Les Verbes

In French there are 3 groups of verbs ER, IR and RE. In every group there are
2 types of verbs; REGULAR and IRREGULAR verbs.

In IRREGULAR verbs one needs to by heart the conjugations. Whereas, for

REGULAR verbs there are rules for each group. NOTE: Verbs beginning with
a vowel (Both Regular and Irregular), one needs to remember that the 1st
person singular conjugation will have a vowel clash.

Few IRREGULAR verbs are as follows:

Etre - to be Avoir - to have aller-to go

Je suis j’ai vais

Tu es tu as vas

il/elle est il/elle a va

Nous sommes nous avons

Vous etes vous avez

ils/elles sont ils/elles ont

Regular verb Rules :

ER group - cancel er and add the following endings to the radical

e, es, e, ons, ez, ent

IR group - cancel ir and add the following endings to the radical

is, is, it, issons, issez, issent

RE group - cancel re and add the following endings to the radical

s, s, - , ons, ez, ent

Terms

What is a conjugation?

A conjugation is a creation of a verb derived from its principal verb. (L'infinitif)

Eg: je suis (suis is the conjugation of être), je parle ( parle is the conjugation of
parler)

What is an Infinitive?

An infinitive means a main verb. ( Non conjugated verb)

Eg: parler, regarder, finir , être , avoir etc

What is a radical?

A radical is a term used only in regular verbs. As per the rules when we cancel
the endings of an infinitive , the remaining part is called as Radical.

Eg. Parler - cancel er - Parl becomes the radical.

Table of REGULAR VERBS in Present Tense.

 Les Pronoms ER verb : IR verb : Cancel RE verb :
Sujets (subject Cancel er and ir and add the Cancel re and
pronouns) add the endings endings add the endings

je e is s

tu es is s

il/elle e it -

nous ons issons ons

vous ez issez ez

ils/elles ent issent ent

Examples

Parler - to talk Finir - to finish Vendre- to sell

Cancel er and add Cancel ir and add Cancel re and

endings to the radical endings to the radical add endings to

the radical

Parl - radical Fin - radical Vend - radical

Je parle je finis je vends

Tu parles tu finis tu vends

il/elle parle il/elle finit il/elle vend

Nous parlons nous finissons nous vendons

Vous parlez vous finissez vous vendez

ils/elles parlent ils/elles finissent ils/elles

vendent

List of Regular verbs with English Meanings

Common Regular -Er Verbs in French

· accepter – to accept

· adorer – to adore

· aimer – to like

· annuler – to cancel

· apporter – to bring

· attraper – to catch

· bavarder – to chat

· casser – to break

· chanter – to sing

· chercher – to look for

· commander – to order

· commencer – to begin

· couper – to cut

· danser – to dance

· demander – to ask

· dessiner – to draw

· détester – to hate, to detest

· donner – to give
· écouter – to listen to

· emprunter – to borrow

· enlever – to remove

· étudier – to study

· exprimer – to express

· fermer – to close

· gagner – to win, to earn

· garder – to keep

· goûter – to taste

· habiter – to live

· jouer – to play

· laver – to wash

· montrer – to show

· oublier – to forget

· parler – to speak, to talk

· penser – to think

· porter – to wear, to carry

· présenter – to introduce

· prêter – to lend

· refuser – to refuse

· regarder – to watch

· rencontrer – to meet by chance

· rester – to stay, to remain

· rêver – to dream

· saluer – to greet

· sauter – to jump

· sembler – to seem
· skier – to ski

· téléphoner – to telephone

· tomber – to fall

· travailler – to work

· trouver – to find

· utiliser – to use

· visiter – to visit a place

· voler – to fly

Common Regular -Ir Verbs in French

· abolir – to abolish

· acceuillir – to welcome

· accomplir – to accomplish

· affaiblir – to weaken

· agir – to act

· avertir – to warn

· bâtir – to build

· bénir – to bless

· choisir – to choose

· embellir – to make beautiful

· envahir – to invade

· établir – to establish

· étourdir – to stun

· finir – to finish

· franchir – to clear an obstacle

· grandir – to grow up
· grossir – to gain weight

· guérir – to cure

· investir – to invest

· maigrir – to lose weight

· nourrir – to feed

· obéir – to obey

· punir – to punish

· ralentir – to slow down

· réfléchir – to reflect

· remplir – to fill

· réunir – to reunite

· réussir – to succeed

· rougir – to blush

· saisir – to seize

· vieillir – to grow old

Common Regular –Re Verbs in French

· attendre – to wait for

· défendre – to defend

· dépendre – to depend on

· descendre – to descend

· détendre – to relax

· entendre – to hear

· étendre – to stretch

· fendre – to split

· fondre – to melt
· mordre – to bite

· pendre – to hang, to suspend

· perdre – to lose

· prétendre – to claim

· rendre – to give back

· répandre – to spread, to scatter

· répondre – to answer

· tendre – to tighten

· vendre – to sell

List of Irregular verbs with English Meanings

aller – to go
Je vais
Tu vas
Il/Elle va
Nous allons
Vous allez
Ils/Elles vont
Past Participle – allé

avoir – to have
J’ai
Tu as
Il/Elle a
Nous avons
Vous avez
Ils/Elles ont
Past Participle – eu

dire – to say, to tell

Je dis
Tu dis
Il/Elle dit
Nous disons
Vous dites
Ils/Elles disent
Past Participle – dit

