aJeqdsoLulv aql pue Lllel aql_ ua^as uotlfos

-
'a8ed aloqm aq] uo 'oo] Splo7i aq]
lJe urpal ot paau 1;,noX 'pafqns aq] uo ar,am allL1,ln
/puv 'lla^l
ll ureal pue Ii-UiEq puatrj tnor( sr ur-A8er-ip-d6J ]eqt 'JO-EpEU s,]t ]eqm pue (puaulUorar ],upJno^\
-
I qr!LJ/\^) uadoir ]nr no,(J! a)ll )ool plnoMll ]eq^^'a'r 'QJJEIloSlnFnilsaqlMou) o] paau ng\
lsnr) aql pollE) s! uo o^tl a/v\ Llupl ,o lr€d oql

'1aar-u sa1e1d )ruolfa] o/!\] araq/!\ ueddeq uauo saliEmhrFlEa pue E6ormSm (q
a-l-EiTEW?a ue Sursne: ttuappnc,fuan anou sale;d aq] ,saurlauo5 (g
'(lea{ e sal}auttuaf ,lna} e) nlraEtT-trEn Surnou a.re sa1e1d aq}
}o }sow (l

,mou a,e n,r;,:I:i#5?i,1t"##iil:ffffiTf,.:H ffi (e

punoJe ri ol a;qe a"r,,(aq1 'allueu aq] uo ,leolJ, ]eq] sjf-Er8iq a)!l ]lq e a.re sale;d lruolral ft
53tEi-d-liE61r-eT pallel a;e sarard asaql .secard a8lel
;o
laqunu e olut pa)rerl ale allueu aLl] Jo yed raddn aq] pue ]sntf aql (t

solPld )!uo+rol jo dn ep€hl sr o)eJJns s,rlurS aql

la>ptu pue uorrlo apeu s/]r )utq] aM

'alo5 aLl] sr Lluel aq] ailuaf aLl] ]v
]o ft aror la))u ?ue uut
'alluelu all] olul radaap
oBno,{sem
asneraq sl slrll '(ptnb1 e a)!l)
aL.l]
Xl7[6l5,&an iilOlJ uer 1r unrop daap
1nq 'p!;65,(1]soLu sr 6]lUEm aqf (g
aftuYw
slluEu aq] st ]eq] lvtolaB ft
'I5oipil6s ]o isxET-i6lno
'urqt e
- ISITD aqt uo a^tl aM (t
JSn_rl

'qread e rg '33a qrlols e a)ll ]lq V .arn]lnrls P sPq ]r pue sr quel aqI

oJoS e pue olluel^l E 'lsnr3 E seH qlrel oql

;pe no,( llat Illlrn a8ed srql 2 all uo a)tJ s,]aueld aLl] ]eqm parapuo^ ra^l

aJn))nJls s.rlur:I orll

IC a l5l lrlcnr I t1\J st I r Frr rt, l r.l trrl 1r I I I l-ta^A I ln l.tlAA
92

There,s more than one sort of rock you know they're all covered on these two pages
-
There are Three Difrerent of Rock

1 Rocks
1) These are formed from magma (melted underground rock) which is
pushed up through the crust and often out through volcanoes.
-
2) They contain various minerals in randomly arranged interlqckingcrlrstals'
The size of the crystals (or texture) depends on the speed of cooling.
Large crystals mean that the rock has cooled slowly.
3) There are two types of igneous rocks: extrusive and intrusive
%
w
Extrusive igneous rocks
EXAMPLES: basalt (extrusive),
cool above
granite (intrusive). -

lntrusive igneous rocks

cool slowly under ground
-and evenlually gel exposed
when rocks above lhem
wear away.

1) These are formed from layers of redirnent (rock fragments or dead matter) laid
down in lakes or seas over millions of years. Sedimentary rocks can also form
when water evaporates and leaves a dissolved sslid (like salt) behind.
2) The layers are cemented together by other minerals

% v
o
P ressu re
L Fossils
waler D in the
squished o E rock
f_--\/\
t-----\ \ R layers
i-/

P ressu re Other minerals

3) Fossils canform in the sediments. These are the long dead remains of plants and anirnak.
The type of fossil is used to work out the relative age of the rock.

