Literature review

Departemnt of Architecture
Presented by
Absabyos Gensa - ID EAR700/15
Alemayehu Zewude
Abstract
The purpose of this Literature review document is guide to prepare
for the design process for mixed used Building.

Methodology
Content

Introduction 1
Definition 2
History 3
Type 6
Site location, Access&planning 7
Function layout & flow 10
Architectural design program
Residential 15
Sport 20
Office 23
School 28
Commercial 30
Hotel 32
 Introduction

Man has always built monumental structure for the god including
temple, pyramid and cathedral which pointed to the sky; however
today’s monumental, tall buildings, symbolize power, richness,
prestige and glory.

Mixed used development is an important component of contain a

complementary mix of uses such as residential,retail ,commercial,
employment, civic and activity uses in close in the same building.

1
Definition
What is mixed use?
Planned integration of some Combination of
retail, office, residential,hotel, recreation or
other functions.
The creation of vibrant, pedestrian-friendly
areas with a mix of complementary land uses.
In terms of retail, place making means
shopping or dining that is less about selling
and more about creating an experience.

High-rise structure on a single site that

contains two or more uses
integrated into the structure.
Typically, this form of the mixed-use
development has retail on the street level
with offices over the retail and either
residential units or hotel space over the office
space it can be two or more high-rise.

2
 History

The word Mixed-use which refer to

compact and different function
Take the form of a single building, a
city block, or entire neighborhoods,
The term may also be used more specifically
to refer to a mixed-use
realestate development projecta building,
complex of buildings, or district of a
town or city.
In the 1960s and 70s mixed use
re-emerged, as a tool for urban
revitalization, inlarge- scale projects referred
to among the development community
as MXDs (Mixed-use Developments)
MXDs were variations on PUDs
(Planned Unit Developments).
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-
Mixed-use_development

3
structures on a single site with each structure holding a different use.
The office building, residential tower (condominium ownership)

and a hotel are the typical combination. Retail, but different forms of it,
can also exist on the ground levels of each uses.

4
- Space users want the standard parking ratios

- Residential users want their parking area separated from the

commercial parking areas even in a shared structure, and they want

their own entrance and exit separated from the commercial entrances
and exits.

5
Type

Type
Type of mixed use consider on urban
development structure

Main Street Residential/commercial

Two – three story building with residential unit above and commercial
unit
on the ground floor facing the street
Office/Residential

Multi –family residential unit with in

office building
Shopping mall conversion

Residential and/or office units added

(adjacent) to an existing standalone
shopping mall

Hotel/Residence
Mix hotel space and high-end
multi-family residential

Reference
NAIOP Research Foundation November 2007 book

6
Site location, Access&planning

Site location
A site location plan (also known as a location plan)
which shows the proposal in
its surrounding context and a block plan
(also known as a site plan) which shows
the development in more detail.

Site location refer to site planning the

organizational stage of the landscape
design process it’s involve the organization
of land use zoning, access, circulation, and other factor.
This done by the arranging the composition
element of land form, planting,
water, buildings and paving in site plans.

Site planning generally being by assessing

potential site for development through
site analysis information about slope,
soil, hydrology, vegetation , parcel
ownership, orientation etc..

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Access & planning
DESIGN F O R A C C E S S I B I L I T Y
design should be broad enough overall and in detail to suit the
widest practicable range of users, including most disabled people.
However, it is not universal design: some special provision will still be
needed to suit either severe disability or social convention.

Wheelchair users
A wheelchair user may operate his or her manual or
electric chair independently but other users may
require the assistance of a companion to push and
manoeuvre their chair and this requires additional
space.

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Ambulant people
An ambulant person in this context is one who walks
but with a degree of impairment, perhaps relying on
sticks or a walking frame.

Physical impairment
Physical impairment may also affect a person's
ability to exert upper body pressure or to manipulate controls and this
must be considered.

Sensory impairment
A person with sensory impairments may experience difficulty in
approaching and using buildings unless the layout, finishes, detailing
and equipment compensate for their specific impairments, usually of
sight or hearing

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Function layout & flow
APPROACHES
Access to a building by car the disabilities, whether they are drivers or
passengers.
From parking space or dropoff point the route to the entrance

Approach routes
Generally, these should avoid changes in level and should exploit
ground and building levels to avoid specific ramps or steps as far as
possible.

Signing This should follow current guidance and

be provided consistently and continuously along a
route to remove any uncertainty about the
destination.

ENTRANCES
The entrance should always be identifiable within
the building fagade and allow views into the building for reassurance.

Good lighting Entrances

must be well lit and wherever possible weather protection should be
provided.
Doors Ease of operation is essential and opening pressure needs to be
kept below 30N. This will normally require easy-entry or low-energy
operators or fully automated doors.

