ASSIGNMENT:

Design of Building Construction Project using appropriate Construction Technology.

Table of content
1. Residential Buildings

Types of residential buildings.

2. Commercial Building

Types of commercial buildings.

3. Industrial Buildings

Types of industrial buildings.

4. Functional characteristics and design selection criteria informed by proposed building use

5. Ways to promote sustainability in building projects.

6. Terminology used in construction technology to a given building project.

7. Functional characteristics and design selection criteria impact on the eventual design
solution.

8. Techniques used to construct superstructures and substructures

9. Pre-design Studies.

10. Information collected for a construction site.

11. Functional characteristics for primary and secondary elements of building a substructure
and superstructure

12. Site conditions impact on design of foundation.

13. Identifying superstructure and substructure

14. Types of civil engineering.

15. Remediating techniques for sites prior to construction commencing.

16. Types of substructure works carried out by civil engineers.

17. Comparison of different types of structural frames.

18. Supply and distribution of range of building services.

19. Distribution arrangement for primary services.

20. Distribution of primary services impact on overall design of building.

● RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:

Residential buildings are defines as the buildings that provide sleeping accommodation with or without
cooking and dining facilities, it’s not essential that a residential building should have these facilities or
provides us these facilities. These buildings provide more than half of its floor area for dwelling
purposes.

TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:

Following are the types of residential buildings:

- Single-family home.
- Duplex.
- Apartment building,
- Condominium.
- Townhouse.

SINGLE-FAMILY HOME:
A single-family home is typically our private property residence. We can either buy the house or we can
stay as a tenant under the house owner, this all depends upon our circumstances and the decisions we
take. If we stay as a tenant we may have to follow some rules given by our house owner as we don’t
own the property yet. If we buy the residence then we can to whatever we want to with our property
that sits on that particular land as long as we don’t violate the rules of our city or state.
DUPLEX:
A duplex is a common multiple residence building that has two separate residences. Either people buy
one side of the house like they buy a normal house and own it or either they as a tenant. Mostly,
investors buy these duplex residences to earn rental income from their tenants. The rental residents
have their own benefits of staying in a duplex residence like they don’t have to make a down payment.
APARTMENT BUILDING:
Apartment buildings vary in different sizes and residential populations. The common apartment
buildings in many communities are triplexes and four-unit buildings. Large buildings may have many
residential units, many apartment communities have a number of buildings. The investors of apartment
buildings also earn a good income from their tenants and residents. One can also stay at rent and also
buy the apartment depends on their own decision. Investors mostly buy these apartments in low areas
at a reasonable price and then wait for their price to rise and sell them onwards for profit.
CONDOMINIUM:
A condominium is similar to an apartment, but we have to buy our condo which is a part or share of the
building. Some condominium buildings have many floors with their own separate owners. Other condos
have multiple units on each floor. Some condos share common exterior walls, like they are connected. A
group of directors look after the rules for condo complex. Individual condo units may also stand alone
like a single family home.
TOWNHOUSE:
A townhouse is similar to a condominium. In townhouse, each residence is attached to adjacent
residences. However, they are purchased as individual properties like a single family home. Each home
owner pays his or her own property’s tax and his house repairs and other expenses for his or her
property. As the property belongs to them only they are responsible for their property that sits on that
particular part of land they can do whatever they want with their property without violating any laws of
that state.

● COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS:

Commercial buildings are the buildings that are used for commercial purposes, and include office
buildings, warehouses and retail buildings like stores, conveniences and shopping malls. Commercial
property refers to buildings or land that have potential to generate a profit from rental income or capital
gain.

TYPES OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS:

Following are the types of commercial buildings:

- Office.
- Retail.
- Industrial.
- Multifamily.
- Land.
OFFICE:
Office buildings can be single-tenanted or multi-tenanted. Office residences are categorized to urban
and suburban properties. Urban office buildings are found in major cities and include high rise
properties and skyscrapers. Suburban office buildings include midrise structures located outside of a city
center. Office buildings can also be classified into:

- Class A buildings are considered to be the most high-quality, well-defined, definite market
presence and excellent accessibility.
- Class B buildings have fair finishes, adequate systems, but with a less desirable and attractive
location.
- Class C buildings compete for tenants looking for purposeful space at rents below the average,
just mostly for refugee.