EX,{MPLES: limestone, chalk, sandstone,

92

Rock Types
There's sort of rock you know they're all covered on these two pages.
-
There are Three Different of Rock

1) lgneous Rocks
1) These are formed from magma (melted underground rock) which is
oushed uo throush the crust and often out throush volcanoes.
2\
llo9
-
Thev contain various minerals in randomlvi arransed interlockins crystals
o .,.,..,.,.'.'..,.."..,."..."."...".-."...-...,.".".ff

The size of the crystals (or texture) depends on the speed of cooling.
Larse crvstals mean that the rock has cooled slcwlv.
3), + u
There are two tvoes of isneous rocks: exlrusive and intrusi,,'*. ffi-
w \Eg
v

Extrusive igneous rocks

EXAMPLES: basalt (extrusive),
granite (intrusive).
- - cool u ickl above round.

lntrusive igneous rocks

cool slowly under ground
- and evenlually gel exposed
when rocks above them
wear away.

2) Sedimentary Rocks
1) These are formed from of (rock fragments or dead matter) laid
down in lakes or seas over of years. Sedimentary rocks can also form
when water evaporates and leaves a (like salt) behind.
2) The layers are cemented together by other mineral ,%
P ressure o
L Fossils
waler
D in the
squished o E rock

^ \ R layers
l-_)

P ressu re minerals

3) Fossils can form in the sediments. These are the long dead remains of plants and aninrals
The type of fossil is used to work out the relative age of the rock.

EXAMPLES: limestone, chalk, sandstone

Section Seven The Earth and The Atmosphere

-
aroqdsoulv aLlJ_ Pue LpJef aLll ua^os uop)as
-
.]sr3oloaS e eq uoos
ll,no^ pue ]E al,no^ allqM_)l.or 1o ad,! qlea jo^sa-idil?xa- aulos ureel
'll
'^ oul nor('1eq,vr u^ op alqquf,s pue saSed aq] la^of, uaql 's8ulPeaq aql5smu6W

tuo.r* aJ,{eq} }nq 6aues aq} eJE s)f,oJ lle )u!t{} e;doad euos

aDrc1
raL113U
u_ll
aIuBrD
I
@p "ilial'
alq!sln
uDI ,f\f)
,+lrnb
tzooooo
:v., srvulN tw
z\
1zgr5; aprxorp flrr\ u
llEu./s
urr
u ol rlrs

tfooooooo o
m1 scNnodwol
It
llsurs
ftA (rs) uorLlts
(O) uab^xo o (, srNtwltl

ua8r(xg
alrueJD 4teng. aprxorp uof,llls 3 uorllls
Fi6nm punooLuoJ sIu6usiT
TsOB

'3'3 'lsnn aq] ul slmr dn a)eLU asaq] pue

si€iEulitr dn aler-u Wim]6-dmo5 pue sliiEmq:l
-
spreullrl ,o oPEL\t orv s>llo!

ewieyll
fl rrrdn
lrou
snoaub 1
tr a
lq rssoa

)rou
:rqdrou,relayy
ffi
lrox
,{rcquawtpa5
T uorsnrlur

']sr qrs'ale1s'alqreLu :STTaWVXJ

auos PUe CiE-]SfiTfiu1],(11ear aneq ,(er-u '(aq1 ft

'sra,(e1 aneq
'aut] Jo spolrad Suq lano spot Surlslxa uo
Surlce sinTnafiTasEanul pue;Eaq lo ]lnsar aq] ale asaql (l

s>Pou
 The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle involves changes to rocks both and the Earth

The Rock Cycle Takes Millions of Years to Com plete

Extrusive
lntrusive Exposed metamorp hic
iqneous rock
(e.g. basalt) ta neous ro ck rock, e.g. marble
(i g ran ite)

Wealhering

Exposure
Erosion and lrans ort
Cooled
above
su rface Sea
De on
Cooled
laneous below
-l U ift
rOCKS surlace
Sediments
Uplift
Coolin
Metamorphic
Melting rocks'
SedimenlarvJ Burial,.
Heat
rocks compresston
Magma
and pressure and cemenfalion

