ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY: A COMPREHENSIVE CATALOGUE ON CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTIONTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. JREPRODUCTION AN DEVELOPMENT.. FARMING AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES... LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT..... ANIMAL TERMS BY SPECIES...... FARMING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT... NUTRITION AND FEEDING. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 40.00.0000 AGRICULTURAL METHODS .. CROP MANAGEMENT..... BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC TERMS .... DISEASES. JHEALTH AND WELFARE. esesesseseese TD FACTORS IN CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION. .......00000000000. +160 NEA 123-456-7890 +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalIntroduction: In the dynamic landscape of agriculture, where innovation meets tradition and sustainability is paramount, Angels Agricultural Products emerges as a beacon of excellence. Our logo embodies the essence of our company's vision, values, and commitment to delivering high-quality agricultural ‘solutions that nurture both land and livelihoods. At the heart of our logo lies a symbol of angelic wings, evoking a sense of guardianship, grace, and aspiration. These wings represent our company's role as stewards of the earth, guiding farmers towards sustainable practices that enhance productivity, profitability, and environmental stewardship. Just as angels watch over and protect, we strive to empower farmers with knowledge, tools, and support to cultivate thriving agricultural systems. The celestial blue color palette of our logo reflects the vast expanse of the sky, symbolizing the boundless potential and possibilities within agriculture. It speaks to our commitment to innovation, creativity, and forward-thinking solutions that propel the industry towards a brighter and more sustainable future. Embedded within the wings of our logo is a golden harvest, representing the fruits of our labor and the abundance that agriculture can provide. It serves as a reminder of our company's core mission: to enable farmers to reap bountiful harvests while preserving the integrity of the land for generations to come. The typography of our logo is bold yet elegant, mirroring the resilience and sophistication of our agricultural practices. It embodies our dedication to professionalism, reliability, and excellence in every aspect of our operations, from product development to customer service. In essence, the logo of Angels Agricultural Products encapsulates our unwavering commitment to cultivating excellence in agriculture. It is a symbol of trust, integrity, and partnership, forging connections between farmers, communities, and the land they steward. As we embark on this journey together, let our logo serve as a guiding light, illuminating the path towards a more sustainable and prosperous future for agriculture, where every harvest is a testament to the power of innovation, collaboration, and stewardship. 123-456-7890 +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalREPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT SPAYING CASTRATION DING ‘Spaying involves removing the uterus Castration fs the removal of @ male A gelding is a castrated male horse or ‘and ovaries of a female animal, and animal’ testicles. This can be done in ‘other equine, such as a pony, donkey or & neutering removes the testicles of a ‘a non-surgical_manner in cattle, mute. ‘male animal. This procedure ensures sheep, and goats with the use of an your animal won't reproduce, and clastrator ‘eps reduce pet overpopulation. i je NEUTERING FIXING ORCHIECTOMY Newtering isthe removal ofthe testes ‘Newtering, from the Latin neuter (of COrchidectomy is a common procedure ‘in amale animal. Neuterng and nether sex), isthe removal ofa non- jn rodents and invoWes the surgical spaying procedures render pets ‘human animal's reproductive organ, either removal of testicles. Unable reproduce. aloft ora considerably large part. The male-specific term is castration, wile spaying is usually reserved for female animals. Coloqualy, both tems are often ‘oferred to as fing. a www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalOOPHORECTOMY Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries and can be ~— done laparoscopically unless otherwise indicated. it may be performed for ovarian pathology (such as a neoplasm), risk- reducing purposes (reducing the risk of reoperation or cancer), or fertility preservation. PARTURITION Parturition is defined as the process of giving birth. It occurs at the end of the gestation period, or pregnancy, as it is more commonly called, and it's a very critical management phase in the production cycle of livestock. OOGENESIS Oogenesis is the process of the development and maturation of female gametes, known as ova or eggs, in animals. It is a complex process that occurs in the ovaries of female organisms. SUPEROVULATION Superovulation (SOV) is a necessary technique to produce large numbers of embryos for embryo transfer. In the conventional methods, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) is administered to donor cattle twice daily for 3 to 4 days. OVULATION ‘Ovulation is the release of the female gamete. This phenomenon is preceded a few days before by a specific behaviour: the estrus behaviour ‘often summarized by the term “estrus”. Depending on the species, estrus behaviour may last a few hours after ovulation. UTERUS The uterus is a reproductive organ found in female mammals, including humans and other animals. It plays a crucial role in the reproductive system by providing a suitable environment for the development and nourishment of a fertilized egg during pregnancy. S) www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalUTERINE Yypically refers to structures or processes related to the uterus, which is the reproductive organ found in female mammals. The uterus, also known as the womb, is responsible for supporting the development of a fertilized egg (embryo) during pregnancy. UMBILICAL CORD The umbilical cord, connection between fetus and mother, is one of the most important anatomical structures related to the development of the animal during their stage of formation due to its participation as responsible of the exchange of nutrients and protection of the structural vessels. Ze OS zygote, fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm). In the embryonic development of humans and other animals, the zygote stage is brief and is followed by cleavage, when the single cell becomes subdivided into smaller cells. MULTIPAROUS Multiparous refers to organisms, typically mammals, that are capable of giving birth to multiple offspring in a single pregnancy. It's the opposite of "uniparous," which refers to organisms that give birth to only one offspring per pregnancy. MUTTON ution is meat from mature sheep, usually over one year old. it has a stronger flavor and a darker color compared to lamb, which comes from younger sheep. Mutton is commonly used in various cuisines around the world and is often prepared through methods such as roasting, stewing, or griling. NEONATAL ‘Neonatal refers to the first 28 days of a newborn's fe, It's a critical period of development and adjustment as the newborn adapts to life outside the womb. Neonatal care involves specialized medical attention and support to ensure the heath and well-being of the newborn during this vulnerable stage. