LOCKS AND KEY CONTROL

A lock is defined as a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to

prevent entry into a building, room, container or hiding place.

Lock is one of the most widely used physical security devices in the asset protection
program of an installation.

Types of Locks

1. Key-operated mechanical lock it uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers
(wards tumblers) that prevent the lock from operating unless they are properly aligned. The key
is the device used to align these internal barriers so that the lock may be operated. It could be a
disc or wafer tumbler mechanism, pin tumbler mechanism, or lever tumbler mechanism

2. Padlock - a portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp that passes through a staple
ring and is then made fasten or secured.

3. Combination lock-instead of using the key to align the tumblers, the combination mechanism
uses numbers, letters or other symbols as reference point, which enables an operator to align
them manually.

4. Code-operated lock - a type of lock that can be opened by pressing a series of numbered
button in the proper sequence.

5. Electrical lock - a type of lock that can be opened and closed remotely by electrical means.

6. Card-operated lock - a type of lock operated by a coded card.

KEYING SYSTEMS

A key is a device that is used to open a door. A key consists of two parts: the blade,
which is inserted into the lock, and the bow, left protruding so that torque can be applied. The
blade of a key is normally designed to open one specific lock, although master keys are
designed to open sets of similar locks.

Types of Keys

1. Change key a specific key, which operates the lock and has a particular combination of cuts
which match the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.

2. Sub-master key- a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in a
given facility.

3. Master key a special key capable of opening a series of lock.

4. Grand Master key- a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more master
key groups.

Key Control

Once an effective key control has been installed, positive control of all keys must be
gained and maintained. This can be accomplished only if it is established in conjunction with the
installation of new locking devices. The following methods can be used to maintain effective
key control:
1. Key cabinet- a well-constructed cabinet will have to be procured. The cabinet will have to be
sufficient size to hold the original key to every lock in the system. It It should be secured at all
times.

2. Key record- some administrative means must be set up to record code numbers and
indicates to whom keys to specific locks have been issued.

3. Inventories- periodic inventories will have to be made of all duplicate and original keys in the
hands of the employees whom they have been issued.

4. Audits in addition to periodic inventory, an unannounced audit should be made of all key
control records and procedures by a member of management.

5. Daily report- a daily report should be made to the person responsible for key control from
the personnel department indicating all persons who have left or will be leaving the company.
In the event that a key has been issued, steps should be initiated to ensure that the key is
recovered.

SECURITY CABINETS

The final line of defense at any facility is in the high security storage where papers,
records, plans or cashable instrument, precious metals or other especially valuable assets are
protected. These security containers will be of a size and quantity, which the nature of the
business dictates.

In protecting property, it is essential to recognize that protective containers are

designed to secure against theft or fire. Each type of equipment has a specialized function and
it will depend on the owner of the facility which type he is going to use.

Types of Security Cabinets

1. Safe - a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in an office
or installation. tion. Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary resistance depending
upon the use and need. Its weight must be at least 750 lbs. And should be anchored to a
building structure. Its body should at least one-inch thick steel.

2. Vault heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually a part of the building
structure used to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments. Vaults are
bigger than safe but smaller than a file room. The vault door should be made of steel at least 6
inches in thickness. The vault walls, ceiling, floor reinforce concrete at least 12 inches in
thickness. The vault must be resistive up to 6 hours.

3. File Room - a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but of bigger size to
accommodate limited people to work on the records inside. The file room should at most be 12
feet high. It must have a watertight door and at least fire proof for one hour.
 CHAPTER SIX
INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION

This chapter presents an insight on the general concepts of hazard analysis and their
countermeasures. Commonly experienced It also presents com safety issues in industrial
work places with on the legal aspect and discussions of occupational safety and health .

Biological Hazards are of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic
microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances. Examples are bacteria, viruses or parasites, as
well as venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants and mosquitoes carrying disease-
causing agents.