RETAIL:

Retail includes properties that house restaurants and retailers. They can be single-tenanted and multi-
talented. The retail sector is quite complex because the type of shopping centers, regional malls, power
centers, is determined by metrics like the size, trade area, concept, and types and numbers of tenants .

INDUSTRIAL:
The buildings used for industrial purposes or operations, they are usually located near major
transportation routes outside of urban areas. Industrial buildings are classified into four types:

- Heavy manufacturing.
- Bulk warehouse.
- Flex industrial.
- Light assembly.

HEAVY MANUFACTURING:
Heavily customized buildings with machinery required by manufacturers to operate and produce goods
and services.

BULK WAREHOUSE:

These buildings are usually large and serve as distribution centers .

FLEX INDUSTRIAL:
Industrial buildings that can be easily converted and typically consists of a blend of both industrial and
office space.

LIGHT ASSEMBLY:
These properties include product assemble, storage, and office space. These commercial properties are
not customized and can be easily configured .

MULTIFAMILY:
This sector covers all forms of residential real estate outside of single family, including condos,
apartment, townhomes, high-rise apartment buildings, and co-ops. Just like buildings, multifamily
properties are categorized into class A, class B and class C.

LAND:
This category includes investment properties on raw, undeveloped land. Includes a part of land that has
been used and is available for re-use or any part of raw land available for use.

● INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:

Industrial buildings are those which are used for industrial purposes. Buildings that are made for the
industrial resolution. Like factories and other premises which are used for production or manufacturing,
repairing, cleaning, altering, processing.

EXAMPLES:
Following are the examples of industrial buildings:

- Warehouse/distribution buildings.
- Manufacturing buildings.
- Refrigeration/cold storage buildings.
- Telecom/data hosting centers.
- Flex buildings.
- Light manufacturing buildings.
- R&D buildings.
- Showroom buildings.
- Biotech (wet lab) buildings.

WAREHOUSE/DISTRIBUTION BUILDINGS:

Warehouse and distribution buildings are very large, single-story structures used for warehousing and
distribution of business inventory.
MANUFACTURING BUILDINGS: Manufacturing buildings also called heavy industrial buildings are
designed to house specialized equipment used to produce goods or materials.

REFRIGERATION/COLD STORAGE BUILDINGS:

Refrigeration/cold storage are specialized industrial buildings that offer large capacity cold storage for
storing food products and other products.

TELECOM/DATA HOSTING CENTERS:

These are specialized industrial buildings located near major communications trunk lines with access to
large power supply capable of powering extensive computer servers and telecom switching equipment.
These buildings may also be called switching centers, cyber centers, web hosting facilities and telecom
centers.

FLEX BUILDINGS:

These are specialized industrial buildings which covers a broad range of users and often is used to
combine one or more uses in a single facility including office space, research and development, small
warehouse and distribution users.

LIGHT MANUFACTURING BUILDINGS:

Flex buildings can be used for light manufacturing that don’t require extensive physical plant and space
requirements that heavy industrial buildings provide such as light assembly.

R&D BUILDINGS:

Flex buildings are popular in high technology industries such as computers, electronics and
biotechnology because they effective support a hybrid of office, manufacturing and warehouse space
housed in a single location or a place.

SHOWROOM BUILDINGS:

Showroom buildings are similar to flex/office buildings. They combine retail display space with on-site
storage distribution.

BIOTECH (WET LAB) BUILDINGS: Biotech buildings are high specialized flex buildings that support a
range of laboratory where chemicals, drugs or other materials or biological matter are tested and
analyzed.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

DEFINITION: DEFINITION: DEFINITION:

Residential building which Commercial buildings are It defines industrial purposes as,
provides more than half of its buildings used for commercial factories and other premises
floor area for dwelling purposes. Commercial used for manufacturing,
purposes. Residential construction is used by altering, repairing, cleaning,
construction will be in places businesses and involves projects washing, breaking-up adapting
where people live like such as building of building. or processing any article.
apartments, buildings.
- The materials required - The materials required
- The materials required for making commercial for industrial buildings
for making of buildings or used in or used in industrial
residential buildings or commercial construction are
used in residential construction are different from those
construction are different as compared used in commercial and
different from the ones to residential and industrial buildings. As
used in making of industrial buildings. As compared to residential
commercial buildings. compared to residential buildings, industrial
As compared to buildings the material buildings require
commercial and required for commercial different materials and
industrial buildings, buildings are expensive different equipment.
residential buildings like they typically have a - There is a difference of
require more affordable steel frame. funding, uses, different
materials like timber - They have different permits are required for
which is cheap. equipment, uses, each type of building,
- They have different different permits work functionality is
equipment, uses, required, pace of work different too.
different permits are functionality and
required for their funding.
machinery.

EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:

Following are included in Following are included in the Following are the included in
examples of residential examples of commercial the examples of industrial
buildings: buildings: buildings:
 - Houses and apartments - Leisure hotels - Warehouse buildings.
are included in - Public houses and much - Flex buildings and much
residential buildings. more. more.

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DESIGN SELECTION CRITERIA ARE

INFORMED BY PROPOSED BUILDING USE:
Functional characteristics are informed by proposed building use as they are the functional
requirements of walls in any building’s construction which are:

- Strength.
- Stability.
- Weather and ground moisture resistance.
- Durability.
- Fire safety.
- Resistance to heat passage.
- Sound resistance.

Design selection criteria is informed by proposed building use, design selection criteria are list of items
against which a prospective supplier assessed before a selection is made. This can also be used to help in
identification of suitable individuals are looking for new employees.

WAYS IN WHICH SUSTAINIBILITY CAN BE PROMOTED IN BUILDING PROJECTS:

For contactors, a strategy for saving time and materials can lead to higher profitability so following are
the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects:

- By reducing carbon footprints by using renewable energy.

- Using on-site water treatment plants to minimize waste.
- Recycling and building with renewable or waste materials like cigarette butts bricks.
- Insulate using materials with good thermal mass properties to reduce energy used for heating
and cooling.
- Making sure that building systems work properly and efficiently.
- Prefabricating materials in controlled environments.
- Managing construction waste.
- Managing the site for improved environment.
- Lean manufacturing to reduce energy.
- Making good decisions in material selection.

TERMINOLOGY USED IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TO A GIVEN

BUILDING PROJECT:
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

Construction is one of the branches of civil engineering. The advantage of construction technology is
that in the old history buildings were only build for the purpose of shelter but now with the help of
construction technology buildings can be made for all purposes and we can construct buildings using
multiple materials including stone, timber, concrete, metal glass etc.

There is a specific role of technology in construction of buildings as there have been many
advancements due to technology with the passage of time.

INNOVATION IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

Technological progress has introduced many innovations in the field of construction of buildings.
There is big difference between the construction that used to happen before and that happens now
and this is all because of the technology that we have achieved. The use of latest machinery has
created new and wide ideas to create and design buildings for different purposes. The use of
machinery has not only helped us create buildings with new designs and new purposes but has also
helped us in saving our time.

GREEN CONSTRUCTION:

The green resolution has a great effect on this field of constructing buildings as nowadays while
constructing buildings we keep in mind that the greenery and the natural environment must not be
harmed and even the materials we are using must be eco-friendly to keep the environment safe.

LEED:

LEED stands for (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design). It assures the quality and checks
the eco-friendly mode of construction. It also works to search and produce materials for green
construction. It pays attention to all related aspects and monitors it very coordinately to make all
the process eco-friendly by keeping a balance in energy level of system.

HERCULES SINGLE STRAND STRESS SYSTEM:

Hercules Single Strand Stress System provides a suitable solution for many problems like to increase
the cost of the project if it is beyond the required expectations for the strength of internal structure
or outlook. Use of technology and machinery is to assure the quality of the project.

STYROFOAM PANNELS:

This technology provides good resistance to thermal convection that helps in creation of heat
controlled homes. Styrofoam panels are actually EPS foam that is sealed between steel sheets for
strength and this foam works as thermal resistor. It not only has the quality to resist heat but also
has the capacity to endure wind at 140 mph. This makes it favorable in areas targeted by hurricane.

UNBOUNDED PT SLABS:

Unbounded PT slabs are used in construction industry to build buildings and is proven beneficial.
These are affordable for constructing modern buildings and also help in maintenance of their quality
and strength. Their steel strands are greased well to resist rusting to increase their life span. The
unbounded PT slabs are light weight and flexible due small thickness of its unbounded tendon. They
are successfully used at different places such as roofs, pavements, and even in round water tanks.