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Revolving doors
The smaller ones are unsuitable and the larger ones are not easily negoti-
ated by anyone with impaired mobility so revolving doors should be
avoided.
Door detailing
adequate clear opening width

Lobbies
Where these are necessary, the should allow manoeuvring clear of door
swings and should where possible avoid the need to turn.

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Lighting
In lobbies, lighting should be at a transitional level between internal
and external levels, and preferably use sensors to respond to changes in
external lighting levels.

Reception spaces
Reception areas should provide a clear introduction to the building,
with straightforward unobstructed routes to the enquiry desk, lift, stairs
and waiting area.
Security
People with disabilities must be able to negotiate screens and barriers
without the need for special
arrangements.

Short-rise lifis
These are a means of overcoming a change of level associated with an
entrance.

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Vertical circulation
Lifts and stairs should be integrated within the circulation pattern.

Lifts The location of the lifts should be clearly

indicated by signs and access should be by direct
routes across large spaces.

Escalators
Some with impaired mobility find escalators difficult to manage so they
should always be supplemented by lifts in close proximity.

Stairs
stairs are potentiallyhazardous and must be carefully
detailed with particular attention to nosings, handrails and support, con-
trast between surfaces, and lighting.

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SHOWERS, BATHROOMS, CHANGING FACILITIES

The same inclusive principle should be followed in

these related areas.

There is usually no reason why

facilities detailed to suit users with disabilities should not be gener-
ally available to all users,

although the building’s management may wish to ensure that acces-

sible facilities are always vacant for those who specifically need
them.

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Architectural Design Program

HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The word ‘house’ is often used, as it is a generally recognized term, to describe

what is more correctly termed a dwelling.
Plan types (single story, houses, and flats)

Internal function: general factors, main entrance, livingreception, dining

rooms, study, specialist
rooms, kitchens, laundryutility, bedrooms, bathrooms and WCs, storage

Housing layout is striking the right balance between the need for privacy and
the need to avoid social exclusion.
The balance obviously varies according to individual character, temperament
and age so no perfect solution is possible, but good layout

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RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER BUILDINGS

Daylight and sunlight

consult relevant regulations and codes for day lighting standards in hab-
itable rooms; these also provide for the protection of residential build-
ings

Private open space

all dwellings, and particularly those for families, require some kind of
related open space

Gardens
an enclosed garden enhances privacy. Walls, hedge sand, to a lesser
extent, trees can provide natural
protection from noise, wind and dust.

Visual privacy
Visibility is affected by the types of windows involved and their respec-
tive levels, and the incidence to one another - for instance, for diagonal
sight-lines, distances can be reduced to 10m.

Privacy from noise

Houses built near distributor roads, or main highways, are, best
protected from noise nuisance by embankments or other
and formations

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Living space
* living room not an essential part of circulation
* space for future focal point fire installation in living room
* essential storage space not accessed only in living room
* two separate living rooms or areas are possible
* direct access from living to private open space is possible

Dining area
* dining room is separate (not in kitchen)
* casual eating for 2 people in kitchen (not the household dining area)

Bedrooms
* space for occasional cot in main (double) bedroom
* beds (in all rooms) can be in more than one position
* beds (in all rooms) have one position with behead NOT under window
* all single bedrooms can accommodate double bed
* double room can accommodate twin beds
* one or more twin or double bedrooms can subdivide into two singles
* one or more bedrooms has direct access to washing/WC

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Bathrooms
* shower over the (main) bath with necessary wall tiling and screening
* a separate shower cubicle is provided
Kitchen
* view from kitchen of outdoor area suitable for plants, toddler play,
sitting
* direct access from kitchen to private open space
* kitchen sequence storage prep: cook hewe:waste/wash-up
* kitchen work surface not interrupted by circulation or tall fittings
* Min I200 run between cooker and sink in kitchen
* drawers of varying depth provided in kitchen units
* facing kitchen units I200mm apart or more
* space for auxiliary equipment, such as microwave ,dish washer etc.
provided
* 500mm clear work top each side of cooker - wall units set back
IOOmm

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Circulation and storage
* halls, corridors compactly planned, naturally lit and good proportions
* hanging for outdoor clothes by external doors
* large item(e.g. push chair. Wheelchair) 'park' by external doors
* recyclable materials store in kitchen ,hall, or external lockable
* tall storage in or adjacent to kitchen (or to utility room if this is provided)
* I Provision of fitted storage - e.g. in bedroom, under stairs etc
Safety
* slip resistant floors in ‘wet' areas (bath shower rooms, Wcs. kitchen. Utility)
* restrictors on upper floor casement windows
* reversible child proof hinges on casement windows to allow safe cleaning
* hard wired smoke alarm on every floor
* secure storage for harmful substances, e.g. medicines, cleaning/gardening
items
* laminated glass on internal glazed doors
* laminated glass on any single glazed ground floor windows

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Sport
Gymnasium
Gymnasium
The gymnasium provides a dedicated space for physical educator.
Type of gymnasium

Auxiliary Gym
This space may be used for dancing classes, exercise,
gymnasts, table tennis, wrestling, and other actives. For middle schools and
high schools the auxiliary gym should accommodate (11.6 m x 11.6 m)
space requirement

Physical Education on Storage

The storage area provides storage for PE equipment. The room should
include a pair of doors for a minimum 6-feet (1.8 m) wide opening, directly
adjacent to the main gymnasium.