The rock cycle involves the three types of rock ( and

see previous two pages) from one to another. This happens by

1) down rocks
into snraller bits. There are a few
Onion skin weathering
different ways this can happen, e.g - this happens
when the Sun warms the surface of a
2) EROSION: wearing down rocks, e.g. by rain rock bv dav and bv nipht it cools down.
This causes the surface to expand and
3) TRANSPORTATION: moving the eroded contract, and eventually it breaks away,
bits of rock round the world by wind like oeelins an onion.
and water (mostly).
Freeze-thaw weathering when water
4) DEPOSITION: laying down of sediment.
-
freezes, it expands. lf this happens in
a crack in a rock it can make the crack
s) {Tro bigger. After freezing and thawing many
squeezing and compressing the layers times, bits break off.
-
eventuallv thev form sedimentarv rocl<s.

6) HEAT/PRESSURE: further squashing and heating

1u165 the rocks into metamorphic rocks.
-
7) intense heating makes the rock partially melt that changes it to magma.
-
B) : solidification of the molten (melted) rock to form

e) brack to weathering and erosion again. Simple huh.

The of rock on the surface is always a[:out th-e same, even though it's away.)

Section Seven The Earth and The Atmosphere

a.reqdsoutlv aL{I Pu€ quef aql ualas uolpas
-
(4tew ) ol slrefiel qclqM (q
alolcru pue uorllo epeu eq lq6noql

(s4tew g)

'^^olaq uelDerp oql u! C-V polloqel qpef slred eq1 aueN (e

oLll Jo
'ste{e; uleu oolLl}1o dn epeuu sl LlUeS oql t

suollsano o)!l)erd

's)fol ul Suuaqleam,o sad'(t o'r'u aqllfsac (q

'a;rrb )fol aq] ul sassaloJd auru aq] aureN (E

'1:ol'luarua;a'Punoduuol'lelaulu
:]salleLUs aq] L.lllM Suluels 'azs 1o lapro ur 3ur'rno11o, aq] lsll ft
)ror 1o ad,! leqM
2paLuro, st
'arnsserd pue leaq qBtq ol palrafqns pue pallnq sl )ror 'fueluauurpas y (g

2sllssoi purl no,( tqSrr-u )for ,o ad'Q qrrq'lt u1 ft

2palle) asaq] are ]eqM
.punote anoul uef ]eq] sluau8as a8lel ;o apeLu sl ]snrf s,quel aqI (L

suo!lsono d6-ut.letr1
.paaflns ol,(errr L;uo aql s,]! ]nq 'un11o ]ol e ]ou s/]l 'A ou ]iels e a)eul lla/\\ se 1q3lyr1 'suotlsanb 'r'ra}
e Sugannsue ,fu1 o] st lle LuaLl] lu1eal an,no,( llaqr o1 ,(em.1saq
aql 'peaq lno'( ut ruaql ta8 o] aul],o ]lq
nrt*n inql ur tnd of p"rl lq8r*r nor( os 'sa8ed Ma, snol^ald aql rano
splo^ lef luqfa] Jo speol alaM ajaLlf
:rrrrjr5 g a8e15 (a1 q8norq] ]r a)eLU o] ]ue^ no,(;t uotlras slL.l] ul llnls aq] lle uieal o1 paau ll/no^

96
 e6

2 The diagram below shows part of a small volcanic island

There have been no eruptions for thousands of years.

c
c
D
B

Sea

Sedimentary rock

(a) Rocks A and C have both formed from solidifying magma.

(i) What type of rock is formed from solidifying magma?
(1 mark)
(ii) copy and complete the sentences below using words from the box.

slowly quickly large small intrusive

extrusive limestone basalt slate granite

The magma atA cooled ..., forming an

rock which has ............. crystals, e.g. .

The lava at C cooled .... , forming an ..

rock which has ............. crystals, e.g.

