Support Material

Unit 3

Further Mathematics
1
UNIT 3
Resources - Unit 2 Activity
Matching Venn Diagrams 1 Match cards showing union
and intersection of sets
Matching Venn Diagrams 2 Construction of Venn
diagram consisting of three
intersecting sets
Harder Examples on Venn Extracting information from
Diagrams a three set Venn Diagram
Pascal’s Triangle Constructing Pascal’s
Triangle
Binomial Expansions Expanding a Binomial
expression using Pascal’s
Triangle
Binomial Probability 1 Introduction to Binomial Use the binomial expansion
Probability – Teaching Notes to calculate probabilities in
real-life contexts
Binomial Probability 2 Applying Pascal’s Triangle
to solve a problem in
Binomial Probability
Binomial Probability 3 Further problem in Binomial
Probability
Binomial Probability 4 Applying Pascals Triangle
to find probability in an
agricultural context
Normal Probability 1 Introduction to Normal
Distribution and the normal
curve
Normal Probability 2 Card Exercise based on
Normal Distribution Tables
2
Specification Learning
Outcome
Use Venn diagrams
Use Venn diagrams
Use Venn diagrams
Pascal’s Triangle
Use Pascal’s Triangle to
expand (p + q)n
Understand and use the
binomial expansion to
calculate probabilities
Solving challenging
problems in Binomial
probability
Solving challenging
problems in Binomial
probability in a real-life
context
Properties of the bell-curve
in the normal distribution
Calculate a single
probability from the
normal distribution using
tables where the mean and
standard deviation are given
Unit 3: Resource 1: Venn Diagrams 1

Resource 1
Match the Venn diagrams to the correct statements

French Spanish

Studies neither French nor Spanish

French Spanish

Studies French only

French Spanish

Studies both French and Spanish

French Spanish

Studies Spanish

French Spanish

Studies French or Spanish

French Spanish

Studies Spanish only

3
Unit 3: Resource 1: Venn Diagrams 1

SOLUTIONS: Resource 1
Match the Venn diagrams to the correct statements

French Spanish

Studies Spanish

French Spanish

Studies both French and Spanish

French Spanish

Studies French or Spanish

French Spanish

Studies French only

French Spanish

Studies Spanish only

French Spanish

Studies neither French nor Spanish

4
Unit 3: Resource 2: Venn Diagrams 2

Resource 2
There are 150 pupils in Year 10. Swimming, athletics and football are three after school
activities that pupils can participate in. John recorded the following data about the number of
pupils attending the three activities;

10 pupils participate in all 3 activities

40 pupils participate in swimming and football

24 participate in swimming and athletics

34 participate in athletics and football

66 participate in football

60 participate in swimming

55 participate in athletics

(i) Complete the Venn diagram

Swimming Athletics

Football

(ii) How many pupils participate in swimming only?

(iii) How many pupils participate in athletics and football but not swimming?

(iv) How many pupils do not participate in any of the 3 activities?

5
Unit 3: Resource 2: Venn Diagrams 2

SOLUTIONS: Resource 2
There are 150 pupils in Year 10. Swimming, athletics and football are three after school
activities that pupils can participate in. John recorded the following data about the number of
pupils attending the three activities;

10 pupils participate in all 3 activities

40 pupils participate in swimming and football

24 participate in swimming and athletics

34 participate in athletics and football

66 participate in football

60 participate in swimming

55 participate in athletics

(i) Complete the Venn diagram

Swimming Athletics

14
6 7

10

30 24

Football

(ii) How many pupils participate in swimming only? 6

(iii) How many pupils participate in athletics and football but not swimming? 24

(iv) How many pupils do not participate in any of the 3 activities? 57

6
Unit 3: Resource 2: Venn Diagrams 3

Resource 3
198 people attended an Outdoor Pursuits Centre one weekend. The centre offered rock
climbing, abseiling and canoeing activities. Everyone who attended took part in at least one
activity. The following information was recorded;

37 took part in rock climbing and canoeing

56 took part in rock climbing and abseiling

48 took part in canoeing and abseiling

90 took part in rock climbing

128 took part in abseiling

87 took part in canoeing

(i) Complete the Venn diagram

Rock climbing Abseiling

Canoeing

(ii) How many people took part in all three activities?

(iii) How many people took part in rock climbing and abseiling but not canoeing?
(iv) How many people took part in canoeing only?
(v) How many people took part in abseiling only?