Facility
Elements of a bathhouse vary with local requirements, but usually include :
entrance lobby, ticket or cashier's booth, concessions, manager's office,
public telephones, checking room, suit and towel room, dressing rooms,
toilets, showers, first aid room, guard's or attendant's room, mechanical
equipment, storage space, etc

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21
Locker Rooms
Clothing and store personal belongings while engaging
in physical educator or athlec events. Provide separate facitlies for
male and female
Public restrooms
should be located near the gymnasium and accessible for a!er
school events.

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Bath room
Of bathhouse and selection of equipment, in relation to pool size
depend on such factors as the need for : lockers,
or central checking system
Dressing rooms
Method of checking clothes must be decided before the
layout can be determined, as the method chosen
affects the entire arrangement.
Both individual lockers and central check rooms

Reference
TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR BUILDING TYPES
second edition
INTERNATIONAL EDITION

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Office
The office, as defined in the dictionary as ‘a place for transacting busi-
nesses, is coming into its own as
Never before. Communication is seen increasingly as the primary func-
tion of office space.
Tasks requiring concentration or privacy may well the take place at
home, as they did when paperwork -
The keeping of records - first started.

TRENDS
The debate about open versus cellular space, privacy versus communali-
ty, desk continues but there are certain aspects of office design philoso-
phy which are more generally accepted.

Technology
Information and communications technology (ICT) powers the changing
way that business and
Building processes are carried out.

Flexi bi I ity
With many clients unable to forecast future requirements, adaptability in
the long term and
Flexibility in the short term are fundamental aspects of office design.

Accessibility
Buildings must now be equally useable for everyone: the needs of wheel-
chair users are a major issue, and so too are those of people with hearing
or visual impairment.

SPACES
Space, and the way it is laid out, should reflect the needs of the user of
that space. However, in office Buildings there are many different users so
the way space is used varies quite dramatically. The developer and
tenant require maximum
Flexibility; the office workers, maximum comfort; the facilities
managers, ease of maintenance.
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Primary space
•Workstations: basic configuration of work surface, chair, storage and
equipment, possibly With some screening.

Personal offices: fully enclosed spaces, usually with a door, for one or
more people.
•Team spaces: areas for teams; often changing configuration frequently.

Meeting rooms: enclosed spaces with formal or informal meetings furni-

ture, plus special facilities such as electronic whiteboards, and audio-visual
or video-conferencing equipment.
Support spaces

•Reception areas: balancing control and welcome, with a reception desk,

visitor seating and display; provision for security and deliveries.

•Service storage: For deliveries and for waste that may be separated into
clean, dirty, recycling, and compacted. Security rooms: housing CCTV
monitors and workstations for security staff.

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Circulation space

Circulation
The way people move around a building
will affect how much they interact.
• Corridors and passages: enclosed or open routes through the building,
providing clear direction
And the opportunity to interact.
• Lifts lift lobbies and staircases: position and design again encourages
interaction.
• Escalators: their capacity provides an excellent means of moving people
quickly and visibly between levels.
Widths for horizontal circulation presuming
• a density of 1 person/7m2 of NIA:
• Primary circulation 1.5-2.0 m2+
• Secondary circulation 0.9-1.5m2+
• Tertiary circulation 0.55-0.75 m2+
• Lift lobbies 3.0m2+
Workstations and offices
Offices cost more in space, construction and servicing than open-plan
workstations, but offer individual privacy.
Sizes of individual footprints vary greatly depending on culture, status and
location. The net size of a minimum workstation may be as little as 2.8 m2

A general workstation .at 3.5 m2 and 6.5 m2 for managerial positions.

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School
Training center
Waiting Area
The waiting area is provided as a reception area, as an informational
resource area, and as a place for students and others to wait for their
appointment with the counselor.

Small Conference Room

The small conference room will be used for case conferences
where as many as 10 persons may be present.

Multipurpose Guidance Room

This room will have many uses . These uses will vary from school to school
depending upon the guidance services offered and upon the concept of
group procedures in guidance which prevails.

The room should be about the same size as a regular classroom.

When a multipurpose room as a part of the guidance area is not feasible, some
schools make use of a conveniently located classroom Uses may include group
procedures, group testing, and in service training sessions in guidance.

