BIOLOGY REVIEWER

THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

 INTEGUMENTARY  DIGESTIVE
o Skin o Mouth
o Hair  ENDOCRINE o Esophagus
o Nails o Pituitary gland o Stomach
o Sweat glands o Thyroid gland o Small intestine
o Oil glands o Adrenal glands o Large intestine
 SKELETAL o Pancreas o Liver
o Bones o Ovaries (in females) o Gallbladder
o Cartilage o Testes (in males) o Pancreas
o Ligaments  CARDIOVASCULAR  URINARY
o Tendons o Heart o Kidneys
 MUSCULAR o Blood vessels o Ureters
o Skeletal muscles (arteries, veins, o Bladder
o Smooth muscles capillaries) o Urethra
o Cardiac muscle o Blood  REPRODUCTIVE(M)
 NERVOUS  LYMPHATIC o Testes
o Brain o Lymph nodes o Penis
o Spinal cord o Lymphatic vessels o Scrotum
o Nerves o Spleen o Epididymis
o Sensory organs o Thymus o Vas deferens
(eyes, ears, nose, o Tonsils o Prostate glands
tongue, skin)  RESPIRATORY  REPRODUCTIVE(F)
o Nose o Ovaries
o Pharynx (throat) o Fallopian tubes
o Larynx (voice box) o Uterus
o Trachea (windpipe) o Vagina
o Bronchi o Vulva
o Lungs o Mammary glands
(breasts)

DEFENITIONS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize
foods with the help of chlorophyll, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

EUKARYOTIC Organisms whose cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, within which
the genetic material is organized.

MONOCOT A type of flowering plant characterized by having one cotyledon (seed leaf) in the seed embryo,
parallel leaf venation, flower parts in multiples of three, and scattered vascular bundles in the stem.

DICOT A type of flowering plant characterized by having two cotyledons in the seed embryo, net-like leaf
venation, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the stem.

COTYLEDON The embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, which upon germination either remains in the seed or
emerges, becoming the first leaf of the seedling.

ROOTS The part of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil or substrate, anchoring the plant and
absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.

STEMS The main structural axis of a plant, typically above ground, which supports leaves, flowers, and fruits and
conducts water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products.
LEAVES The main photosynthetic organs of vascular plants, usually flat and green, attached to the stem by a stalk
(petiole).

XYLEM The vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to
the rest of the plant.

PHLOEM The vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting sugars, amino acids, and other organic
molecules produced by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

CAPILLARY ACTION The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or in
opposition to, external forces like gravity.

MERISTEM Plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division, found in growing regions of
plants.

APICAL MERISTEM Meristematic tissue located at the tips of stems and roots, responsible for primary growth
and lengthening of the plant body.

VASCULAR CAMBIUM A meristematic tissue in plants responsible for secondary growth, producing new
vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and increasing the girth of stems and roots.

GYMNOSPERM A group of seed-producing plants with naked seeds (not enclosed in a fruit), typically having
cones and needle-like or scale-like leaves.

ANGIOSPERM A flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed within a fruit.

FEMALE CONE The reproductive structure of certain gymnosperms, such as conifers, that contains ovules
(female gametophytes) which develop into seeds after fertilization.

MALE CONE The reproductive structure of certain gymnosperms, such as conifers, that produces pollen grains
containing male gametophytes.

STAMEN The male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther (where pollen is produced) and a
filament (stalk-like structure).

CARPEL The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary (where ovules are produced), a style
(connecting the ovary to the stigma), and a stigma (where pollen is received).

SEPAL One of the leaf-like structures that form the outermost whorl of a flower, often green and protective of the
flower bud.

PETAL One of the modified leaves of a flower, typically colorful and scented, which attract pollinators.

STIGMA The receptive tip of the carpel where pollen is deposited during pollination.

STYLE The elongated structure of a carpel connecting the stigma to the ovary

OVARY The enlarged basal portion of a carpel or pistil containing one or more ovules, which develop into seeds
upon fertilization.

FILAMENT The slender stalk that supports the anther in the stamen of a flower.

ANTHER The part of a stamen that contains the pollen, typically located at the tip of the filament.
POLLINATOR An organism that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma,
facilitating fertilization and reproduction.

SEED COAT The protective outer covering of a seed.

FRUITS The mature ovary of a flowering plant, usually containing seeds, formed from the fertilized ovule and
often surrounded by other tissues derived from the ovary wall. Fruits serve to protect and disperse seeds.