Environmental Hazards such as chemical, natural and biological hazards. They can be created
by environmental degradation or physical or chemical pollution in the air, water and soil.
However, many of the processes and phenomena that fall into this category may be termed
drivers of hazard and risk rather than hazards in themselves, such as soil degradation,
deforestation, loss of biodiversity, salinization and sea- level rise.

Geological originate from internal earth processes. Examples are earthquakes, volcanic activity
and emissions, and related geophysical processes such as mass movements, landslides,
rockslides, surface collapses and debris or mud flows. Hydro meteorological factors are
important contributors to some of these processes, Tsunamis are difficult to categorize:
although they are triggered by undersea earthquakes other geological events, they essentially
become an oceanic process that is manifested as a coastal water-relend hazard.

Hydro meteorological Hazards are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin.

Examples are tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons ad hurricanes); floods, including flash
floods; drought; and heat waves and cold spells; and coastal storm surges. Hydro
meteorological conditions may also be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wild land
fires, locust plagues, epidemics and in the transport and dispersal of toxic substances and
volcanic eruption material.

Technological Hazards originate from - technological or industrial conditions, dangerous

procedures, infrastructure failures or specific human activities. Examples include industrial
pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic wastes, dam failures, transport accidents, factory explosions,
fires and chemical spills. Technological hazards also may arise directly as a result of the impacts
of a natural hazard event.

HAZARDS IN GENERAL

A hazard is a situation, which poses a level of threat to life, health, property or

environment. Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm,
however, once a hazard becomes 'active', it can create an emergency situation.

A hazard is usually used to describe a potentially harmful situation, although not usually
the event itself once the incident has started it is classified as an emergency or incident.

There are a number of modes of a hazard, which include:

1. Dormant the situation has the potential to be hazardous, but no people, property or
environment is currently affected by this. For instance, a hillside may be unstable, with the
potential for a landslide, but there is nothing below or on the hillside that could be affected.
2. Potential this is a situation where the hazard is in the position to affect persons, property or
environment. This type of hazard is likely to require further risk assessment.

3. Active- the hazard is certain to cause harm, as no intervention is possible before the incident
occurs.

4. Mitigated-A potential hazard has been identified, but actions have been taken in order to
ensure it does not become an incident. This may not be an absolute guarantee of no risk, but it
is likely to have been undertaken to significantly reduce the danger.

Hazard Analysis

It is important to analyse hazards in order to know how to counter them. A security

hazard analysis Is a process used to characterize the element of risk. The result of hazard
analysis is the identification of unacceptable risks controlling or eliminating them.

Security hazards and risk management are two interrelated fields in many organizations
exposed the context of industrial security. and businesses, by nature, are to hazards. Thus, in
order r to prevent industrial hazards, risk management is necessary

Types of Hazards

1. Natural Hazards - these are hazards which arise from natural phenomena. The following are
types of natural hazards or disasters:

a. Floods caused by typhoons

b. Earthquakes

c. Fire (not caused by human action)

d. Storms (typhoons, cyclones, tornado and hurricane)

e. Lighting storms

f. Extreme temperature and humidity

2. Man-Made Hazards-These are hazards which are the result of a state of mind, attitude,
weaknesses or character traits of one or more persons. They can be acts of commission or
omission, both overt and covert, which can disrupt operation of a plant or installation. Some
types of man-made hazards are carelessness, accidents and dissatisfaction, disloyalty-
subversion and sabotage, espionage, pilferage and theft, vandalism, etc.

INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS

In this context, industrial hazards are workplace hazards and are often grouped into
physical hazards physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents, and psychological issues.

Physical hazards include:

a. Slips and trips d. Dangerous machinery

b. Falls from height e. Electricity

c. Workplace transport f. Heavy metals

Physical agents include:

a. noise
c. ionizing radiation
b. vibration

Chemical agents, include:

a. solvents

b. biological agents

Psychosocial issues include:

a. work related stress, whose causal factors b. violence from outside the organization
include overwork excessive working time
and c. bullying which may include emotional,
verbal and sexual harassment

Other issues include:

a. reproductive hazards

b. work environment factors, such as temperature, humidity, lighting, welfare

c. musculoskeletal disorders due to bad ergonomic designs.

