lower floors and

FIG. 2.2
residential units on the upper floors. MIXED
o Horizontal Mixed-Use Development: In horizontal mixed-use developments, different
land uses are arranged in close
proximity to each other, often within
the same neighborhood or city block.
This can include a combination of
residential, commercial, and
recreational spaces, such as housing
developments with nearby shopping centers orFIG.

parks.
2.3
MIXED
o Commercial-Residential Mixed-
Use Development: This is one of
the most common forms of mixed-
use development. It combines
residential and commercial spaces,
such as apartment complexes or FIG. 2.4 APARTMENT COMPLEX WITH RETAIL AND
MEDICAL OFFICES, KIRKLAND, WASHINGTON
condominiums with ground-level retail
o Live-Work Development: Live-work
developments are designed to allow
8|Page
DEVELOPMENT
people to both live and work in the same space. These developments often include office
or workspace on the lower floors and residential units above, catering to entrepreneurs
and professionals.
o Entertainment Districts: These
developments focus on creating
vibrant, entertainment- focused
environments. They often
include a mix of restaurants,
bars, theaters, concert venues,

FIG. 2.6 ARLINGTON’S ENTERTAINMENT DISTRICT
and residential or hotel accommodations.
o Transit-Oriented Development
(TOD): TODs are often located
near transit hubs, such as train
stations or bus terminals. They
combine residential, commercial,
FIG. 2.7 ROLAND LU & PARTNERS TRANSIT-ORIENTED and sometimes office spaces,
DEVELOPMENT, CHINA
designed to encourage the use of public transportation.
o Resort-Style Mixed-Use
Development: These developments
often incorporate luxury resorts or
hotels with residential components
and recreational amenities like golf
courses, spas, and restaurants.
They aim to provide a complete FIG. 2.8 LUXURY MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT IN CAPE
CORAL, FLORIDA
vacation or leisure experience.
o Educational Mixed-Use
Development: These
9|Page
DEVELOPMENT
developments combine educational facilities, such as universities or colleges, with
residential, retail, and recreational spaces, creating a campus-like environment that
fosters learning and community interaction.
o Medical Mixed-Use Development:
These developments incorporate
healthcare facilities, medical offices,
and residential or senior living
components. They are designed to
provide convenient access to medical
services and housing for patients,

FIG. 2.10 JAKARTA MIXED-USE HOSPITAL
caregivers, and medical professionals.
o Industrial Mixed-Use
Development: This type
combines light industrial or
manufacturing facilities with
commercial or office spaces. It
FIG. 2.11 MIXED-USE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT is designed to enhance
efficiency and reduce commuting for workers.
o Cultural and Arts Districts: These
mixed-use developments often
include museums, art galleries,
theaters, and performance spaces
alongside residential and retail
components, promoting a rich FIG. 2.12 RINO STREETSCAPE DESIGN, DENVER

ARTS DISTRICT
cultural and artistic atmosphere.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
10 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o Zoning and Regulations: Understanding local zoning laws and regulations is crucial.
Comply with zoning ordinances and land-use codes to ensure your mixed-use
development is legally permissible in the chosen location.
o Site Selection: Choose a location that has the potential to attract residents, tenants, and
customers. Consider proximity to transportation hubs, schools, parks, and other
amenities.
o Master Planning: Develop a comprehensive master plan that outlines the layout and
organization of different land uses within the development. This plan should consider the
integration of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.
o Pedestrian-Friendly Design: Create walkable spaces with wide sidewalks, crosswalks,
and pedestrian-friendly amenities. This encourages foot traffic and fosters a sense of
community.
o Mixed Uses Arrangement: Carefully determine the arrangement of various land uses
within the development. For instance, place retail and commercial spaces on the ground
floor of residential buildings to encourage walk-ins.
o Public Spaces: Design public spaces such as parks, plazas, and courtyards to serve as
focal points for community interaction. These spaces can host events and gatherings.
o Traffic and Parking: Plan for adequate parking and consider traffic flow within the
development. Encourage the use of public transportation and alternative modes of
transport.
o Architectural Cohesion: Ensure a harmonious architectural design that unifies the
different components of the development, while allowing for diversity in building styles.
o Infrastructure and Utilities: Invest in the necessary infrastructure and utilities, including
water, sewage, electricity, and telecommunications to support the mixed-use
development.
11 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o Sustainability: Incorporate green building practices and sustainable design principles,
such as energy-efficient buildings, green roofs, and water-saving technologies to reduce
environmental impact.
o Safety and Security: Implement safety measures, including well-lit streets, security
patrols, and surveillance cameras to ensure the safety of residents and visitors.
o Amenities: Include amenities that cater to the needs and preferences of the community,
such as fitness centers, community centers, and childcare facilities.
o Accessibility: Ensure that the development is accessible to people with disabilities and
complies with ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) requirements.
o Community Engagement: Involve the local community and potential users in the design
process to gather input and ensure that the development meets their needs and desires.
o Phasing and Flexibility: Plan for development in phases, allowing for flexibility to adapt
to changing market conditions and community needs.
o Retail Tenant Mix: Curate a diverse and complementary mix of retail tenants to create a
vibrant and attractive shopping experience.
o Sustainability and Green Spaces: Incorporate green spaces, landscaping, and sustainable
design elements to improve the overall quality of life within the development.
o Signage and Wayfinding: Implement clear signage and wayfinding elements to guide
residents and visitors within the development.
o Historical and Cultural Preservation: Respect and integrate historical or cultural
elements of the area into the development when appropriate.
o Long-Term Management: Plan for the ongoing management and maintenance of the
mixed-use development, including shared facilities and common areas.
 DESIGN CONCEPTS
o Minimalist Elegance:
 Embrace simplicity, clean lines, and a
restrained color palette to create a
sense of elegance and sophistication.
12 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Use minimal furnishings and decor to highlight the beauty of architectural elements
FIG. 2.13 HIGH-END MIXED-USE DEV.,
SINGAPORE
and open spaces.
o Biophilic Design:
 Incorporate natural elements,
such as plants, water features,
and natural materials, to create a
connection with nature.
 Maximize natural light and
ventilation to enhance the well-
being of occupants.
FIG. 2.14 KENGO KUMA’S BIOPHILIC DESIGN, MILAN
o Vintage and Retro:
 Draw inspiration from past eras,
such as the '60s, '70s, or '80s, to
create a nostalgic and unique
atmosphere.
 Mix vintage furniture and decor with modern elements

FIG. for a stylish
2.15 MIXED-USE DEV.,contrast.
ATLANTA
o Industrial Chic:
 Celebrate the industrial
aesthetic with exposed brick
walls, steel beams, and raw
materials like concrete and
wood.
 Incorporate vintage or
industrial lighting fixtures for a rugged yet trendy look.
o Scandinavian Hygge:
FIG. 2.16 6TH &3RD MIXED INDUSTRIAL DEV., MN
13 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Focus on creating a cozy, warm, and comfortable atmosphere with soft textiles,
neutral colors, and natural wood.
 Use warm, indirect lighting and minimalist furniture for a calming environment.
o Futuristic Innovation:
FIG. 2.17 OSLO- SCANDANAVIAN DESIGN
 Embrace cutting-edge technology and materials to
create a forward-looking, high-tech environment.
 Incorporate smart home features and interactive
elements for a futuristic feel.
FIG. 2.18 CHENGDU MIXED USE

DEV., CHINA o Coastal
Retreat:
 Bring the tranquility of coastal
living indoors with a color palette
inspired by the sea and beach.
 Incorporate nautical elements like
driftwood, seashells, and beach-inspired decor.

FIG. 2.19 WATERFRONT MIXED USE DEV.,
o Bohemian Eclecticism: MIDDLE EAST
 Mix and match colors, patterns,
and textures to create a vibrant,
free-spirited environment.
 Showcase eclectic artwork,
FIG.textiles, and DEV.

2.20 ISKALO global decor.
CORP. MUD
o Art Deco Glamour:
 Draw inspiration from the Art Deco
movement with geometric patterns, rich
colors, and glamorous materials like
brass and marble.
14 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Incorporate sleek, curved furniture and bold, symmetrical design elements.
FIG. 2.21 LOS ANGELES, EASTERN COLUMBIA

BUILDING
o Sustainable Design:
 Prioritize eco-friendly
materials and energy-efficient
solutions to create a
sustainable and
environmentally conscious
space.
o Use reclaimed or recycled materials to reduce waste and carbon footprint.
FIG. 2.22 SUSTAINABLE MIXED-USE COMPLEX

FOR CAIRO
o Zen and Serenity:
 Focus on creating a tranquil and peaceful environment inspired by Japanese Zen
aesthetics.
 Incorporate elements
like indoor gardens,
shoji screens, and
minimalistic FIG. 2.23 ZEN & SERENTY MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
furnishings.
o High-Contrast Monochrome:
 Create a striking visual impact by using
a single color or limited color palette in
high-contrast combinations.
 Emphasize textures and patterns to add
depth to the design.

FIG. 2.24 RAFFLES CITY HANGZHOU TOWER,
CHINA
o Retro-Futurism:
15 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Blend elements of nostalgia from past visions of the future with modern design.
 Incorporate mid-century modern furniture, futuristic lighting, and space-age
materials.
FIG. 2.25 VINTAGE INDUSTRIAL, RETRO

FUTURISTIC DESIGN
o Cultural Fusion:
 Combine elements from
different cultures to create a
diverse and globally inspired
design.
 Mix patterns, textiles, and
decor from various regions for
a rich, multicultural atmosphere.

FIG. 2.26 STACKED MIXED-USE HOME, JAPAN
o Adaptive Reuse:
 Transform existing structures, such as
old warehouses or factories, into
functional and stylish spaces.
 Celebrate the history and character of
the building while repurposing it for

FIG. 2.27 STUDIO ONE ELEVEN MIXED USE DEV.
contemporary use.
 WALKABILITY
16 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
To make a neighborhood or community more walkable, both urban and transportation
planning should invest in different strategies to elevate the quality of the sidewalk. By elevating
the quality of the sidewalk, people are more likely to walk. It's not enough to just build a
sidewalk.
A few successful strategies for this are:
o Adding buffers (vegetation) between car-filled streets and sidewalks with vegetation or
grass to reduce the harmful effects of breathing in carbon dioxide.