être – to be
Je suis
Tu es
Il/Elle est
Nous sommes
Vous êtes
Ils/Elles sont
Past Participle – été

faire – to make, to do
Je fais
Tu fais
Il/Elle fait
Nous faisons
Vous faites
Ils/Elles – font
Past Participle – fait

falloir – to be necessary
Il faut
Past Participle – fallu

pouvoir – to be able to do
Je peux
Tu peux
Il/Elle peut
Nous pouvons
Vous pouvez
Ils/Elles peuvent
Past Participle – pu

savoir – to know, to know how to

Je sais
Tu sais
Il/Elle sait
Nous savons
Vous savez
Ils/Elles savent
Past Participle – su

voir – to see
Je vois
Tu vois
Il/Elle voit
Nous voyons
Vous voyez
Ils/Elles voient
Past Participle – vu

vouloir – to want to
Je veux
Tu veux
Il/Elle veut
Nous voulons
Vous voulez
Ils/Elles veulent
Past Participle – voulu

Common Irregular Verb Patterns

Verbs Like Prendre
.
Verbs ending in –prendre are all conjugated like prendre:
Je prends
Tu prends
Il/Elle prend
Nous prenons
Vous prenez
Ils/Elles prennent

Past Participle – pris

· apprendre – to learn

· comprendre – to understand

· entreprendre – to undertake

· méprendre – to mistake

· prendre – to take
· reprendre – to retake, to take again

· surprendre – to surprise

Verbs Like Mettre

Mettre and the verbs ending in –mettre all follow the same pattern of conjugation.
Je mets
Tu mets
Il/Elle met
Nous mettons
Vous mettez
Ils/Elles mettent
Past Participle – mis

· admettre – to admit

· commettre – to commit

· compromettre – to compromise

· mettre – to put, to place

· permettre – to permit

· promettre – to promise

· remettre – to turn in work, to postpone

· soumettre – to submit

· transmettre – to transmit

Verbs Like Tenir and Venir

Tenir and venir are two similar verbs that have their own pattern of conjugation.
Je tiens
Tu tiens
Il/Elle tient
Nous tenons
Vous tenez
Ils/Elles tiennent
Past Participle – tenu
Je viens
Tu viens
Il/Elle vient
Nous venons
Vous venez
Ils/Elles viennent
Past Participle – venu

· abstenir – to refrain, to abstain from

· advenir – to happen

· appartenir – to belong to

· circonvenir – to circumvent

· contenir – to contain

· convenir – to suit, to be suitable

· détenir – to detain

· devenir – to become

· entretenir – to look after, to support

· intrevenir – to intervene

· maintenir – to maintain

· obtenir – to obtain

· parvenir – to reach, to achieve

· prévenir – to warn

· retenir – to retain

· soutenir – to support

· souvenir – to remember

· subvenir – to provide for

· survenir – to occur, to take place

· tenir – to hold, to keep

· venir – to come
 Special Verbs
REMEMBER:

There are regular verbs which have one small irregularity in the spelling of
certain conjugations for better pronunciations. They are called Exceptions.

GER ending verbs - in nous form ons will change to eons

Eg- Manger - to eat

Je mange

Tu manges

il/elle mange

Nous mangeons

Vous mangez

ils/elles mangent

CER ending verbs- c changes to ç only in the nous form.

Eg- commencer - to begin

Je commence

Tu commences

il/elle commence

Nous commençons

Vous commencez

ils/elles commencent
YER ending verbs

Y to I changing verbs

Verbs that end in ayer, oyer or uyer - Change Y to I in the conjugation

except Nous and vous form. Nous and Vous form will get conjugated as
usual.

Eg: Envoyer - to send

J'envoye - remember y will change to I

J’envoie

Tu envoies

il/elle envoie

Nous envoyons

Vous envoyez

ils/elles envoient

● broyer – to grind
● employer – to employ
● envoyer – to send
● nettoyer – to clean
● se noyer – to drown
● renvoyer – to fire
● tutoyer – to use tu
● vouvoyer – to use vous

● appuyer – to lean, press

● ennuyer – to bore
● essuyer – to wipe
For –ayer verbs, the stem change is optional: both je paie and je paye are correct.