Mechanical Hazards
Mechanical hazard involves a machine or process. Motor vehicles and air bags pose
mechanical hazards. Compressed gases or liquids can also be considered a mechanical hazard.

Mechanical hazards occur when a machine is malfunctioning Machines may run either
manually or automatically. A few machines are used cutting, shearing, crushing, and breaking.
Thus, most injuries occur when the machine needs human intervention repeatedly for its
proper functioning.

Electrical Hazards
Shock is one of the common electrical hazards. It occurs when the electric current
passes through the body. This is possible when human is in contact with a conductor carrying a
current and simultaneously in contact with the ground. This is referred to as short circuit. A
worker will receive a shock when he or she touches two wires at different voltages a at the
same time, or touches the phase standing on the ground, or touches the phase having wet cloth
and high humidity, or touching another person receiving an electrical shock.

Chemical Hazards
Solvents used in extraction plants, purification of synthetic drugs and in chemical
analysis may produce vapors. This vapors or gases may produce breathing problem and
suffocation, irritation or burn to eye or skin. Explosion may also be possible in the work place.
Liquid chemicals if spilled on workers may produce dehydration by strong dehydrating agents
e.g. concentrated sulfuric acid, burning by strong acid or alkalis, or oxidation by strong oxidizing
agents. Dusts of chemicals produced from different equipment may produce dermatitis or dust
allergies to the workers, skin and eye irritations, resistance to certain antibiotics, and some
dusts may be carcinogenic (producing cancers).

Dust Hazards
Industrial plants cause too much dust. Source of dust hazards are grinding or milling of
product, drugs, excipients, or herbal products. During weighing dusts may float on air, during
powder mixing and coating operation dusts are generated, even during capsule filling and
tablet punching operation dusts may be generated.

Fire Hazards
Fire hazards from various types of fire from ordinary combustible materials such as
wood, cloth, paper etc. to electrical and those combustible liquid, gasses and metals are also
common in industrial work places, even at home.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the
safety, health, and welfare of people at work. These terms also refer to the goals of the field of
safety and health.

OSH Legislation - the Philippine Constitution (Art. XIII) afford full protection to labor, that they
should be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. The
Labor Code of the Philippines also provides consolidated labor and social provisions to afford
full protection to labor, promote employment and human resources development and ensure
industrial peace based on social justice.

OSH Standards -is a set of mandatory standards which codifies all safety orders being enforced
prior to its promulgation. It contains administrative requirements, general safety and health
rules, technical safety regulations, and other measures to eliminate or reduce OSH hazards in
the workplace. The purpose is to man against the dangers of injury, protect every working ma
sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions. It applies to all places of
employment except land, sea and air transportation and safety in mines.

Common Safety Hazards

In general terms, any industry may have one or more of the following safety hazards in
the workplace:

1. Working at Height-frequent hazards associated with working at height which promote fatal
falls, such as related to scaffolding and ladders. Employers ma may not know they have to
provide fall protection, or the fall protection gear may not be worn properly or not hooked up
to anything. Some employers do not even have a written fall protection procedure or process.
housekeeping

2. Poor Housekeeping Clutter blocking fire exits, aisles and emergency exits is a housekeeping
problem is another common hazard. Over-stacking loads on racks in a warehouse that bring
them too close to a sprinkler head, which can limit the sprinkler's efficiency in an emergency.
Clutter, leaks or standing water also can contribute to slips, trips and falls.

3. Electrical Hazards blocked breakers are common electrical hazards, although many electrical
hazards are related to inappropriate use of extension cords.