7
Unit 3: Resource 2: Venn Diagrams 3

SOLUTIONS: Resource 3
198 people attended an Outdoor Pursuits Centre one weekend. The centre offered rock
climbing, abseiling and canoeing activities. Everyone who attended took part in at least one
activity. The following information was recorded;

37 took part in rock climbing and canoeing

56 took part in rock climbing and abseiling

48 took part in canoeing and abseiling

90 took part in rock climbing

128 took part in abseiling

87 took part in canoeing

(i) Complete the Venn diagram

Rock climbing Abseiling

56–x
x–3 24+x

37–x 48–x

2+x

Canoeing

(ii) How many people took part in all three activities? 34

(iii) How many people took part in rock climbing and abseiling but not canoeing? 22
(iv) How many people took part in canoeing only? 36
(v) How many people took part in abseiling only? 58

8
Unit 3: Resource 4: Venn Pascal’s Triangle

Pascal’s Triangle
Teacher guidance and suggestions

Introduce pupils to Blaise Pascal, who he was and his contribution to modern day
mathematics.

Pupils fill in the triangle following discussion on how the terms are generated.

Pupils can discuss in pairs/groups the patterns they notice within the triangle and its rows.

Blaise Pascal: 1623-1662

A French mathematician whose work has contributed
greatly to probability theory.

9
Complete Pascal’s Triangle
Complete Pascal’s Triangle

Row 0
1

Row 1
1 1
+
1
Row 2
2 1
+

1 3

• Look at the patterns in the triangle, list as many as you recognise.

• • any
Are Look
of at the patterns
these in the triangle,
special number list as many as you recognise.
sequences?
• Are any of these special number sequences?
• Consider each row, do you notice anything?
• Consider each row, do you notice anything?

10
SOLUTIONS:
SOLUTIONS:RESOURCE
Resource 44
Complete Pascal’s Triangle
Complete Pascal’s Triangle

Row 0
1

Row 1
1 1
+
Row 2
1 2 1
1 Row 3
1 3 3 1
1
Row 4
1 4 6 4 1

Row 5
1 5 10 10 5 1

1 6 15 20 15 6 1 Row 6

1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 Row 7

1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 Row 8

• 1st diagonal(s): just ‘1’s’

• • 1diagonal:
2nd st
Counting
diagonal(s): numbers
just ‘1’s’
• diagonal:
• 3rd 2 diagonal:Triangular
nd
Countingnumbers
numbers
• 3 diagonal: Triangular numbers
rd

• 4th
• 4diagonal:
th
diagonal:Tetrahedral
Tetrahedralnumbers
numbers
• Powers
• Powers of 2of 2 (from
(from the the
sumsum of the
of the horizontal
horizontal rows)
rows)
• Powers of 11 (can be seen in each row)
• Powers of 11 (can be seen in each row)
• The triangle is symmetrical
• The triangle is symmetrical
This list is not exhaustive.
This list is not exhaustive.

3
11
 Unit 3: Resource 5: Binomial Expansions

Binomial Expansions
Unit 3: Resource 5: Binomial Expansions
t 3: Resource 5: Binomial Expansions
Teacher guidance
Teacher and suggestions
guidance and suggestions
cher guidance and suggestions
i.Expand
i. Expand the following
the following
Expand theRecap
Recap following
expanding
expanding 3 brackets
3 brackets fromfrom
UnitUnit
One:One:
PurePure Mathematics;
Mathematics;
ecap expanding(a)3 brackets from Unit One: Pure Mathematics;
((a)
p + (qp) + q )2
2

a) ( p + q ) p + (qp) + q )
2
(b) ((b) 3 3

b) ( p + q )
3
Pupils toto
Pupils investigate
investigatethe
the coefficients ofppand
coefficients of andq qand
andconsider
consider row
row 2 and
2 and 3 in3 Pascal’s
in Pascal’s triangle.
triangle.
s to investigateLead
the coefficients
pupils
Lead of p the
pupilsthough
though and qexpansion
and consider
theexpansion for row 2 and 3 in Pascal’s triangle.
pupils though the expansion for
( p + q )34 = ( p + q)( p + q)23
q ) = ( p + q )( p + q ) 3 = ( p + q )(p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 )
4