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalURETHRA (NPN) refers t0 nitrogen- containing compounds that are not in the form of proteins. These compounds can be found in various biological systems, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. PLAC! The placenta is a temporary organ that develops during pregnancy and serves as a vital link between the mother and the developing fetus. It forms inside the uterus and connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord. IONOPHORE lonophores are a class of antibiotics that are used in cattle production 0 shift ruminal fermentation pattems. They are not bactericidal (they do not kill the bacteria); they simply inhibit their functionality and ability to reproduce. PORCINE Porcine refers to anything related to or resembling pigs or the swine family. Its often used in scientific contexts or veterinary medicine to describe characteristics, diseases, or products associated with pigs. MONOGASTRIC ‘Monogastric refers to an animal, particularly a mammal or bird, with a single-chambered stomach. In contrast to ruminants like cows, which have multiple stomach chambers, monogastric animals have a simpler digestive system with only one stomach ‘compartment. MONOGASTRIC ‘Monogastric refers to an animal, particularly @ mammal or bird, with a —_single-chambered ‘stomach. In contrast to ruminants like cows, which have muttiole stomach chambers, monogastric animals have a simpler digestive system with only one stomach compartment. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalFARMING AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES LAY- OUTING Farm layout involves the location of the fields with respect 10 the farmstead and public highways, the size, shape and ‘number offeids, and the locavion of hog- lots, feed yards, ete. In arranging or re- arranging @ farm layout the most important considerations are convenience and ‘economy of operation. INTERCROPPING Intercropping fs an all-encompassing term for the practice of growing two or more ‘crops in close proximiy: nthe same row or bed, or in rows or strips that are close ‘enough for biological interaction. MONOCROPPING _monocropping i the practice of growing a ‘ingle crop year after year on the same land, Maize, soybeans, and wheat are ‘three common crops often monocropped. ROW PLANTING Row planting involves growing seeds in ‘sraight ne. itis the traditional way of planing vegetables, crops and wees that ‘can be planted in ows wide enough ro allow It be ‘led or otherwise culvated by ‘grcutwal machinery, machinery tailored forthe seasonal activites of rw crops. MULTIPLE CROPPING ‘mutiple cropping or mutcropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the ‘same piece of land during one year, instead of just one crop. When mule crops are grown simultaneously, this is also known as intereropping. IRRIGATION the artical application of water to land. ‘Some (and requires inigation before tis possible to use it for any agricutural production. In other places, igation is primariy 2 means to supplement rainfall ‘and serves to increase production, www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalFURROW IRRIGATION BY CUTTING THE RIDGE 4 method of laying out the water channels In such a way where gravity plays the role ‘of providing just enough water for suitable plants 10 grow. 1 usualy made by the planned placement of ridges and furrows. tia kind of surface inigaton systom. FURROW IRRIGATION WITH SIPHONS| are trequeny used to convey and regulate water few rom ditches inva rows. By creating a Siphon, water flows trough the tbe, over the th tank are into the taro, a lng asthe tube out BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM With border irigation, water flows between alkes that divide a sloping field Into rectangular stips with tree drainage atthe end. The purpose ofthe dikes isto Contain water a it flows across the fel, Uunike basin iigaton viere te dbkes ‘pond the water BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM Basin iigaton iste most commen form of surface tngaen. parceuary in regions eth ays of sal fet fa felis vel In a recon, encompassed by a ke {0 prevent runoft and. proves an tndrected fou of mater onto te otis reteredto as basin SPRINKLER IRRIGATION a method of applying irigation water which Js simlar fo. natural rainfall Water is distributed trough a system of pipes usually by pumping, tis then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water crops wtih fall 10 the ‘ground. DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION the most efficient water and nutrient delivery ‘system for growing crops. it delves water ‘and nutrients arecly 0 the plant's roots zone, ‘in the right amounts, at the right ume, so each plant gets exactly what it needs, wien it ‘needs it, fo grow optimally www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalSPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IN INTERCROPPING refers to the specific pattern or layout in which different crops are grown together in the same field, It involves the strategic arrangement of crops to optimize resource utilization, minimize competition, and enhance overall productivity in intercropping systems. DIRECT SEEDING OR DIRECT SOWING Direct seeding involves the sowing of seeds directly into the soil to achieve germination and establishment. HILL METHOD OF DIRECT SEEDING This is usually practiced along mountain slopes or where plowing and harrowing are difficult. Use a long wood or bamboo pole with a metal scoop attached at the end for digging holes. Then drop the seeds into the holes and cover them with soil. DRILL METHODS OF PLANTING CROPS The seeds are dropped into furrow lines in a continuous flow and are then covered with soil. This is done either mechanically or ‘manually. The proper amount of seeds are sown at proper depths and proper spaces. SLASHING AND BURNING Slash-and-burn agriculture is a farming method that involves the ‘cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden. The method begins by cutting down the trees and woody plants in an area. TRANSPLANTING In agriculture and gardening, transplanting or replanting is the technique of moving a plant from ‘one location to another, www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalCLASSIFICATION OF CROPS ACCORDING TO MODE OF POLLINATION Crops can be clasited according 10 ther mode of palinaton, which refers 19 how pollen Is Iransoned Irom the mate reprodiebe organs {anthers} 10 the female reprodueive organs {stgma) of @ tower hese are SeltPolinated Crops (Autogameus Species) These cops have wer hat are primary se-potinated, meaning the poten from the anor & tasted to the a wine same Hower or winin be same plant cross-PolInated Crops (Alogamous Specs): These crops rely on the taster of paler fom one flower © anche, ether win the same plant or between diferent plas ofthe same species. Crosspolinaion can occur ‘trough various agen such as wind. insects, Disa oer animate, CLASSIFICATIONS OF CROPS ACCORDING TO GROWTH HABITS, |LHerts: These are succulent plants with so “supporting stems that ae usualy soft Hers are ‘goneraly smaller in size and have a shorter espan compared io oe op Pes. 2. Vines: Vites are plans wth succulent or woody stone fat a0 not have s0-supportng Ssructures. Tey requ Suppor or vases ‘70W and climb. Examples of vie crops incude ‘Yap, cucumbers, mons, and Deas. ‘aShubs: Stubs are medium-sized plats with ‘mutiplestoms arsing tom the base. They ae usualy shaver than trees and have a bushy Trees: Trees ave larger plants win a single ental stem (runk) om ch branches ase They ae usualy tale than shabs and have & Jongortespan S.Grasses: Grasses ae crops wah narrow loaves ‘and joe stom. They are characterized by {el ably t grow in dense stands and ae commaniy used for grazing anmals or as cereal crops. DESCRIPTIONS OF CROPS, ACCORDING TO THEIR LIFE PAN. Crops can be classed according the fe span, whch refers the uation of ime they take 10 complete tho ite ele ‘Annual Crops: Annual crops complete ther te ‘jie within a shert pore usualy within a year. They aro plated. rom, produce lowers and Inu, and thon ae witin a-sagle growing season. Examples of anual cops Include com, eae, soybears,letuce, and omaoes. 