(8 marks)
(b) Rock B is metamorphic.
Briefly describe how this metamorphic rock was formed
(2 marks)
(c) Layers of sediment are being deposited on the seabed at D. The layers will
eventually form sedimentary rock. This process takes millions of years.
(i) Explain how the layers of sediment at point D will be turned into rock.
(2 marks)
(ii) There are often fossils in sedimentary rock. What can
geologists find out about rocks from these fossils?
(1 mark)

Section Seven The Earth and The Atmosphere

-
oraqdsoLurv aLlI Pue Lluel aL{I uo^as uolllos
-
.5ISEffiSq Surlearc pue S55inO35rp6IilTI snotcard SuTnEs a9 lllls plnor no{ '11eus ,(1anr1e1al
are sSurnes ]sof pue ,€laua aq] Jr ue1e ]nB
'tunlulunlE se alcrbal o] lualf l#a se ale s leualeul llP loN
o^,no{ }!EA }nq sl!r{} )ooq oll{leu
af,uolf,s Eu Pot{slu!} ll!}
-
ue
.(960g
]EeF pue (%0A EfilsEfd
q]l/!\ ssal lnq 'mRIulIERTe 8urlr,bar %qa 1o Surnes '(3raua
.3.3 .3ur1cr(rar al,nor( sl ll leq1 uo Surpuad"p SaA-"E Xrualf l#a aql ]ng ^q 'sauo ltrrau arnpold pue
laB no{ 'ol
,(eme uaq) orll] ueLll raqlpr (tsoc pue ,(3raua ]o stura] ut) TilaiSJ}leEmm u(11ensn s,l[
^

u./nrururnle aphat olJuarl!#a ,(11ear s,11 'alseM ,o ToJ e '

'aro untutLunle 1o ffi .
'runrurunle ,qsaJ}, ]leJlxa pue aulu o] papaau XSrauE
aql;o Sffi '
:E1ES no{ 'pa1r,bar suer Lunlulunle io ffi,fuana Jo} }nq 'uotle;nr1er xalduo: e s'}1
aJe }eq}
TIilpuEI o] triRTUmR-iE-pesR
aq] puas o] sls65 uall )l w
.^SrouSElou sasn qf il.]^ pa5e]}xa- unlurulnle 3q] pue p5]1re-dsuEll aq o] spaau uaq] alo aql (€
-
Od€5SpUE] aq] Jo SS5U e sa)eu osle ll 'frfilO16 Jo speol sasn pue XAUOU
slsoc 3utur14l (Z
'peu-In aq o] a^eLl plnoM 516-EnTUrEn-E:

'Fdirnppjqqni)s4is1llpuEl ur dn pua ,(11ensn plnom qrlq^A

-
qsiqqm-ss6] sa)eu ll ft
.oo] x6T6Ir-6I85 o] spua] Surlcrbal os anlsuadxa st ,(3leu3 (€
-
XAlSEfisaf sasn ]t ft
'slan} Ilssol Sululnq uor, saruor qllqM
.saro
't;1ensn -
si Llue:l all] ]o SEEJ sasn 11 ( i
lplau pue lro apnrr a1r1 s8urqt - saJ-inosETFEIm-[
:asnefaqaLul}aq}IIP@ueqlj6II5Q,(11elaua3sl3ul;c,ba5
.56F-mEu a)eu o] qEpaT# aq] Sursn puri sI:-npr pArc;nun'ffi 3ur>1e1sueau 3ur1r'ba5

rol suospou Poog jo slol ere areql

ulSaLUofBilTI'f]3]alaL|^^Si}eq}puV.uoosaul}{ue*o-ffiaqIn6maM-I1TJeq1,salo
aL{} lle pAUiUi ro slan} llsso} s,quel all} Ile mTiqan,aM aruo
'FAlUliale sa)lnosar asaq} }nB G
Ielau

'sxa[ p suorlllu,
s,t|}lBf aql ul
,loJ trsn.D
'llo-epnil uot;s5lFElE

'(se8 ;ernleu
K/\
./):

#
GG
I
o .]snlf s/rluel
queld pue llo apnJl tpj aq] ul (s)ror) soro
?aunq sywtue pue
Pua? Jo sutEuar aql ur04 '1eoo) spflfllsSol FfEu LUor] siElofi
a?ew ile slanJ llssoj uloll Atslaul
:1aB azrt 'agduexa lo1 (t

serJnoseu rno ,o ilv lsoulv ,o erJnos aql sr LI}JPf or.ll

@o11rqlno,(3uropal,no,(3urq}ar-uosa1:,batno,(ar.ur1fuen3
 9B

The Carbon Cycle

rsa lement because it's part of all Iiving th
As shown below, it's tiy recycled through the environment.