● balayer – to sweep
● effrayer – to frighten
● égayer – to cheer up
● essayer – to try
● payer – to pay
● rayer – to draw a line (on/through), to cross out

E_er ending verbs - change the 1st e to è (e grave) in all the conjugations
except nous and vous form. Nous and Vous form will get conjugated as
usual.

Eg: acheter - to buy

J’achète

Tu achètes

il/elle achète

Nous achetons

Vous achetez

ils/elles achètent

Accent grave verbs

All verbs that end in –é_er change the é to è in the stem-changed conjugations:***

● altérer – to alter
● céder – to give up, dispose of
● célébrer – to celebrate
● compléter – to complete
 ● considérer – to consider
● différer – to differ
● espérer – to hope
● exagérer – to exaggerate
● gérer – to manage
● inquiéter – to worry
● modérer – to moderate
● pénétrer – to enter
● posséder – to possess
● préférer – to prefer
● protéger – to protect (note that protéger is also a spelling change verb)
● refléter – to reflect
● répéter – to repeat
● révéler – to reveal
● suggérer – to suggest
● zébrer – to stripe

Most verbs that end in –e_er change the e muet to è: - (last e of the radical)

● acheter – to buy
● amener – to take
● ciseler – to chisel, carve
● corseter – to constrain, constrict
● crocheter – to crochet, to pick (a lock)
● démanteler – to dismantle, demolish
● écarteler – to tear apart
● emmener – to take
● enlever – to remove
● fileter – to thread
● fureter – to rummage, nose about
● geler – to freeze
● haleter – to pant
● harceler – to harass
● lever – to lift, raise
● marteler – to hammer, pound
● mener – to lead
● modeler – to model, shape
● peler – to peel
● peser – to weigh
● promener – to walk

A few verbs that end in –eler and –eter undergo a different stem change:
Doubled consonant verbs
the following French verbs that end in –eler and –eter double the l or t in the stem-changed
conjugations.

● appeler – to call
● chanceler – to totter, wobble
● épeler – to spell
● rappeler – to call back, recall
● renouveler – to renew
● ruisseler – to flow, stream

● feuilleter – to leaf through

● hoqueter – to hiccup
● jeter – to throw
● projeter – to project
● rejeter – to reject

3. Y to I verbs
Verbs that end in –ayer, –oyer, or –uyer stem-change the Y to an I.

For –oyer and –uyer verbs, the stem change is required.

Les verbes pronominaux (Reflexive verbs)

Pronominal verbs (les verbs pronominaux) are verbs that take a reflexive pronoun (me, te,
se, nous, vous, se). The reflexive pronoun always comes before the verb and corresponds to
the subject.

English doesn’t have pronominal verbs per se. We can translate Je m’habille as "I’m dressing
myself," but we’re far more likely to say "I’m getting dressed" – the fact that it’s myself is
implicitly understood. This is not the case in French. If you’re dressing yourself, you need the
reflexive pronoun, because without it, you’re automatically saying that you’re dressing someone
else.

1. s’abonner à = to subscribe to

2. s’adapter à = to adapt to

3. s’adresser à = to talk to someone

4. s’allonger = to lie down

5. s’appeler = to be named

6. s’approcher de qq’un = to get closer to someone

7. s’appuyer sur/contre/à = to lean against

8. s’asseoir = to sit down

9. s’attendre à = to expect something

10. s’avancer = to get closer

11. se baigner = to bathe, swim

12. se baisser = to lower oneself

13. se balader = to take a stroll

14. se battre = to fight

15. se brosser (les cheveux, les dents…) = to brush (one’s

hair, teeth…)

16. se brûler = to burn oneself

17. se cacher = to hide

18. se calmer = to calm down

19. se changer = to change outfit

20. se coincer = to get stuck

21. se casser (la jambe) = to break (one’s leg)

22. se coiffer (les cheveux) = to fix one’s hair

23. se coucher = to go to bed

24. se couper (le doigt) = to cut oneself on the finger

25. se décider à = to make the decision to

26. se défendre contre = to defend (against an attack)

27. se déshabiller = to get undressed

28. se doucher = to take a shower

29. s’effondrer = to collapse

30. s’énerver = to get angry

31. s’ennuyer = to be bored

32. s’entendre (bien/mal avec quelqu’un) = to get along

(well/poorly with someone)

33. s’entraîner = to train

34. s’essuyer = to dry oneself

35. s’évanouir = to faint

36. s’excuser = to apologise

37. s’expliquer = to explain oneself

38. se fâcher = to get angry

39. se fatiguer = to get tired

40. se fiancer = to get engaged

41. s’habiller = to get dressed

42. s’inquiéter de = to be worried

43. s’infecter = to get infected

44. s’intéresser à = to be interested in

45. se laver = to wash (one’s hands, face…)