4. Forklift-related Hazards - are also common in the workplace. Shortcuts under pressure,
include driving with too large of a load or driving distracted. The end result may be hitting a
rack, damaging a wall or product, or even injuring a co-worker.

5. Lockout/tag-out Proper lockout/tagout procedures can help prevent serious injuries, but
only if those procedures are followed. For instance, one employee may go home for the day
with his lock on, and the next worker on duty cuts the lock. A worker may simply use a label on
older equipment for which secure lockout is more difficult. And instead of installing a chain to
lock a valve in place, a wire that can easily be cut may be used.

6. Chemicals - chemicals related hazards are usually caused by non-awareness whereby

workers in some industries do not know when they will need to use a certain chemical in the
future. OSH standard requires facilities to keep an inventory of all products. But often, failure to
mark down chemical's expiration date, and use the chemical by that date or dispose of it
properly. Potential hazard is transferring chemicals from one container to another is common
too.

7. Confined spaces - confined spaces can present a number of hazards. Many accidents
involving confined spaces have occurred because an employer did not issue a permit or failed
to carry out a risk assessment. Fire may break out, slip, fall and other related accident may
happen.

HAZARDS AND THE DISASTER RISK EQUATION

RISK = Hazard x Vulnerability x Exposure

Disaster risk is expressed as the likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and
damage from a disaster in a given period of time.

Disaster risk results from the complex interaction between development processes that
generate conditions of exposure, vulnerability and hazard. Disaster risk is therefore considered
as the combination of the severity and frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and assets
exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to damage (UNISDR, 2015a). Intensive risk is
disaster risk associated with low-probability, high-impact events, whereas extensive risk is
associated with high- probability, low-impact events.

Risk assessments are produced in order to estimate possible economic, infrastructure,

and social impacts arising from a hazards (GFDRR, 2014b). particular hazard haz or multiple

The components of assessing risk (and the associated losses) include:

1 Hazard is defined as the probability of experiencing a certain intensity of hazard at a

specific location and is usually determined by an historical or user-defined scenario,
probabilistic hazard assessment, or other method.

2 Exposure represents the stock of property and infrastructure exposed to a hazard, and it
can include socioeconomic factors.

3 Vulnerability accounts for the susceptibility to damage of the assets exposed to the
forces generated by the hazard. Fragility and vulnerability functions estimate the
damage ratio and consequent loss respectively, and/or the social.

ACCIDENTS AND ITS CAUSES

An accident is an unplanned, unforeseen, all activities of the individual who is a negative
effect on and unexpected event that has involved in the accident. It can result in death, injury,
disease or infection, loss of property, damage to environment, or a combination thereof.
Accidents can come with business consequences as well, such as compensation costs, loss of
productivity, and a decrease in employee morale.

Occupational accidents can take place either the workplace other settings while or in on er at
the job, su ob, such as a worksite or driving or riding between job sites.

A number of human factors can cause accidents, such as:

a. Unsafe conduct
d. Improper training
b. Inattention
e. Inexperience
c. Negligence
f. Drowsiness, fatigue, or illness i. Workplace designs

g. Other factors can include: j. Substandard safety processes

h. Working conditions k. Weather conditions

To elaborate why accident do happen, these causes can be explained further by the
following theories of accident causation:

The domino theory of accident is one of the earliest developed accident theories. It suggests
that injuries result from a series of factors, one of which is an accident. The theory is
operationalized in ten statements called the Axioms of Industrial Safety. According to this
theory, there are five factors in the sequence of events leading to an accident: ancestry/social
environment, fault of person, unsafe act/mechanical or physical hazard, accident, and injury.

The human factor theory of accident causation attributes accidents to a chain of events
ultimately caused by human error. It consists of three broad factors that lead to human error:
overload, inappropriate response, and inappropriate activities.

The accident/incident theory of accident causation is an extension of the human factor theory.
It introduces such new elements as ergonomic traps, the decision to make a mistake, and
systems failures.