FIG. 2.28 15-MINUTES ‘WALKABLE’ NEIGHBOURHOOD, TORONTO
o Creating pedestrian zones, which completely remove cars from an area
o Improving safety with street lights
o Removing obstructions such as poles or signposts
Struc
 BPO TOWER (BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING)
It is a business practice in which an organization contracts out certain tasks or processes
to third-party service providers. These tasks or processes can include customer support, data
entry, human resources, accounting, and many other non-core functions. BPO is commonly used
by companies to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and focus on their core business activities.
An office building
must have flexible and
technologically advanced
working environments that are
safe, healthy, comfortable,
durable, aesthetically-pleasing,
Fig.3.1 SOUTHWOODS BPO TOWERS, BINAN, LAGUNA
sustainable, and accessible.
17 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
THERE ARE GENERALLY TWO MAIN TYPES OF BPO:
Fig.3.2 BACK OFFICE VS FRONT OFFICE
o Back Office Outsourcing: This involves outsourcing internal business functions like
data entry, finance, accounting, and human resources.
o Front Office Outsourcing: This includes customer-related services such as customer
support, technical support, telemarketing, and sales.
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
An office building incorporates several space types to meet the needs of staff and visitors.
These may include:
o WORKSTATIONS- Workstations are where BPO employees perform their tasks. These
spaces should be equipped with computers, monitors, ergonomic furniture, and any necessary
equipment to facilitate the work.
TYPES OF WORKSTATION:
 Open Plan Workstations: Open plan workstations are commonly found in modern
office settings. They consist of desks and seating arrangements in a shared, open space
without partition walls or cubicles. Open plan workstations are suitable for tasks that
18 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
require collaboration and interaction among employees. They are often used in creative
or team-oriented work environments.
 Cubicles: Cubicles are semi-private workstations defined by partition walls or screens.
They offer some level of privacy and separation from neighboring workspaces, making
them suitable for tasks that
require focus and
concentration. Cubicles strike
a balance between privacy and
collaboration.
Fig.3.4 CUBICLE WORKSTATION LAYOUT

 Private Offices: Some employees,
Fig.3.5 PRIVATE OFFICES LAYOUT

such as managers or executives, may have
their own private offices. These offices provide the highest level of privacy and are
typically used by individuals who require concentration, confidentiality, and a space for
private meetings.
 Hot Desking: Hot desking is a flexible workspace arrangement in which employees do
not have assigned workstations.
Instead, they can choose any
available desk on a first-come, first-
served basis. This approach is ideal
for organizations with employees
Fig.3.6 HOT DESKING WORKSTATION

who are often on the move or
working remotely.
19 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Standing Desks: Standing desks are workstations designed to allow employees to work
while standing. They can be
used for various tasks, and
they promote ergonomic
benefits and reduce the
negative effects of prolonged
sitting.
Fig.3.7 STANGDING DESK INNOVATION
 Sit-Stand Workstations: These workstations can be adjusted to accommodate both
sitting and standing
positions. They offer
flexibility and promote
employee comfort by
allowing them to change

Fig.3.8 SIT -STAND WORSTATION
their working position throughout the day.
 Benches or Benching Systems:
Benching systems consist of long work
surfaces with multiple workstations in
a row. They are often used to
accommodate a larger number of
employees in a relatively compact
space and promote a sense of Fig.3.9 BENCHING WORSTATION
community and collaboration.
 Collaborative Workspaces: These
spaces are designed for group work,
discussions, and brainstorming
Fig.3.10 COLLABORATIVE WORSTATION

20 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
sessions. They may include tables, whiteboards, and flexible seating options, such as
lounge chairs and bean bags.
 Call Center Workstations: Call
centers often have specialized
workstations designed for telephone-
based customer service or sales.
These workstations typically include
a computer, phone, headset, and

Fig.3.11 CALL CENTER WORSTATION
workspace for taking calls.
 Shared Workspaces: Shared workspaces, such as co-working spaces, are designed for
individuals from different
organizations to work in a
communal environment. They
offer flexibility and cost savings
by providing a variety of
Fig.3.12 COWORKING SPACE LAYOUTS workstations and amenities in a
shared setting.
o CONFERENCE/TRAINING ROOM: The Conference/Classroom space types are areas
used for formal meetings, training, and teleconference activities.
Fig.3.13 TRAINING ROOM Fig.3.14 CONFERENCE ROOM
21 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o RECEPTION AREA/LOBBY: The reception area is the first point of contact for visitors
and clients. It should be welcoming and professional, staffed with receptionists, and may
include seating for waiting visitors.
Design lobbies to provide workers/occupants with a relief opportunity—such as breaks—
from more confined spaces.
 The aisles were kept wide and
clear for wheelchair users.
Remove or minimize protruding
objects for the safety of visually

Fig.3.15 OFFICE LOBBY DESIGN
impaired users.
 Make information desks wheelchair accessible.
o OFFICE KITCHENETTE/BREAK ROOMS
 Cleaning/Washing: Located near the kitchen entrance so servers can quickly drop off
dirty dishes, and near
the storage area so
chefs can quickly
find clean dishes.
Furniture: sinks,
Fig.3.16 OFFICE KITCHEN DESIGN
ware washing machines, and drying racks.
 Storage: can be split into non-food storage, cold storage, and dry storage. Area might also
contain a receiving area for inventory shipments, shortening the distance new stock has to
travel.
 Food Preparation: The food preparation area has sinks for washing produce, cutting areas,
and mixing areas. Located near your storage area allows cooks to efficiently grab fresh
dishes, prepare plates, and move them on to the cooking area quickly.
22 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o PRIVATE TOILETS, RESTROOMS, AND SHOWERS
For employees, the restroom
requirements is at least 1 toilet for every
16-35 employees, at least 2 toilets for
every 36-55 employees, and at least 3
toilets for any number greater than that.

Fig.3.17 PWD, MALE, AND FEMALE TOILET LAYOUT
o SERVER AND IT ROOM
A dedicated space for servers, IT
equipment, and data storage is crucial for
BPO operations. It should be secure,
equipped with cooling systems, and have
Fig.3.18 SERVER ROOM LAYOUT redundancy for data protection.
o UTILITY AREAS
These spaces house photocopiers, fax machines, printers, and other office equipment.
Adequate space for wiring, cabling, and IT infrastructure is also important.
o GENERAL STORAGE
For items such as stationery, equipment, and instructional materials.
23 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Fig.3.19 GENERAL STORAGE DESIGN
 Important design considerations for the General Storage space type are efficient use of
space, energy cost savings, and minimal HVAC requirements.
 Incorporate appropriate stabilizing mechanisms, such as bracing, to prevent items in
storage from falling off shelves and causing non-structural damage, especially in
earthquake prone areas.
 Use enclosed systems that are lockable to reduce theft and damage.
o COMMON AREAS
Creating comfortable common areas, such as lounges or collaborative spaces, can
enhance the working environment and encourage teamwork and relaxation.
1. Convenience Store, Kiosk, or Vending Machines
 Coffee and vending machines are a great addition to the technology in your office space.
 Smart vending machines should be
prioritized in the main lobby of
buildings.
 The area that also brings good
revenue when placing smart vending

Fig.3.20 OFFICE VENDING MACHINES
machines is the location near the elevator door.
2. Physical Fitness Area
 Indoor fitness programs can typically
be divided into four categories of
exercise: warm-up/cool down, free
weight, circuit training, and
cardiovascular.
24 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Accessibility standards require ground and floor surfaces to be slip resistant.
Fig.3.21
Provide a rangeFITNESS
PHYSICAL of views, especially
AREA DESIGN of the outdoors and nature, whenever possible.
 Provide locker rooms.
 Add a water station.
o SECURITY AREAS
Given the sensitive nature of some BPO
operations, security areas may include monitoring
stations, access control systems, and secure access
points.
Fig.3.22 SECURITY CONTROL ROOM LAYOUT
o MAINTENANCE AND JANITORIAL AREAS
 Need open space that should be suitable
to store a ladder, vacuum cleaner, mop
bucket, and possibly a floor buffer
and/or steam cleaner.
 Furniture: sink, shelves, and cart.
Fig.3.23 JANITOR’S ROOM LAYOUT
o ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SPACES
Create modern space standards that promote flexibility, efficiency, and productivity,
while providing appropriate support spaces and amenities that foster collaboration.
25 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Planning Concepts:
Fig.3.24 ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE PLANNING CONCEPT
 Activity‐Based planning
model: Higher density design
with a balance of private,
shared, and collaborative
spaces. Focus spaces for
concentrated work.
Collaborative and team-based
layouts. Supports alternative

Fig.3.25 ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN
work schedules and styles.
 Transitional planning model: Average density with more Private offices for focus work
modes. A blend of Conventional and Activity‐Based approaches. Amenity spaces for
focus and social engagement.
 Conventional space planning model: Lower density with a concentration of private
offices and focus work modes. Can include planning concepts from Activity ‐Based and
26 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Transitional. Provide collaborative spaces as needed for teams. Requires less communal
workspaces.
 COMMERCIAL CENTERS
The allowable
uses in a commercial
center can vary
depending on local
Fig.3.26 THE GRANDZ COMMERCIAL CENTER, CALOOCAN CITY zoning and land use
regulations, as well as the specific design and purpose of the center. However, in a typical
commercial center, you'll find a wide range of allowable uses. Here are some common types of
businesses and facilities you might find in a commercial center:
o RETAIL STORES
This is the primary use of a
commercial center, including
clothing stores, electronics stores,
department stores, bookstores, and
more.
Fig.3.27 RETAIL STORES DESIGN LAYOUT
 The grid creates natural barriers that serve to simultaneously group products together and
separate different products.
 Furniture: shelves, cashier, display racks, chair, storage cabinets.
o RESTAURANTS AND CAFES
Food and beverage
establishments like restaurants,
coffee shops, fast-food outlets, and
bakeries are often a significant part
of commercial centers.
Fig.3.28 RESTAURANT/CAFÉ DESIGN LAYOUT

27 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Spaces: A waiting area, Bar, Dining area (with tables of different sizes), Prep areas,
Storage, Dishwashing, Restrooms and routes to restrooms, Views from different points
e.g. kitchen views or interesting views for the waiting area, Compliance with accessibility
legislation.
o MOVIE THEATERS
 Cinema seating capacities: 180-250, 100-140, 70-
110 (aiming for a total of approximately 400-500
seats)
 Stadium seating (stepped rake) with high backs
and generous legroom (1.0 – 1.2 meters back-to-
back, 550 or 600mm seat width)
 Access, toilets, and seating for wheelchair users.
 The largest auditoria to have a small, raised stage area capable

Fig.3.29 of lecture
MOVIE THEATER and business
LAYOUT
presentation uses. This auditorium should
have good quality video projection capable
of cinema and data/computer uses.
 Foyer with box office, information displays,
sales kiosk and/or shop.
 Bar and/or cafe facilities. Fig.3.30 SEATING DISTANCE FROM SCREEN
 Staff offices.
o ARCADES:
 Safety: Sport game like Street Basket will not be combined with other games to prevent
being hit by the ball
 Ease of game search: Balance
check machine must be
28 | P a g e
Fig.3.31 ARCADE DESIGN LAYOUT
DEVELOPMENT
placed in front so that customers can easily find it which according to boost your kiosk’s
potential theory.
 Aesthetic: Pillars should be covered by game machines and aisle must be at least 90 cm to
prevent butt-brush effect
 Attract customer: Kiddy ride category must be placed in front of to prevent parents to lie
to their child/children that the kiddy ride games are broken.
o GROCERY STORES:
Many commercial centers have grocery stores as anchor tenements.
 Spaces: Shopping Carts
and Baskets, Checkout
Counters, Restrooms,
Pharmacy, Fresh Produce
Section, Dairy Section,
Frozen Foods Section,