r-;
C^rbon dio*ide
in the air
Animal
* respiration
\)\ Respiration Photosynthesis
by planls
by planls

I
I

I
I
Feeding
+, o
6

alri
I
Planl and Animal remains
I Plant
I and excrelion
animal remains
remains

Decomposers release
Carbon compounds in fossil
fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Carbon dioxide into the air

Learn these points

1) Ph hesis Removes Carbon Dioxide from the Air

1) Creen plants and algae take in carbon dioxide from the air during Bhotosynthesis (see p.30).
2) The plants and algae use the carbon to make carboh)idrates, fats and proteins.

2) Carbon is Passed Alon the Food Chain When Animals Feed

1) Some of the carbon in plants is paued-cl to animals when they eat the plants.
2) The animals then use the carbon to make fats and p1ole!45 of their own. The carbon
moves along the fooci chain when the animals are eaten by other animals.

3 iration and Combustion Return Carbon Dioxide to the Air

1) Some carbon is
when plants and animals respire (see page 4).
2) When plants and animals die, decomposers (like bacteria and fungi) feed on them.
Decomposers also feed on animal waste. When the decomposers respire,
carbon dioxide is returned to the air.
3) Some dead plant and animal remains get buried and eventually form fossil fuels.
When fossil fuels are burnt (combustion) this releases carbon dioxide back into the

Section Seven The Earth and The Atmosphere

-
 9B

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is a verv imr ement because it's oart of all livins th
As shown below, it's ly recvcled throueh the environment.

r-I
Carbon dioxide
in lhe air
Animal
*
i
respiralion
Respiration Photosynthesis
by plants by planls

Feeding a
l'"> o
6
:
l
>/' s
I
I

I
Planl and Animal remains
I
Plant
I
animal and excrelion
rematns
remains

Carbon compounds in fossil Decomposers release

fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Carbon dioxide into the air

Learn these points

1) Photosynthesis Removes carbon Dioxide from the Air

t) creen plants and algae take in carbon dioxide from the air during phol (see p.30)
2) The plants and algae use the carbon to make carbohlzdrates, fats and pg

2) Carbon is Passed Al ong the Food Chain When Animals Feed

1 ) Some of the carbon in plants is passed on to anjmals when they eat the plants.
2) The animals then use the carbon to make fats and prateins of their own. The carbon
moves along the food ehain when the animals are eaten by other animals.

3) Res ration and Combustion Return Carbon Dioxide to the Air

1) Some carbon is returned to the air as carbon dioxide
when plants and animals respire (see page 4).
2) when plants and animals die, decomposers (like bacteria and fungi) on them
Decomposers also feed on aninral waste. when the decomposers re
carbon dioxide is returned to the air.
3) Some -dead.p.lant and animal remains get buried and eventuaily form
when fossil fuels are burnt (combustion) this releases carbon dioxide back into the

Section Seven The Earth and The Atmosphere

-
e"raqdsourtv aLll pue Lluel aql ua^as uortfos
-
'plrom lear aq] ur aas laqt leqnn uo paseq sauoaq] Surdo;anap pue suorlsanb
3ur>1se stsrtuarss p aldtuexa rcat? e sr aSueqr ateturlr pue apxotp uoq)e) uaa^ laq )ull aqi

WetJodw PeeP aJe otewln aql Pue aJeqdso wfe eq1

'S-dor:-l-m6i8 o] sraureJ auos ro; iopiEq tr aleu tq8ruu qrlq^ 'Sur8ueqt are snra-n?-effqqEfi .
'p6o-il o] seare lelseor pue SSTI o] Si6 sT-EOS asner plnol qllq/\{ 'la1se1l1au ,(eLu ,(aq1
'8u-t11em are ef,r]f,leluv pue pueluaarD Suuanor ESSqEE5T pue si5l5En .
'3.a 5I3ffi-snOrES Surneq aq o] sLuaas lt 'S8Ueq:qpqi:1o ad,Q e sr SuruuleM lPqolg ft
.ffipal|e]slaln1eladua}s/que]aq}u!aSealfulslt.|f(e
'sla^al aprxotp uoqJe3 ur astJ aq] 6IEnp sr slrl] a^arlaq slstluatfs lsotu 'acuapl^a aq] uo paseB
'8umea-rm sr quel ;o a-rnET'drnal aq] ]eq] s/\Aot]s osle pnEil r-ula13uo; aq1
.Buiseai:m sr
@ ma; e pue) spixoip-uoqm ]o j5 q aq] ]nB G