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DESIGN SELECTION CRITERIA IMPACT

ON THE EVENTUAL DESIGN SOLUTION:
Functional characteristics and design selection criteria have an impact on the eventual design
solution. This helps ensure they identify the best value submission, rather than simply the lowest
price submission. The design we select leads to our profit and loss as it represents the look of our
building, with this the functional characteristics also matters whether the building if completing its
function or not.

TECHNIQUES REQUIRED TO CONSTRUCT SUPERSTRUCTURES AND

SUBSTRUCTURES:
SUPERSTRUCTURE AND SUBSTRUCTURE:
 There are two major components of building project which are given below:

- Superstructures.
- Substructures.

Different techniques are used to construct a range of superstructures and substructures.

DESIGN SELECTION CRITERIA OF SUPERSTRUCTURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES:

SUPERSTRUCTURE:
TECHNIQUES TO CONSTRUCT SUPERSTRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:
Superstructure is the part of the structure that is constructed above ground level. Or we can say that
it is the part that is above the foundation or base of the building. The superstructure is that part of
the building where people spend their most of the time. This area includes the first and second floor
and can be more if it’s a larger building. The superstructure includes beams, columns, finishes,
windows, doors, the roof, floors and anything else.

If we come to do comparison between superstructure and substructure than the parts of

superstructure are considered lengthier than the parts of substructure as the superstructure is much
larger than the substructure.
PARTS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE:

Following are the parts of superstructure:

- The floor.
- The roof.
- The lintel.
- The parapet.
- The sun shade.
- The beams.
- The columns.
- The walls.
- The doors, windows and other opening.
- All the finishing touches.

SUBSTRUCTURES:
TECHNIQUES TO CONSTRUCT SUBSTRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:
Substructure is the part of the building that is built below the ground level. The purpose or function
of substructure of a building is to transfer the loads of superstructure or keep it connected with
strength to the soil or that particular part of land on which a building is standing. But it is our duty at
first to work with structural engineers to ensure that all support beams, columns, and foundations
are properly strong and incorporated to ensure that nothing will collapse or fall later within the
structure.

Substructure of a building is made from plain cement concrete or reinforced cement concrete. Then
to finish the substructure stones, bricks, or additional concrete is added. It is very important for a
damp-roof to be laid on top of the substructure so no moisture can penetrate any part of it.

These structures foundation must be laid properly with strength and techniques to construct them.

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES:

It is the phase of analysis that occurs after some form of funding is available and begins. During the
pre-design phase, studies are done to analyze before design space requirements issues.

IMPORTANCE OF PRE-DESIGNING:

Pre-designing is important whether it is marketing, construction or even if we want to launch a new

business or build a new building because it is the foundation for all successful projects.
The design phase or pre-construction phase for commercial construction is really important because
we want to ensure that every decision we make will maximize our investment. To pre-design we
have the following steps:

- Planning.
- Design development.
- Financials.
- Permits.

A key-part of pre-designing is to be able to listen to our clients. Other elements of pre-design are
given below:

- Establishing the client’s goals or dreams.

- Building program.
- Understanding the space adjacencies.
- Analyzing the project budget.
- Setting a preliminary project schedule.
- Preliminary site/climate analysis.
- Preliminary code research.
- Client and end user needs.
- Environmental and community concerns.
- Other factors to consider are the architectural style, accessibility, views, needs and wants of the
family.

INFORMATION COLLECTED FOR A CONSTRUCTION SITE:

Following information is gathered for a construction site:

- Cash flow and procurement accounts for each organization,

- Intermediate analysis results during planning and design.
- Design documents including drawings and specifications
- Construction schedules must be arranged or made and cost estimates.
- Quality control and assurance record.
- Planning and management of the project.
- Health and safety hazards including design and construction hazards and how they will be
addressed.
- Information in any existing health and safety file.
- Old and new records of the part of land where we have to begin construction.
- Keeping in mind the surroundings of that land for our construction site whether that land and
soil is suitable or not whether the soil is strong enough to hold the building made on that
particular land.
- Pre-construction information should be provided in convenient and clear form. It should be
easily understandable to prevent any kind of doubts that might occur.

