‘RESPONSIVE

ARCHITECTURE’
FUTURE OF VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT IN
LAHORE-A SOLUTION TO URBAN SPRAWL
LITERATURE REVIEW

ALEENA ZIA
1825103001
B.ARCH (2018-23)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITTY
 LITERATURE REVIEW
WHAT IS MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT:
The terms “mixed use building” and “mixed use development” have multiple meanings and can be applied to a broad
range of structures. Real estate projects can be classified as mixed use if they serve more than one purpose within a
shared development area or building.

Mixed use buildings, which have both residential and commercial elements, generally require more construction
documentation than regular buildings. This is especially true if the project is large and complex, with varying floor plans
and layouts.

Mixed use development may include any combination of retail, housing, medical, recreational, commercial, office or
industrial spaces. As a result, the construction documentation for mixed use buildings is a little different from that of a
“regular” building.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF MIXED-USE?

The benefits of mixed-use buildings can include:

 Economic vitality
 Dense compact communities
 Revitalization of neighbourhoods
 Safety and security
 Sharing of resources
 Healthier, walkable communities.
TYPES OF MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENTS
HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT
 These combine various single use buildings into a cohesive,
mixed use area, and evolve into walkable communities or even
neighbourhoods.
 Each building has a designated use, generally a single-use,
within a complex or development filled with buildings each
with its own assigned use.
 The complex may contain, for example, a residential building, an
office building, and a building for shopping and dining. It may
also include parks, green spaces, and possibly sports facilities
within the complex.

VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT
 Combines different uses within the same building
 Provides for more public uses on the lower floor such as retail
shops, restaurants, of commercial businesses
 Provides for more private uses on the upper floors such as
residential units, hotel rooms, or office space.

MAIN STREET
 Potentially the oldest type of mixed-use property. Condos or apartments are located above commercial
spaces.
 Larger metro areas might place hospitality, service, or entertainment venues on the ground floor, while
smaller towns might place locally owned businesses.
LIST OF POSSIBLE USES
 RESIDENTIAL -private place for accommodation (single family housing, apartments, group homes)
 COMMERCIAL -spaces for desk job with low level interaction with consumers (offices, laboratories,
television and radio stations)
 RETAIL -outlets for customer good based purchasing (supermarkets, shopping centres)
 RECREATIONAL AND ENTERTAINMENT -activities for amusement (cinema, theatres, parks,
gaming arenas
 HOSPITALITY -services for short stays (hotels, motels, restaurants, conference centres)
 EDUCATIONAL -facilities for teaching (schools, colleges, universities, libraries)
 PARKING -space for automobiles (mechanical, permanent lots)
 GOVERNMENT -for administrative purpose (police station, municipal buildings, fire stations,
recreation centres, courthouses)
 MEDICAL -related to treatment, diagnosis maintenance of health (hospitals, pharmacies, laboratories,
specialized medical centres, rehabilitation centres)
 CULTURAL -showcasing and preserving tradition (culture centres, museums, performing art centres)
DESIGN OF MIXED-USE BUILDING
The design of mixed-use building needs to include the following:
 COMPLEXITY:
Depending on the complexity of the project, the construction documentation for each part of the
building project will have to be prepared and drafted individually. These designs will then be converted
to technical drawings for the actual construction to begin.
 ACCESS CONTROL:
This is required to make sure that hotel guests, business people, residents and shoppers have access only
to their private areas and the common areas. Transportation plays a major role in ensuring this.
 DESIGN:
The design of a mixed-use building poses multiple challenges.
Some of the more obvious areas are:
Ventilation Lighting – e.g., should there be a sun roof?
Elevators – e.g., common or separate?
Trash disposal Electrical needs may vary for residential and commercial uses Noise levels pertaining to
commercial activity after decent hours.
 SHAFTS:
When the layout varies between floors, it is difficult to plan shafts and ducts.
 FLEXIBILITY:
The documents have to have an element of flexibility to meet the unique demands of mixed-use real
estate.
 FACILITIES:
The basic facilities associated with residential and commercial buildings are intermingled in a mixed-
use building. The greatest challenge in designing a mixed-use building is parking; retail may demand a
high number of parking slots. However, residential and office parking can be used interchangeably.
Other challenges may include facilities such as elevators.
PROBLEMS WITH MIXED USE BUILDINGS IN LAHORE
 The city centre is filled with a number of buildings which costed millions and billions to the developers
but failed to give the desire outcome. The reason found through the interviews from the occupants of
those buildings concluded that:
 Vandalism inside the building
 Spaces which were designed but never were used by any.
 Dark corridors
 High cost apartment/office rent with no aesthetics of views inside and outside the building.
 No one would want to live in empty buildings which make them feel unsafe.
 The interviews revealed how people demanded offices and apartments with better services and views
outside.
 Walking into a 15-20 story building and knowing only a few people are around make them feel unsafe.
 Corridors with minimum natural light creating a depressing mode in occupants which was the main
issues in many cases.
 Skylights not being competitive enough.
APARTMENTS
An apartment building or apartment house is a tall building which contains different apartments on different
floors. Apartment development occurs in a variety of arrangements, configurations and types. Apartments can
occupy different sized lots from large redevelopment areas to small infill sites, can consist of a mix of building
types or uses and be situated in suburban, transitional or inner-city locations.