46. se lever = to get up

47. se marier (avec) = to get married with someone

48. se maquiller = to put on make-up

49. se moquer (de) = to make fun of

50. se moucher = to blow one’s nose

51. se mouiller = to get wet

52. se nourrir = to feed oneself

53. s’occuper de = to take care of

54. s’opposer à = to oppose

55. s’organiser = to get organized

56. se passionner pour = to get passionate about

57. se plaindre = to complain

58. se préparer = to get ready

59. se promener = to take a stroll

60. se protéger de = to protect oneself against

61. se qualifier = to get qualified

62. se raser (la barbe) = to shave

63. se regarder = to look at oneself

64. se reposer = to rest

 65. se retourner = to turn around/back

66. se réveiller = to wake up

67. se sauver = to escape

68. se séparer = to separate from

69. se souvenir de = to remember

70. se taire = to be silent

71. se transformer = to transform

72. se tromper = to make a mistake

73. se tuer = to kill oneself, to die (by accident)

Les Articles

1. Les articles definis 2. Les articles indéfinis 3.les articles contractés

4.les articles partitifs

● Les articles indéfinis (indefinite articles)

un (Masculine singular) - a/an { eg- un livre}

une (feminine singular) - a/an { une table }

des (M/ F plural) - some {des livres , des tables }

Un is used before a masculine singular noun.

Une is used before a feminine singular noun.

des is used before any plural noun (M/F)

 ● Les articles définis (definite articles)

Le (MS) - the eg: le livre bleu - the blue book

La (F) - the eg: la table bleue - the blue table

L’ (M/F with a vowel) LehommeL’homme

le ami - l’ami

Les (M/F plural) : les livres, les tables, les hommes

Les articles contractes

When the French definite articles are preceded by the prepositions à or

de, the two words contract. (If combination of to the or of the is seen in
a sentence, contracted articles are used)

Préposition à Preposition de

MS- à + le = au de + le = du

FS- à + la = à la de + la = de la

M/F Vowel- à + l' = à l' de + l' = de l'

M/F Plural- à + les = aux de + les = des

● Les articles Partitifs

MS- de + le = du

FS- de + la = de la
M/F Vowel- de + l' = de l'

M/F Plural- de + les = des

The partitive article refers to an unspecified quantity of food, liquid, or

some other uncountable noun. English has no equivalent article – the
partitive is usually translated by the adjectives “some” or “any,” or may
be left out entirely.

● The partitive article is chosen based on the gender and number of

the noun to which you are referring, and is used when expressing
an inexact quantity.
Ex: Je veux manger du chocolat. > I want to eat some chocolate.

Note that de + le and de la change to de l’ when they are used in front

of a word starting with a vowel, most words starting with h, and the
French word y.

Note that there are some very common French adjectives, like beau,
bon and petit, that can come BEFORE the noun instead of after it.
When an adjective comes before a plural noun, des changes to de.

J'ai reçu de beaux cadeaux. I got some lovely presents.Cette région a

de très jolis villages. This area has some very pretty villages.

● After adverbs that express a quantity, like beaucoup (a lot) or trop

(too much), use "de" instead of any of the other forms of partitive
articles, regardless of the gender or number of the noun.
Ex: Il y a beaucoup de thés.
● When using a negative construction (ne... pas/rien, etc.), use "de"
instead of any of the other forms of partitive articles, regardless of
the gender or number of the noun.
Ex: Il mange de la soupe. > Il ne mange jamais de soupe.

Add the verbs that indicate to use definite or partitive articles from std 6th
book
 L’article partitif ou l’article défini?

We use definite articles with the verbs of preference like: aimer, detester, adorer, preferer

Exemple: il aime le thé.

Vous préférez la pizza

The definite articles are also used when we are talking about something as a whole.
C’est le gâteau au chocolat. Je mange du gâteau au chocolat.

Usually partitive articles are used along with the verbs like prendre, manger, boire
Ex: je prends du cafe
Il mange de la salade
Il boit de l’eau.

