 Curriculum development
refers to the process of
creating educational plans
and materials to guide
teaching and learning
activities. It involves
various stakeholders such
as educators,
administrators, curriculum
specialists, and sometimes
even students and parents
 Throughout these phases,
curriculum development is
an ongoing and iterative
process. Feedback from
teachers, students, and
other stakeholders is used
to make continuous
improvements to the
curriculum to better meet
the needs of learners.
Additionally, changes in
educational standards,
advances in pedagogy, and
shifts in societal needs may
necessitate revisions to
the curriculum over time.
 Curriculum planning is the
initial phase of curriculum
development where
educational goals and
objectives are set, and the
framework for teaching
and learning is established.
It involves considering
various factors such as the
school's vision, mission, and
goals, as well as its phase
educational philosophy or
beliefs.
 School Vision, Mission,
and Goals: The vision,
mission, and goals of a
school provide the
overarching direction and
purpose for education
within that institution. The
vision defines what the
school aspires to become,
the mission outlines its
fundamental purpose and
values, and the goals
specify the measurable
outcomes the school aims
to achieve. Curriculum
planning aligns with these
elements to ensure that
the curriculum supports
and reflects the overall
aims of the school.
 . By aligning the curriculum
with the broader goals and
values of the school,
curriculum planning ensures
that teaching and learning
activities are purposeful
and meaningful, ultimately
contributing to the holistic
development of students.
Curriculum design is the
of curriculum learning experiences or
development where the
overall structure and
framework of the
educational program are
planned and organized. It
involves making decisions
about what content to
include, how to organize
that content, which
learning experiences or
activities will facilitate
learning, how to assess
student learning, and what
resources will support the
instructional process.
In summary, curriculum
design involves making
strategic decisions about
the content, learning
experiences, assessments,
resources, and intended
learning outcomes of an
educational program. These
decisions are guided by
educational goals, student
needs, and pedagogical
principles to create a
coherent and effective
curriculum that promotes
student learning and
achievement.
Selection and
Organization of Learning
Experiences or Activities:
Curriculum design entails
deciding on the types of
activities that will help
students achieve the
intended learning outcomes.
For example, in a science
curriculum, learning
experiences might include
hands-on experiments,
group discussions,
multimedia presentations,
and field trips. These
activities are selected
based on their ability to
engage students, promote
critical thinking, and
reinforce key concepts.
To attain the education
purposes outlined earlier,
schools can provide a
variety of educational
experiences that cater to
the holistic development
of students. Here are
examples of educational
experiences aligned with
each purpose:
1.**Academic Excellence:
- Engaging and
interactive lessons that
incorporate hands-on
activities, experiments, and
real-world applications
2. **Personal Growth and multiple education purposes seven major steps or Hilda
Development**: simultaneously. 4. **Authentic Learning Taba's curriculum
- Social-emotional Experiences**: Provide development model, also
learning (SEL) programs 2. **Active and Engaging authentic learning known as the Taba Model,
that teach self-awareness, Pedagogy**: Use active experiences that connect consists of seven major
self-management, social learning strategies such as students with real-world steps that are sequential in
awareness, relationship inquiry-based learning, problems, issues, and nature. Here are the steps
skills, and responsible project-based learning, contexts. Engage students along with examples for
decision-making. cooperative learning, and in projects, simulations, each:
experiential learning to case studies, and field
By providing these diverse engage students in experiences that allow 1. **Diagnosis of
educational experiences, meaningful and relevant them to apply their Needs**: This step involves
schools can effectively educational experiences. learning in meaningful and identifying the needs,
promote the attainment of Incorporate hands-on practical ways. interests, and abilities of
various education purposes activities, real-world the learners to determine
and support the holistic applications, and student- 5. **Ongoing Assessment what should be taught. For
development of students. centered approaches to and Reflection**: example, if teachers notice
promote active that students in a
To effectively organize participation and deep By effectively organizing particular grade struggle
educational experiences learning. educational experiences with basic mathematical
that align with the using these strategies, concepts, such as addition
education purposes 3.**Cross-Curricular schools can create rich and and subtraction, the
outlined earlier, schools Connections**: Foster meaningful learning diagnosis of needs might
can employ several connections between opportunities that support involve conducting
strategies: different subject areas the attainment of assessments to pinpoint
and education purposes to education purposes and areas of difficulty.