Fig.3.32 GROCERY STORES DESIGN LAYOUT
Canned and Packaged Goods, Household and Cleaning Supplies, Personal Care and
Toiletries, Baby Care Section, Pet Supplies, Health and Wellness Products, Wine and
Beer Section, and Customer Service Desk.
o SERVICE BUSINESSES
Services like hair salons, nail salons, dry cleaners, banks, and fitness centers are common
in commercial centers.
 Salons
 The average salon
dimension is 1,500
square feet or 140
29 | P a g e
Fig.3.33 SALON DESIGN LAYOUT
DEVELOPMENT
square meters. Nail salons are 1,300 square feet or 120 square meters on average.
However, the size you require varies depending on the number of stylists working in the
salon. 3 Stylists - 450-600 sq. ft., 4 Stylists - 600-800 sq. ft., 5 Stylists - 750-1000 sq. ft.,
6 Stylists - 900-1200 sq. ft., 7 Stylists - 1050-1400 sq. ft., 8 Stylists - 1200-1600 sq. ft.
 Spaces: Reception, Styling, Shampooing, Drying, Dispensary, Room for resting,
Manicure, Pedicure, Spa Rooms, Office, Changing Room, Storage, Restroom.
 Dry Cleaners
 Spaces: Retail Area, a space for a
front counter where customers
drop off and pick up their items.
Processing Area, where the
actual dry cleaning and laundry
work takes place. Storage, space
to store cleaned and uncleaned Fig.3.34 DRY CLEANER DESIGN LAYOUT
garments and items. Office Space, for administrative tasks, such as record-keeping,
customer service, and managing orders.
 Furniture & Equipment: Counter, Tables and Shelving, Dry Cleaning Machines, Washers
and Dryers, Pressing and Finishing Equipment, Storage Shelving, Office Furniture, and
Security Equipment.
 Banks
 Spaces: Customer Area,
where customers
conduct their banking
transactions. Employee
Work Areas; Offices for
bank managers and loan
officers, Workstations Fig.3.35 BANKS DESIGN LAYOUT
for customer service representatives, Safe deposit box storage area, and Break rooms and
restrooms for employees. Meeting Rooms, for more private and confidential discussions
30 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
with customers or for internal staff meetings. Vault, a secure area for storing valuable
items and cash. It must meet specific security requirements. Security, robust security
measures, including surveillance systems and secure access controls throughout the
facility.
 Furniture: Teller Counters, Seating, Desks and Workstations, Chairs, Meeting Room
Furniture, Security Furniture, Break Room Furniture, ATM Enclosures, and Storage
Units.
o ART AND CULTURAL SPACES:
Fig.3.36 ART AND CULTURAL SPACE DESIGN
Some commercial centers incorporate art galleries, museums, or cultural centers.
 Seating: For theaters and auditoriums, comfortable and well-designed seating is crucial.
In galleries and museums, consider providing benches or seating areas for visitors to rest
and contemplate the art.
 Display and Storage: Display cases and shelving units are essential for showcasing art or
artifacts. In museums and galleries, adjustable display walls or panels can be useful to
change the exhibit layout.
 Information Desks and Reception Areas: Provide a welcoming reception area with an
information desk or kiosk.
 Cafeteria or Dining Areas: provide tables, chairs, and service counters.
 Restrooms: Adequate restroom facilities with
appropriate fixtures.
 4-STAR HOTEL
31 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
4 Star Hotels are an important component of the tourism product. And they contribute to
the overall tourism experience through the standards of facilities and services offered by them.
Below mentioned list of facilities and service provide the required standards of getting a 4 Star
classification or 4 Start certification for your hotel.

Fig.3.37 B+G+6 4 STAR HOTEL, MUSCAT
o PUBLIC AREAS
 Reception
Fig.3.38 FUNCTION OF FRONT DESK Fig.3.39 RECEPTION DESK DIMENSIONS
 A rough planning figure is 1.1 to 1.4 sqm per seat.
 Visible to guest immediately on entrance
 Lounges
Fig.3.40 LOUNGES AREA DIMENSIONS Fig.3.41 LOUNGES AREA DESIGN
 A rough planning figure is 1.1 to 1.4 sqm per seat.
 joins public area to entrance area.
32 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o ADMINISTRATION
A manager and an assistant manager, as a rule, there will be a reception office where one
or two typist receptionists will be acting as a buffer between the public and manager.
Fig.3.42 ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS AND RELATIONS DIAGRAM
 Manager Room
Fig.3.43 MANAGER ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
 Meeting Room
Fig.3.44 MEETING ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
33 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Secretary Room
Fig.3.46 OFFICE DESIGN LAYOUT

 Offices Fig.3.45 SECRETARY ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
o GUESTROOMS
Room orientation is east, north, or south. Natural ventilation and daylight are required daily.
 Standard Rooms Furniture
Fig.3.47 4-STAR HOTEL FURNUTURE DIMENTIONS
 Standard Rooms
 Single Room
Fig.3.48 SINGLE ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
34 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Double Room
 Disabled Room
 Bedroom: 3.65 wide and increase the space
between beds to be 1.2m
 Low window height: 0.6m
 Bathroom: central turning space 1.52m
Fig.3.49 DOUBLE ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
 Basin tops: 0.8m high with knee space
 Toilet seat height: 0.43m
Fig.3.50 DISABLED ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
 Suite Room
Fig.3.51 SUITE ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
 Bathrooms
 Min. area of bathrooms: 5 sqm
 Each adjacent room is preferred
to participate in a single duct.
Duct width is about 60 cm.
35 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Fig.3.52 BATHROOM DESIGN LAYOUT
o FUNCTIONS ROOMS
Function rooms tend to be linked to the business facilities as they are also used for
conferences, etc. But these large rooms must be designed to be multi-functional as the cost of
providing them is high and so they must be in frequent use. A separate entrance from outside is
usually needed. There must be at least two emergency exits.
Its area is around 0.6 to 1.0 sqm per person.
Fig.3.53 NON-RESIDENTIALS FUNCTIONS RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
o ACTIVATES AREA
 Pools
 1.85 sqm per person
 Depth: 0.9 : 2.0 m
Fig.3.54 SWIMMING POOL AREA ZONING & CONTENT

 Sauna
Fig.3.55 SAUNA WITH VERANDA, CHANGING 36 | P a g e

Fig.3.56 SAUNA DIFFERENT SHAPES
ROOM, & WASHING ROOM
DEVELOPMENT
 Sports Hall
 1.85 sqm per person
 Minimum of 100 sqm area
 Open air, less internal walls
 Ground or first floor because of heavy
loads
Fig.3.57 SPORTS HALL DESIGN LAYOUT
 Soundproof walls
 Using rubber tiles
 Salon
Fig.3.58 SALON DESIGN LAYOUT
 Bookstore
Fig.3.59 BOOKSTORE DESIGN LAYOUT
37 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Gift Shop
o RESTAURANTS
Fig.3.60 GIFT SHOP DESIGN LAYOUT
Fig.3.61 RESTAURANT DESIGN LAYOUT
Location should be on the ground floor next to halls with easy circulation to guestrooms.
 Dining Area
Breakfast hall must contain 25% of residents and dining room contains 50%. Dining rooms
is usually open to non-residents, so there should be convenient access from outside the hotel in
addition to access for resident guests. Main dining room must be directly adjacent to the main
kitchen.
 Kitchen / Catering
38 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Routes between kitchen, server, and restaurant are as short as possible. Orientation of
kitchens always directed to the opposite direction of the wind & doesn’t overlook any view like
other services, next to the restaurants and connected with the staff rooms and stores.
o HOTEL SERVICES
 Parking
 1 space for every 10-resident staff.

Fig.3.62 CIRCULATION FROM OUTSIDE TO RESTAURANT PATH THROUGH KITCHEN
 1 space for every 5
seats if conferences
are held.
 1 space for every
resident room.
 1 space for every 3-
non-resident staff. Fig.3.63 PREFERRED PARK TYPE LAYOUT
 Toilets
 2 urinals, 1 toilet and 1 hand risen for
every 80-100 men.
 3 toilets and 1 hand risen for every 100
women.
Fig.3.64 TOILET DIMENSIONS
 1 bathroom for every 9 residential staff
 Laundry
39 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Usually in the last floor under the roof and its door open directly on the corridor.
 Housekeeping
Fig.3.65 LAUNDRY CONTENTS FOR 200-BEDOOM HOTELS
 Location: A room is put on each floor with its
Fig.3.66 HOUSEKEPPING ROOM DESIGN LAYOUT

own closet for putting cleaning tools.
 General Stores
40 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Location: Basement
Fig.3.67 CIRCULATION OF STORES AND ITS TYPES
 Trash Room
 Location: in every floor
 0.07 sqm for every room
Fig.3.68 TRASH ROOM DETAILS AND DIMENSIONS

Fig.3.57 CIRCULATION OF STORES AND ITS TYPES
 ATM
 Location: ground floor
41 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Luggage Room
 Area minimum 20 sqm.
 Luggage carts 60x120 cm.
Fig.3.69 ATM MACHINE DIMENSIONS
 Luggage Room
 Area minimum 20 sqm.
 Luggage carts 60x120 cm.
Fig.3.70 LUGGAGE ROOM ZONING
 Medical Service
 We should provide a clinic with a first aid
kit and doctor.
 Minimum area 20-30 sqm.
 Natural ventilation.
Fig.3.71 CLINIC DESIGN LAYOUT
 SERVICED APARTMENTS
A serviced apartment is a
furnished apartment that provides
amenities, housekeeping, and other
services for guests within the cost
of rental. Serviced apartments
provide amenities like those offered
in hotels, such as laundry and
cleaning, and sometimes include Fig.3.72 ADINA SERVICED APARTMENTS CANBERRA
42 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
access to gyms, and even concierge services, but in a self-catering setting. Serviced apartments
usually include a full kitchen, separate sleeping area, and bathroom, with internet and all utilities
included.
o GUEST AND TOURIST INFORMATION
Fig.3.73 FUNCTION OF FRONT DESK Fig.3.74 RECEPTION DESK DIMENSION
 A rough planning figure is 1.1 to 1.4 sqm per seat.
 Visible to guest immediately on entrance
 Lobby-All areas are to have sufficient space to allow guests freedom of movement
around all furniture and fittings. Easy chair and/or sofa seats to be provided, sufficient for
all relevant purposes if appropriate.
 Reception-There will normally be a reception area or office where guests will register.
Once guests have registered, they should have access to their apartments 24 hours a day.
Furniture: reception desk, occasional tables, seating, scatter cushions
o APARTMENT LIVING AND DINING AREAS
 All rooms are to have sufficient space
to allow guests freedom of movement
around all furniture and fittings
including sofa beds.
 The ceiling height for a major part of

Fig.3.75 APARTMENT LIVING AREA
DESIGN
the room should be sufficient for a person of 6 ft to move around without stooping.
 When assessing the acceptability of room size, account will be taken of the useable space
available around furniture and fittings, including sofa beds.
43 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 All rooms/areas, passages and staircases must have suitable finishes or coverings.
 Furniture: dining table, chair, easy chair and/or sofa seats, and color TV.
o KITCHEN
 At least one hygienic work
surface to be provided.
 An opening window or
Local Planning Authority
approved ventilation system.
 Washing machine provided Fig.3.76 KITCHEN DESIGN NEAR DINING AREA
in the apartment. Laundry and dry-cleaning services on request (may be chargeable).
 Furniture: Cookers, Refrigerator, Sink, Storage, and Washing machine.
o BEDROOMS
 All bedrooms are to have sufficient space to allow guests freedom of movement around
all furniture and fittings
including sofa beds.
 The ceiling height for a major
part of the room should be
sufficient for a person of 6 ft to
move around without stooping. Fig.3.77 APARTMENT BEDROOM DESIGN
 Family rooms should be more spacious.
 All bedrooms should have at least one window opening directly into the open air;
windows to have opaque curtains, blinds, or shutters.
 Furniture: bedside table/shelf, beds, closet
o BATHROOMS AND WCs
 All apartments are to have at
least one bathroom and WC for
every four guests.
44 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Where bath only or shower only is provided.
 All bathrooms/WCs must have suitable floor coverings.