List of food products

● #1 viande (f) meat
● #2 viande hachée (f) minced meat
● #3 poulet (m) chicken
● #4 porc (m) pork
● #5 agneau (m) lamb
● #6 côte d’agneau (f) lamb chop
● #7 bœuf (m) beef
● #8 steak haché (m) burger (patty only, without the bun)
● #9 veau (m) veal
● #10 canard (m) duck
● #11 oie (f) goose
● #12 dinde (f) turkey
● #25 poisson (m) fish
● #37 homard (m) lobster
● #38 crabe (m) crab
● #39 crevette (f) prawn, shrimp
● #43 légume (m) vegetable
● #44 pomme de terre (f) potato
● #45 patate (f) potato
● #46 carotte (f) carrot
● #47 petit pois (m) pea
● #48 chou (m) cabbage
● #49 chou de Bruxelles (m) Brussels sprout
● #50 chou-fleur (m) cauliflower
● #51 brocoli (m) broccoli
● #52 artichaut (m) artichoke
● #53 poireau (m) leek
● #54 aubergine (f) aubergine, eggplant
● #55 courgette (f) courgette, zucchini
● #56 asperge (f) asparagus
● #57 haricot (m) bean
● #58 olive (f) olive
● #59 oignon (m) onion
● #60 ail (m) garlic
● #61 champignon (m) mushroom
● #71 épice (f) spice
● #72 cumin (m) cumin
● #73 muscade (f) nutmeg
● #74 paprika (m) paprika
● #75 cannelle (f) cinnamon
● #76 clou de girofle (m) clove
● #77 piment (m) chilli
● #78 salade (f) salade
● 82 maïs (m) sweetcorn
● #93 fruit (m) fruit
● #94 pomme (f) apple
● #95 orange (f) orange
● #96 poire (f) pear
● #97 cerise (f) cherry
● #98 abricot (m) apricot
● #99 nectarine (f) nectarine
● #100 pêche (f) peach
● #101 citron (m) lemon
● #102 citron vert (m) lime
● #103 ananas (m) pineapple
● #104 mangue (f) mango
● #105 papaye (f) papaya
● #106 melon (m) melon
● #107 pasthèque (f) watermelon
● #108 fraise (f) strawberry
● #109 framboise (f) raspberry
● #110 myrtille (f) blueberry
● #111 mûre (f) blackberry
● #112 cassis (m) blackcurrant
● #113 baie (f) berry
● #114 raisin (m) grape
● #115 raisin sec (m) raisin
● #116 glace (f) ice cream
● #117 tarte (f) tart
● #118 gâteau (m) cake
● #119 croissant (m) croissant
● #120 pain au chocolat (m) pain au chocolat
● #121 pain au raisin (m) pain au raisin
● #129 chocolat (m) chocolate
● #130 bonbon (m) sweet, candy
● #131 caramel (m) caramel
● #132 pain (m) bread
● #133 pâtes (fpl) pasta
● #134 nouilles (fpl) noodles
● #135 pizza (f) pizza
● #136 fromage (m) cheese
● #137 soupe (f) soup
● #138 œuf (m) egg
● #139 œuf dur (m) hard-boiled egg
● #140 œuf à la coque (m) soft-boiled egg
● #141 œuf sue le plat (m) fried egg
● #142 omelette (f) omelette
● #144 escargot (m) snail
● #147 frites (fpl) chips (UK), fries (US)
● #148 chips (mpl) crisps (UK), chips (US)
● #149 beurre (m) butter
● #150 farine (f) flour
● #151 huile (f) oil
● #152 sel (m) salt
● #153 poivre (m) pepper
● #154 moutarde (f) mustard
● #155 sauce (f) sauce
● #156 sauce de soja (f) soy sauce
● #157 vinaigrette (f) vinaigrette, salad dressing
 ● #158 mayonnaise (f) mayonnaise
● #159 vinaigre (f) vinegar
● #160 huile d’olive (f) olive oil
● #161 sucre (m) sugar
● #162 eau (f) water
● #165 eau minérale (f) mineral water
● #166 café (m) coffee
● #167 café au lait (m) coffee with milk
● #168 café noir (m) black coffee
● #169 expresso (m) espresso
● #170 thé (m) tea
● #171 tisane (f) infusion, herbal tea, tisane
● #172 chocolat chaud (m) hot chocolate
● #173 alcool (m) alcohol
● #175 apéritif (m) aperitif
● #177 bière (f) beer
● #178 vin (m) wine
● #179 vin rouge (m) red wine
● #180 vin blanc (m) white wine
● #183 champagne (m) champagne
● #189 cocktail (m) cocktail
● #208 entrée (f) entrée, starter, first course
● #209 plat (m) main course
● #210 dessert (m) dessert

Link:
https://storylearning.com/learn/french/french-tips/names-foods-french
 ● Le Futur anterieur
The futur antérieur (future perfect) is used to express a future action or event that will
be completed before another future action or to describe a future action or event that
will have been completed in the future.

We form the futur antérieur using the futur simple form of avoir or être as an auxiliary,
followed by the passé participe (past participle) of the main verb.

Key words:
● après que (after)
● aussitôt que (as soon as)
● dès que (as soon as)
● lorsque (when)
● quand (when)
● une fois que (once)

Formation: Subject + Aux Etre/ Aux Avoir in le futur simple + Past participle

Avoir in FS Etre in FS
J’aurai Je serai
Tu auras tu seras

Quand Tammy aura reçu son When Tammy gets her

diplôme,Tex et elle iront en degree, she and Tex go to
France. France.