The epidemiological theory of accident causation holds that the models used for studying and
determining the relationships between environmental factors and disease can be used to study
causal relationships between environmental factors and accidents.

The systems theory of accident causation views any situation in which an accident might occur
as a system with three components: person (host), machine (agency), and environment.

The combination theory of accident causation posits that no one model/theory can explain all
accidents. Factors from two or more models might be part of the cause.

HUMAN INDUCED HAZARDS

Many industrial and occupational hazards are caused by man himself. Human induced
hazards can be categorized into six main types: Engineering Incidents, HazMat Incidents,
Nuclear/Radioactive Incidents, Interpersonal Incidents, and Terrorism Incidents. Each type
also can have multiple hazard sub-types.

1. Engineering Incidents -such as structural incidents that causes flaws, failures, collapses,
explosions, fires, bridge or dam failures, mining incidents, oil platform incidents, infrastructure
incidents, outages and/or failures involving communication, electrical, power, utility, water,
cyber-security issues, transportation incidents, road, rail, air and space incidents

2. HazMat Incidents - such as hazardous material spill, release of chemical, gas, oil, etc. into air,
water, or land.

3. Nuclear or Radioactive Incidents nuclear facility incidents involving nuclear power plant.

4. Interpersonal Incidents such as violent incidents, crime in general, arson, civil disorder like
demonstrations, strikes, riots, prison breaks, military conflicts, mass killings, genocide, displaced
populations, etc.

5. Terrorism Incidents- such as terrorist attacks using explosive devices, arson, unconventional
tactics, CBRN and cyber-attacks.
Sabotage as a Security Hazard

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy, oppressor or employer through

subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction.

When disgruntled workers damage or destroy equipment or interfere with the smooth running
of a workplace, it is called workplace sabotage. This can be as part of an organized group
activity, or the action of one or a few workers in response to personal grievances

Description of a Saboteur

1. He is the most dangerous foe whom security will have to deal with while planning and
implementing security measures and techniques.

2. He is an ordinary looking as the next guy but, in his mind, he has the training in deception,
knowledgeable in incendiaries, explosives, chemistry, bacteriology, mechanics psychology. and

3. He can work alone, in-groups, or simultaneously in several places.

Possible Targets of Saboteur

1. Armed Forces Installation

2. Natural resources- mines, forests, farms and farm products

3. Industries- buildings, power sources, machinery, fuel, etc.

4. Warehouses depots, communications, public utilities, etc.

Countermeasures against Sabotage

1. Use of efficient and well-trained guard 6. Safeguarding of classified information

force
7. Designation of restricted areas
2. Use of physical security aids like barriers,
personnel and vehicular control, intrusion 8. Investigation of breaches of security 9.
devices, communication systems, and Security education and indoctrination
electric aids
10. Good housekeeping methods
3. Proper screening of personnel
11. Effective emergency planning
4. Identification and movement control
system 12. Regular audit

5. Searches on incoming vehicles 13. Continuing background checks

Espionage as a Security Hazard

Generally, espionage is the practice of gathering information about an organization or a society

that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the
information.

Description of an Espionage Agent

1. He is very dangerous adversary and his skills in deception and his cunning should never be
under estimated.
2. He is usually a person of extensive training and will be highly effective in gaining the
confidence of people and of extracting information of value to be relayed to his employer or
handler.

3. Even how well-trained an espionage agent he eur and might be, he is human like the
saboteur he can be defeated in his own game if proper methods and techniques are
undertaken.

Methods of Espionage

1. Stealing or information from employees, records and other sources.

2. Using various methods of reproducing document products, equipment or working models.

3. Using "front" as commercial concerns, travel agencies, associations, business groups and
other organizati organizations to obtain or data.' confidential information

4. Using various form or threats to obtain information such as coercion and blackmail

5. Securing information in social and other gatherings

6. Penetration and operational tactics

Espionage Counter Measures

1. Complete pre-employment measures designed to control threats of industrial espionage.

2. Continuing personnel check on employees and particularly personnel on sensitive positions

even already employed.