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Storage Room
Storage space is desirable in several of the areas. This could be one area
or several smaller areas.
Space
The guidance unit should provide:
1 . Attractive and comfortable reception area with appropriate materials
to encourage profitable use of waiting time.
2. Private counseling rooms or offices.
3 . Conference room for such uses as case conferences individual testing
; special staff personnel such as the school nurse, visiting teacher,
speech corrections ; interviewing by prospective employers and
representatives of institutions of higher learning .
4 . Multipurpose room adjacent to counseling offices for group testing,
group procedures, and in service training activities.

Reference
TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR BUILDING TYPES
second edition
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
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Commercial
Shopping
BASIC HISTORY AND TRENDS
A shopping center is a complex of retail stores end related facilities
planned as a unified group to give maximum shopping convenience
to the customer and maximum exposure to the merchandise.

REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS

Clothes, shoes, department store purchases, etc … and, from these esti-
mates, he prepares charts indicating the recommended total amount of
floor area to be built and how much of this floor area should be devoted to
the various kinds of merchandise and services.
If a project is too large for the trade area, it cannot be sufficiently rented,
and the unrented space may cause it to fail. If it is too small for the trade
area, it will invite the construction of competitive centers and may lose out
due to this competition

SITE SELECTION
The following criteria normally apply:
- A site available for development and located within the trade area
recommended
In the market analysis .
- Location easily accessible to at least one existing or shortly to
be constructed major Highway, preferably to two or more major highways .
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GENERAL DESIGN AND PLANNING CRITERIA
Column Spacing Significant dimension is along the mall as this involves
the widths, i .e frontages, of stores .
Often used spaces are 20, 25 and 30 ft, with the last the roost
Flexible
Store Depths For one-story stores in America, buildings are usually 120 to
140 ft deep, sometimes more to accommodate larger stores . If there are
basements or mezzanines, the depth dimension usually can be reduced 20
to 25 percent .
Clear Heights
These vary from 10 to 14 ft or more, with 12 ft a good average . Above this
clear height.
There must be adequate space for air-conditioning ducts, recessed lights,
structural System, etc...

Ducts and Shafts

The shells of the buildings must be flexible enough to accommodate any
reasonable tenant requirements. It is essential that the mechanical engi-
neer set up a schedule of the location and sizes of the principal duct runs
and shafts to avoid serious future space problems.
Roof Equipment Concealment The inexcusable eyesores so often seen can
be avoided by proper coordination of work

Between the leasing agent, the architect, and the mechanical engineer
and the resulting provision of properly located and designed roof screens
and enclosures .

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Meeting rooms and spaces
Space for meetings is designed and allocated is central to the advanced
workplace.

Reception areas
Reception may still be a desk by the door or at the end of an echoed marble
hall, but increasingly
Reception areas are the heart of the organization.

Reference
The architects’ handbook I edited by Quentin Pickard.

27
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 RESTAURANTS AND CATERING FACILITIES
The traditional divisions between formal restaurants, snack bars and pubs
are now almost irrelevant as marketing trends dictate that many
establishments are now given specific themes and cater for a particular
sector of the market.
Catering facilities are usually required in workplaces and other institutions
(factories, offices, schools, hospitals) but there is also increasing provision
for eating in the leisure and retail market

Restaurants and bars linked to shopping, sports and entertainment centres

PLANNING FACTORS
Location and type of provision must be related shoppers in a retail area,
tourists in historical settings, business entertainment in commercial centres,
casual passing trade in the high street.

From outside, people should be able to view the interior seating, style
and features

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The interior should create a good impression and a suitable
atmosphere. Comfort should be related to the cost of the meal
and length of stay, which will influence seating, furnishings,
decorations, lighting, noise level and toilet facilities.

Lighting
During the day, it should be at a higher level and spread more
generally, whereas at night there should be lower background
lighting with individual table lights.

Seating
Restaurants should be planned so that avariety of seating
arrangements is possible (e.g.tables for two and four, which can be
placed together to give six, eight and ten places).

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Waiter stations
Located so as not to disturb the guests, the number will vary according to
the standard of service.

Bars
Traditional and speciality restaurants frequently
have aperitif bar for waiting customers and premeal drinks.

Cafe service
0.83-1.5 m2/person. With a limited menu, cafis are usually family-run
businesses and are designed on traditional lines with the kitchen
separate from the

Cooking area
Open-plan area with a range of equipment to suit the type of food
being prepared.

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Bath room
The minimum recommended provision for up to five staff is
one WC and one hand-wash basin (‘washing station’),for
number of people user.

- more hand-wash basins (wbs)may be required if hands are

soiled heavily
- an alternative chart gives numbers for male staff provision for
WCs and urinals
- there is no requirement for separate male/female provision
- toilets must not be entered directly from food area, office or
other working area
- facilities are shared with customers, at least one additional
WC should be provided.

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