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ELEMENTS

OF BUILDING A SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE:
Following are their characteristics:

- The primary elements are the main supporting, enclosing and protecting elements of the
structure.
- They divide space and provide floor-to-floor access.
- Both the primary and secondary elements have their own rules in making the substructure and
superstructure of a building strong and sustainable.

Different methods for gathering disturbed and undisturbed samples, influence of soil type on
foundation design, including water and chemical content, potential loads, position of trees and the
impact on foundations, economic considerations, legal considerations (health and safety work in
excavations), building regulations, plant requirements.

Types of foundations: Shallow and deep foundations, strip and deep strip foundations, pad
foundations, raft foundations, piled foundations (replacement and displacement piles).
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STRUCTURES:
CONDITIONS IMPACT ON DESIGN OF FOUNDATION:
Different condition impact on design of foundation so the following factors need to be considered in
design of foundation:

- Footing depth and spacing.

- Displaced soil effects.
- Net versus gross soil pressure: design soil pressures.
- Erosion problems for structures adjacent to flowing water.
- Corrosion protection.
- Water table fluctuation.
- Foundations in sand and silt deposits.
- Foundations on loess and other collapsible soils.

FOOTING DEPTH AND SPACING:

Footings should be carried below the frost line, zone of high volume change due to moisture
fluctuations, topsoil or organic materials, peat and muck and unconsolidated material such as
abandoned garbage dumps.

DISPLACED SOIL EFFECTS:

Soil is always displaced by installing a foundation.  In the case of spread footings the displacement is
the volume of the footing pad and the negligible amount from the column resting on the footing. In
cases where a basement is involved, the basement floor slab usually rests directly on top of the
footing pad. In other cases, a hole is excavated for the the ground surface.

CORROSION PROTECTION:
Normally, concrete is resistant to corrosion but if sulfates are present we have to use sulfate-
resistant concrete.

WATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS:

A raised water table may create problems for us from the following:

- Floating the structure, make it unstable or tilting it.

- Reducing the effective pressure, causing excessive settlements.
- Creating a wet basement if the basement walls are not watertight.
 FOUNDATIONS IN SOIL AND SILT DEPOSITS:
Foundations in soil and silt deposits may require the following consideration:

- Bearing capacity.
- Densification of loose deposits to control settlement .

IDENTIFYING SUPERSTRUCTURE AND SUBSTRUCTURE:

Civil engineers make design charts and pans to identify the substructures and superstructures:
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING:
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with design, construction and
maintenance of physical and naturally built environment. Following are the types of civil
engineering:

- Construction and management engineering.

- Geotechnical engineering.
- Structural engineering.
- Transport engineering.
- Water engineering.

CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING:

Construction and management is about creating things like bridges, buildings, roads and railways.
The purpose of this engineering is to build and create designs and structures in most safe and
sustainable and eco-friendly way.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING:
Geotechnical engineering is concerned with understanding how any project stands on the ground,
on the soil or that particular part of land. They deal with different type of ground for every project.
Geotechnical engineers deal with structures like tunnels, bridges, roads, railways and more.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING:
This field deals with analyzing, designing and construction of towers, bridges, dams and more. These
structures need to be built in a strong and sustainable way so that later on the structures don’t collapse .

TRANSPORT ENGINEERING:
Transport engineering deals in designing and planning of large transport systems. In this field, we have
to make sure that the forms of transportation meet certain standards which are safety and
sustainability.
WATER ENGINEERING:
Water engineering involves in designing ways to store or direct water. It is about understanding that
why natural water systems behave the way they do. At this time, water engineering is dealing with
floods, groundwater, and nature of coastal waters.

REMEDIATING TECHNIQUES FOR SITES PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION

COMMENCING:
Following are the remediating techniques which are commonly used:

- Containment.
- Pump and treat.
- Soil vapor extraction.
- Solidification/stabilization.
- Soil washing.
- Bioremediation.
- Air stripping.
- Precipitation.
- Vitrification.
- Thermal desorption.
- Strategy for technique selection.
- Future development.