Dès que Tex et Tammy se As soon as Tex and Tammy

seront mariés, ils auront get married, they will have
beaucoup de petits tatous. lots of little armadillos. (type
of an animal)
Negation is formed as usual by placing ne / n' ... pas around the
conjugated verb, which in this case is the auxiliary:
● Je n'aurai pas fini mon travail avant minuit. (I will not have finished my work
before midnight.)
● Il n'aura rien accompli. (He will have accomplished nothing.)

Remember that pronouns remain before the conjugated verb:

● Je n'y serai pas allé avant lundi. (I will not have gone there before Monday.)

Link for online Exercises

https://www.tolearnfrench.com/exercises/exercise-french-2/exercise-french-7114

0.php

● Le Futur Proche

Formation: Sub + aller verb in the present tense + infinitive

Demain, nous allons manger au restaurant. (we are going to

eat in the restaurant)

Going to is the key who that you can use in English

Negative: Demain, Nous n’allons pas manger au restaurant.

● Le Passe Recent
Formation: Sub + venir + de + infinitive

Je viens de manger une pomme.

Just is the key word you can use in english
I just ate an apple.
 ● Le futur simple

Formation: Sub+ infinitive and add the endings to the infinitive

form- ai, as, a , ons, ez, ent (endings can be recalled by the
avoir verb conjugation)

Example : ER verbs - Je parlerai , tu parleras

IR verbs- Je finirai , nous finirons
RE verbs(In RE verbs drop the last e and then add the endings)
Vendre - vendr - Je vendrai , tu vendras, vous vendrez

Remember the irregular verbs has a different stem that you

need to mug up.

​ aller → ir → j'irai - I will go

​ avoir → aur → j'aurai - I will have
​ être → ser → je serai - I will be
​ faire → fer → je ferai - I will do
​ pouvoir → pourr → je pourrai - I will be able to
​ devoir → devr → je devrai - I will have to
​ savoir → saur → je saurai - I will know
​ venir → viendr → je viendrai - I will come
​ voir → verr → je verrai - I will see
​ vouloir → voudr → je voudrai - I will like/want
​ Envoyer - enverr
​ Pleuvoir - Il pleuvra
​ Recevoir - recevr

Therefore if you come across a sentence: I will go to France

next year.

J’irai en France l'année prochaine.

 ● Le Passe compose

Formation - Sub + auxiliary être or avoir in présent + participe passé

Auxiliary Avoir
For regular er/ir/re-verbs, the participe passé is easy to construct:
■ If the infinitive ends in -er, the participle ends in é
Example:
aimer – aimé
■ If the infinitive ends in -ir, the participle ends in i
Example:
finir – fini
■ If the infinitive ends in -re, the participle ends in u
Example:
vendre - vendu

For the irregular verbs, however, we have to look up the past participle form in the list of
irregular verbs and simply learn the forms by heart.

● List of irregular verbs to use with auxiliary avoir

Auxiliary Etre

● DR MRS VANDERTRAMP list with its past participle. (remember the agreement)

Verbs Participe passé (past participle)

Devenir – To Become devenu (s)(e)(es)

Revenir – To Come Back revenu

Monter – To Climb monté

Rester – To Stay resté

Sortir – To Leave sorti

Venir – To Come venu

Aller – To Go allé

Naître – To Be Born né

Descendre – To Descend descendu

Entrer – To Enter entré

Rentrer – To Re-Enter rentré

Tomber – To Fall tombé

Retourner – To Turn Around retourné

Arriver – To Arrive arrivé

Mourir – To Die mort

Partir – To Leave parti

● Imparfait

When to use the imperfect tense in French

We use the imperfect tense in the following situations:
 ■ to describe a situation in the past
Exemple:Quand il était petit, Lucas aimait beaucoup les gâteaux.
■ to describe a person, a property, a comment or an explanation in the past
Exemple :Lucas était un enfant très gourmand.
■ to talk about a repeated action in the past
Exemple:Tous les jours, il faisait un gâteau avec son amie Florence.
■ to talk about simultaneously occurring actions in the past
Exemple:Pendant qu’il regardait la recette, Florence préparait la pâte.
■ to emphasise the duration of an action
Exemple:Ils cuisaient le gâteau puis mangeaient une part au dessert.