Fig.3.78 BATHROOM DESIGN
 All windows have opaque curtains, blinds, or shutters.
 Furniture: Bath or shower, Water closet, and Washbasin
o ADDITIONAL FACILITIES/SERVICES
None of these are required, but where they are provided, their quality and condition will
form part of the quality assessment.
 Laundry: This is where there is a specific laundry room located outside the property
itself with equipment for washing, drying, and ironing clothes; it may be shared with
other apartments.
Fig.3.79LAUNDRY AREA WITH WAITING AREA DESIGN
 Recreation: Examples might include a swimming pool, gym, or sauna.
Fig.3.80 SWIMMING POOL Fig.3.80.1 GYM Fig.3.80.2 SAUNA
 GREEN AREAS
45 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
In a mixed-use development, incorporating green areas and open spaces is essential for
creating a balanced and sustainable environment that enhances the quality of life for residents
and visitors. Green areas provide recreational opportunities, improve air quality, and contribute
to the overall well-being of the community. Here are some key green areas and open space
considerations for a mixed-use development:
o Pocket Parks: These small, intimate parks can be scattered throughout the development and
provide spaces for relaxation, picnics, or small gatherings.
Fig.3.81 POCKET PARK LAYOUT

o Plazas and Courtyards: Large plazas and courtyards can serve as communal gathering
spaces for events, markets, or outdoor dining.
Fig.3.82 COURT YARD DESIGN Fig.3.83 PLAZA DESIGN
Fig.3.84 ROOFTOP GARDEN WITH

o Rooftop Gardens:
CHAIRS &Utilize
TABLESrooftops for green spaces and gardens, providing residents with
access to nature and beautiful views.
46 | P a g e
Fig.3.85 ROOFTOP GARDEN DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
o Linear Parks: Linear parks can be integrated alongside streets or waterways, offering green
corridors for walking, biking, and relaxation.
Fig.3.86 LINEAR PARK DESIGN
o Playgrounds: Design safe and attractive playgrounds for children within the development.
Fig.3.87 PLAYGROUND DESIGNS
o Walking and Biking Trails: Create a network of trails or pathways that connect various
parts of the development, encouraging pedestrian and cyclist mobility.
Fig.3.88 BIKING & WALKING TRAILS
Fig.3.89 FOUNTAIN Fig.3.90 PONDS

o Water Features: Incorporate ponds, fountains, or reflecting pools to add visual appeal and a
sense of tranquility.
47 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o Seating Areas and Shade Structures: Provide comfortable seating areas and shade
structures to accommodate residents and visitors.
Fig.3.92 SEATING AREAS

Fig.3.91 SHADING STRUCTURES
 JOGGING TRAILS
Mixed-use developments with jogging trails are becoming increasingly popular in urban
and suburban areas. These developments combine residential, commercial, and recreational
spaces to create vibrant, walkable communities that cater to a wide range of needs and
preferences. Ensure that the jogging trails are well-connected to the various components of the
mixed-use development.
o Trail
Length: The
length of
jogging trails
can range
from a few Fig.3.93 JOGGING TRAIL MAP Fig.3.94 JOGGING TRAIL LENGTH
hundred meters to several miles. It depends on the available land, the intended audience, and
the goals of the development.
o Minimum Width: A minimum width for a jogging trail suitable for one person to
comfortably jog or walk is often around 5 to 6 feet (approximately 1.5 to 1.8 meters). This
provides enough space for individuals to pass each other safely.
48 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o Stops: Stops along jogging trails can serve various purposes. These stops may include rest
areas, exercise stations, informational signs, water fountains, or scenic viewpoints. The
number and types of stops should align with the goals of the development.
Fig.3.97 EXERCISE STATOIN Fig.3.98 INFORMATION SIGNS

STOPS
o Amenities: Consider adding amenities like benches, trash receptacles, and lighting along the
trails to enhance the experience and safety. Benches can serve as resting spots, and trash
receptacles help keep the area clean.
Fig.3.99 BENCHES Fig.3.100 TRASH RECEPTACLES
 MARINE DOCKS
Designing marine docks, whether for commercial or recreational purposes, requires
careful consideration of various factors to ensure safety, functionality, and environmental
responsibility. Marine docks come in various types and configurations to accommodate different
types of vessels, water conditions, and specific purposes. Here are some common types of
marine docks:
49 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o Floating Docks: These
are platforms supported
by buoyant materials
like pontoons or floats.
They rise and fall with
changing water levels
and are ideal for areas

Fig.3.101 FLOATING DOCKS
with fluctuating water levels.
o Fixed Docks: Fixed docks
are stationary structures
attached to pilings or piers
that are driven or anchored
into the seabed. They are
more stable than floating
docks but not suitable

Fig.3.102 for locations
FIXED DOCKS with large water level variations.
o Piling Docks: Piling docks
are constructed by driving
piles (wooden, concrete, or
steel) into the seabed. They
are a popular choice for
supporting fixed docks, and

Fig.3.103 PILING DOCKS
the dock is built on top of these piles.
o Pier Docks: Pier docks are long,
narrow structures that extend out
into the water. They are often used
for fishing, swimming, or as a
platform for boats. Piers can be

Fig.3.104 PIER DOCKS
fixed or floating.
50 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
o Commercial Docks: These
are larger, heavy-duty
docks designed for
commercial purposes like
loading and unloading
cargo, refueling vessels, or

Fig.3.105 COMMERCIAL DOCKS
supporting industrial activities.
 BAYWALK
A "bay walk" in a mixed-use development typically refers to a pedestrian-friendly,
waterfront promenade or walkway located along a bay or waterfront area. A bay walk in a
mixed-use development serves several purposes:
o Recreation and Amenities: Bay walks often include amenities like parks, benches, lighting,
and recreational facilities, making them attractive places for people to walk, jog, cycle, or
simply enjoy the waterfront.
o Retail and Dining: Many mixed-use developments incorporate retail and dining
establishments along the bay walk, providing a unique and picturesque setting for shops,
restaurants, and cafes.
o Connectivity: Bay walks can connect various parts of the mixed-use development, creating a
central hub for residents and visitors to navigate the area easily.
o Scenic Views: The waterfront location of a bay walk offers scenic views, which can enhance
the overall experience for residents and attract visitors.
o Community Engagement: Bay walks can serve as gathering spaces for community events,
such as festivals, concerts, and art exhibitions, fostering a sense of community and
belonging.
Bay walks in mixed-use
developments are designed to
enhance the quality of life for
51 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
residents and visitors, promote economic activity, and create vibrant, walkable, and
environmentally friendly spaces along waterfronts or bays.
 TERMINAL
Fig.3.107 TERMINAL DESIGN
o Transit Services: Convenient access to various modes of transportation, including buses,
trains, subways, trams, or even bicycle-sharing stations.
o Information Centers: Information desks, kiosks, or digital displays providing travelers with
maps, schedules, and real-time updates on transit options.
o Seating Areas: Comfortable seating areas with charging stations for electronic devices to
make transit waiting more comfortable.
o Restrooms and Showers: Clean and well-maintained restrooms and shower facilities for
travelers to freshen up, particularly if they have long layovers.
o Convenience Stores: Mini-marts or convenience stores to purchase last-minute items or
snacks.
o Terminal waiting sheds
offer protection from
various weather
conditions, including
rain, snow, sun, and
wind. The bus or
52 | P a g e
A PROPOSED MIXED-USE Fig.3.108 VEGETAL WAITING SHED SECTION DETAILS

DEVELOPMENT
tramway shelter is an emblematical urban furniture of reducing the place of vehicles in the
cities and limit greenhouse effect gas emissions. Here it shelters, permits the waiting and the
stopping while proposing a landscape environment. It salvages rainwater and becomes
autonomous; also, low-consuming lights are used.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
Sustainable transportation entails a healthy balance between humans, transportation, and
natural systems. To make transportation sustainable, city roads and streets must become
accessible to everyone. Modes of transport such as walking or cycling have virtually zero
Fig.3.109
environmental impact because VEGETAL
they don’t emit WAITING SHEDgases,
greenhouses DESIGNuse energy, or create pollution
such as noise or air pollution. Public transportation can decrease the amount of traffic on the
roads, which leads to fewer emissions per passenger mile than single-occupancy vehicles.
o BIKE LANES
Bike lanes play a crucial
role in sustainable
transportation by providing a
safe and accessible option for
people to travel without relying
on cars. Bike lanes can help to Fig.3.110 BIKE LANE
create more livable and vibrant communities by encouraging people to spend more time outdoors
and supporting local businesses.
o ELECTRICAL VEHICLE CHARGING STATIONS
Electric vehicles offer many advantages, and one standout benefit is their remarkable
capacity to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions substantially. By relying on electricity as their
primary power source, EVs exhibit a remarkable trait of emitting no tailpipe emissions,
53 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
effectively eradicating detrimental pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
particulate matter.
The rules contain the technical specifications for EV charging infrastructure, such as
charger types, electrical safety standards, and communication protocols. The rules also cover the
construction and operation of EV charging stations, including the criteria for placement, power
supply, and metering.
The rules include
installing EV charging
stations in public locations
such as shopping malls,
parking lots and gas stations.
They also require that at least
one charging station be
placed every 25 km on both

Fig.3.111 ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING SYSTEM POWER FLOW
sides of highways and roads.
Electrical Vehicle Charging Equipment and Stations:
 2 units of electric vehicle charging station or equipment per type/model per brand.
 10 pieces per model per type per brand of electric vehicle accessory.
The EV spaces shall be designed to comply with the following:
 The minimum length of each EV space shall be 18 feet (5486 mm).
 The minimum width of each EV space shall be 9 feet (2743 mm).
 One in every 25 EV spaces, but not less than one, shall also have an 8-foot (2438 mm)
wide minimum aisle. A 5-foot (1524 mm) wide minimum aisle shall be permitted
provided the minimum width of the EV space is 12 feet (3658 mm).
Surface slope for this EV space and the aisle shall not exceed 1 unit vertical in 48 units
horizontal (2.083 percent slope) in any direction.
54 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Number of Required EV Spaces: The number of required EV spaces shall be based on the
total number of parking spaces provided for all types of parking facilities.
TOTAL NUMBER OF NUMBER OF REQUIRED

PARKING SPACES EV SPACES
0—9 0
10—25 1
26—50 2
51—75 4
76—100 5
101—150 7
151—200 10
201 and over 6 percent of total
 RECREATIONAL SPACES
o BASKETBALL COURT
 Recommended Area Ground space is 448 m2 minimum to 540 m2 recommended,
including clear space.
 Size and Dimension
Playing court is 14 X 26
m with an unobstructed
space of 1 m minimum
to 2 m recommended on
all sides.
 Orientation Preferred
orientation is for the long axis to be north-south.
 Surface and Drainage Surface is a Fig.3.112

concreteBASKETBALL COURT
or bituminous DIMENTION
material with optional
protective color coating. Drainage is to be end to end, side to side, or corner to corner
diagonally at a minimum slope of 0.02 m in 3.05 m I1 m. in 10 ft.).
 Special Considerations Safety-Backboard is to be 1 .65 m from support post. Post may be
padded.
o VOLLEYBALL COURT
55 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Recommended Area Ground space is 4000 sq ft.
 Size and Dimension Playing court is 30 X 60 ft plus 6 ft minimum, 10 ft preferred,
unobstructed space on all sides.
 Orientation Preferred orientation is for the long axis to be north-south.
 Surface and Drainage Recommended surface for intensive use is to be bituminous
material or concrete, but sand-clay or turf may be used for informal play. Drainage is to
be end to end, side to side or corner to corner at a minimum slope of 1 in. in 10 ft.
 MANGROVE FOREST
Mangroves are found on the front line in terms of their position relative to many coastal
hazards. The fact that they thrive in many coastal settings gives some indication of their ability to
cope with such hazards, or at least to recover from major impacts.