'ut ,(6nua aql

Jo aLuos daal sdpq sselE aq+ pue 'ut sautqs
uns aql 'asnoquaati e ut suaddeq leqm a>lrl llq E sr slql saseE ,{q uns aql
padde4 wo)t
uorlPrpEx
'LUle^^ qllel daa) o] solaq pue afBos olul
aLl] [,6nu1
raLilo Pu€
lsol-8qEq uor; {8raua io }ol e s-elo6 srql
'erEqdsor.lrle s/Lluel aq] ul uns aq] ulol}
AtsJaua sderl ]r sueau slql 'sed asnoquealts
e se uMou) s/]eLl^^ sl aplxolp uoqle] (t

e}?urllf, s.r,luPf aql s! r{r!r{M"'

'srsaqiu^soloL{o Aq araqosotu}P aq} LuoJ} 'a.raqdsoule aq] olu! aprxorp uoqrer,o slol
ps ou6i sr splI6lpnCQJE3-EE5[ sueaur sasealar 'sTmiJmlSI 6d ut XTl5llJfElE aIeLU
(saar] u^ op Surddoqc;uolIEFilaFO ft o] pue '51?: ra,nnod o] q6n-t Il-llEEoJ-3UInmE" (t

:sla^al aprxorp uoqJer ])a#e ]eq] sarlr^rlfe ueurnlllo sapirzre aulos are atap 'S5Str5lEnlEU
pue SOIlrnSUIEmnq o] u^^op s,lt pue Sursr.r st Ei5qalsoulE s,quef aql u! aplxolp uoqref ]o la^al aql
-
i "'tu!seeJ)ul sl lole'I oplxolo uoqr?J aqf i

('alaqdsoute aq] ur oprxorp uoqJpf ueq] tnoden ralem SJCII s,alaql)

(9g'd aas) SAs€??iqOU MaJ e pue rn6d€ lglEm a1r1 'sase8 raqlo Jo SIUnOUETEmS sureluos osle ]l

('g3)aprxorp uoqref, yovo'o (rg; ua8Xxo o/"LZ (25; uaSo D\u o/r\l

aLIf ft
:punore sr aisqdminlE-snl]ET
'Si6qdsomlE s,]aue1d ler;1 dn a)eu ]aueld e punollns leql sxe8 aq1 (t

sasEg lueroJJlo Jo ePeh{ sr s.r,luEf aql

']no purJ pue a8ed srq] peal oS ']no pue ur ' : oJ,r'roz( leqrrn ,(;1rexa lltou) o1 lueyodr-ur s,1;

otrr,ullf, eql Put araqdsoulv aql

66
100

Warm-Up and Practice Questions

This section's not too long, so hopefully you'll still remember most of it by this point. The best way
to make sure you know all the important stuff covered is to try out some questions and see if you got
them right. Well, what are you waiting for? Why not get started on some nice Warm-Up Questiois.

Warm-Up Questions

1) Cive two things we get from crude oil.

)\ Explain why recycling materials means we can burn fewer fossil fuels.
J) What is the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle?
4) What gas is most of the Earth's atmosphere made up of?
s) What's a greenhouse gas? Cive one example of a greenhouse gas.
6) Why might global warming cause sea levels to rise?

Practice Questions
1 ln the UK, local councils collect materials so that they can be recycred.
(a) Give four advantages of recycling materials over making them from scratch.
(4 marks)

(b) One local council is designing a leaflet to encourage its residents to recycle more.
The leaflet currently includes the three statements below. Say whether each
statement is true or false. lf a statement is false, explain why.
1. Recycling could help to prevent further increases
in greenhouse gas levels.
2. It is important to recycle aluminium because it uses less energy to recycle
aluminium than to mine and extract aluminium from aluminium ore.
3. Recycling saves money because it is completely free.
(2 marks)
2 Mushrooms and earthworms are both types of decomposer.
Decomposers are part of the carbon cycle.