Formation: Sub + take the nous form of the verb in present tense and cancel ons to get the
radical and add the following endings. (ais, ais , ait, ions, iez, aient)

Example: Parler

Nous Parlons – cancel ons to get the radical for Imparfait

Parl
Je parlais
Tu parlais
il/elle parlait
Nous parlions
Vous parliez

ETRE is the only irregular verb in Imparfait

J’etais
Tu etais
il/elle etait
Nous etions
Vous etiez
ils/elles etaient
The following is a list of the most common irregular present tense verbs whose
imperfect forms follow the general rules:

● aller (to go): nous allons

● avoir (to have): nous avons
● boire (to drink): nous buvons
● conduire (to drive): nous conduisons
● connaître (to know): nous connaissons
● croire (to believe): nous croyons
● devoir (to have to): nous devons
● dire (to say, tell): nous disons
● dormir (to sleep): nous dormons
● écrire (to write): nous écrivons
● faire (to make, do): nous faisons
● lire (to read): nous lisons
● mettre (to put): nous mettons
● offrir (to offer): nous offrons
● ouvrir (to open): nous ouvrons
● pouvoir (to be able to): nous pouvons
● prendre (to take): nous prenons
● recevoir (to receive): nous recevons
● savoir (to know): nous savons
 ● venir (to come): nous venons
● voir (to see): nous voyons
● vouloir (to wish, want): nous voulons

Falloir (to be necessary) and pleuvoir (to rain) are used only in the third person
singular form in the imperfect: il fallait (it was necessary) and il pleuvait (it was
raining).

The only verb that does not follow the rule for the formation of the imperfect is être:
j'étais; tu étais; il, elle, on était; nous étions; vous étiez; ils, elles étaient.

Irregular verb
Etre- English Translation-

J'étais- I was-

Tu étais- You -- familiar-- were-

Il, elle, on était- He, she, one was-

Nous étions- We were-

Vous étiez- You were-

Ils, elles étaient- They were-

Exemple: J'allais au cinéma tous les samedis. (I used to go to

the movies on Saturdays.-)

List of prepositions (liste des prépositions)

●

à - in, to, at
à cause de
à côté de
à droite de
à gauche de
Après
à travers
Au bout de
Au centre de
Au milieu de
Au sujet de/ à propos de
Autour de
Avant
Avec
Chez
Contre
Dans
D’après
De
De l’autre côté de
Derrière
En dehors de
En dépit de
En face de
En haut de
Entre
Grace à
Hors de
Jusqu’à
Loin de
malgré
Par
Parmi
Pendant
Pour
Près de
 Quant à
Sans
Sauf
Selon
Sur
Sous
Vers
Devant
En
En bas de
En fin de
En fin

● Demonstrative Adjectives (This/These)

Ce — used for Ms nouns Eg: ce livre

Cet — used only for Ms nouns beginning with a Vowel Cet homme , cet ancien
château

Cette — used for FS nouns Cette femme

Ces —- used for M/F plural - ces livres, ces hommes , ces anciens chateaux , ces
femmes.
● Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are the words used in combination with
a noun, to indicate to whom something belongs.
- My house - my is a possessive adjectives

The difference between French and English possessive adjectives.

An important difference between French and English is that in

French, it is the gender and number of the noun that determines
which form to use, not the gender and number of the subject.
Example: 1. My pen - pen in french is masculine
Hence, mon stylo

2. His car - car in french is feminine

Hence, sa voiture

3. Our house - house in french is feminine

Hence, notre maison.

4. Our houses - houses is in the plural form

hence , irrespective to the gender we need to use the plural form
Nos maisons

IMPORTANT.
Exception: when a feminine noun begins with a vowel, the
masculine possessive adjective is used in order to keep from
saying something like ma amie, where the flow of the sentence
would be broken. So instead of ma amie we use: mon amie, even
though the word amie is feminine.
My friend (female friend)

My friend - Ma amie
Your friend - Ta amie
Her friend - Sa amie
Changes to -
Mon amie
Ton amie
Son amie
This is only applicable for feminine singular nouns beginning
with a vowel.

● Les Pronoms Relatifs

Les Pronoms Relatifs Simple Les Pronoms Relatifs composés

● L’Impératif
L’impératif (the imperative) is used to give orders or advice to one or more
people. The imperative only exists in the second person singular (tu), the first
person plural (nous) and the second person plural (vous). The imperative is
conjugated in the same way as the present tense, but the subject pronouns are
omitted.

REMEMBER: For regular er verbs the tu form eg : tu regards - (the s in the tu

form will be dropped in the imperative sentence)

present imperative translation

tu regardes Regarde ! look

tu ouvres Ouvre ! open

tu vas va ! go

IRREGULAR VERBS
 avoir être savoir vouloir
(tu) aie sois sache veuille
(nous) ayons soyons sachons n/a
(vous) ayez soyez sachez veuillez

A couple of examples with être and avoir in the negative:

■ Ne sois pas idiot !

■ N’ayons pas peur !
■ Ne parle pas
■ Ne finis pas

Les verbes pronominaux en Impératif.

S’appeler - to call oneself

(double the L in the conjugation for appeler verb- nous and vous form will
remain as usual.) (doubling of l is only for appeler verb)

Je m’appelle
Tu t’appelles
il/elle s’appelle
Nous nous appelons
Vous vous appelez
ils/elles s’appellent

Se laver - To wash oneself

Je me lave
Tu te laves
il/elle se lave
Nous nous lavons
Vous vous lavez
ils/elles se lavent

Negative form: Je ne me lave pas

How to make the Imperative form of Les verbes pronominaux.