2.Biennia Crops: Bisa! crops have a le cyte ‘at spans two years They ypicaly grow vegetatively ding the fst” year and then ‘roauce fowers, tuts, and seeds in he second ‘ear bofore dying Perennial Crops: Perennial crops havea fongr ie span and can Ive fr multiple years. They contro 0 ‘rw, produce Rowers, ts, and seeds year ater {ear wktt Oe ned or replanting, CLAS ACCORDING TO Tr REPRODUCTION (Cops canbe cassie according © tet reproduction Into to man categories: sexua! reproduction and asexual reproduction IFICATION OF CROPS: R 1. Sera! Reproducton: Plants hat reproduce trough Serual_reproducion develop afer undergoing ‘recesses of meiosis aed ealzaon inthe Rewer foproduce a wable emiiye te seed. 2Asomual Reprodicion: Plants that repedice trough asexual means donot invave messi and the union of gametes. They aro produced ty vegetative means, such 35 dough the use of cunigs, bubs, bers, or runners ASTURE A pasture is a piece of land used for grazing animals, typically livestock such as cattle, sheep, or horses. Pastures are areas of land covered with grasses or other plants suitable for grazing, and they provide food and sustenance for the animals. 9 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalRAGELAND Rangeland refers to vast expanses of land, typically characterized by grasses, shrubs, and other vegetation, used for grazing livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Unlike pastures, which are often managed and cultivated, rangelands are usually natural or semi- natural landscapes that support livestock grazing as well as wildlife habitat. Rangelands can be found in various regions around the world, including grasslands, savannas, deserts, and mountainous areas. They play a vital role in providing food and forage for livestock, supporting rural economies, preserving biodiversity, and maintaining ecosystem functions such as soil conservation and water filtration. 10 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalINPUT Agricultural inputs means the resources that are used during the process of farm production. These resources include seeds, fertiizers, energy, pesticides, veterinary drugs, equipment, animal plants. feed, and processing KIDS ZONE "Kids Zone" in agricuture typically refers to educational resources and activities designed to help children lear about farming, food production, and the agricultural industry. These resources can include interactive games, videos, research materials, and hands-on projects. They aim to help kids understand where their food comes from, the importance of sustainable farming practices, and the role of agriculture in our daily ives. FERTILE CRESCENT the region where the first settled agricultural communities of the Middle East and Mediterranean basin are thought to have originated by the early 9th millennium bce, The term was popularized by the American Orientalist James Henry Breasted. Fertile Crescent. FORAGE rage refers to plants that are grown and harvested as feed for livestock. Forage crops are specifically cultivated to provide nutrition to grazing animals or as fodder for animal consumption. TILIZAT ION fertilization refers to the process of adding nutrients to the soil or plants to enhance their growth and productivity. it involves the application of fertilizers, which are substances that contain essential nutrients needed by plants for healthy development. PARTHENOCARPY Parthenocarpy refers to the development Of fruit without fertilization. The process produces a sterile fruit that lacks seeds. This means that the pollination results in ‘a production of berries that are completely seedless (Colova-Tsolova et al, 2003), www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalLIVESTOCK AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK Livestock is concerned with raising and maintaining livestock, primarily for the Purposes of producing meat, milk, and eggs. Livestock agriculture also includes woo! and leather production and may include animals kept for recreation (riding or racing) and drat, Face) 0) Baling Poultry 's any domesticated bird Used for food. Varieties include chicken, turkey, goose, duck, Rock Cornish hens, and game birds such as pheasant, squab and guinea fowl. Also included are huge birds such as ostrich, emu and rhea (rattes) BREED refers to the deliberate process of selecting and mating plants or animals with desirable waits to produce offspring with improved Characteristics. The goal of breeding in agriculture is to develop new varieties oF breeds that exhibit spectic traits such as higher yield, disease resistance, improved qualiy, or adaptabiliy 10 different ‘environmental concitions. EOC “Flock” means a number of animals of ‘sheep or goat species that are kept, fed and herded together, and have single or multiple ownership. The term “flock” is. interchangeable with the term “herd” and applies to purebred and commercial sheep and goats. HERD a typically large group of animals of one ind kept together under human control. a herd of cattle or a congregation of ‘gregarious wild animals. MARKET ANIMAL, ‘a market animal refers to an animal that is raised and bred specifically for the purpose of being sold in the market for ‘ts meat or other agricultural products. These animals are typically raised with the intention of maximizing their quality and value for commercial purposes. 12 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalFLOCK BREEDING ANIMAL It can be defined as the process of sexual reproduction between @ male and a female t0 produce offspring. Animal breeding: I refers to the mating between two animals of ether same or a diferent breed t0 obtain offsexing with desired tars. "Flock” means a number of animals of sheep or goat species that are kept, fed and herded together, and have single or ‘multiple ownership. The term "lock" Is Interchangeable with the team "herd" and applies to purebred and commercial sheep and goats HERD. POLLED «2 npically large group of animes of one kind kept together under human contol. a herd of catle or a congregation of gregarious. wild ‘animal. livestock without horns in species which are normally horned. The term refers to both breeds and strains that are naturally polled through selective breeding and also to naturally homed animals that have been sbuaded. SIRE DAM 1 dam is the mother of an animal. This term is usually used to refer to an animal kept for livestock, such as a cow or a sheep. A sie, on the other hand, is the Tather ofan animal MARKET ANIMAL ‘2 market animal refers 9 an animal that is raised and bred specifically forthe purpose of beng sold in the market for its meat or other agricultural products. These animals are ‘ypicaly raised with the intention of ‘maximizing their quality and value for commercial purposes. a sive refers to a male animal, particulary in the context of breeding and genetics. It's the male parent of an animal, ‘often used to describe the father of livestock, such as atl, horses, or sheep. The term “sire” is commonly used in animal husbandry to denote the male that contibutes ts ‘genetic tats to the offspring. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental Co}ANIMAL TERMS BY SPECIES CHICKEN CHICKEN chickens are domesticated birds that are raised primarily for meat and eggs. They are one of the most Jimportant and widely raised species of poultry. Chickens are versatile and ‘adaptable, and they are found in various agricultural systems worldwide. CHICK ‘a chick refers to a young chicken. tis the term used to describe a newly hatched chicken until it reaches a certain age, ‘typically around 4 to 6 weeks old. During this stage, chicks are vulnerable and require specific care and nutrition to ‘ensure their healthy growth, POULTS The young turkeys are known as pours hhen refers to a mature female Soon aner hating. the young pouts are chicken. Hens are specifically raised moved to the lat facity, known a8 the for egg production, and they play a they farm, where they reach market crucial role in the poultry industry. Wow Between 44 and.17 weeks of age COCKEREL a cockerel refers to a young male ‘chicken that is under one year of age. The term "cockerel" is commonly used to differentiate between young male ‘chickens and mature roosters. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalROOSTER a rooster refers to a mature male chicken. Roosters are specifically bred for their reproductive capabilities and are an integral part of poultry farming. BROILER Eggs come from hens raised specifically to lay eggs, but chickens that are raised for meat are called “broilers.” These chickens are typically white, and are bred specifically for optimal health and size to produce a quality product for the consumer. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 15CATTLE CATTLE BOVINE catte refer to domesticated bovine animals that are raised for the term “bovine” refers to animals various purposes, including meat, belonging to the Bovidee family, milk, hides, and as draft animals. which includes cattle, buffalo, Cattle are a common and bison, and other related species. important Ivestock species in Bovine. animals_are commonly agricultural production. raised for various agricultural purposes, including meat, milk, and as draft animals. is a young domestic cow or bull Calves are reared to become adult cattle or are slaughtered for their meat, called veal, and their hide. Poddy calf sitting in the long grass. The term calf is also used for some other species. HEIFER a heifer refers to a young female bovine that has not yet given birth t0 a calf. Itis a term used to describe a female cow before she reaches reproductive maturity. cow a cow refers to a female bovine animal that has reached maturity and has given birth to at least one calf. Cows are commonly raised for various agricultural purposes, including milk production, meat, and as draft animals in some regions. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalER ‘young neutered male cate primarly raised for beet. In the terminology used to describe the sex and age of caite, the male is fst @ bull calf and i Jet intact becomes a bull: it castrated he becomes a steer and about two or three years grows to an ox. BULL BBuls are strong, muscular, mature male coms. Male cows are typically slaughtered ‘at a young age in agrcutural production, ‘not kept for breeding purposes. Bulls are ‘not castrated (aiferentiatng them from Steers) and can therefore be more ‘aggressive, though they often wy to ee from stressors rather than fight www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 17GOAT The goat industry produces range of products Including: red meat, milk, fibre land skin, Red meat produced by goats Is considered very. lean with minimal ‘marbling and goat mik is also used as an alternative o cows mik. Goat mik and the ‘cheeses made fom i are one af the most ‘consumed dairy products n the wold. ‘A wether is a ram or bily goat that was castrated at a young age. Wethers can be housed wit the female sheep or goats, but Intact bucks and cams usually are kept separately CAPRINE the term “eaprne” refers to animals that belong 10 the Caprinae subfamily of the Bovidee family. Caprine animals are primary represented by sheep and goats, altiough some ather members, such as goat antelopes, ‘are also included. KID "Kio refers 10 a young goat. itis the term Used fo describe a goat that is stil i its early stages of development and has not yet reached adultiood. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalDOE ‘A doe isa deer, a female deer. Doe can also refer to the female of other animals, but its usually a deer. You might spot a doe in the ‘pring, walking through the woods with her ables. There are several four-legged ‘mammals whose females are called does, Including goats, antelopes, and even rabbits. CASHMERE Cashmere s a natural protein fr thet comes fiom the Cashmere goat (the capra hircus angie). Qualty 's determined by fiber length, fiber fneness, and color. Cashmere goats grow ‘wo coals: @ course outer coat and soft, fine Inner coat that acts as extra insulation during winter. BUCK the male of the deer, antelope, rabbit, hare, sheep, or goat. the male of certain other animals, asthe shad. MOHAIR ‘mohair refers to a valuable natural fiber that i€ obtained from the hair of Angora (goats. Mohair is known for ts lustrous sheen, softness, and durabity, making i highly soughe after for various textle applications. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 190PIGS Pigs convert inedible feeds, forages, and certain grain byproducts. obtained from mills, meat by products, damaged feeds and garbage into valuable nutrition's mean. The faeces of pigs are useful in maintaining soil fertility. GIL A female pig that has not produced a litter of piglets yet or is being used to grow out and finish to butcher. All 4H female pigs are considered gilts BARROW Barrow as a pig: In pig farming, a barrow refers to a castrated male ig. Castration is the process of removing the testicles of male pigs to control their behavior and improve meat quality. Barrows are ypically raised for meat production. HOG the term "hog" typically refers to a domesticated pig, particularly one that is raised for meat production. Hogs are a common livestock species and play an important role in pig farming. BOAR a boar refers to a male pig that has not been castrated. Boars are specifically bred for their reproductive capabilities and are an important part of pig farming. A pig is a domesticated mammal of the species Sus scrofa domesticus. It is a hoofed animal that belongs to the Suidae family. Pigs are large, ‘omnivorous animals that are raised for various purposes, including meat production, as a source of by- products, and for research or exhibition purposes. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 20SOW an adult female who has had a litter of pigs, a boar is a matured breeding male, a gilt is a female who has not had a litter of pigs, and a barrow is a castrated male. PORCINE Porcine refers to anything related to or resembling pigs or the swine family. It's often used jin scientific contexts or veterinary medicine to describe characteristics, diseases, or products associated with pigs. SHEEP ‘Sheep are domesticated ruminant mammals that belong to the species Ovis aries. They are commonly raised for their wool, ‘meat (lamb and mutton), and milk ‘Sheep have been domesticated for thousands of years and are one of the earliest animals to be domesticated by humans. OVINE “ovine” refers to animals that are part of the Ovis genus, commonly known as sheep. Ovine farming, or sheep farming, involves raising ‘sheep for various purposes such as meat, wool, milk, and sometimes ‘even for their skins. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalEWE A ewe is a female sheep, and a ram is a male sheep. A wether is a male sheep that has been castrated. A group of sheep is called a flock. LAMB a lamb refers to a young sheep that is less than one year old Lambs are primarily raised for their meat, which is commonly referred to as lamb meat. Lamb ‘meat is known for its tenderness, favor, and versatility in culinary preparations. RAM Male sheep are called rams, the females ewes, and immature animals lambs. The ram has always enjoyed favor as a potent symbol because of the animal's legendary strength and Virlity (and hence its creative powers), and its characteristics as a leader and protector of his flock TURKEYS Turkeys were used both as a food source and for their feathers and bones, which were used in both practical and cultural contexts. Compared to wild turkeys, domestic turkeys are selectively bred to grow larger in size for their meat. RABBIT Rabbits produce a lot of manure. One doe and her offspring can produce an entire ton of manure in a single year —and beyond adding nutrients for your own farm, this could be marketed and sold as a value- added product. Rabbits are also a great source of nutrition. KIT a "kit" typically refers to the offspring of certain species. It is a term commonly used to describe the young of animals such as foxes, rabbits, and ferrets. 99 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalOTHERS CALVES CAMELID Calf is a male or female cattle Camelids such as llamas and under one year of age. Others- alpacas can be a good addition to a includes castrated (steer) and farm or fanch—alpacas as an ready to breed bull alternative livestock enterprise and lamas as guard animals or recreational animals, They fit well into a diversified farming operation. PERCHES Perches are resting places for predatory birds to rest and to look for preys; such as insect pests of cotton, peanuts, and cowpeas. Predatory birds prefer to look for prey in field crops where they have places 10 rest. To make bird perches, use bamboo or wooden poles or tree branches. SWINE ‘Swine, also known as hogs or pigs, are a type of livestock raised in agriculture. They are a. significant part of the agricultural industry, particularly in the production of pork products such as bacon, ham, sausage, pork chops, and other cuts. NOTCHING Ear tagging or notching allows ‘you to identity your pigs by sight. Notching is easy to do and costs nothing. You can identify up to 121 pigs in this way. This method can be used to identify other animals, e.g. sheep and goats. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalFARMING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT HAND TOOLS refer to the tools that farmers and gardeners use to carry out various tasks, These fools are often simple in design and require physical effort 10 FARMING TOOLS WITH PICTURES TOOLS Tools in agriculture are essential for various farming tasks, helping farmers and agricultural workers perform their work more efficiently and effectively. HANDHELD TOOLS Handheld tools in agrcuture are portable, ‘manual tools that are commonly used by farmers and gardeners for various. tasks. These tools are designed to be held and ‘operated by hand, providing convenience and flexibility in agricultural activites. GARDEN TOOLS A garden tool is any one of many tools made for gardening and landscaping, which overlap with the range of tools made for agriculture and horticulture. ELECTRIC TOOLS play a vital role in the modern agriculture ‘and food industry. They are used in applications such as inigation systems, grain handling and transport, ventilation and feeding systems in livestock farms land 0 ative various machines in food processing, ensuring a smooth ‘production and packaging process. POWER TOOLS Power tools play a significant role in modern agriculture, providing efficiency and productivity in various farming tasks. www.reallygreatsite.co | 24 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalFENCING TOOL is a type of fence that is often used in agriculture. Fencing is often used to help control livestock on farms. The fence can make sure they do not eave the farm. On farms that grow produce, fencing can be used to keep out wildlife that ‘may eat or damage the crops. SHOVEL used to loosen soil and ‘move it in order to plant or harvest plants. It is useful for digging, transplanting, lifting, and all sorts of garden tasks. Shovels are typically made of metal, but can also be made of plastic. PRUNING SHEARS Pruning shears, also called hand pruners (in American English), or secateurs (in British English), are a type of scissors used for plants. They are strong enough to prune hard branches of trees and _ shrubs, sometimes up to two centimeters thick. SPADE a spade is a tool used for digging straight-edged holes or trenches, slicing and lifting sod, and edging flower beds or lawns. BOLO A Bolo is a knife-like instrument mainly used as a cutting tool. it is usually used for clearing vegetation, cutting tall weeds and grasses, and for chopping branches of trees oa HAND TROWEL is a nimble hand tool used for digging and moving small amounts of soil. This classic trowel features a wide, deep dish to carry the maximum amount of dirt with every scoop. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 25HAND CULTIVATOR A hand cultivator is a gardening tool that is used to turn the soil Where you plan on planting and for removing weeds. In small flower or vegetable gardens, it can also be used like a small plow to dig the planting rows. LIGHT HOE A light hoe is a light weight version of a regular garden hoe, which is a tool with a thin blade set across the end of a long handle for weeding and loosening soil. HAND FORK They are often used for digging up weeds, hand forks are sometimes referred to as weeding forks’ but they are suited to many jobs around the garden, such as preparing planting holes, transplanting, aerating and mixing additives into your soil and are indispensable for levelling around border edges and tidying up the soil. GRAB- HOE Grub hoe is used to cut into the soil to chop a weed below ground level and, when pulling or lifting the shaff, to turn over the soil around the roots. The shaft of the grub hoe is lifted and swung into the ground, so the blade penetrates the soil and severs weed roots or stems. SPADING FORK RAKE is a gardening implement, with a handle and a square-shouldered head featuring several (usually four) short, sturdy tines. fal Gls NM) el a digging tool with a head having a point at ‘one end and a transverse blade at the other. 26 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalCROWBAR used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and ‘stumps. Crowbar tool is a hand tool, It has a large application In Agriculture. It is used to ‘make huge holes by digging. NATIVE PLOW A native plow is a traditional, simple plow used in many parts of the world, typically ‘made of wood and pulled by animals, WHEEL BARROW A wheelbarrow is a garden too! that's used to transport piles of dirt, weeds, or any other small load. If you have a big pile of sand to move, we recommend using a wheelbarrow. DISC HARROW are farming implements used to prepare the soil for planting or sowing by breaking up the clods and surface crusts, thus improving soil granulation and destroying the weeds. They consist of concave cutting blades (disks), mounted on a common shaft, that form a gang. SICKLE A sickle, bagging hook, reaping-hook or grasshook is a single-handed agricultural tool designed with variously curved blades and typically used for harvesting or reaping grain crops, or cutting succulent forage chietly for feeding livestock NATIVE WOODEN HARROW A native wooden harrow in agriculture refers to a traditional farming implement made of wood with metal teeth that is used for tiling and pulverizing the soil. It is typically pulled by a carabao (water buffalo) or other draft animals. The native wooden harrow is a simple and traditional too! that has been used for centuries in agricultural practices. 