(a) Describe the role of decomposers in the carbon cycle

(3 marks)

(b) Explain how the role of green plants in the carbon cycle
is different to that of decomposers.
(3 marks)

Section Seven The Earth and The Atmosphere

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oraqdsol!]v oql pue qu?l oL.ll uo^os uot})as
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'3urure,r,r
1eqo13,o slfaJla a;qrssod o^ ] aqrrlsa O ftZ
2]r Sursnec s,]eqM 2Suruutenn 1eqolB sl ]EqM (€Z

2ule^ quel aLl] daal ol d1aq aprxorp uoqref saop ano;1 (77
"OJ Jo la^al aLl] uo ]f,a#a ue seq auo qtrea /qm ,(e5
'a'raqdsouleaqlul aplxolpuoqtellola^al aqiSursearfur
arpleqlsarlr^rlfeupunqo^ta^rD (Lz
'a.raqdsoLule s,quel aq] ur
luasa;d se8 taqlo auo aueN (0f
Zaplxolp uoqJef (l 'ue3r(xo (q 'ua3ot1tu (e
a:aqdsoule s,quel oq],o a8eluao1ad ]BLIM (6 t
:sr

2rre aqt ol pauJnlal aptxotp uoqlel sr asla (B

^^oH L
2lle aql o] aplxolp uoqlef, ulnlal 11e s.rasodLuof,ap pue slerurue ,s}ue1d op nnog (7 g

tr i^poq lno,( olur rre aLll Luo.r1 la8 uoqlel saop

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oH (9 t

tr 2s1ue;d ,(q tre alll riloJ; panouar aprxolp uoqref st A oH (g L

tr 'Lluel aq] r,uot1]aB a^^ sallnosar pa]tutl o^ aLueN (rL

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T 2s)loJ snoau8l olul uaq] urnl o] spo.r rrqdrouelau o1 uaddeq ]snu ]eqM (t L

tr zs)loJ crqdlouelau olut uaq] urn] o] s)for {:eluaurpas o1 ueddeq }snLU }eqM (ZI
tr 'slaqel aq]
lle qrl,rn alc,(c )lor aLl];o LuerSerp Jlnj aq] ]no erc (L I
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tr 'sureluof ]r sluauala leqrrn {e5 's)loJ ur
luasald leraurLu aLUeN (0 L
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tr 's)for ctqdlouelau (c 's1oot ,fueluaLurpas (q 'spor snoau8r (e :1o saJduexa o^ ] a^rD (O

tr 2pallel sureluar asaq] are ]eqM

's)f,ol ,teluar-urpas ul paddet] auoraq uef, slerxrue pue siueld
Jo sureurar peap aql (B

tr 2LUloJ spot ,fueluautpas op oH

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tr 2>Jlor snoouBr ur s1e1srfuf aLl] Jo azrs aq] saurrujalap ]eqM O
T ZpaLUJoJ s)f,ol snoau8r ale ano;1 (E

tr
r 2,o appLu sr arol s/rluef aq] )ulq]
2sa1e;d

a/\A
lruo]la] are ]eq6
op slelaur o/\^]
'plnbll e pue prlos e Llloq sr arnlrnrls sn1] otl ure;dx3
qlrLlM
b
(g

zarof, s/quel alll pue )f,oJ Jo la,{e1 lalno aq} uaa/\\}aq aJn}f,nJ}s aq} ^
}o aueu aq} st }eq1,1 ft
2pallel -ra,{e1 srqt sl }eqAA ')ror Jo ra,{e1 ralno ur{} p qtl^ para^ol sr LJUeI aqf 0
Jle LUaq] raMsue ue: no,(.alns a)ew 'rbuel.rnor( a1e1]eq] oml ro auo ol sra^ sue pa)eq-JleLl Bur3eueu pue
r-uaqt q8no.rql SuroB ,(;pr lsnt poo8 ou s,]l )arlrea pareda.rd suorlsanb
; ,(Janol auros are aJall ,]! passan3
oA,ro'( sa'( puy 'lJe ll ureal st ou op o] aneq no,( 'uanas .aJe
^ 11y uorlfas Jo pua aqf aAA aJall] lJaM

ue^os uolpes JoJ {;eururns uolst^au

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'3uru;ean ;eqo;3 ]o slla],a a;qrssod omt aqulsac (ta