= ( p + q )(p 2 + 2 pq + q=2 p(p

) 2 + 2 pq + q 2 ) + q(p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 )
= p(p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 ) +etc
q(p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 )
etc
ii. The Binomial Expansion
ii. The Binomial Expansion
Discuss the word binomial. The expressions they were expanding are binomial in nature.
. The Binomial
Discuss Expansion
the word binomial. The expressions they were expanding are binomial in nature.
TheTheexpansion
expansion isisdescribed
described as aa binomial expansion.
uss the word binomial. The expressions they as
werebinomial
expandingexpansion.
are binomial in nature.
xpansion is described as a binomial expansion.
Allow pupils to discuss what they noticed in part i. Pupils may notice the relationship between the
Allow pupils
theyto
w pupils to discusscoefficients
what indiscuss in what
part i.they
their expansions
noticed andnoticed
Pupils the
mayrowininpart
notice thei. relationship
Pascal’sPupils maybetween
triangle. Itnotice
is alsothe relationship
important
the to lookbetween
at the
the coefficients
powers of p andin qtheir
in the expansions
expansions and
and the row
fact in
theyPascal’s triangle.
ascend/descend
cients in their expansions and the row in Pascal’s triangle. It is also important to look at the It
fromis also
left important
to right, the to
sumlook
of the
rs of p and q inatthe
theexpansions
powerspowers
in eachofand
pterm
and
theisqfact
in the
the sameexpansions
they as the powerand
ascend/descend ofthe
the fact
from leftthey
original ascend/descend
the sum of thefrom left to right,
expression.
to right,
the
rs in each term isAsk sum of the
the pupils
same as powers in each term is the same as the power of the original expression.
tothe power ofthe
investigate thefollowing
original expression.
expansions.
Ask pupils
pupils to investigate to investigate
the following the following expansions.
expansions.
( p + q )5 ( p + q )6 ( p + q )7 ( p + q )8
( p + q )5 ( p + q )6 ( p + q )7 ( p + q )8
iii. Calculations using the Binomial Expansion
i. Calculations
Pupilsusing
use thethe Binomial
appropriate Expansion
expansion and calculate ‘particular terms’ in that expansion now using values
iii. Calculations using the Binomial Expansion
for pexpansion
s use the appropriate and q. and calculate ‘particular terms’ in that expansion now using values
and q. Pupils use the appropriate expansion and calculate ‘particular terms’ in that expansion now
This is to familiarise them with the identification of the correct term which is an essential skill when
using values for p and q.
calculating
s to familiarise them probabilities.
with the identification of the correct term which is an essential skill when
This
ating probabilities. is to familiarise them with the identification of the correct term which is an essential skill
when calculating probabilities.

12
Investigating the coefficients of an algebraic expansion
i. Expand the following;

( p + q )2

( p + q )3

( p + q )4

Look at Pascal’s triangle from Resource 4, do you notice anything about your expansions and
the numbers in the triangle? Is there anything else you notice?

13
ii. Binomial Expansion
The expansions above are ‘Binomial Expansions’. A binomial is an expression containing
2 terms. When these expressions are raised to a power we obtain a binomial expansion.
Pascal’s triangle can be used to quickly generate these terms without expanding
algebraically. By carefully considering this complete the table below.

Algebraic Row in Pascal’s Coefficients of the Binomial expansion

Expression triangle terms

( p + q )0

( p + q )1

( p + q )2

( p + q )3

( p + q )4

( p + q )5

( p + q )6

( p + q )7

( p + q )8
Summary
You have investigated binomial expansions and should now be able to summarise your
findings;
equal one coefficients
ascend
row
descend

• The number of terms in the binomial expansions is _____________ more than the power
of the original expansion.
• The power of the binomial expression is the ____________ in Pascal’s triangle that shows
the ____________________ of the terms in the expansion.
• The powers of p _______________ and q _______________ from left to right in the
expansion.
• The sum of the powers of p and q in each term is ______________ to the power of the
original binomial expression.

14
iii.iii. Calculations using
Calculations the Binomial
using Expansion
the Binomial Expansion

4
1 7
(a) Find the second term in the expansion of  + 
8 8

8
 2 3
(b) Find the sixth term in the expansion of  + 
 5 5

6
1 3
(c) Find the fifth term in the expansion of  + 
4 4

Calculating ‘particular terms’ in the expansion will become useful when using the binomial
expansion to calculate probabilities.
Calculating ‘particular terms’ in the expansion will become useful when using the binomial expansion to
calculate probabilities.