Fig.3.113 VOLLEYBALL COURT LAYOUT
The role of mangroves in coastal risk reduction:
 Mangroves reduce wave damage.
 Mangroves reduce damage from large storms.
 Mangroves can help reduce
tsunami damage.
 Mangroves reduce erosion and
bind soils together.
 Mangroves may keep up with sea
level rise.
Fig.3.114 FAIL IN MUDDY COASTS
56 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT Fig.3.115 MANGROVE SYSTEM PLANNING
SPE
 BPO TOWER
o MATERIALS
Commercial buildings, such as call centers, require durable and efficient materials to
ensure the functionality, comfort, and cost-effectiveness of the facility. The choice of materials
should take into account factors like energy efficiency, acoustic performance, and ease of
maintenance. Common materials and recommendations for commercial buildings like call
centers include:
 Exterior Walls:
 Concrete Block or Brick: These materials
offer durability, weather resistance, and
security.
Fig.4.1 CONCRETE WALL
Metal Panels: Metal panels are used for modern
aesthetics and durability.
Insulation: High-quality insulation, such as foam
or mineral wool, enhances energy efficiency and
acoustic
Fig.4.2 performance.
METAL PANELS
 Roofing:
 Single-Ply Membrane Roofing: This material
provides good insulation, durability, and ease of
maintenance.
Fig.4.3 MEMBRANE ROOFING
 Metal Roofing: Metal roofs are long-lasting and
energy-efficient.
57 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Fig.4.4 METAL ROOFING
 Interior Walls:
 Gypsum Board: Gypsum board is
commonly used for interior walls
due to its ease of installation and
versatility.
 Acoustic Panels: Using acoustic

Fig.4.5 ACOUSTIC PANELS
panels can help reduce noise in call center workspaces.
 Flooring:
 Vinyl Flooring: Vinyl
flooring is durable, easy to
clean, and suitable for high-

Fig.4.6 CERAMIC TILES Fig.4.7 VINYL FLOORING
traffic areas.
 Ceramic Tiles: Ceramic tiles are commonly used in public areas and corridors for their
durability and ease of maintenance.
 Ceilings:
 Acoustic Ceiling Tiles: Acoustic ceiling tiles help
control sound and create a comfortable work
environment.
 Exposed Ceiling Systems: Some call centers opt for an
open, industrial look with exposed ceiling systems. Fig.4.8 ACOUSTIC CEILING TILES
 Windows and Glazing:
 Double-Glazed Windows: Double-glazed windows
improve energy efficiency and provide better
insulation. Fig.4.9 DOUBLE-GLAZED WINDOW
58 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Tinted Glass: Tinted glass can help control heat and glare, which is important in the
Philippines' climate.
o General Doors and Windows Specifications for BPO Tower/ Commercial Building:
Fig.4.10 TINTED GLASS
The type of doors and their specifications used in a commercial building like a call
center can vary based on several factors, including local building codes, security needs, and
design preferences. Here are some common types of doors and their specifications that are often
used in commercial buildings like call centers:
1. Wooden Doors
On most occasions, homeowners take advantage of wooden doors because of how great
it looks on their home. However, most commercial buildings use this type of door because it
perfectly fits their structure or business theme.
The majority of wooden doors are made utilizing
thin wood veneer sheets wrapped around a composite core
made from particleboard, pressed mineral products, or solid
lumber. You can find these doors mostly installed in interior
parts of the building since wood cannot withstand the harsh
weather Fig.4.11
elements for a long
WOODEN time.
DOOR
2. Steel Doors
These are the most used doors for
any commercial building because of their
durability, and building owners can get them
in different designs. It is also mostly used
because it provides the best security Fig.4.12 STEEL DOOR
compared to others like the wooden doors. Contractors install these in areas of commercial
buildings that need efficient protection from unauthorized people, such as server rooms and
production floors.
3. Aluminum Doors with Glass
59 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
You will need this type of door if you want to have doors that look sleek and
sophisticated. It’s a large glass door with aluminum that holds the entire glass, making the door
look great in most offices. It’s also easy to maintain since cleaners only need to use a cleaning
Fig.4.13 ALUMINUM DOOR
agent and wipe it.
4. Full Glass Doors
If you want to eliminate the aluminum from the doors, you can
choose full glass doors. Another type of door that is heavily
used in offices and inside convenience stores is a glass door.
This type of door provides a clean and attractive look for any
passersby who chance upon the building. The only downside is
Fig.4.14 GLASS DOOR that these doors are not suitable for providing security in
commercial buildings since people can easily break the
glass.
5. Typical doors:
 Material: Typically, entry doors are made of metal,
fiberglass, or solid wood to provide durability and security.
 Size: Standard sizes are 36 inches in width and 80 inches in height,

Fig.4.15 but the size
STANDARD DOORmay vary
based on accessibility requirements and design preferences
 Security: Entry doors in commercial buildings often have robust locking systems, such as
keycard or electronic access control systems.
6. Interior Doors:
 Material: Interior doors can be made of solid wood, hollow core, or composite materials,
depending on factors like sound insulation and budget.
 Size: Standard sizes are 32 inches in width and 80 inches in height for single doors, but
wider doors may be used for double doors or conference rooms.
7. Fire Doors:
60 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
In commercial buildings, fire-rated doors are used to compartmentalize spaces and
prevent the spread of fire. These doors are typically made of metal and have a fire rating
specified by local building codes.

Fig.4.16 FIRE EXIT DOOR
8. Glass Doors:
For office spaces and conference rooms, glass doors are often used to provide natural
light and a more open feel. These doors may be frameless or have aluminum or wooden frames.
9. Automatic Sliding Doors:
Automatic sliding doors can be used at entrances for
convenience and accessibility. They are equipped with motion
sensors and safety features.

Fig.4.17 AUTOMATIC SLIDING DOOR
10. Soundproof Doors:
Call centers often require soundproofing to reduce noise
pollution. Soundproof doors have special seals, insulation, and glass to
minimize sound transmission.
Fig.4.18 ACOUSTIC DOOR
Windows generally used:
Windows in commercial buildings vary widely in type and specifications, depending on
factors such as building design, location, climate, and energy efficiency requirements. Here are
some common types of windows and their specifications used in commercial buildings:
1. Double-Hung Windows:
These windows have two sashes that can slide vertically
within the frame. They are versatile and can be used in various
commercial settings.
Fig.4.19 DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW
 Specifications: Double-hung windows can be customized with different materials,
glazing options, and sizes to meet energy efficiency and aesthetic goals.
61 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
2. Casement Windows:
Casement windows are hinged on one side and open outward like a door. They are often
used for ventilation and can be ideal in windy climates.

Fig.4.20 CASEMENT WINDOW
 Specifications: They can be designed with various materials, including wood, aluminum,
or vinyl, and can have energy-efficient features like low-E glass.
3. Fixed Windows:
Fixed windows do not open and are used mainly for their
aesthetic appeal and to allow natural light into a space.
 Specifications: Fixed windows can have large expanses Fig.4.21 FIXED WINDOW
of glass, and energy-efficient glazing is often used to maintain insulation.
4. Sliding Windows:
Sliding windows have one or more movable
panels that slide horizontally. They are often used in
settings where vertical space is limited.

Fig.4.22 SLIDING WINDOW
 Specifications: Options include single-sliding or
double-sliding configurations and choices of materials for frames and glass.
5. Awning Windows
Awning windows are hinged at the top and open
outward from the bottom. They are often used in areas where
ventilation is needed even during rain. Fig.4.23 AWNING WINDOW
 Specifications: These windows are available in various sizes and materials, and energy-
efficient glass options are common.
6. Picture Windows:
Picture windows are large, fixed windows designed
to provide unobstructed views and natural light.
62 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Specifications: They are typically customized to maximize the view
Fig.4.24 PICTURE and energy
WINDOW
efficiency, often using low-E glass.
7. Louvered Windows:
Louvered windows consist of multiple parallel blades
or slats that can be tilted to control airflow and ventilation.
 Specifications: These windows are suitable for warm

Fig.4.25 LOUVERS WINDOW
climates and are often made of materials resistant to moisture.
 COMMERCIAL CENTER
o MATERIALS
The choice of materials for each space within a commercial center depends on the
function, aesthetics, and performance requirements of that space. Here are some
recommendations for materials commonly used in various spaces within a commercial center:
 Retail Spaces:
 Flooring: Durable and easy-to-clean materials like commercial-grade carpet, vinyl, or
ceramic tiles.
 Wall Finishes: Painted drywall or gypsum board.
 Shelving and Displays: Wood, glass, and metal for shelving and displays.
 Dining and Food Courts:
 Flooring: Easy-to-maintain materials like ceramic or porcelain tiles.
 Seating: Comfortable and easy-to-clean materials like upholstered seating or molded
plastic.
 Countertops: Durable materials like granite or solid surface for food service counters.
 Entertainment and Leisure Areas:
 Flooring: Carpet or rubber flooring for gaming areas.
63 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Wall Finishes: Themed and colorful wall coverings.
 Seating: Comfortable and stylish materials for seating options.
 Supermarkets and Groceries:

Fig.4.26 RUBBER FLOORING
 Flooring: Non-slip, easy-to-clean flooring like vinyl.
 Display Shelving*: Metal shelving for durability and adjustability.
 Service Centers:
 Countertops: Durable materials like granite or solid surface for service counters.
 Wall Finishes: Painted drywall or gypsum board.
 Health and Wellness Facilities:
 Flooring: Hygienic and non-slip materials like vinyl or ceramic tiles.
 Wall Finishes: Easy-to-clean and moisture-resistant surfaces.
 Treatment Beds and Equipment*: Comfortable and easy-to-clean materials.
 Beauty and Personal Care Services:
 Flooring: Non-slip and easy-to-clean materials.
 Countertops: Water-resistant and stylish materials for workstations.
 Mirrors and Vanity Areas*: Glass and high-quality mirrors.
 Office Spaces and Co-Working Centers:
 Flooring: Professional and durable materials like commercial carpet or wood.
 Desks and Workstations: Functional and ergonomic furniture.
 Event Spaces:
 Flooring: Versatile and easy-to-clean materials like hardwood or polished concrete.
 Soundproofing*: Acoustic panels and materials.
 Stage and Seating*: Versatile seating options and stage materials.
 Kids and Family-Friendly Areas:
 Flooring: Soft and cushioned materials like rubber or carpet.
 Play Equipment*: Safe and durable materials for play structures.
o GENERAL DOORS AND WINDOWS USED:
64 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Commercial centers often use a variety of doors with specific specifications to meet the
needs of different areas within the facility. Here are common types of commercial doors used in
commercial centers and their specifications:
1. Automatic Sliding Doors:
 Material: Automatic sliding doors are typically made of glass for a modern, welcoming
look.
 Size: They are available in various sizes to accommodate different traffic volumes.
 Convenience: These doors have motion sensors and safety features, making them
convenient and accessible.
2. Rolling Grilles and Shutters:
 Material: Rolling grilles and shutters are made of
metal and provide security for storefronts and
entrances.
 Security: They are designed to deter break-ins and can
be operated manually or electronically. Fig.4.27 GRILLS
3. Fire Doors:
 Material: Fire doors are typically made of metal and include fire-resistant materials.
 Rating: These doors are rated for fire resistance, such as 1-hour or 2-hour fire-rated
doors, and are designed to contain and prevent the spread of fires.
4. Glass Doors:
 Material: Glass doors are commonly used for storefronts and interior spaces to allow
natural light and visibility.
 Energy Efficiency: Energy-efficient glass options like low-E glass may be used to reduce
cooling costs.
5. Revolving Doors:
65 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Material: Revolving doors are typically constructed with glass panels and metal frames.
 Energy Efficiency: They are designed to minimize drafts and maintain interior
temperatures.
6. Interior Commercial Doors:

Fig.4.28 REVOLVING DOOR
 Material: Interior doors may vary, with options including wood, glass, metal, or
composite materials.
 Functionality: Interior doors serve various functions within the commercial center, such
as separating retail spaces, offices, and storage areas.
7. Soundproof Doors:
 Material: Soundproof doors are designed with specialized seals and insulation to
minimize noise transmission.
 Use: They are used in areas where sound control is essential, such as theaters or
conference rooms.
Windows generally used:
1. Retail Spaces:
 Types of Windows: Retail spaces may have fixed
windows for displaying merchandise or awning/casement
windows for ventilation.
 Specifications: Retail display windows often have energy-
efficient glazing, while awning or casement windows may
be operable for natural ventilation. Fig.4.29 FIXED WINDOW
2. Restaurants and Food Courts:
 Types of Windows: Large fixed or picture windows are common to create an open and
inviting atmosphere.
66 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Specifications: These windows may have clear glazing to allow natural light and may be
customized for thermal insulation.
3. Entertainment and Leisure Facilities:
 Types of Windows: Picture windows or fixed windows with soundproofing features to
minimize noise.
 Specifications: High-quality glazing materials with acoustic insulation properties are

Fig.4.30 GLASS WALL
often used to reduce external noise.
4. Service or Kiosk and support facilities:
 Types of Windows: Fixed or casement windows may be used for service counters, while
awning or hopper windows may provide ventilation in restrooms.
 Specifications: Service counters may have clear, secure glazing, while restroom windows
may include privacy features.
 4-STAR HOTEL
o MATERIALS
Hotels in the Philippines often use a combination of materials that are aesthetically
pleasing, durable, and suitable for the tropical climate. The choice of materials may vary
depending on the hotel's location, design theme, and budget. Here are some materials commonly
used and recommended for different areas within hotels in the Philippines:
1. Exterior Facade:
 Natural Stone: Such as local limestone, for a luxurious and tropical look.
 Wood Accents: For a warm and inviting feel.
 Fiber Cement Panels: Durable and resistant to weather conditions.
 Glass Curtain Walls: Modern and energy-efficient.
2. Roofing:
 Metal Roofing: Ideal for its durability in the tropical climate.
 Concrete Tiles: Traditional and attractive for a resort-style look.
 Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO): Good for flat roofs and energy efficiency.
67 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
3. Interior Flooring:
 Marble or Granite: For the lobby and common areas, providing a luxurious feel.
 Ceramic Tiles: Durable and easy to clean for guest
rooms and bathrooms.
 Wood Flooring: Adds warmth to guest rooms and
suites.
Fig.4.31 GRANITE
4. Wall Finishes:
 Painted Drywall: Versatile and easy to maintain for most areas.
 Wallpaper: Adds texture and patterns to rooms and corridors.
 Wood Paneling: Provides a luxurious and tropical ambiance.
5. Bathroom Materials:
 Porcelain Tiles: Durable and easy to clean for bathroom walls and floors.
 Granite or Quartz Countertops: For a luxurious and water-resistant vanity.
 Glass Shower Enclosures: Modern and easy to maintain.:
o BEST INTERIOR DOORS FOR HOTELS
To attract guests and ensure they leave happy, every aspect of a hotel's interior must look
beautiful and function properly. From the hotel entrance door to the bathroom stalls, guest will
judge a hotel's quality and value by its doors. That's why it's important to choose the right door
options when designing, building or updating any place of hospitality.
1. Reception and Lobby
The reception area is the perfect place to
impress guests and differentiate a hotel from the
competition. For interior doors in the lobby, you
may consider large wood veneer doors with
decorative elements. For more control over the
finished look, you can choose custom doors. Fig.4.32 ENTRANCE
68 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
While aesthetic plays a vital role in door choice for hotel lobbies, keep in mind that people move
through these spaces constantly. Doors in the reception area must be durable enough to withstand
bumps from rolling suitcases and vacuums as well as general wear and tear.
Doors typical used in such place:
a. Automatic Sliding Doors:
 Functionality: Automatic sliding doors are popular in hotel lobbies for their convenience,
accessibility, and modern appearance.
 Design: They provide a welcoming and high-tech entrance and are often made of glass or
glass and metal combinations to create a transparent, open atmosphere.
 Safety Features: Equipped with sensors to detect the approach of guests, these doors open
and close automatically, enhancing accessibility.
b. Double Swing Doors:
 Functionality: Double swing doors offer a more classic and elegant entrance and are often
used in upscale hotels.
 Design: They may be made of solid wood or have glass panels for a balance of aesthetics and
functionality.
 Security: High-quality locks and hardware are used for security and to ensure smooth
operation.
c. Glass Doors:
 Functionality: Glass doors, either sliding or swing, provide transparency and allow for an
open, inviting atmosphere.
 Design: They are popular in modern and contemporary hotels, and their transparency creates
a sense of spaciousness.
 Safety Features: High-quality hardware and safety glass are used to ensure security.
d. Custom-Designed Doors:
69 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Functionality: Custom-designed doors are created to align with the hotel's specific interior
design and branding.
 Design: They can be made of a variety of materials and can feature unique designs, logos, or
Fig.4.33 COSTUM DOOR
branding elements.
2. Guest Rooms
The door is the first part of a hotel room that
guests experience. The appearance of a guest room door
impacts the guest's impression of the corridor, and the
door's construction and hardware influence their
comfort and perception of security. The best interior
doors for hotel guest rooms have high Sound
Transmission Class (STC) ratings

Fig.4.34 toLOCK
SMART prevent
DOORhallway
noise from bothering guests inside. Guest room doors should also provide durability and resist
damage to ensure they appear like new throughout their lifespan. Flush doors are popular for
guest room entrances due to their sleek modern look.
a. Solid Core Wood Doors:
 Material: These doors are made from solid wood or wood veneer, providing a traditional
and upscale appearance.
 Design: Wood doors can be stained or painted to match the hotel's interior design theme.
b. Soundproof Doors:
 Material: Soundproof doors have specialized seals and insulation to minimize noise
transmission.
 Use: They are used in areas where sound control is essential, such as between guest
rooms or in rooms near noisy areas.
c. Hollow Metal Doors:
70 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Material: Hollow metal doors are constructed with a steel frame and core, providing
strength and durability.
 Security: They are used in areas where security is a primary concern, such as emergency
exit routes.
3. Restroom Entry and Stalls
For restrooms inside guest rooms, you can select a plastic
laminate door that complements the room entrance door. Laminate
simplifies cleaning and stands up to the heat and moisture
produced by showers.
Fig.4.35 PLASTIC LAMINATED DOOR

4. Restaurants and Bars
The doors that welcome guests into a hotel's restaurant or bar should set the mood for the
dining or drinking experience. Large stile and rail doors can create the desired atmosphere. The
restaurant or bar also offers an ideal spot to draw on local architectural styles for inspiration. For
hardware, look for handles that match the restaurant's style, whether modern or traditional.
a. Sliding Glass Doors:
 Design: Sliding glass doors are made of glass and slide horizontally.
 Aesthetics: They offer a modern and stylish entrance while allowing for natural light and
views.
b. Folding Doors:
 Design: Folding doors consist of multiple
panels that fold open, creating a wide opening.
 Functionality: They are used in restaurants and
bars to open up space to outdoor seating areas
or create flexible layouts. Fig.4.36 FOLDING DOOR
5. Patio and Outdoor Bar Doors:
71 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Design: Patio and outdoor bar doors are designed for outdoor settings and may be made
of materials suitable for exposure to the elements.
 Functionality: They provide easy access between indoor and outdoor dining areas.
6. Bi-Fold Doors:
 Design: Bi-fold doors fold in half to create an open space.
 Aesthetics: They provide a modern and clean look and are used for creating larger
openings between spaces.
a. Custom-Designed Doors:
 Design: Custom-designed doors can be created to match the specific aesthetics and
branding of the hotel's restaurant or bar.
7. Back of House
Back of house staff navigate through many doors that guests
never see. The best doors for back of house are durable and
functional. Metal doors work well in these spaces since they provide
increased security and will not become damaged when
housekeeping carts bump into them. Will staff carry items when
they go through these doors? If so, consider choosing an option that

Fig.4.37 HOLLOW METAL DOOR
does not require the user to turn a handle.
8. Banquet Hall
Banquet halls and event spaces need grand hotel door designs that reflect the hotel's brand
and architectural style. Stile and rail wood doors work well in banquet halls, as do custom doors
designed with the space's theme and size in mind.
a. Double Swing Doors:
 Design: Double swing doors consist of two hinged doors that swing open in both
directions.
72 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Specifications: These doors are often made of wood or other materials that match the
hall's interior design. They provide a grand entrance and allow for easy access for staff
and guests during events.
General Windows used:
Characteristics of the Ideal Hotel Window. While it may not be possible to address all of the
following factors in deciding which hotel window is best, room designers should at least assign a
level of priority to each of these factors.
1. Aluminium Casement Windows:
A combination of casement, sliding and fixed window
or other two windows of the same type (like casement-fixed) or
different types (slider-casement or slider-fixed), integrated
Fig.4.38 CASEMENT combination windows can be designed and developed in a
variety of designs and sizes as Casement customers need. Recommended for Wide/Tall
Openings, High Rise Apartments and Bedrooms.
2. Sliding windows:
Sliding windows can have two (or more) horizontally
sashes fixed with rollers at the bottom for easy sideways movement
on the trails. Faster and easier to control and use, these type of
windows are great for panoramic views and air circulation.

Fig.4.39 SLIDING
Recommended for Large/Tall openings, Balconies, Bedrooms.
3. Tilt and Turn windows:
An adaptable windows with modern design, Tilt and turn windows
features a sash, which will tilt open at a degree angle from the upward
with the hinges at downward or swing inwards with the help of hinges on
the side. An advanced engineering simplifies both these operations with a
Fig.4.40 TILT & TURN
73 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
simple turn by a single handle. Recommended for Living Rooms, Bedrooms, Washrooms,
Perfect for Small Spaces.
4. Bay windows:
Bay window is an integration of three or more types of windows, which projects
outward from the main walls forming a bay in an apartment that can be either polygonal or
square. This projected windows can be at several angles with each other’s. Attractive and
Fig.4.41 BAY WINDOW
elegant, it is one of the classiest window designs recognized for its Bay Window attractiveness
and functionality. Perfect for fashioning a reserved little corner in home for yourself.
Recommended for Bedrooms, Living rooms and model for small spaces.
5. Villa Windows:
A rare arrangement of sealing, substance, style and security:
The casement in the globe with a bug mesh, a twin sash and a grill
built into the system. It’s an innovation modernization engineered
especially for an Indian environments to safeguard you from theft and
Fig.4.42 VILLA WINDOW insects without losing ventilation, providing all benefits of a casement
window, this making it a complete key for Indian homes. Recommended for Living rooms, High
Rise Apartments and Bedrooms.
6. Fixed windows:
Fixed windows universally known as picture windows, this
type of windows are fixed, still, stationary, non-openable, planned to
allow passage of sun light into the room, also offer a clear view of
outside and enrich the artistic of a home. This type of windows can also
be paired with other types to design, develop a unique style statement. Fig.4.43 FIXED WINDOW
7. Glass-to-Glass windows:
74 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Glass-to-glass window structures a fixed window panel, where the glass panels connects
at an angle of 90° degree and are precisely combined together without any mullions. Stylish and
contemporary, this window offers outstanding unified view, brings in maximum sunlight,
however adding a new architectural dimension to the home. Recommended for any perfect
corner room of the home.
Fig.4.44 GLASS-TO-GLASS WINDOW
 SERVICED APARTMENT
o MATERIALS
General Materials used and recommended in designing and constructing a serviced
apartment in the Philippines:
 Flooring:
 Ceramic Tiles: Durable and easy to clean for high-traffic areas like living rooms and
kitchens.
 Vinyl Plank Flooring: Resilient, waterproof, and versatile for bedrooms and living areas.
 Carpet: Comfortable and cozy for bedrooms and select living spaces.
 Wall Finishes:
Painted Drywall: Versatile and easy to maintain for
most interior walls.
Wallpaper: Adds texture and patterns to bedrooms
or living room accent walls.