27 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalROTAVATOR a large piece of gardening equipment that is used to break up, chum, and aerate the soil before sowing seeds and bulbs in gardens. Rotavators have a series of spinning blades that break through the soil, HAND TRACTOR a self-propelled machine used for plowing, harrowing, and leveling of field, It is designed to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural machinery and implements. Compared —_to animals/human, it is more efficient and can perform better. It is also suitable in both wet and dry soil condition. FOUR WHEEL TRACTOR a self-propelled vehicle designed to cay, pull or propel agricultural machines and implements. This machine can make your land preparation operations faster and easier. PLOWS ‘one of the most important soi management practices, used for centuries to create a straight, grained, structural, and moist sowing layer. Plowing is a simple, but effective farm practice that cuts, granulates, and inverts the soil, creating furrows and ridges. DISC PLOW a plow adapted especially for work in sticky or hard dry soils by replacement of the moldboard plow bottom with one or more concave steel discs. BREEDING CRATE a stall or narrow open-ended enclosure arranged to restrain @ cow or Sow and to take the weight of a heavy sire during service. 9 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 8DROOPING BOARD Dropping boards are the ideal solution to help keep a coop clean with ease, reducing the time necessary to clean the coop and protecting the birds’ health by minimizing their exposure to unclean feces, ammonia and flies attracted to the droppings, as well as allowing immediate examination of feces for signs of illness, LIVESTOCK TRAILER is an unpowered vehicle that is towed by a powered vehicle, used in the transportation of cattle, horses, pigs, and other farm animals, FEEDING TROUGH Placement of feed troughs outside of the cage reduces spillage, prevents soiling of the food, and facilitates ease of food provision, INCUBATOR is an insulated enclosure in which temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions can be regulated at levels optimal for growth, hatching, or reproduction. BREEDING CRATE a stall or narrow open-ended enclosure arranged to restrain @ cow or Sow and to take the weight of a heavy sire during service. FEED CART simplifies your feeding ‘operation. Use this feed or chore cart for cattle, sheep, ‘hogs and poultry. 29 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalWATERER natural or artificial means of supplying heat to newly hatched chick from day old to two weeks. BROODER A brooder is used to keep the chicks warm during this crucial time. A simple — brooder consists of an infra-red heat lamp with a hood over it to direct heat toward the floor, and a brooder guard. A brooder guard is a cardboard ‘or wire mesh ring to keep the chicks confined to an area near the heat source. WATER SYSTEM The water system in agriculture refers to the methods and technologies used to manage water resources for farming. This is a crucial aspect of agriculture as it directly impacts crop yield, ecological viability, and food security. Irigated agriculture, WATER THROUGH A watering trough (or artificial watering point) is a man-made or natural receptacle intended to provide drinking water to animals, livestock on farms ‘or ranches or wild animals. MANURE SPREADER A manure spreader or muck spreader or honey wagon is an agricultural machine used to distribute manure over a field as a fertilizer. FEED BIN Feed storage bins allow meal to be stored in a clean and dry environment. Feed bins can be ‘moved around the farm using a telehandler, forklift or loader and can be sited in close proximity to the field. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalHEAT LAMPS Heat lamps in agriculture are portable hanging fixtures with bulbs in them. They are commonly used for a variety of purposes in farming, such as warming poultry or providing heat to young animals. SHIPPING CONTAINER ‘Shipping containers are used in Agriculture (also known as shipping container agriculture) as a storage ‘Solution for farming tools and crops. A. shipping container farm is a ‘modern and innovative approach 0 turban agriculture, using repurposed Containers to grow fresh produce in limited urban spaces. SELF EEDERS is a device for providing feed to livestock that is equipped with a feed hopper that automatically supplies a trough below. FARROWING CRATE farrowing crate is used to confine the sow from up to a week before giving birth, generally until the piglets are weaned at around four weeks. Farrowing crates are restrictive pens that prevent the sow from turning around, and which aim to reduce the tisk of the sow lying on and crushing her newborn piglets. PROJECTOR A projector in agricuture, often refered toas.a smart projector, isa revolutionary tool that is used for taining and knowledge dlssemination in rural areas. These projectors allow Access Agncutwe ERAS and volunteer ambassadors to provide taining to ‘agricultural actors in their vilages. This hrelos rural communities 10 have tree ‘access to relevant and practical knowledge, nests is to provide a suitable location for parents to lay their eggs and/or raise their offspring. Birds also use nests to protect nestlings from predators and adverse weather, and to keep them warm. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalHEAT LAMPS Heat lamps in agriculture are portable hanging fixtures with bulbs in them. They are commonly used for a variety of purposes in farming, such as warming poultry or providing heat to young animals. SHIPPING CONTAINER ‘Shipping containers are used in Agriculture (also known as shipping Container agriculure) as a storage ‘Solution for farming tools and crops. A. shipping container farm is a ‘modern and innovative approach 0 turban agriculture, using repurposed Containers to grow fresh produce in limited urban spaces. SELF EEDERS is a device for providing feed to livestock that is equipped with a feed hopper that automatically supplies a trough below. FARROWING CRATE farrowing crate is used to confine the ‘sow from up to a week before giving bith, generally until the piglets are weaned at around four weeks. Farrowing crates are restrictive pens that prevent the sow from turning ‘around, and which aim to reduce the risk of the sow lying on and crushing her newborn piglets. PROJECTOR A projector in agricuture, often refered to.as.a smart projector, isa revolutionary tool that is used for training and knowledge dissemination in rural areas. These projectors allow Access ‘Agricuture ERAS and volunteer lambassadors (0 provide taining to agricultural actors in their vilages. This helps rural communities to have tree access to relevant and practical kowedge. WATER PUMPS used to provide high irrigation efficiency by supplying proper amount of water to every area of the field to gain speed in cultivation. Low ‘maintenance is required as it they ‘come with less moving parts which eases the work. 32 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalYOKE A yoke is a wooden or metal frame Yypically used to harness animals, such as oxen or horses, together for pulling heavy loads or for agricultural work like plowing fields. It consists of a bar that lies across the shoulders of the animals, with loops or hooks to attach to their harnesses or collars. Yokes distribute the weight of the load evenly between the animals and allow them to work together efficiently. WOOL Woo! is a natural fiber obtained from the fleece of sheep and certain other animals, such as goats (mohair and cashmere) and rabbits (angora). Sheep's wool is the most common type and is valued for its softness, warmth, and durability. Wool fibers have unique properties that make them suitable for a wide range of applications, including clothing, blankets, carpets, upholstery, and insulation. Wool is highly resilient, elastic, and moisture-wicking, making it comfortable to wear in various climates. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 33NUTRITION AND FEEDING STARTER F Starter feeds enable the young animal to adap to sold food and tren fo improve «RUSBY, Once the pigs oF chicken absorption ofthe feeds that come late A ‘Rave reached a certain age and they good quay siarer feed should conan ‘fave setted, so they do not need faghly nuidona ingredients to suppor the ‘feeds that are so special as in their row of very young animals and io lower _—_—Saly stages of fe (state food. moray FINISHER FEED I's the kind of compound feed used in the latter stages of the fatiening of the pigs or other animals (their fast weeks of He) ‘Normally, it is a compound feed with less energy in order to avoid that the animals get 100 fat. RESTRICTED FE Restricted feeding refers to restricting the amount of food while sill ensuring rutrivonal adequacy (67). This impties that only the amount of energy has been restricted DING AD LIBITUM FEEDING rofers 10 feeding management in which ‘animals. are fed without resticton. It provides the most benefit o sows and their Titers, with the intent being to provide sows ‘enough nutrients to successfully feed her piglets and retain appropriate body weight COMBINATION OF AD LIBITUM AND ‘Ad tbtum feeding versus food restriction ‘Ad tbitum feeding means thatthe diets. ‘available at all umes, Restricted feeding relers 10 restricting the amount of food whe stil ensuring nutritional adequacy [67]. This implies that only the amount of ‘energy has been restricted. 34 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalBROILERS REQUIREMENTS the artificial application of water 10 land. Some land requires inigation before it is possible to use it for any agricultural production. In other places, irigation is primarily a means 10 supplement rainfall and serves 10 ‘increase production. BROILER SPACE REQUIREMENTS Broilers are a type of chicken breed that is specifically raised for meat production. In agriculture, broiers have specie ‘requirements that need to be met to ensure their optimal growth, health, and productivity. Such as Housing, Temperature and Ventilation, Nutrition, Water Supply, Health Management, Biosecurity, and Lighting, Management Practices. 3) Space requirement Total cage area = 251? Number of birds=25 BROILER SPACE REQUIREMENTS Floor space, feeder space and waterer space. The floor space requirement of boilers varies depending on their body weight at the time of marketing, housing systems, marketing age and ambient femperature. The feeder and waterer space also varies depending on the environmental temperature and health condition of the birds. The following is the approximate floor, feeder and waterer space requirement for broiler. BROILER MINIMUM FEEDING SPACE REQUIREMENTS. First of all, if the bird is 15 om wide, we need to give each bird 15 cm of feeder space to allow all birds to eat at the same time. That means that on a feeder through that can be used fram both sides, a meter length can feed approximately 13-15 birds. MINIMUM WA SPACE REQUIREMENTS the min watering space requrements 9 torcuture mvcves contin fcr sich te cop vam requtenens, aa Chaacersis cima condos, paion mee, root doth, watt avaieiy, aed Imaagomentpacices By cwetay tcensing tase ass fee can ote the watering paces fo ensure minum trp awh na wae age. =RING CONVERSION RATE To explain feed efficiency or feed conversion ratio (FCR), itis the amount of feed required to produce an ‘outcome, such as milk from dairy cows, meat from beef cattle, or egg ‘mass from laying hens. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalFEED CONVERSION RATIO FCR Is the ratio of given feed weight over animal weight gain in a certain period of time. Lower FCR values indicate that a feed is efficiently converted into fish weight gain while overfeeding or underfeeding increases the ratio. MORTALITY RATE The — mortality rate in agriculture refers to the ‘number of deaths that occur within the agricultural sector. This includes fatalities related to farming activities, such as accidents involving machinery, exposure to hazardous chemicals, or incidents involving livestock. i Bo] RECORDS Records in agriculture refer to the systematic process of documenting data, observations, and _ other information related to agricultural operations. Keeping records in agriculture is essential for ‘monitoring the costs of production, tracking farm activities, and making informed decisions for the future. NUTRIENT Nutrients are elements essential to plant and animal growth. In agricultural production, the focus generally rests on the three primary macronutrients — nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), ‘and potassium (K)—because of their relative abundance in plants. LACTASE lactase refers to an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the processing of milk and dairy products. Lactase is responsible for breaking down lactose, the sugar found in milk, into its component sugars, glucose and galactose. LIPID lipids refer to a diverse group of organic compounds that play various roles in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes. They are characterized by their hydrophobic nature, meaning they do not mix well with water. 36 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalNOD NITROGEN Nitrogen is a chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It is a nonmetal and is one of the essential elements for life on Earth, Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN (NPN) refers to nitrogen- containing compounds that are not in the form of proteins. These compounds can be found in various biological systems, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, OPTIFLEX "Optiflex” in relation to animals. It's possible that it could be a brand name, a product, or a term used in a specific context within veterinary medicine or animal husbandry. PHOSPHORUS Phosphorus is a vital nutrient jn agriculture, essential for plant growth and development. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes within plants, including photosynthesis, energy tansfer, and the formation of DNA and cell ‘membranes. UREA Urea isa ___ nitrogenous compound that serves an important role inthe metabolism of __nitrogen- containing compounds in animals. It is the chief nitrogenous end product of the breakdown of proteins in ‘mammals and some fishes. PHYTATEPHYTAS Phytate, also known as phytic acid, is a compound found in grains, seeds, and legumes. It serves as a storage form of phosphorus in these plants. Phytate can bind to important minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium, forming complexes that are poorly absorbed by monogasiric animals like pouttry, pigs, and humans. T E 3 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 7PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT Protein supplements in agriculture ‘ypically refer to supplemental feed or additives provided to livestock fo enhance their protein intake. These supplements are commonly used when the natural forage or feed available to the animals lacks sufficient protein content to meet their nutritional requirements. RACTOPAMINE Ractopamine is a feed additive used in pigs and cattle. We describe here why the product is used and consider its safety so you can be better informed about the food you are eating. SILAGE Urea isa ___ nitrogenous compound that serves an important role inthe metabolism of __nitrogen- containing compounds in animals. It is the chief nitrogenous end product of the breakdown of proteins in ‘mammals and some fishes. OPTIFLEX "Optiflex” in relation to animals. It's possible that it could be a brand name, a product, or a term used in a specific context within veterinary medicine or animal husbandry. PHOSPHORUS Phosphorus is a vital nutrient jn agriculture, essential for plant growth and development. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes within plants, including photosynthesis, energy tansfer, and the formation of DNA and cell ‘membranes. UREA Urea is a __ nitrogenous compound that serves an important role inthe metabolism of __nitrogen- containing compounds in animals, It is the chief nitrogenous end product of the breakdown of proteins in ‘mammals and some fishes. 38 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalDIGESTIVE SYSTEM OMASUM The omasum is one of the four compartments of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, ‘and goats. It is located between the reticulum and the abomasum. It consists (of numerous folds or leaves that have a hhoneycomb.ike appearance. These folds increase the surface area of the ‘omasum, allowing for more efficient absorption of water, electrolytes, and fermentation byproduct. RUMEN the rumen acts as a storage or holding vat for feed. Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat. The rumen's environment favors the growth of microbes. These microbes digest or ferment feed within the rumen and make volatile fatty acids (VFAS). SMALI RETICULUM one of the four compartments of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, and goats. It is located between the rumen and the omasum. This structure provides a large surface area for microbial fermentation and panticle retention. The small intestine of animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and other vertebrates, is a vital part of their digestive system. It serves a similar function to the small intestine in humans, which is the absorption of nutrients from food. INTESTINE WET, Se re Roughage, also known as roughage feed or forage, refers to the fibrous portion of plants that is primarily used as feed for animals, particularly herbivores. It consists of the leaves, stems, and other plant ‘materials that are high in fiber and low in digestibitit. STOMACH The stomach is an important organ in the digestive system of animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and other vertebrates. It is responsible for the initial digestion of food and the breakdown of nutrients before they move further into the digestive tract. 39 www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Orientalabetted WORLD “Feeding the world" refers to the global challenge of providing an adequate and sustainable food supply to meet the nutritional needs of a growing global population. It encompasses the goal of ensuring that all people have access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food to lead healthy and active lives. AMINO ACID Amino acids can play different roles in plants, such as stress-reducing agents, nitrogen source and hormone precursors (Zhao, 2010; Maeda and Dudareva, 2012). Another important fact is the role of amino acids as a signaling factor of different physiological processes in plants. AMMONIA ‘Ammonia binds air borne nitrogen and makes the most important crop nutrient, nitrogen, available for nitrogen fertilizer production. As an important base material for fertilizers, ammonia literally helps to put our food on the table. Today, roughly 80% of the annually produced ammonia is used for fertilizer production. ANIMAL PROTEIN Animal proteins are widely used for the formation of protein particles in the food industry, e.g., casein, whey protein, gelatin, egg proteins, and fibroin. Proteins isolated from milk are one of the most ‘commonly used proteins from animal sources, e.9., caseins and whey proteins, ANTIBIOTIC Antibiotics are used as growth promoters for food animal production and for therapeutic and prophylactic uses in humans, animals, and plants. The intensive and extensive use of antibiotic agents, however, has resulted in the emergence of highly drug- resistant bacterial pathogens. CRUDE FAT Crude fat in agriculture refers to the crude mixture of fat-soluble material present in a sample. It is also known as ether extract or free lipid content. The traditional technique for determining the amount of fat in food products is known as crude fat analysis. 4O www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalCRUDE PROTEIN Crude protein in agriculture refers to the total protein content present in a sample. It is calculated as nitrogen () mutiplied by a conversion factor, ypically 6.25, as nitrogen is a key component of proteins. The determination of crude protein is usually done through methods such as Kjeldahl or Dumas, which involve the mineralization of nitrogen in the sample. AVERAGE DAILY FEED INTAKE ‘Average Daily Feed Intake (ADF) in agriculture refers to the average amount of feed consumed by an animal on a daily basis. It is a critical ‘measure in livestock farming as it directly impacts the growth rate and ‘overall health of the animal. The ADFI can vary based on factors like the type of animal, its age, its size, the quality of the feed, and the animal's physical condition. AVERAGE DAILY GAIN Average Daily Gain (ADG) can be defined as the average amount of weight a market animal will gain each day during the feeding period. ADG can be calculated by taking the amout of weight an animal has gained since the last weight and dividing the weight by the number of days since that last weight. DRY MATTER Dry matter is what remains after all of the water is evaporated out of a feed: grain and fresh or dried forages. Fresh pasture has high water content and will have a lower percentage of dry matter than an equivalent weight of dryer feed, such as hay or grain. DRY MATTER INTAKE Dry matter intake (DMI) in agriculture refers to the amount of feed or forage consumed by an animal on a dry matter basis. Itis a measure of the quantity of feed that an animal consumes without accounting for the moisture content. GAIN In agrcutre, you can have gains such as increased food. prodicion, sconce prosperity, ual evelopment. enwronmental -sustanabiny. technabgical atvancements, social capesion, and Improved heath and nutiton civ economic grt, ‘Support url communes, preserve the enwronment fester moran, and canoe fo overs wel ing ‘and socal tb. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao OrientalFATS Fats and oils are valuable sources of renewable, versatile, biodegradable derivatives that have an important impact on agriculture. They are used as emulsifiers for oil-in-water and waterin-oil systems, as surfactants and wetting agents, as pesticide intermediates, and as agricultural aids per se. CATTLE Feeder cattle, in some countries or regions called store cattle, are young cattle mature enough either to undergo backgrounding or to be fattened in preparation for slaughter. They may be steers (castrated males) or heifers (females who have not dropped a calf). (FEED feed, food grown or developed for livestock and poultry. Moder feeds are produced by carefully selecting and blending ingredients to provide highly nutritional diets that both maintain the health of the animals and increase the quality of such end products as meat, milk, or eggs. The represents production system with the feedlot an sector intensive goal of growing and or fattening cattle until they reach slaughter weight. Toa tet alta @e ENO Feed efficiency is generally seen as the ability of the animal to fix the maximum amount of _ nutrients provided by the ration using the concept of RFI (residual feed intake, resource allocation index used to calculate the animal feed efficiency and optimise animal feed use). From: Agricultural Systems, 2023. SOIL FERTILITY Soil fertility is the ability of soil to sustain plant growth and optimize crop yield. This can be enhanced through organic and inorganic fertilizers to the soil. Nuclear techniques provide data that enhances soil fertiity and crop production while minimizing the environmental impact. www.reallygreatsite.co | 123 Anywhere Banaybanay, Davao Oriental 49