5
15
SOLUTIONS:
SOLUTIONS:Resource
Resource 55

Investigating the coefficients of an algebraic expansion

Investigating the coefficients of an algebraic expansion

i. Expand the following;

i. Expand the following;

( p + q )2

p( p + q) + q( p + q)
p 2 + pq +3 qp + q 2
p + 2 pq + q 2

( p + q )3

p ( p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 ) + q( p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 )
p 3 + 2 p 2 q + pq 2 + qp 2 + 2 pq 2 + q 3
p 3 + 3 p 2 q + 3 pq 2 + q 3

( p + q )4
p ( p 3 + 3 p 2 q + 3 pq 2 + q 3 ) + q ( p 3 + 3 p 2 q + 3 pq 2 + q 3 )
p 4 + 3 p 3 q + 3 p 2 q 2 + pq 3 + qp 3 + 3 p 2 q 2 + 3 pq 3 + q 4
p 4 + 4 p 3 q + 6 p 2 q 2 + 4 pq 3 + q 4

6
16
Look at Pascal’s triangle from Activity 1, do you notice anything about your expansions and the
Look at Pascal’s
numbers in thetriangle fromIsActivity
triangle? 1, do you notice
there anything anything
else you about your expansions and the
notice?
numbers in the triangle? Is there anything else you notice?
• Coefficients of each term correspond to numbers in a row in the triangle
• Coefficients of each term correspond to numbers in a row in the triangle
• •TheThe
power of the
power polynomial
of the polynomial corresponds
corresponds totothetherow
rowthethe coefficients
coefficients are found
are found
• •Number
Number of terms
of terms ininthe
theexpansion
expansion isis11more
morethan
thanthethe
power of the
power polynomial
of the polynomial
• Sum of the powers = power of the polynomial
• •Sum of theofpowers
Powers p and q=descend
power ofandthe polynomial
ascend respectively
• Powers of p and q descend and ascend respectively

ii. Binomial Expansion

ii. Binomial
The expansions Expansion
above are ‘Binomial Expansions’. A binomial is an expression containing 2 terms.
When these expressions are raised to a power we obtain a binomial expansion. Pascal’s triangle can be
The expansions above are ‘Binomial Expansions’. A binomial is an expression containing 2
used to quickly generate these terms without expanding algebraically. By carefully considering this
terms. When these expressions are raised to a power we obtain a binomial expansion. Pascal’s
complete the table below.
triangle can be used to quickly generate these terms without expanding algebraically. By
carefully considering this complete the table below.
Row in
Algebraic Coefficients of the
Pascal’s Binomial expansion
Expression terms
triangle

( p + q )0 0 1 1

( p + q )1 1 11 p+q

( p + q )2 2 121 p2 + 2pq + q2

( p + q )3 3 1331 p3 + 3p2q + 3pq2 + q3

( p + q )4 4 14641 p4 + 4p3q + 6p2q2 + 4pq3 + q4

( p + q )5 5 1 5 10 10 5 1 p5 + 5p4q + 10p3q2 + 10p2q3 + 5pq4 + q5

( p + q )6 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 p6 + 6p5q + 15p4q2 + 20p3q3 + 15p2q4 + 6pq5 + q6

( p + q )7 7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 p7 + 7p6q + 21p5q2 + 35p4q3 + 35p3q4 + 21p2q5 + 7pq6 + q7

( p + q )8 8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 p8 + 8p7q + 28p6q2 + 56p5q3 + 70p4q4 + 56p3q5 + 28p2q6 + 8pq7 + q8

Summary
You have investigated binomial expansions and should now be able to summarise your findings;

equal one coefficients

ascend
row
descend

• The number of terms in the binomial expansions is one more than the power of the original
expansion.
7
• The power of the binomial expression is the row in Pascal’s triangle that shows the
coefficients of the terms in the expansion.
17
 • The number of terms in the binomial expansions is one more than the power of the original
expansion.
• The power of the binomial expression is the row in Pascal’s triangle that shows the
• Thecoefficients
powers of p of the terms
descend in qthe
and expansion.
ascend from left to right in the expansion.
• The powers of p descend and q ascend from left to right in the expansion.
• The sum of the powers of p and q in each term is equal to the power of the original
• The sum of the powers of p and q in each term is equal to the power of the original binomial
binomial expression.
expression.