Fig.4.45 WOOD PANEL
 Wood Paneling: Provides a warm and welcoming ambiance in some areas
 Kitchen and Bathroom Materials:
 Granite or Quartz Countertops: Durable, water-resistant, and attractive for kitchens and
bathrooms.
 Porcelain or Ceramic Tiles: For kitchen backsplashes and bathroom walls.
75 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Stainless Steel Appliances: Resistant to corrosion in the tropical climate.
 Glass Shower Enclosures: Modern and easy to clean in bathrooms.
 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Materials:
 Consider using sustainable materials, such as bamboo or reclaimed wood, to align with
eco-conscious design and building practices.
 Acoustic Materials:
 Use acoustic panels and sound-absorbing materials in areas where noise control is
important, such as bedrooms or common spaces.
 Outdoor Balconies or Terraces:
 Outdoor Decking: Durable materials like composite decking for outdoor spaces.
 Outdoor Furniture: Weather-resistant and comfortable furnishings for outdoor areas.
 Storage and Wardrobe Materials:
 Custom Closet Systems: Maximizing storage space with organized and efficient designs.
 Durable Hinges and Drawer Slides: Ensuring the longevity of cabinetry.
o DOOR
When choosing the entrance door, consider
 the materials from which the door is made
 and which filler is used for sound and thermal insulation.
Wood and metal are most often used for the
manufacture of doors to the urban apartment. If your
apartment is located in a quiet and (relatively) safe
area, a strong wood door is quite enough. Those who
live next door to violent neighbors should choose a

Fig.4.46 SAMPLE DOOR
quality reinforced steel door.
Any reliable product should have an internal filling of high quality. The internal construction of
the door consists of sections limited by steel stiffeners with the insulating materials between.
Design and other essential characteristics:
76 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
In addition to the nuances mentioned above, the apartment entrance door should be selected
based on its design. It sets the general tone in the interior, and helps to the apartment owners to
be in a good mood as they use this product every day.
1. Entry Doors:
 Design: Entry doors are the main doors providing
access to the apartment unit from the hallway or
common area.
 Specifications: They should be solid and secure, often

Fig.4.47 ENTRY DOOR
made of wood or metal, and equipped with a deadbolt lock and peephole for security.
Fire-rated doors may be required for safety.
2. Interior Swing Doors:
 Design: These doors separate different rooms within the apartment, such as bedrooms,
bathrooms, and living areas.
 Specifications: They are typically designed for privacy and aesthetics. They may be made
of wood or composite materials, and hardware can include privacy locks and handles.
3. Pocket Doors:
 Design: Pocket doors slide into a wall recess
when open, saving space and creating a
seamless look.
 Specifications: These doors are space-efficient
and often used in smaller apartments. They
come in various materials and can have privacy Fig.4.48 POCKET DOOR
features.
4. Bathroom Doors:
 Design: Bathroom doors separate the bathroom from
the rest of the living space.
77 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Specifications: They are often solid core doors with moisture-resistant surfaces. Privacy
locks are essential, and they may have ventilation grilles for airflow.
5. Balcony or Patio Doors: Fig.4.49 FLUSH DOOR
 Design: These doors provide access to outdoor spaces like balconies or patios.
 Specifications: They are usually sliding or swinging glass doors. Energy-efficient glazing
is important for insulation, and they may have locks and security features.
6. Fire-Rated Doors:
 Design: Fire-rated doors are designed to resist the spread of fire and smoke.
 Specifications: They are required in common areas, exit routes, and other locations to
meet fire safety regulations. Ratings can vary, such as 20 minutes, 60 minutes, or 90
minutes.
7. Closet and Utility Room Doors:
 Design: These doors enclose storage spaces and utility rooms within the apartment.
 Specifications: They are often made of wood or composite materials and can include
ventilation grilles for utility spaces.
o WINDOWS
1. Picture Windows:
If you are looking for a big window that does not need to open, picture windows are the
best option. These windows contain large glass areas usually positioned in the center of the wall,
which allows plenty of sunlight.
If you have a gorgeous view from your apartment, then the picture windows might be
what you need. Since picture windows are fixed and do not open, they will leak less air than an
operable window. However, you will gain or lose a lot of heat due to their large glass panes
compared to an insulated wall. The most common rooms you might find fit for picture windows
are living rooms, kitchens, or master bedrooms, and the preferred frame materials are vinyl and
aluminum.
2. Single-Hung and
Double-Hung Windows:
78 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
These types of windows are considered the most traditional style of windows. They
might look identical, but the main difference is that the single-hung window top sash is
inoperable, which can be preferable in weather-affected areas. In addition, it is easier to clean
than the double-hung window and more affordable as well.
Fig.4.50
As for the double-hung is considered a better HUNG
choice WINDOW
if you are looking for a window
with better air ventilation since both sashes are operable. Since these styles are easy to open, they
are perfect for the kitchen, living room, and bedrooms. And the best materials that work well
with them in an apartment are fiberglass, vinyl, and aluminum.
3. Sliding Windows:
These windows operate horizontally. Unlike the single-hung and double-hung, the sashes
of sliding windows slide back and forth rather than up and down. They are double-hung windows
turned on their sides.
4. Casement and Awning Windows:
These windows are essentially the same window installed, Casement windows operating
vertically (swinging outward from the house) and Awning by opening horizontally (to open
upward from the bottom). These windows are commonly known for their energy efficiency, and
they are perfect for living rooms and kitchens. The best frame materials for these two types are
fiberglass and vinyl.
5. Garden Windows:
These windows are unique in design.
They give extra space for your room, much like
a bow or bay window giving you extra space to
store and shelve items like books or plants. In
addition, the garden windows allow a lot of
sunlight to enter your apartment. Fig.4.51 GARDEN WINDOW
79 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
guid
 CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF ALL
BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY (NBCP, RULE VII)
SECTION 701. Occupancy Classified
a. Buildings proposed for construction shall be identified according to their use or the
character of its occupancy and shall be classified as follows:
i. Group A - Residential Dwellings
Division 2 - Residential building for the exclusive use of non-leasing occupants not
exceeding 10 persons including single-attached or duplex or townhouses, each
privately-owned; school dormitories (on campus); convents and monasteries;
military or police barracks/dormitories; pre-schools, elementary and high schools,
provided that they do not exceed 16 classrooms; outpatient clinics, family planning
clinics, lying-in clinics, diagnostics clinics, medical and clinical laboratories; branch
library and museums; steam/dry cleaning outlets; party needs and accessories
(leasing of tables and chairs, etc.).
ii. Group B - Residentials, Hotels and Apartments
Group B Occupancies shall be multiple dwelling units including boarding or lodging
houses, hotels, apartment buildings, row houses, convents, monasteries and other similar
building each of which accommodates more than 10 persons.
v. Group E - Business and Mercantile
80 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Division 2 - Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining
establishments having an occupant load of less than one hundred persons, printing
plants, police and fire stations, factories and workshops using not highly flammable or
combustible materials and paint stores without bulk handlings.
x. Group J – Accessory
Division 1 - Gasoline filling and service stations, storage garages and boat storage
structures where no work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no
open flame, welding, or the use of highly flammable liquids.
Division 2 - Private garages, carports, fences over 1.80 meters high, tanks, swimming
pools and towers.
Division 3 - Stages, platforms, pelota, tennis, badminton or basketball courts, tombs,
mausoleums, niches, aviaries, aquariums, zoo structures, banks and record vaults.
81 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
SECTION 704. Location on Property
4.Building Footprint and Firewall Requirements
a. The following rules shall be observed in the determination of the Allowable Maximum
Building Footprint (AMBF) for buildings and related habitable structures. If the
stated rules are compared with (1) Rule VIII Table VIII.1.- Reference Table on
82 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Percentage of Site Occupancy and Maximum Allowable Construction Area (MACA);
(2) Rule VIII Tables VIII.2. and VIII.3. (setbacks, yards and courts); or (3) with the
applicable stipulations under this Rule and with the applicable stipulations of the Fire
Code, the more stringent but applicable regulation out of the aforementioned rules
should be observed.
SECTION 705. Allowable Floor Areas
1. General. The Allowable Maximum Total Gross Floor Area (TGFA) of any proposed
building/structure shall only be as allowed under this Rule.
2. TGFA Limitation. In Table VII.1. hereafter, the percentages (%) indicated in the third
(3rd) through eighth (8th) columns, but excluding the multiplier numbers 3, 5, 12, 18,
and 30 (which represent the number of storeys/floors), are the percentages of the Total
Lot Area (TLA) that may be used to initially determine the Allowable Maximum TGFA
for a proposed building/structure.
3. Crosscheck of TGFA with Allowable Maximum Volume Building (AMVB). The
Allowable Maximum TGFA once established must be thoroughly crosschecked with the
AMVB to find out if the AMVB is not exceeded. If exceeded, the necessary adjustments
on the Maximum Allowable TGFA must be made since the AMVB must always prevail.
SECTION 707. Maximum Height of Buildings
2.Determination of Building Height:
83 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF OCCUPANCY PARKING REQUIREMENTS
MULTI-FAMILY LIVING UNITS REGARDLESS OF NO. 1 SLOT/8 UNITS
OF STORIES WITH AVERAGE LIVING FLOOR AREA
OF 50sqm
MULTI-FAMILY LIVING UNITS REGARDLESS OF NO. 1 SLOT/4 UNITS
OF ABOVE 50sqm TO 100sqm
MULTI-FAMILY LIVING UNITS REGARDLESS OF NO. 1 SLOT/UNIT
OF 100sqm
HOTEL 1 SLOT/10 ROOMS
RESIDENTIAL HOTELS AND APARTELES 1 SLOT/5 UNITS
SHOPPING CENTERS 1 SLOT/100 sqm
RESTAURANTS, FASTFOOD OUTLETS, BARS AND 1 SLOT/30 sqm OF COSTUMER
BEERHOUSES AREA
OFFICE BUILDING 1 SLOT/125 sqm OF GROSS FLOOR
AREA
OTHER BUILDINGS IN BUSINESS & COMMERCIAL 1 SLOT/125 sqm OF GROSS FLOOR
ZONES AREA
AMUSEMENT CENTERS 1 SLOT/50 sqm OF GROSS FLOOR
AREA
TOURIST BUS PARKING 2 BUS SLOTS/HOTEL OR
THEATER RESTAURANT
 PARKING REQUIRMENTS
TYPES OF OCCUPANCY LOADING REQUIREMENTS
STORES, MANUFACTURING MERCANTILE, 1 LOADING SLOT FOR EVERY
WHOLESALE AND THE LIKE 5000sqm OF GROSS FLOOR AREA
(minimum of 1 truck loading slot)
HOTEL AND HOSPITALS 1 TRUCK LOADING SLOT
o STANDARD PARKING SLOT