TYPES OF SUBSTRUCTURE WORKS CARRIED OUT BY CIVIL ENGINEERS:

Following are the types of substructure works carried out by civil engineers:
 - Ground works.
- Piling methods.
- Underpinning.
- Propping.
- Pile trimming.
- Pile probing.
- Bulk excavation.
- Ground slab and foundation removal.
- Sequenced excavations.

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES USED TO CARRY PRIMARY AND

SECONDARY ELEMENTS OF SUPERSTRUCTURES:
PRIMARY FRAMING SECONDARY FRAMING

Following form superstructure: Following form superstructure:

- Columns. - Studs.
- Beams. - Tracks.
- Rafters. - Struts.
- Trusses and lattice girders. - Girts.
- Girders. - Purlins.
- Clips. - Eave struts.
- Anchor bolts. - Wall bracing.
- Flange bracing.
- Joists.
- Headers and jambs.

COLUMNS: The vertical supports. STUDS: Vertical posts for interior drywall
attachment.

BEAMS: The horizontal supports. TRACKS: C-shaped channels into which we

anchor the studs.

RAFTERS: These horizontal members support the STRUTS: A brace stabilizer that takes loads
roof assembly. around its axis.

TRUSSES AND LATTICE GIRDERS: Alternative GIRTS: Horizontal stabilizer bars.

support for roofs or upper floors.

GIRDERS: Horizontal beams that support floors. PURLINS: Horizontal stabilizers between rafters.

CLIPS: Steel plates which provide connection EAVE STRUTS: Transition piece between the wall
points to members. girts and roof purlins.
ANCHOR BOLTS: The bolts that fasten the column WALL BRACING: Bars, cable rods, or strips that
towards the foundation. resist shearing

FLANGE BRACING: Bracing metal to prevent

rafters from rolling side to side.

JOISTS: Floor support beams.

HEADERS AND JAMBS: Framework for opening

such as windows and doors.

SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF RANGE OF BUILDING SERVICES:

Building services can be described as systems that are in place within a building to meet the
requirements of residents who live and work there, they make the dwelling more efficient, safe,
functional and comfortable. Primary services are those that are both basic and vital to the daily running
of a building, such as water supply, drainage and plumbing (this includes sustainable urban drainage
systems), lighting, security and alarm systems. Other services that may be termed as secondary, since a
building is habitable without them, are energy supply systems such as solar power and geothermal
sources, information and communication systems and escalators.

Following services should be in the range of a building:

- Building management systems.

- Energy generation, distribution and supply.
- Escalators and lifts.
- Façade engineering.
- Fire safety, detection and protection.
- Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
- Information and communications technology networks.
- Lighting.
- Lighting protection.
- Refrigeration.
- Security and alarm systems.
- Water, drainage and plumbing.

Classification of building services

Building services are generally divided into the following classifications:

 ● Mechanical Systems: HVAC systems, drainage, gas input, plumbing and fire precautionary

measures.

● Electrical Supply

● Building Operation Systems

These elements are all vital in planning, designing and constructing a building.

HVAC Systems: “heating, ventilation and air-conditioning”. This includes mechanical and electrical
systems, providing self-monitored temperature in buildings

Site Drainage: water control, sanitary disposal, evacuation of waste water from domestic appliances,
soil waste (toilet waste), storm water management, excess water management and surface runoff to the
sewers.

Gas supply: This may include commercial gas and a guaranteed supply of oxygen and nitrogen to local
amenities, storage, piping, adhering to pressure regulations and the supply of gas from the main source
to the desired area.

Plumbing: Water services, sanitation facilities, water storage, distribution through piping and taps. A
water supply system can be defined as a network of engineered hydraulic and hydrologic components
that guarantee water at the necessary and expected quality, quantity and pressure

Fire safety: water supply, sprinklers, fire and smoke alarms, where necessary.

Electricity Supply:

The electrical supply of most buildings is gained from the national supply grid. The electricity is then
distributed throughout the building using a wiring system or an electrical distribution system (Rigby,
2005). Electric power supply system consist of units that create high voltage transmission lines to convey
electricity across large distances and provide service to buildings.

SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT FOR PRIMARY SERVICES:

Primary services are those that are both basic and vital to daily running of our building, like water
supply, drainage, plumbing, security, and alarm systems. These should be supplied in all buildings.
Following services should be present in a building which are arranged:

- Acoustic systems.
- Energy supply, gas, electricity and power.
- Natural and artificial lighting.
- Escalators and lifts.
- Telephone and IT network.
- Domestic and electrical installations.
- Power circuits and etc.
 DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENT FOR PRIMARY SERVICES:
When constructing a building, an engineer must pay attention and give priority to the following services.
Electricity distribution, water distribution, gas supply, hot water distribution and heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning systems. Electricity, water, gas, and telecommunication systems are the most
common and basic service systems.

Water Supply system

A water distribution system is required to achieve a constant supply of water. The types of systems used
for water distribution is contingent mainly on the topography of the region. The three-main means to
distribute water are pumped distribution, gravity distribution and combined pumped and gravity
systems.

Cold water storage and distribution: Two types of cold water distribution can be used, direct or indirect.
For direct systems, water supplied to the building is gained directly from the main supply source,
whereas in the indirect system, water is fed into an overhead tank, usually in a loft, and then fed to
different floors by gravity.

Electrical supply system

Buildings nowadays demand highly on energy, and most of this energy is usually provided as electricity.
An elaborate and safe power supply system is used to transport electricity from the source to the
buildings where it is distributed to various parts for different applications.

ELEMENTS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE USED TO FACILITATE PRIMARY SERVICES:

The main primary elements are:

▪ Frame: Load-bearing framework. Main floor and roof beams, ties and roof trusses of

framed buildings; casing to stanchions and beams for structural or protective purposes.

▪ Upper floors: Suspended floors over, or in basements, service floors, balconies, sloping floors, walkways

and top landings, where part of the floor rather than part of the staircase.

▪ Roof: Roof structure, roof coverings, roof drainage, roof lights and roof features.

▪ Stairs and ramps: Construction of ramps, stairs, ladders, etc. connecting floors at different levels.

▪ External walls: External enclosing walls including walls to basements but

excluding walls to basements designed as retaining walls.

▪ Windows, doors and openings in external walls.

▪ Internal walls, partitions, balustrades, moveable room dividers, cubicles and the like.

▪ Doors, hatches and other openings in internal walls and partitions. This excludes;

the substructure, finishes, fittings, furnishings, equipment and services.

DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY SERVICES IMPACT ON OVERALL DESIGN OF BUILDING :

All the services must be installed in the building keeping the design of the building in mind like if we
want an electrical setup for our building we can’t leave wires all on the floor or if we want to install
water pipes for connection of water we can’t set them up on the walls all of these setups have a
prominent and clear impact on our building while installing these setups we need to keep in mind the
design and structure of the building.

All of these installments must be done in a strong and safe way so in the future they can’t harm the
people or residents working or living in that building, with this we also have to keep in mind that all the
installments or services are eco-friendly and aren’t harming the nature around us.

For all of this to happen structural engineer are required who while designing the plan for the building
design it properly and making it high quality, strong and sustainable. Building services are
the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable, functional, efficient and safe. Building
services might include:

▪ Building control systems

▪ Energy distribution.

▪ Energy supply (gas, electricity and renewable sources such as solar, wind, geothermal and biomass).

▪ Escalators and lifts.

▪ Facade engineering (such as building shading requirements).

▪ Fire safety, detection and protection.

▪ Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).

▪ Information and communications technology  (ICT) networks.

▪ Lighting (natural and artificial).

▪ Lightning protection.

▪ Refrigeration.

▪ Security and alarm systems.

▪ Water, drainage and plumbing (including sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)).

▪ Carbon emissions calculations and reduction.

Reference:

● https://theconstructor.org/building/types-site-selection-residential-building/5995/#:~:text=A
%20residential%20building%20is%20defined,or%20dining%20or%20both%20facilities.
● https://essayhotline.com/2020/03/12/explain-how-the-functional-characteristics-and-design-
selection-criteria-are-informed-by-proposed-building-use/
● https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/sustainable-construction

● http://www.understandconstruction.com/construction-technology.html

● https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Selection_criteria

● https://www.bmrsolutions.co.uk/what-are-the-different-types-of-civil-engineering/

● https://app.croneri.co.uk/topics/remediation-techniques-and-technologies/indepth

● https://www.cmu.edu/cee/projects/PMbook/03_The_Design_And_Construction_Process.html