iii. iii. Calculations

Calculations
usingusing the Binomial
the Binomial expansion
expansion

4
1 7
(a) Find the fourth term in the expansion of  + 
8 8

3
1 7  1  7  343
Let p = and q = 4 term = 4pq
th 3
4   =
8 8  8  8  1024

8
 2 3
(b) Find the sixth term in the expansion of  + 
 5 5

3 5
 2 3
2 3 56    = 0.27869184
Let p = and q = 6th term = 56p3q5  5 5
5 5
= 0.28 (2dp)

6
1 3
(c) Find the fifth term in the expansion of  + 
4 4

2 4
1 3 1 3 1215
Let p = and q = 5 term
th
8 = 15p q
2 4
15    =
4 4 4 4 4096

Calculating ‘particular terms’ in the expansion will become useful when using the binomial
expansion
Calculating to calculate
‘particular probabilities.
terms’ in the expansion will become useful when using the binomial expansion to
calculate probabilities.

18
Unit 3: Resource 6: Binomial Probability 1

Binomial Probability 1

Teacher Notes
Unit 3: Resource 6: Binomial Probability 1
A binomial distribution is a model of probability in which there are 2 outcomes (remember
binomial means 2). These outcomes are described as ‘success’ and ‘failure’.
Teacher Notes
Let p = probability of success
A binomial distribution is a model of probability in which there are 2 outcomes (remember binomial
meansq2).
= probability of failure
These outcomes [1 – as
are described p =‘success’
q] and ‘failure’.
There
Let arepconditions that
= probability ofmust
successbe met for the probability to be described as a binomial
distribution;
q = probability of failure [1 – p = q]
• 2 possible outcomes, success and failure (p and q)
There are conditions that must be met for the probability to be described as a binomial distribution;
• p and q are constant, that is their values never change
• 2 possible outcomes, success and failure (p and q)
• There are a set number of trials, n
• p and q are constant, that is their values never change
• The • success of aany
There are settrial is notofdependent
number trials, n on the success or failure of previous trials;
therefore, the trials are independent.
• The success of any trial is not dependent on the success or failure of previous trials; therefore,
the trials are independent.

Consider rolling a fair die 2 times and how many times a five may be obtained.
Consider rolling a fair die 2 times and how many times a five may be obtained.
The possible outcomes can be shown on a tree diagram or simply listed as combinations as
The possible outcomes can be shown on a tree diagram or simply listed as combinations as follows;
follows;
5 and 5
5 and 5 or
5 and not 5 or
4 outcomes
Not 5 and 5 or 5 and not 5
Not 5 and not 5 Not 5 and 5

Not 5 and not 5

1 5
Probabilities can be calculated from these outcomes, therefore P(5) = and P(5) =
6 6
1 1 1
P(2 fives) = × =
6 6 36
1 5 1 5 10 5
P(1 five) = �6 × 6� + �6 × 6� = 36
= 18

5 5 25
P( no fives) = × =
6 6 36

19
This can
can be
bemodelled
modelledasasa binomial distribution.
a binomial distribution.

• There are 2 outcomes, success: obtaining a five and failure: not obtaining a five
1 5
• Probability of obtaining a five = and Probability of not obtaining a five = , these
6 6
values are constant as the die was described as fair
• There are a set number of trials, n = 2
• The trials are independent as successive trials are not affected by previous outcomes

Let p = Probability of success

q = Probability of failure

∴ p=
1
6
5
, q = and n = 2
6

The 4 outcomes were

5 and 5 or 5 and not 5 or Not 5 and 5 or Not 5 and not 5

2 successes 1 success 1 failure 0 successes
and 1 failure and 1 success

p× p q× p q× p q×q
p2 + pq + pq + q2

2
p + 2 pq + q 2
⇒ ( p + q) 2

Each term in the expansion represents a probability

p 2 + 2 pq + q 2
Probability
Probability of 2 successes
of 2 successes Probability of 0 successes
Probability of 0 successes
Probability of 1 success Probability of 1 success

From this we can calculate probabilities by looking at ‘particular terms’.