2]! Sulsner s,teLIA1 23urr-urem leqo;3 sr tprlM (ta

2rure^ Lluel aq] daal o1 dlaq aprxorp uoqrer saop ,r,roH (Za
tol jo
tr 'araqdsor-uleaqluraprxorpuoqref
la^al aq] uo tfal1a ue seq auo Llfea ,(q,u ,(e5
Jola^al aqlSursear:ur areleLllsal]l^!]treueurnLl o^]a^rD (La

tr 'araqdsouule s,quel aqt u! luasard se8 raqlo auo aureN (0a

tr 2aprxorp uoqrel (f 'ua3,(xo (q 'ua8or1ru (e :sr araqdsouule s,qUel aqt,o a8eluacrad ]eLIA (6 t

2re alll ol paurnlar aprxorp uoqref sr asla oH (B I

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2re aql ol aprxorp uoqrel urnJar ;;e srasodLuofap pue sleurue 'que;d op ,lnoH (l L

2^poq rno,( olur ire aql uo;; ]aB uoqrpr saop ,uog (9 L

2s1ue1d,(q:re all] Lilor, pa^oluar aprxorp uoqrel sr lrnoH (gL

'qUel aLl] r-uorl la8 a,rn safrnosar palrLUrJ o,q ar-uep (y1

is)ror snoau8r olur uaqi urn] o] slcor :rqdrorilBlaril o1 uaddeq ]snu ]eq1 (g I

ls)lor rrqdror-uelalu olur uaqt urnl ol s)for lteluawtpas o1 uaddeq $nw leq/V GL
'slaqel aq] lle qtrnt a1r,{c )ror aqt;o Lr-re.r8erp lln} aq} 1no ,,rner6 (1 1
'surpluof ]l sluaLUala leq,nt ,(e5 's)for ut luasard lerauru e atueN (0 L
's)lor crqdroLuelau (: 's1:o: ,fueluauurpas (q 's1cot snoauBr (e :;o sa;dr-uexa ozl,t] antD (O

2paller surPLual asaqt ale ]eqM

's)lor ,fueluaLurpas ur padder] arxofaq uef sleLUrue pue s1ue1d,o sureurar peap aLlf (B

2Luro] s)for ,&eluautpas opoH (l

^
l)foJ snoauBr ur slelsrLr aq],o azrs aq] saurLUJalap ]eqA (g

s)lor snoauBt are ,tto;1

tr 2paLUroJ (E

tr 2sa1e;d ]eqM W
lruolla] are

tr 2]o apeLu st aror s,qyel aql >lu!Lll a^ op slelaLu ollnl qrlqM (t

'plnbll e pue prlos e qloq sr arn]lnrts srtl] MoLl ure;dx3
2alof s,Lluel aql pue )for lo ra,(e; ralno aql uaa/\\laq arn]lnrls aq]lo auleu aLl] sl ]Pl.l^ \z
2pallel ra(e1 srqt sl teLlM ')f,or jo ra,(e; .ra1no urrl] e Lllr/\\ para^ol sr q]rpl aLll (l

lle LUaq] laMSUe ue: nor( alns a)ew alel teq] o^^l ro auo o] sJa^ sue pa)eq-,leLl SulSeueLu pue
"buel.rnor(
uuaqt qBnorql SuroS r(;pr lsnI poo8 ou s,]l 'rarlrea paredard ; suorlsanb r(1ano1 auros are araq 'l! passanB
an,no,{ sa,( puy 'lle }r uJpal sr ou op ol a^eq no,{ ;;y 'ua^as uor}fas }o pua aql 'aJe allt araLl} lla1
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ue^as uol})es JoJ {;eurruns uolsl^eu

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