1st Step - Take the 1st 3 forms of the verb along with the subjects
Tu te laves
Nous nous lavons
Vous vous lavez

2nd Step - cancellations

Cancel the subjects (tu, nous, vous) and s from the tu form of the
verb.

Hence…
te lave
Nous lavons
Vous lavez

3rd Step - flip the reflexive verb, add hyphen and exclamation mark
!. (remember ‘ te ‘ changes to’ toi ‘ after the flip)
Hence…

Lave-toi !
Lavons- nous!
Lavez - vous!

How to form negative sentences with Les verbes pronominaux

To form a negative Pronominal verb you need to get back to its original
form. (Refer step 2)

te lave —---------- ne te lave pas!

Nous lavons —--------- ne nous lavons pas!
Vous lavez —------- ne vous lavez pas !

To make a command negative, put ne or n' before the verb in L'Impératif

and pas after it.
Ne mange pas ça!
Don't eat that!
N'écoutez pas!
Don't listen!

Notice that in affirmative commands, reflexive verbs follow this pattern:

1- The reflexive pronouns te / vous / nous become stress pronouns toi / vous / nous

2- They are placed after the verb with a hyphen in between.

Lève-toi !
Get up!

Levons-nous!
Let's get up!

Levez-vous!
Get up!

Note that with a reflexive verb in a negative sentence, the pronoun is placed in front
of the verb again:

■ Ne te lève pas !
■ Ne vous asseyez pas !

In Les verbes pronominaux there are only two irregular verbs.

S'asseoir - to sit
je m'assieds
tu t'assieds
il/elle s'assied
nous nous asseyons
vous vous asseyez
ils/elles s'asseyent

Se taire - to be quite
je me tais
tu te tais
il se tait
nous nous taisons
vous vous taisez
ils se taisent

Le subjonctif

Le conditionnel
Formation:
~ Subject + stem of the «Futur» + endings of «Imparfait»

● Un desir
● Une suggestion
● Une demande
● Exprimer la politesse

The present conditional mood is used :

1. to express an action which depends upon the completion of
another action.
e.g. Si tu venais régulièrement à la classe, tu comprendrais la
grammaire. - If you came to class regularly, you would understand
grammar.
On apprendrait mieux, si les cours étaient intéressants. - One would
learn better, if lessons were interesting.
In both these sentences, there is a condition on which the other
action depends.
2. to express politeness.
e.g. Je voudrais un coca, s’il vous plaît. - I would like a coke,
please.
Pourriez-vous me prêter 50 roupies, s’il vous plaît ? - Could you
lend me
Rs.50 please ?

3. to give advice and suggestions.

e.g. Tu es toujours fatigué; tu ferais mieux de pratiquer du yoga. -
You are always tired; it would be better if you practised yoga.
On pourrait aller au cinéma ce soir. - We could go for a film this
evening.
Observe the conjugation of the following verbs in «Conditionnel» :

Aimer
J’aimerais - i would like
Tu aimerais
il/elle aimerait
Nous aimerions
Vous aimeriez
ils/elles aimeraient

Aller
J’irais
Tu irais
il/elle irait etc

In the negative form : tu n’aimerais pas...

In the interrogative form : aimerais-tu... ?

IMPORTANT
Observe the following sentences :
Hypothetical situation: which can be expressed with the word Si

When the main clause is in the

présent du conditionnel, the si clause is in the imparfait.
Si vous mangez équilibré, vous serez en bonne santé.
(Si + Présent + Futur)
• If you have a balanced diet, you will be healthy.

Si je gagnais à la loterie, je ferais un tour du monde.

(Si + Imparfait + Conditionnel)
• If I won the lottery, I would go on a world tour.

● Le comparatif et le Superlatif

Le comparatif allows us to compare things.

● Le comparatif avec un adjectif.

On utilise - Plus… que (+) more than superiorite
Moins… que (-) infériorité
Aussi ….que (=) egalite

Formation: le comparatif + l’adjectif + que

Sophie est moins intelligente que Nicole.

Elle est aussi intelligente que son amie.

Il est plus intelligent que son frère.

Elle est aussi grande que sa sœur.

● Le comparatif avec un nom. (noun)

On utilise - Autant de + noun + que (as much as) eg. on a autant d’argent que mon oncle.
Plus de + noun + que (more than) eg. on a plus d’argent que mon oncle.
Moins de + noun + que (less than) eg. on a moins d’argent que mon frère.

Irregular words
 ● Le superlatif

Le superlatif is used to talk about the extreme.

Formation: le/la/les plus/mois + adjective (the most/ the least)

Dan est le plus grand de la classe.

Michelle est la moins grande de la classe.

Ces robes sont les plus belles du magasin.