Parameters of Op-amp

1. Differential Input Resistance

It is denoted by Ri and often referred as input
resistance. The equivalent resistance that is measured
at either the inverting or non-inverting input terminal
with the other terminal connected to ground is called
input resistance.
2. Input Capacitance
The Input capacitance, Ci is the equivalent capacitance
that is measured at either the inverting or non-
inverting terminal with the other terminal connected to
ground.
3. Output Resistance
Output resistance, Ro is the equivalent resistance
which is measured between the output terminals of
the op-amp and the ground (or common point).
4. Input Offset Voltage
The input offset voltage is the voltage that must be
applied between the two input terminals of an op-amp
to null the output.
5. Input Offset Current
The algebraic difference between the currents into the
non-inverting and inverting terminals is referred to as
input offset current.
In the form of equation,
Iio =| (IB+)-(IB-)|

Where Iio is the input offset current, IB+ is the current

into the non-inverting input and IB– is the current into
the inverting input.
6. Input Bias Curren
Input bias current is the average of the currents that
flow into the inverting and non-inverting input
terminals of an op-amp.
In the equation form,
IB = (IB+)+(IB-))/2
7. Offset Voltage Adjustment Range
The offset voltage adjustment range is the range
through which the input offset voltage can be adjusted
by varying the 10KΩ potentiometer.
8. Input Voltage Range
When the same voltage is applied to both input
terminals, the voltage is called a common-mode
voltage VCM, and the op-amp is said to be operating in
the common-mode configuration.
For IC LM741 the range of input common mode voltage
is ± 13 V maximum. This means that the common mode
voltage applied to both input terminals can be as high
as + 13V to as low as – 13V without disturbing proper
functioning of the op-amp.
9. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is defined as
the ratio of differential voltage gain Ad to the common-
mode voltage gain ACM.
i.e. CMRR = Ad/ ACM
10. Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio (SVRR)
The change in op-amp’s input offset voltage Vio caused
by variations in supply voltages is called the supply
voltage rejection ratio (SVRR). It is also called Power
Supply Rejection Ratio(PSRR) and Power Supply
Sensitivity(PSS).
If we denote the change in supply voltages by ∆v and
the corresponding change in input offset voltage by
∆Vio .
Then, SVRR is defined as,
SVRR = ∆Vio / ∆V .
The lower the value of SVRR in microvolts/volt, the
better the op-amp performance.
11. Large-Signal Voltage Gain
Since the op-amp amplifies difference voltage between
two input terminals, the voltage gain of the amplifier is
defined as ratio of output voltage to differential input
voltage.
Voltage gain = (output voltage) / (Differential input
voltage)
That is, A = Vo/Vid
Because the output signal amplitude is much larger
than the input signal, the voltage gain is commonly
called large-signal voltage gain.
12. Output Voltage Swing
The difference between positive saturation voltage and
negative saturation voltage is called output voltage
swing.
13. Output Short-Circuit Current
The output short circuit current is the value of output
current that is allowed to flow by the internal short
circuit protection circuitry, if the output is shorted to
ground. It is denoted by ISC.
14. Slew Rate
Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of
output voltage per unit of time and is expressed in volts
per microseconds. In equation,
SR = dVo/dt | maximum V/µs
Slew rate indicates how rapidly the output of an op-
amp can change in response to changes in the input
frequency.
15. Gain Bandwidth Product
Gain bandwidth product (GB) is the bandwidth of the
op-amp when the voltage gain is 1.
For 741 op-amp GB is 1MHz. GB is also known as
closed-loop bandwidth, unity gain bandwidth and small
signal bandwidth.
16. Supply Voltages
It is defined as voltage applied to op-amp from power
supply. Some op-amps use dual power supply and
some use a single polarity supply voltage.
The dual supply voltage is typically ±15V while a single
polarity supply is typically +12V or +15V.
17. Supply Current
It is defined as current drawn by the op-amp from the
power supply.
Ideal Op-amp Electrical Characteristics
An ideal op-amp would exhibit the following electrical
characteristics.
Infinite input resistance (Ri=∞) so that almost any
signal source can drive it and there is no loading of the
preceding stage.
Zero output resistance (RO=0) so that the output can
drive an infinite number of other devices.
Infinite voltage gain (A= ∞).
Zero offset voltage (Vio=0) so that zero output voltage
when input voltage is zero.
Infinite bandwidth (BW=∞) so that any frequency
signal from 0 to ∞ Hz can be amplified without
attenuation.
Infinite common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR=∞) so
that the output common-mode noise voltage is zero.
Zero Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio (SVRR=0) so that
output voltage does not change due to fluctuation in
supply voltage.
Infinite slew rate (SR=∞) so that output voltage
changes occur simultaneously with input voltage
changes.