TYPES OF APARTMENTS BUILDINGS

The apartment building types include:
NARROW INFILL APARTMENTS
Narrow infill apartments are typically two to three
storey walk-up apartments (stairs only) or buildings
with three to five levels and a lift.

ROW APARTMENTS
Row apartments are generally well suited to both urban and suburban contexts.
They are characterised by a limited number of units arranged around an access
core and can be single buildings or a series of building modules.

SHOPTOP APARTMENTS
Shop top apartments are mixed use residential
buildings often located in established centres, along
main streets or close to public transport hubs. They
can be small infill or larger developments where the
ground floor is occupied by retail or commercial
uses. Shop top apartments typically range between
two and six storeys.

COURTYARD APARTMENTS
Courtyard apartments provide a centralised open space area, generally range between three and six storeys in
height and are suitable in both urban and suburban settings. Their configuration depends on the context and site
orientation. Courtyard apartments are a highly adaptable building type.

PERIMETER BLOCK APARTMENTS

Perimeter block apartments are suited to urban areas
and are often integrated into street blocks. Typically,
perimeter block apartments have elongated plans and
apartments are generally arranged along a corridor,
with a single or multiple core depending on the
building length.

TOWER APARTMENTS
Towers are suited to central business districts, major centres
and urban renewal areas. This building type can be
freestanding or combined with block developments
(podiums). The location and siting need to reflect
environmental considerations such as wind, overshadowing
and visual impacts on surrounding properties and the public
domain.

HYBRID DEVELOPMENTS
Hybrid developments combine different uses or building
types in one development. They can incorporate community
facilities and larger commercial or retail components, such as
offices or a supermarket. Hybrid development types can respond to varying site conditions and achieve
interface and future character outcome

WHY THE NEED ARISES OF APARTMENT IN LAHORE?

The population of Lahore, like the rest of the country, is experiencing exponential growth. The number of
people living in the city has almost doubled because so many people from other parts of the country began to
search for better job opportunities and higher education. However, the boundaries of the city were not expanded
enough to provide accommodations to its dwellers. Populous cities usually fix this situation by switching to
vertical mode, which is apparently what Lahore does.
ADVANTAGES OF APARTMENT
 Greater flexibility to afford to live in a location you prefer.
 Access to shared facilities
 Apartments are easier to maintain
 More secure
DISADVANTAGES OF APARTMENTS
 Space is limited
 Privacy
 Parking isn’t guaranteed
 Restriction
SHOPPING MALL
Shopping malls have a greater impact on businesses than traditional marketplaces. Either in the shape of a
bazaar or a local market, shopping areas have been an important aspect of everyday life for ordinary people
since the dawn of civilisation. Shopping malls are clusters of commercial, service, and entertainment businesses
that support the local community. In terms of internal planning and design, as a whole organisation of multiple
tasks and site/location criteria, today's malls are far more diverse and complex, considering not only the
unorganised and unexpected expansion of our cities, but also the rapidly evolving and fluctuating trends and
preferences of our society.
TYPES OF SHOPPING MALL
NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRE
This shopping centre is meant to meet the day-to-day demands of clients in the nearby area. A typical
neighbourhood centre is a horizontal stretch with no long corridors or shopping complexes.

COMMUNITY CENTER:
Community centres (sometimes known as community malls) are bigger than neighbourhood shopping centres
and provide a broader selection of items. They generally have two major shops that are bigger than those found
in a neighbourhood shopping centre.
REGIONAL CENTER:
This store has a wide range of general products, the majority of which are clothing. The anchors, which are
usually closed malls, are their major attractions. The distinctive aspect of these malls is that their merchandise,
such as clothing, fashion items, foodstuffs, and other items, is manufactured in their respective areas. Most of
these shopping complexes also include data about surrounding housing, eateries, activities, and utilities. These
transform into a lively and sociable gathering spot-on weekends and holidays.
SUPERREGIONAL CENTER:
This store is comparable to the regional centre, although it is bigger, has many more anchors, and offers a wider
range of items. The population of Super Regional Centres is bigger. A typical layout has a multilayer enclosure.
OUTLET CENTER:
Manufacturers' outlet stores sell their original brands at a discount, commonly at outlet centres. They can be
located in rural and tourist areas. Enclosed malls, a "village" cluster, or a corridor format are all common outlet
centre concepts.
VERTICAL MALLS:
The vertical mall concept arose from the complexity of crowded cities where property values were so expensive
that established merchants were finding it impossible to think of any type of horizontal development to handle
the growing crowds at their retail shops. As a result, retail outlets were arranged over several storeys, with lifts
or escalators linking the various portions and floors of the mall. The fundamental idea behind these designs was
to devote each storey or section of the mall to a certain topic, such as beauty and fashion, clothes, furnishings,
supermarkets, kitchen equipment, and so on.
STRIP MALLS:
A strip mall (also known as a shopping plaza, promenade, or tiny mall) is an open-air retail area with a
walkway in front where several businesses are often grouped together in a row. Strip malls are usually built as a
whole and have a lot of parking in front of them. They are often self-contained, with minimal pedestrian links
to neighbouring areas, and they front large traffic arterials.