1. Integrated Curriculum promote interdisciplinary promote the holistic
Design**: Design understanding and transfer development of students. 2. **Formulation of
curriculum that integrates of knowledge and skills. Objectives**: Once the
academic subjects with Look for opportunities to Hilda Taba, an influential needs have been diagnosed,
social-emotional learning, integrate themes, educator and curriculum specific learning objectives
critical thinking, creativity, concepts, and skills across theorist, proposed a linear are formulated. These
and global awareness. disciplines and provide model for curriculum objectives describe what
Interdisciplinary units and students with a holistic development that consists students should be able to
projects can provide understanding of the of seven major steps. accomplish as a result of
holistic learning interconnectedness of These steps are often instruction. For instance, in
experiences that address knowledge. referred to as Taba's response to the diagnosed
need for improvement in content will be presented organization, so do learning the water cycle,
math skills, objectives to students and the order experiences. This step assessments might include
might include students in which it will be taught. involves structuring the quizzes, lab reports,
being able to add and For instance, if the sequence and timing of presentations, and
subtract two-digit numbers objective is to teach the learning experiences to performance tasks that
accurately and solve word water cycle in science, the optimize learning outcomes. measure students'
problems involving addition content might be organized For example, if students knowledge, skills, and
and subtraction. into stages such as are engaging in a project- application of concepts.
evaporation, condensation, based learning unit on the
3. **Selection of precipitation, and water cycle, the These seven steps in the
Content**: In this step, collection, with each stage organization of learning Taba Model provide a
the content to be taught is explained in a sequential experiences might involve systematic framework for
selected based on the manner. starting with an curriculum development,
objectives identified in the introduction to key guiding educators through
previous step. Content 5. **Selection of Learning concepts, followed by the process of diagnosing
selection involves choosing Experiences**: Learning hands-on experiments, needs, setting objectives,
topics, themes, and experiences or activities collaborative research, and selecting and organizing
materials that align with are selected to facilitate culminating in a content and learning
the learning objectives and the achievement of the presentation or exhibition experiences, and evaluating
meet the needs of the learning objectives. These of learning. student learning.
learners. For example, if experiences should be
the objective is to improve varied, engaging, and 7. **Evaluation**: The 1. **Purposes of the
reading comprehension aligned with students' final step in the Taba School**:
skills, the content might interests and learning Model is evaluation, which - In Tyler's model,
include selected literary styles. For example, to involves assessing student curriculum development
texts, non-fiction articles, teach about the water learning and the begins with a clear
and vocabulary exercises cycle, learning experiences effectiveness of the articulation of the
relevant to students' might include hands-on curriculum. Evaluation can purposes or goals of the
interests and abilities. experiments, virtual take various forms, school. These purposes
simulations, group including formative define the desired
4. **Organization of discussions, and field trips assessments conducted outcomes of education and
Content**: The selected to observe natural water throughout the provide a framework for
content is organized into a sources. instructional process and curriculum planning.
logical sequence or summative assessments at Purposes may include
structure to facilitate 6. **Organization of the end of a unit or course. academic achievement,
learning. This step involves Learning Experiences**: For example, to evaluate personal growth, social and
determining how the Just as content needs student understanding of civic responsibility, and
preparation for future local parks or nature educational experiences to
success. reserves, and service- achieve those purposes,
- Example: A school's learning projects focused 4. **Evaluation of the organizing experiences in a
purpose may be to prepare on environmental Experiences**: coherent manner, and
students for college and conservation efforts. - The final component of evaluating their
career success by providing Tyler's model is evaluation, effectiveness in meeting
rigorous academic 3. **Organization of the which involves assessing educational goals. By
instruction, fostering Experiences**: the effectiveness of the following this systematic
critical thinking skills, and - The next step in educational experiences in approach, curriculum
promoting leadership and Tyler's model involves achieving the stated developers can create
innovation. organizing the educational purposes of the school. meaningful and impactful
experiences in a logical and Evaluation may take various instructional programs that
2.Educational Experiences coherent manner. This forms, including student address the needs and
Related to the includes determining the assessments, teacher aspirations of students and
Purposes**: sequence and structure of observations, stakeholder society.