20
 • The probability of getting 2 fives is the term p 2 (2 successes)
2
1 1 1
Now p = so p 2 =   =
6 6 36

• The probability of getting exactly 1 five is the term 2 pq (1 success)

1 5 1 5 10 5
Now p = and q = so 2pq = 2 �6 � � 6� = =
6 6 36 18

2
• The probability of not getting any fives is the term q (0 successes)
2
5 5 25
Now q = so q 2 =   =
6 6 36

• The probability of at least 1 five is the sum of p 2 and 2 pq

At least 1’ means 1 or 2 fives are obtained

1 10 11
+ =
36 36 36

21
Unit 3: Resource 7: Binomial Probability 2

Binomial Probability 2

Learners consolidate their knowledge of Pascal’s triangle and binomial expansions in

part (i) and application of the expansion to calculate probabilities in a real-life context.

ACTIVITY: Resource 7
Using Pascal’s triangle, write out the expansion of ( p + q )
7
(i)

(ii) The probability of a seed producing a flower is 0.88. James plants 7 seeds.
Find the probability that
(a) exactly 6 seeds produce flowers
(b) no flowers are produced
(c) at least 4 seeds produce flowers

22
Unit 3: Resource 7: Binomial Probability 2

SOLUTIONS: Resource 7
(i) Using Pascal’s triangle, write out the expansion of ( p + q )7

p7 + 7p6q + 21p5q2 + 35p4q3 + 35p3q4 + 21p2q5 + 7pq6 + q7

(ii) The probability of a seed producing a flower is 0.88. James plants 7 seeds.
Find the probability that
(a) exactly 6 seeds produce flowers
(b) no flowers are produced
(c) at least 4 seeds produce flowers

Let p = probability of a seed producing a flower

p = 0.88
Let q = probability of a seed not producing a flower
q = 1 – 0.88
q = 0.12

n = total number of seeds planted

n=7
Using (0.88 + 0.12)7
(a) P(exactly 6) = 7p6q
= 7(0.88)6(0.12)
= 0.39 (2dp)
(b) P(no flowers) = q7
= (0.12)7
= 0.00000036 (2sf)
(c) P(at least 4) = p7 + 7p6q + 21p5q2 + 35p4q3
= (0.88)7 + 7(0.88)6(0.12) + 21(0.88)5(0.12)2 + 35(0.88)4(0.12)3
= 0.96 (2dp)

23
Unit 3: Resource 7: Binomial Probability 3

Binomial Probability 3

This resource shows the pupils how to use Pascal’s Triangle to solve a problem.

ACTIVITY: Resource 8
A manufacturer has produced a large batch of lightbulbs. The probability that a light bulb is
not defective is 0.98. If six are selected at random from the batch find the probability that
(a) None is defective
(b) More than 3 are not defective
(c) At least 1 is defective

24
SOLUTIONS: Resource 8
A manufacturer has produced a large batch of lightbulbs. The probability that a light bulb is
not defective is 0.98. If six are selected at random from the batch find the probability that
(a) None is defective
(b) More than 3 are not defective
(c) At least 1 is defective

Let p = probability lightbulb is not defective

p = 0.98
Let q = probability lightbulb is defective
q = 1 – 0.98
q = 0.02

n = total number of lightbulbs in the batch

n=6
Using (0.98 + 0.02)6
Expand (p + q)6
p6 + 6p5q + 15p4q2 + 20p3q3 + 15p2q4 + 6pq5 + q6
(a) P(none are defective) = p6
= (0.98)6
= 0.89 (2dp)
(b) P(more than 3 are not defective) = p6 + 6p5q + 15p4q2
= (0.98)6 + 6(0.98)5(0.02) + 15(0.98)4(0.02)2
= 0.99 (2dp)
(c) P(At least 1 defective) = 1 – P(none are defective)
= 1 – (0.98)6
= 0.11 (2dp)

25
Unit 3: Resource 9: Binomial Probability 4

Binomial Probability 4

The problem considered here is more challenging and can be used as extension material.