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TYPES OF STORE

ESSENTIAL RETAIL STORE LAYOUT

1. FORCED-PATH STORE
LAYOUT
This design leads the consumer
down a pre-determined path
through the store. Ebster presents
the furniture shop IKEA as an idea
of how the forced-path store
design might be used.

2. GRID STORE LAYOUT

Below are the points for grid
layout:
1. Utilizing standard fittings and
displays, visitors may travel rapidly
across an effective floor area.
2. Hugely popular, the appearance
is consistent and pleasant, resulting in a
smooth consumer experience.
3. Design makes stock tracking eas-
ier for retailers—a vital component of a
retail plan that makes use of shop plans
to improve profits.
3. LOOP STORE LAYOUT
The pattern, sometimes referred to
as a "racetrack" layout, is a
flexible alternative for shop
design, whether used in
conjunction with some other
design type or as a dominant
element of a retailer.

4. STRAIGHT STORE LAYOUT

The linear retail style is quick,
easy to organise, and allows
customers to have their own
personal area.

5. DIAGONAL STORE LAYOUT

Increases customer visibility by
placing lanes at an angle.

6. ANGULAR STORE LAYOUT

Curvy sidewalls and edges, as well
as circular item showcases, as well
as other curvy fittings, are used.

7. GEOMETRIC STORE
LAYOUT
A geometrical design allows for
both aesthetic expression and
practical use.

8. MIXED STORE LAYOUT

The mixed-store layout uses
design elements from multiple
layouts to create a flexible option
for retailers.
 9. FREE FLOW STORE
LAYOUT
Consistent ideas, displays, and
signs are not intended to guide the
client.

10. BOUTIQUE STORE LAYOUT

Commonly known as "shop-in-
shop". Semi-separate spaces
constructed by sidewalls, item
showcases, and fittings segregate
goods by type.

FEATURES OF THE SHOPPING MALL

Some important features make the shopping mall a centre of attraction. These features may
include the following:

ATRIUM

 Atrium is a large open space of several stories high and have

glazed roof or large windows.
 It is a popular design feature because it gives the building a
feeling of space and light.
 It is often located immediately after the main entrance doors.
CIRCULATION

 The display of shops and other items should be designed in such

a sequence that a viewer starting from one end and coming
around at the same place in the end without missing anything.
 Visitors should not have to turn around and go through
sections that they've just visited in terms of reaching the exit
because of poor circulation.

SKYLIGHTS

 In retail malls, the skylight form has a significant impact on

natural lighting and energy efficiency.
 For internal areas, upgrading the skylight style might yield a
light lowering of more than 50%. The first thing that skylights
do is add a significant increase in visual appeal.
 Skylights you put in your mall can be a matter of both
functionality and aesthetic.

RETAIL SHOPS

 Mall retail spaces are always designed to display your merchandise in a better way.
 Having outlet in a shopping mall reduces responsibilities of providing weather- related
amenities like parking space etc and landscaping.
 Retail spaces in malls are usually smaller in size and consume less power, though
visibility is more than a big standalone setup.
KIOSKS

 The kiosk model benefits the mall by turning formerly unutilized areas into retail
spaces.
 Mall kiosks allow customers to shop without having to enter a store.
 It is normally closed, with the operation in the middle, and consumers approach the seller
through a bar.
 Kiosks are primarily used for marketing purposes and can be staffed by individuals
or self-service.

INTERACTIVE GAMING SPACE

 An interactive kid's section in a shopping centre

attracts families and boosts foot traffic.
 The gaming arcade has no age limit so whether
you are in your 60s or have your own 10-year-
old, it’s a place where the whole family can
come together.
FOOD COURT

 The most valuable aspect a food hall offers to a

mall is that it keeps customers there longer.
 People are spending over 20% more often at
malls with decent food halls, and the more they
stay, the more they purchase. Malls benefit
greatly from eateri