Parking Slots. The minimum si2e of a parking slot according to the NBC is 2.4 meters
(7.87 feet) for the width by 5 meters (16.4 feet) for the length. But due to the changing times,
most developers use 2.5- meter width by 5-meter length for the parking size.
Fig.5.1 CAR PARKING OREINTATIONS
84 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
o DIVISION 16. STORAGE OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.16.1 GENERAL STORAGE OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.16.3 SPECIAL PROVISION FOR PARKING STRUCTURES
B. Exit Details
Number and Types of Exits Every floor of every parking structure shall have access to at
least two (2) separate exits. Such exits shall be provided with doors, interior stairs of
smoke proof towers, outside stairs or a horizontal exit accordance with this IRR.
Exception No. 1: In an open type parking juncture with open ramps now subject to closure, the
ramp may serve in lieu of the second exit provided the ramp discharges directly outside at the
street level.
Exception No. 2. For parking structure extending only (1) floor level below the floor of exit
discharge, a ramp heading directly to the outside may serve in lieu of the second
1. Arrangement of and Travel Distance to Exit
a) Exits in parking structures shall be so arranged that no point in the area will be more an
entry five meters 45 m from the nearest exit other than a ramp on the same floor level.
b) Exception no. 1: travel distance may be Increased to ninety-one meters (91 m) for open
floors of open parking structures.
Exception no 2. travel distance may be increased of sixty meters 60 m for enclosed parking
structures completely protected by an approved. supervised sprinkler system in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
c) Exits shall be so arranged that from any point in the parking structures. the paths of travel
to the two (2) sits will be in different directions, except that a common path of travel may
be permitted for the firth fifteen (ISI meters from any point.
d) If fuel pumps are located within any c1œed parking garage, exits shall be so located that
travel away from the fuel pump in any direction \which leads to an edit, with no dead end
85 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
in which occupants mIght be trapped by fire or explosion at any fuel pump. Such exit
shall lead to the outside of the building on the same level or down stairs\ no upward
travel permitted unless direct outside exits are available from the floor Any storey below
the storey at which Is being dispensed shall have exits direct to the outside via outside
stairs or doors at ground level.
Fig.5.2 FIRE EXITS DISTANCE
o BP 344: LAW TO ENHANCE MOBILITY OF DISABLED PERSONS
o PARKING AREAS
 Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of 3.70m
 Should be close as possible to building or accessible entrances and should be
perpendicular or at an angle to the road or circulation areas.
 Walkways from accessible spaces of 1.2 m clear width shall be provided between front
ends of parked cars
Signs or markings for the handicapped parking should be provided
 Should never be located at sloping areas
86 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Fig.5.3 PWD PARKING AREA
o INSIDE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
A. ENTRANCE
 At least 1 entrance to every building should be accessible from arrival and departure
points to the interior lobby (1 entrance should have elevator access)
 Entrance with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at least 1.8m depth and a
1.5m width
B. RAMPS
 Change in elevation require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb, an elevator or
other mechanical device
 Provide 1.2m clear width with 1:12 max gradient
 Length of the ramp should not exceed 6 meter if the gradient is 1:12
 Ramps exceeding 6 meters whose gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with landings not
less than 1.5m
 Level areas not less than 1.8m should be provided at the top and bottom
 Handrails will be provided on both sides at 700mm and 900mm from the ramp level
C. DOORS
 800mm minimum clear width for doors (measured between surface of the fully open door
at the hinge and the door jamb at the stop)
 Should be operable by force not more than 4 kg (closing device pressure shall not exceed
1 kg)
 Minimum clear level space of 1.5x1.5m shall be provided before and extending beyond a
door (Exception: Where a door shall open onto but not into a corridor, the required clear
level space on the corridor side of the door may be a minimum of 1.2m corridor width
 Out swinging doors should be provided at storage room, closets and PWD toilet stall
 Latching or non-latching, hardware should not require wrist or fine finger actions
 Doorknobs and other hardware should be located between 0.82m and 1.06m above the
floor (900mm is preferred)
87 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
D. WASHROOMS & TOILETS
 1.7 x 1.8 meters minimum dimension for accessible toilets
 1 movable grab bar and 1 fixed to the adjacent wall shall be installed at the accessible
water closet stall for lateral mounting, fixed grab bars on both sides for frontal mounting
 A turning space of 2.25 sqm with a min. dimension of 1.5m for wheelchairs shall be
provided outside water closet stalls
 Minimum of 1 accessible water closets on each floor level (or on that part of a floor
accessible to the PWD) where the total number of water closets per sex is 20
 Minimum of 2 accessible water closets on each floor level (or on that part of a floor
accessible to the PWD) where the total number of water closets per sex exceed 20
 Max height of water closet should be 450mm, flush control should have a max height of
1.2m
 Maximum height of lavatories should be 800mm with a knee recess of 600-700mm
vertical clearance and a 500mm depth
 Urinals should have elongated lip or should be trough-type, the maximum height of the
lip should be 480mm
E. STAIRS
 A 300m wide tactile strip shall be provided before hazardous areas such as sudden
change in elevation and at the top and bottom of stairs
F. ELEVATORS
 Accessible elevators should be located not more than 30 meters from the entrance
 Shall have a minimum dimension of 1.1 x 1.4 meters
 Centerline height of topmost buttons shall be between 0.9-1.2 m from the floor
 Button sizes shall have a minimum diameter of 20mm with maximum depression depth
of 1mm
o DROPPED CURBS
 Dropped curbs should be provided at walkways with changes in elevations
88 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
 Should be provided at pedestrian crossings and at end of footpaths
 Should be as wide as the crossing or should be 900mm wide at minimum
 Shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient not more than 1:12
 Shall be sloped towards the road with a maximum cross gradient of 1:20
 The lowest point of the curb should not exceed 25mm height above the road/gutter
o WALKWAYS
 Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-resistant material
 Minimum width is at 1200mm
 Should have a gradient no more than 1:20 or 5% (1:100 max cross gradient)
 Should not have abrupt pitches in angle or interruptions by cracks that create edges above
6.5mm
 Grating openings at walkways should have max dimension of 13x13mm and shall not
project more than 6.5mm
 In lengthy walkways, wheelchair rest stops or turning spaces with minimum dimension of
1500mm should be provided (maximum distance of 12 meters between stops)
 Straight forward routes with right angle turns should be observed for the blind
o HANDRAILS
 Handrails should be installed at both sides of ramps and stairs and at the outer edges of
dropped curbs at crossings
 Shall be installed at 900mm and 700mm above steps or ramps ( Height at 1 or 1.06
meters if for protection at great heights)
o OPEN SPACES
 Where open spaces are provided, give walkways defined edges either by the use of
planters with dwarf walls, grass verge or similar which provides a texture different from
the path. This helps the blind to determine the pathway.
o CROSSING
 To reduce the exposure time to vehicular traffic, all at grade crossing should: – Be
perpendicular to the carriageway– Be located at the narrowest part of the road– Have
89 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
central refuges of at least 1.5 m deep and preferably 2 m, where the width of road to be
BIB
crossed exceeds 10 m
 Visit England (2017). Serviced Apartment Quality Standard
J. De Chiara. & J.H. Callender (1980). Time Saver Standards for Building Types 2nd Edition
O.H. Eid (2018). 4-Star Hotel Design Standards
UC San Diego (2019). Administrative Office Space Planning Guidelines
Department of Tourism (2012). National Accommodation Standards
G. Raghubalan and Smritee Raghubalan. (2015). Layout of Housekeeping Department
Wetlands International and The Nature Conservancy (2012) Mangroves for Coastal Defense
Guidelines for Coastal Managers & Policy Makers
B. Conway (2021). Office Building
https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building
A. Damen (2021). Retail Store Layouts: An Expert Guide to Store Design
https://www.shopify.com/ph/retail/the-ultimate-guide-to-retail-store-layouts
Webstaurant Store (2023). Restaurant Kitchen Layouts
https://www.webstaurantstore.com/article/11/restaurant-kitchen-layouts.html
Trafft Team (2023). The Average Salon Dimensions You Should Aim For
https://trafft.com/salon-dimensions/#:~:text=The%20average%20salon%20dimension
%20is,salons%2C%20nail%20salons%20are%20smaller.
Landscape Forms (2023). Outdoor Solutions for Recreational Spaces
https://www.landscapeforms.com/en-us/solutions/pages/play.aspx
K. Bengler (2012) Concept Layout Model of Transportation Terminals
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ddns/2012/148216/
Dr. J.P. Rodrigue and Dr. B. Slack (2020) The Function of Transport Terminals
https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter6/function-of-transport-terminals/
Joloda Hydraroll (2021) Guide to Achieving a Sustainable Transportation
https://www.joloda.com/news/a-guide-to-achieving-sustainable-transportation/
#:~:text=examples%20of%20sustainable%20transportation&text=Electric%20cars%2C
%20bikes%2C%20trains%2C,vans%20and%20electric%20pickup%20trucks.
R. Johnson (2023) The Future of Transportation: The Role of Bike Lanes
https://momentummag.com/the-future-of-transportation-the-role-of-bike-lanes/
K. Fienk (2023) The Role of Electric Vehicles in Sustainable Transportation Solutions
https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/the-role-of-electric-vehicles-in-sustainable-
transportation-solutions
90 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
appe
 APPENDIX A. DESIGN INPIRATIONS
Fig.6.1 OFFIVE BUILDING DESIGN, GUWAHATI
91 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT Fig.6.2 COMMERTIAL CENTER DESIGN, ECUATOR
Fig.6.3 4-STRA HOTEL, BANGKOK
Fig.6.4 JOGGING TRAIL W/ GREEN SPACES AND RECREATIONAL SPACES
Fig.6.5 COMMERCIAL MARINE DOCKS DESIGN
92 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Fig.6.6 BAYWALK DESIGN W/ PARK AND BENCHES
Fig.6.7 TERMINAL DESIGN
APPENDIX B. INITIAL DIAGRAM
Fig.6.8 SPACIAL DIAGRAM OF A MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT
 APPENDIX C. SITE PICTURES
93 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT
Fig.6.9 SITE AERIAL VIEW
94 | P a g e
DEVELOPMENT

Content

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Content

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The

 MACTAN ISLAND, PHILIPPINES

Mactan Island, coral

island, central Philippines,

located in the Bohol Strait off

the eastern shore of the island

of Cebu. Rectangular in shape,

the low-lying island

has extensive mangrove

swamps. It protects the harbor Fig. 1.1

Formerly known as the

Municipality of upon, The City

of Lapu-Lapu was named after

the first Filipino fighter who

successfully defeated the

Spanish invaders in the Battle

Lapu-Lapu shrine in Barangay Mactan.

topography as it is separated from the province of Cebu by the Mactan Channel.

Lapu-Lapu, who was the leader of the island of Mactan.

recorded resistance to Spanish colonization in the Philippines.

colonize the Philippines, eventually succeeding in subjugating the native populations of

Cebu and the surrounding islands.

developed economically and politically.

Philippines' resistance to Japanese occupation. American and Filipino forces established a

against foreign rule.

industry, export processing zones, and the Mactan-Cebu International Airport.

8. Modern Development: In recent years, Lapu-Lapu City has experienced significant

the Battle of Mactan.

Population of the city

latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects.

 PUSOK, LAPU-LAPU CITY, CEBU

Pusok is situated at approximately 10.3246, 123.9744, in the island of Mactan. Elevation

at these coordinates is estimated at 11.2

meters or 36.7 feet above mean sea level.

Pusok is a barangay in the city of Lapu-

Lapu. Its population as determined by the

2020 Census was 32,791. This

represented 6.59% of the total population

over, with 76 individuals.

dependent population which include infants/babies, children and young adolescents/teenagers,

over, total 2.18% (629) in all.

Age group Population (2015) Age group percentage

Under 1 772 2.68%

80 and over 76 0.26%

Total 28,810 100.00%

Youth Dependency Ratio: 37

 CULTURE AND TRADITION OF LAPU-LAPU CITY

Throughout the year, Lapu-Lapu

City celebrates various festivals, adding

vibrancy and excitement to the community.

One such examples is "Rampada" or also

known as "RamPa sa kalsaDa" is one of the

festival of the Historic Resort City of Lapu-

Lapu in Cebu. Lapu-Lapu City counselor

cultural performances, and reenactments of the battle.

2. The city is known for its delicious seafood.

popular dish in the region.

3. Lapu-Lapu City is a gateway to

From Lapu-Lapu City,

visitors can easily access other

beautiful islands in the region, such

as Bohol and Cebu.

City is known for its

skilled craftsmen who