ACTIVITY: Resource 9
A sack of potatoes is inspected at a factory. Potatoes that are too large are rejected. In a
1
sample of 5 potatoes the probability that all 5 potatoes are rejected is .
32
Find the probability that
(a) a potato is rejected from the sack
(b) in a sample of 5 potatoes exactly 3 are rejected

26
SOLUTIONS: Resource 9
A sack of potatoes is inspected at a factory. Potatoes that are too large are rejected. In a
1
sample of 5 potatoes the probability that all 5 potatoes are rejected is .
32
Find the probability that
(a) a potato is rejected from the sack
(b) in a sample of 5 potatoes exactly 3 are rejected

(a) Let p = probability potato is rejected Let q = probability potato is not rejected
n=5
(p + q)5 = p5 + 5p4q + 10p3q2 + 10p2q3 + 5pq4 + q5
1
P(exactly 5 potatoes rejected) =
32

1
p5 =
32

11
p= 5
32
248832

1
p= 2

1 11
(b) p = 2 q = 12
n=5

5
1 11
+
2 12

P(3 are rejected) = 10p3q2

1 3 11 2
= 10
2 12

605
=
124416

27
Unit 3: Resource 10: Normal Probability 1

Normal Probability 1

ACTIVITY: Resource 10
Before completing this task, pupils must be familiar with
• the Normal curve and shadings
• writing down the correct calculation to find the probabilities
• reading from the Normal Probability Table
This activity can be used to consolidate pupils understanding of the curves and reading the
information from them to find the correct probabilities.
There are 4 sets of cards A – D. Each card in Set A matches with one in each of the other 3 Sets
B–D

28
information from them to find the correct probabilities.

There are 4 sets of cards A – D. Each card in Set A matches with one in each of the other 3 Sets B
- D.

SET A

0 1.0 0 0.3

0 2.4 -2.4 0

29
SET B

0 0.3 0 1.0

P(z < −2.4 ) P(z > 1)

P(z < 0.3) P(z < 2.4 )

P(z < 1) P(z > 0.3)

30
SET C

Φ (0.3) 1 − Φ (0.3)

Φ (1.0) Φ (2.4)

1 − Φ (2.4) 1 − Φ (1.0)

3
31
SET C

0.6179 0.8413

0.3821 0.9918

0.1587 0.0082

4
32
SOLUTIONS: Resource 10
SOLUTIONS: Resource 10

0 1.0 0 0.3

P(z > 1) P(z < 0.3)

1 − Φ (1.0) Φ (0.3)

0.1587 0.6179

5
33
 0 2.4 -2.4 0

P(z < 2.4 ) P(z < −2.4)

Φ(2.4) 1 − Φ (2.4)

0.9918 0.0082

34
 0 0.3 0 1.0

P(z > 0.3) P(z < 1)

1 − Φ (0.3) Φ (1.0)

0.3821 0.8413

35
 Unit 3: Resource 10: Normal Probability 3

Normal Probability 3

ACTIVITY: Resource
Unit 3: Resource 11 Probability 3
11: Normal
Given
Giventhat
thatXXisisnormally
normally distributed witha amean
distributed with meanofof
5050 and
and standard
standard deviation
deviation of 8, of 8, complete
complete the
the matching activity.
matching activity.
Match the cards from sets A, B, C and D
Match the cards from sets A, B, C and D

SET A

P( X > 56) P( X < 63) P(X > 66)

P( X < 48) P( X > 70) P( X < 28)

SET B

P( z > 2.5) P( z < −2.75) P(z > 2)

P(z < 1) P( z > 0.75) P( z < −0.25)

36
 SET C

ɸ(1) ɸ(2)
T ti h T ti h

1 − Φ (0.25) 1 − Φ (2.5)

1 − Φ (2.75) 1 − Φ (0.75)

SET D

0.0228 0.2266 0.0062

0.003 0.8413 0.4013

2
37
SOLUTIONS: Resource 11
SOLUTIONS: Resource 11
Given that X is normally distributed with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 8, complete the
Given thatactivity.
matching X is normally distributed with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 8, complete
the matching activity.

P( X > 56) P(X > 66)

P( z > 0.75) P(z > 2)

1 − Φ (0.75) 1−ɸ(2)
0.2266 0.0228

P(X > 58) P( X < 28)

P(z > 1) P( z < −2.75)

ɸ(1) 1 − Φ (2.75)

0.8413 0.003
3
38
P( X < 48) P( X > 70)

P( z < −0.25) P( z > 2.5)

1 − Φ(0.25) 1 − Φ (2.5)

0.4013 0.0062

4
39
© CCEA 2019

COUNCIL FOR THE CURRICULUM, EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENT

29 Clarendon Road, Clarendon Dock, Belfast BT1 3BG
Tel: +44(0)28 9026 1200
Email: info@ccea.org.uk Web: www.ccea.org.uk
40