Content Analysis - Researchers use content
Define the units and categories of
analysis to find out about the
purposes, messages, and effects of
communication
content. They can also make inferences about
the
producers and audience of the texts they
analyse.
Content Analysis - Content analysis is a
research method used to
identify patterns in recorded communication. It
can
be both quantitative (focused on counting and
measuring) and qualitative (focused on
interpreting
Advantages of content analysis
and understanding). In both types, you categorise
or ‘code’ words, themes, and concepts within the
texts and then analyse the results.
Evolution of the alphabet
1. Select the content you will analyse -
Based on your research
question, choose the texts that
you will analyse.
2.
procedure that can easily be replicated by
analysis - You need to determine the level
at which you will analyseyour chosen texts.
3. Develop a set of rules for coding Coding
involves organising the units of meaning
into the previously defined categories.
Coding rules are especially important if
multiple researchers are involved.
4. Code the text according to the rules -
You go through each text and record all
relevant data in the appropriate categories.
This can be done manually or aided with
computer programs.
5. Analyse the results and draw
conclusions - Once coding is complete,
the collected data is examined to find
patterns and draw conclusions in response
to your research question.
• Unobtrusive data collection - You can
analyse communication and social
interaction without the direct involvement
of participants, so your presence as a
researcher doesn’t influence the results.
• Highly flexible - You can conduct content
analysis at any time, in any location, and
at low cost. All you need is access to the
appropriate sources.
• Transparent and replicable - When done
well, content analysis follows a systematic
other researchers, yielding results with
high reliability.
Disadvantages of content analysis
• Reductive - Focusing on words and
phrases in isolation can sometimes overly
reductively disregard context, nuance, and
ambiguous meanings.
• Subjective - Content analysis almost
always involves some level of subjective
interpretation, which can affect the
reliability and validity of the results and
conclusions.
• Time intensive - Manually coding large
volumes of text is extremely time-
consuming, and it can be difficult to
automate effectively.
Context - The circumstances that from the
setting of an event, statement or an idea and
interms of which
it can be fully understood and asses.
Analysis - Detailed examination of the elements
or the structure of something. It is the process of
breaking down complex piece of information into
its component parts, and examining these parts
in order to understand their relationships and
meaning.
Contextual Analysis - is a style of writing that
investigates the relationship between an object
and its surroundings. It maybe a painting, a film,
a book, or any other idea or technique. The
purpose of analyzing an art item is to relate it to
the creator and cultural context.
• Contextual analysis (CA) is a broad view
of the environment in which programs
operate. The environment includes all
policies, institutions, and activities in a
specific region, as well as the private
sector, demographics, and the social,
cultural, environmental, and aspects of life.
• History is full of vid events that inspire
artists to create paintings, novels, and
films. In the study of history, context
analysis is critical for broadening your
ideas. It is an excellent instrument for
learning the lessons of the past.
• A contextual analysis is used to evaluate
an item in historical and cultural contexts.
It studies the issues from political,
economic, and philosophical angles. Every
artwork exists in a setting or contexts.
These context clues assist us comprehend
what a work of art meant at the time it was
made.
EL Verdadero Decalogo by Apolinario
Mabini
• The "El Verdadero Decalogo“ is a
set of rules inspired by The Ten
Commandments of the Bible,
detailing beliefs of how the Filipino
Early education
should act and live.
• According to Mabini, God
communicates constantly with His
creation through reason and
consciousness, as stated in his
work "El Verdadero Decalogo.“
• Mabini wrote the “El Verdadero
Decalogo” to introduction to the
Malolos Constitution. It is a set of
rules which serves as a guide for
Filipinos on how to be better
citizens.
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan
(July 23, 1864-May 13, 1903)
• Born on July 23, 1864 in Talaga,
Tanauan, Batangas. He was the second
of eight children of Dionisia Maranan
and Inocencio Mabini, both of whom
belonged to the impoverished
peasantry.
• Mabini died of cholera at home in
Manila on May 13, 1903, at the age of
38, after consuming unpasteurized and
contaminated carabao milk.
• Mabini studied at San Juan de Letran
College in Manila and won a law degree
from the University of Santo Tomás in
1894.
• According to an anecdote about his stay
there, a professor decided to pick on him
because his shabby clothing clearly
showed he was poor. Mabini astounded
the professor by effortlessly answering a
series of difficult questions. His studies at
Letran were frequently interrupted by a
chronic lack of funds, and he supported
himself by teaching children.
Law Studies
• Mabini's mother wanted him to become a
priest, but his desire to defend the poor led
him to study law instead. A year after
receiving his Bachiller en Artes with
highest honors and the title Professor of
Latin from Letran, he transferred to the
University of Santo Tomas, where he
earned his law degree in 1894.
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan
(July 23, 1864-May 13, 1903)
• He was a Filipino revolutionary leader,
educator, lawyer, and statesman who
served first as a legal and constitutional
adviser to the Revolutionary Government,
and then as the Prime Minister of the
Philippines upon the establishment of the
First Philippine Republic. He is regarded
as the “utak ng himagsikan” or “brain
of the revolution.”
Polio and eventual paralysis
• Mabini was struck by Polio in 1895, and
the disease gradually incapacitated him
until January 1896, when he finally lost the
use of both his legs. Even though polio
caused him to lose the use of both of his
legs just before the Philippine Revolution
of 1896, Mabini carried out all of his
revolutionary and administrative tasks.
"Sublime Paralytic"
• Mabini is renowned for having
accomplished all of this despite losing use
of his legs due to polio soon before the
Philippine revolution. As a result, he has
become one of the country's most visually
recognizable national heroes and is
frequently referred to as "The Sublime
Paralytic" or Dakilang Lumpo. Yet, modern
historians point out that the title hides
Mabini's numerous accomplishments.