- Once the purposes of instruction, aligning feedback, and analysis of
the school are established, activities with instructional student outcomes. Galen Saylor and William
curriculum developers objectives, and integrating - Example: Evaluation of a Alexander's view of
identify the educational content across subject physical education program curriculum development
experiences that will help areas as appropriate. may involve assessing emphasizes a simplified,
achieve these purposes. - Example: In a students' physical fitness four-step process focused
These experiences mathematics curriculum, levels, observing their on providing learning
encompass a wide range of educational experiences participation and opportunities to achieve
instructional activities, may be organized engagement in physical educational goals and
methods, and resources sequentially to build upon activities, and soliciting objectives. Here's an
designed to facilitate foundational concepts such feedback from students explanation of each step
student learning and as addition and subtraction and teachers about the along with examples:
achievement of the desired before progressing to more program's effectiveness in
outcomes. complex topics like algebra promoting health and 1. Identifying Educational
- Example: To achieve the and geometry. wellness. Goals**: The first step
purpose of promoting Instructional materials and involves identifying broad
environmental stewardship, activities are carefully In summary, Tyler's model educational goals that
educational experiences sequenced to scaffold highlights the importance define what students
might include hands-on student learning and of aligning curriculum should achieve by the end
science experiments promote mastery of development with the of their educational
exploring ecological mathematical skills. purposes of the school, experience. These goals
concepts, field trips to selecting appropriate reflect the overarching
purposes and values of scientific investigations, Overall, Saylor and
education and guide the analyzing data, interpreting Alexander's four-step
development of specific scientific evidence, and 4. **Evaluating Curriculum approach to curriculum
learning objectives. communicating scientific Effectiveness**: The final development provides a
findings effectively. step involves evaluating the systematic framework for
Example: In a high school effectiveness of the designing and evaluating
science curriculum, the 3.Designing Learning curriculum in achieving its educational programs that
educational goal might be Opportunities**: With educational goals and aim to achieve broad
to foster scientific literacy educational goals and objectives. This includes educational goals through
and critical thinking skills objectives in place, the assessing student learning specific learning objectives
among students. This goal next step is to design outcomes, gathering and targeted learning
reflects the broader aim learning opportunities that feedback from opportunities.
of preparing students to provide students with the stakeholders, and making
understand and engage experiences and resources adjustments to improve the Certainly! Let's break down
with scientific concepts needed to achieve the curriculum over time. each component:
and principles in their lives specified objectives. This
and future careers. involves selecting and Example: Evaluation of 1. **Goals**: Educational
organizing content, the science curriculum goals represent the
2. **Developing Specific instructional strategies, might involve analyzing overarching aims and
Objectives**: Once and assessment methods to student performance on aspirations of the
educational goals are support student learning. assessments, collecting curriculum. These are
identified, specific learning feedback from teachers broad statements that
objectives are developed to Example: In the science and students about the outline what learners
operationalize these goals curriculum, learning effectiveness of should achieve or the
into measurable outcomes. opportunities might include instructional methods and overall purpose of the
Objectives specify what hands-on laboratory materials, and reviewing educational program. Goals
students should know, experiments, interactive data on student provide direction and focus
understand, and be able to demonstrations, multimedia engagement and interest in for curriculum development
do as a result of their presentations, group science. Based on this efforts.
learning experiences. discussions, and research evaluation, curriculum
projects. These activities developers might revise Example:
Example: Continuing with are designed to engage the curriculum to better - Goal: Foster lifelong
the high school science students in active learning meet the needs of learning skills among
curriculum example, and provide them with students and align with students.
specific objectives might opportunities to explore educational goals. - This goal emphasizes
include demonstrating scientific concepts in the importance of
proficiency in conducting depth. developing skills and
attitudes that support 3. **Domains**: relationships, social skills, industry certifications, and
continuous learning beyond Curriculum domains diversity, and cultural career readiness.
formal education, such as represent broad categories competence. Objectives
critical thinking, problem- or areas of focus within within this domain might These components - goals,
solving, and information the curriculum. Each include promoting objectives, and domains -
literacy. domain reflects a different teamwork, resolving provide a structured
aspect of education or a conflicts constructively, framework for curriculum
2. **Objectives**: specific dimension of and appreciating cultural planners to articulate the
Objectives are specific, student development. diversity. intended outcomes of the
measurable statements Domains provide a educational program and
that describe the desired framework for organizing - Domain: Continued ensure alignment with
outcomes of the curriculum educational goals and Learning Skills research findings,
in terms of knowledge, objectives into coherent - This domain emphasizes accreditation standards,
skills, attitudes, or and comprehensive goals and objectives and the perspectives of
behaviors that learners are curriculum plans. related to lifelong learning, stakeholders. By clearly
expected to demonstrate. critical thinking, problem- defining goals and
They serve as the basis for Example: solving, and adaptability. objectives within relevant
curriculum planning, - Domain: Personal Objectives in this domain domains, curriculum
instruction, and Development could include developing planners can design
assessment. - This domain information literacy skills, curriculum that effectively
encompasses goals and applying knowledge to new addresses the diverse
Example: objectives related to situations, and seeking out needs and aspirations of
- Objective: Students students' personal growth, learning opportunities learners.
will demonstrate effective self-awareness, emotional beyond the classroom.
communication skills in intelligence, and character
both written and oral development. It may - Domain: Specialization
forms. include objectives such as - This domain pertains to
- This objective specifies fostering resilience, goals and objectives
the desired outcome promoting empathy, and specific to a particular
(effective communication cultivating a growth field of study, career
skills) and the mode of mindset. pathway, or area of
expression (written and specialization within the
oral forms), providing clear - Domain: Human curriculum. For example, in
criteria for assessing Relations a vocational education
student performance. - This domain focuses on program, this domain might
goals and objectives include objectives related
related to interpersonal to acquiring technical skills,