Mabini’s selected works
Two of his works are:
• El Verdadero Decalogo (The true
Decalogue) – June 24, 1898
• Programa Constitucional dela
Republica Filipina (The Constitutional
Program of the Philippine Republic) –
1898
Mabini’s works became instrumental in the
drafting of what would eventually known as the
MALOLOS CONSTITUTION.
Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan By Emilio Jacinto
The Kartilya was made, mainly for the
Katipuneros. Upon joining the Katipunan,
members were required to read the Kartilya and
adhere to its code of conduct. Changing the way
people thought and acted was the most important
to the early Katipuneros, they understood that it
was the only way to change the Philippines for
the better.
Emilio Jacinto
Born: December 15, 1875
Father: Mariano Jacinto
Mother: Josefa Dizon
Better Known: Brain of the Katipunan
Born in Manila, Jacinto was proficient both in
Spanish and Tagalog. He attended San Juan
de Letran College, and later transferred to the
University of Santo Tomas to study law. Manuel
Quezon, Sergio Osmeña, and Juan Sumulong
were classmates. He did not finish college and, at
the age of 19, joined the secret society called
Katipunan. He became the advisor on fiscal
matters and secretary to Andrés Bonifacio. He
was later known as Utak ng Katipunan. He and
Bonifacio also befriended Apolinario Mabini when
they attempted to continue José Rizal's La Liga
Filipina. He was a Filipino General during the
Philippine Revolution. He was one of the highest-
ranking officers in the Philippine Revolution and
was one of the highest- ranking officers of the
revolutionary society Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-
galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or
simply and more popularly called Katipunan,
being a member of its Supreme Council. He was
elected Secretary of State for the Haring Bayang
Katagalugan, a revolutionary government
established during the outbreak of hostilities.
After Bonifacio's execution, Jacinto pressed on
with the Katipunan's struggle. Like general
Mariano Álvarez, he refused to join the forces of
general Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the
Katipunan's Magdalo faction. Jacinto lived in
Laguna and also joined the militia fighting the
Spaniards. Jacinto contracted malaria and died
on April 16, 1899 in Brgy. Alipit, Santa Cruz,
Laguna. His remains were initially buried in
Brgy.San Juan Santa Cruz, Laguna, and were
transferred to Manila North Cemetery a few years
later.
Works of Emilio Jacinto
He is popularly known in Philippine history
textbooks as the Brains of the Katipunan while
some contend he should be rightfully recognized
as the "Brains of the Revolution" (Filipino: Utak
ng Himagsikan, a title that is usually given to
Apolinario Mabini). Jacinto was present in the so-
called Cry of Pugad Lawin (or Cry of Balintawak)
with Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo (Supreme
President) of the Katipunan, and others of its
members which signaled the start of the
Revolution against the Spanish colonial
government in the islands. He and Bonifacio also
befriended Apolinario Mabini when they
attempted to continue José Rizal's La Liga
Filipina. Jacinto also wrote for the Katipunan
newspaper called Kalayaan. He wrote in the
newspaper under the pen name "Dimasilaw", and
used the alias "Pingkian" in the Katipunan.
Jacinto was the author of the Kartilya ng
Katipunan as well.
GREGORIA DE GREGORIA DE JESUS
LAKAMBINI NG KATIPUNAN
(MUSE OF THE KATIPUNAN)
“Fear history, for it respects no secrets.”
TEN ADVICE TO THE YOUTH BY GREGORIA
DE JESUS
1. Respect and love your parents because
they are next to God on earth.
2. Remember always the sacred teachings of
our heroes who sacrificed their lives for
love of country.
3. Do not waste time so as not to serve as a
bad example for others.
4. Acquire knowledge diligently in the line or
field of work for which you are best fitted so
that you can be useful to your country.
5. Remember that goodness is wealth.
6. Respect your teachers who help you to see
and understand, for you owe them your
education as you owe your parents your
life.
7. Protect the weak from danger.
8. Fear history, for it respects no secrets.
9. Great honor will be his who avoids doing
evil.
10. Promote the union of the people and the
country progress in order not to retard its
independence.
Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan By Andrés
Bonifacio
Andrés Bonifacio
Birthplace: Tondo, Manila
Birthday: November 30, 1863
Died: May 10, 1897
Andres Bonifacio is regarded as the Father
of the Philippine Revolution against Spain. He
also is known as the Father of the Katipunan, a
secret revolutionary society he founded in 1892
and whose goal was to win Philippine
independence from Spain by means of a
revolution.
The “Kartilya ng Katipunan” served as the
guidebook for new members of the organization,
which laid out the group’s rules and principles.
Andres Bonifacio first wrote “Duties of the Sons
of the People” which were strictly followed by
the members of the Katipunan.
• The revised Decalogue that was written by
Andres Bonifacio was Katungkulang
Gawain ng mga Z.LI.B (Duties of the Sons
of the People).
 • This decalogue showed the beliefs of
Bonifacio, later on Bonifacio adopted
Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan as
the official teaching of the Katipunan.
The difference between Bonifacio’s revised
Decalogue and Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan is
Kartilya ng Katipunan is much longer and
philosophical which showed concepts of virtuous
living as lessons for self-reflection.
This document is written in order to:
• For the new member to understand what
the Katipunan stand for, their principles
and their teachings.
• To encourage people to become firm with
their decisions and be responsible for
those decisions.
• To understand that being part of the
association carries a great role which one
must perform because Katipunan was
established in order to fight the oppression
and protect the people.