3. Prevention of unauthorized entry to the plant or industrial installation.

4. Restricting of movement of personnel in the premises of the plant.

5. Controlled disposal of waste papers including carbons in classified work.

6. Only properly cleared personnel should handle classified document.

Pilferage as a Business Hazard

Pilferage is one of the most annoying and common human hazards which security must deal
with. This activity if uncontrolled can become financial drain if not a menace to smooth and
orderly operation. Failure to detect shortage and inaccurate inventories will cause inventory
losses, which may be labeled as pilferage.

Types of Pilferers

1. Casual Pilferer- one who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and
has little fear of detection is tion is no no plan or premeditation and he is usually a "loner" on
the job. The temptation to pick up the article is due to poor security measure. The implication
of causal pilfering is the big cumulative cost if it remains unchecked.

2. Systematic Pilferer- one who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types
of items or supplies for economic gain. Pilferers of this kind can be employees or outsiders of
the establishment.

THE PRIVATE SECURITY INDUSTRY

Security Guard - a security guard is called a private security guard or watchman that include
any person who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure either a residence or
business establishment or both for hire or compensation, and with a license to exercise
profession.

A security guard may also be a security officer usually a privately and formally employed person
who is paid to protect property, assets, and/or people. Often, security officers are uniformed
and act to protect property by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and/or
inappropriate actions, observing (either directly, through patrols, or by watching alarm systems
or video cameras) for signs of crime, fire or disorder; then taking action and/or reporting any
incidents to their client, employer and emergency as appropriate.

Private Security Services

include the act rendering services to watch an of providing or establishment whether public or
private, building compound/area or property, to conduct access control denial any form
physically, manually or scientifically by electronic monitoring systems, for the purpose of
securing such area/property and at the same time ensuring safety and protection ion of
persons within such areas, to maintain peace and order within such areas, to conduct private
security training, and/ or to conduct investigation. It It also include the act of contracting,
recruiting, training, furnishing or posting any security guard, to do its functions or solicit
individuals, businesses, firms, or private, public or government-owned or controlled
corporations to engage his/its service or those of his/its security guards, for hire, commission or
compensation thru subscription or as a consultant/trainer to any private or public corporation.

Private Detective Services include among others the act of providing personal security
protection, inquiry and information gathering, pre-employment verification and individual
background profiling, providing assistance in civil liability and personal injury cases, insurance
claims and fraud, child custody and protection cases, for the purpose of assisting in gathering
information leading tournerin or prevention of criminal acts and/or resolution of legal, financial
and personal problems.

Private Security Industry - cover those in the legitimate business of providing private security
and detective services.

SECURITY GUARD FORCES

It is a group of selected men, trained or grouped into functional un unit for the purpose of
protecting operational processes from those disruption which would impede efficiency or halt
operation at a particular plant, facility, installation or special activity

Classification of Security Guard Forces

1. Private Security Agency-any person, association, partnership, firm or private corporation,

who contracts, recruits, trains, furnishes or post any security guard, to do its functions or solicit
individual s, business firms, or private, public or government-owned or controlled corporations
to engage his/its service or those of his/its security guards, for hire commission or
compensation.

2. Company Security Force a security force maintained and operated any private company/
corporation for its own security requirements only.

3. Government Security Unit a security unit maintained and operated by any government
entity other than military and/a police, which is established and maintained for the purpose of
securing the office or compound and/or extension such government entity.

The Eleven (11) General Orders

1. To take charge of his post and all
companies' property in view and
protect/preserve the same with utmost
diligence.
2. To walk during tour of duty in military
manner, keeping always in the alert and
observing everything that takes place within
sight or hearing.
7. To talk to no one except in the line of
duty
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire
or disorder
9. To call the superior officer in any case not
covered by instructions.

3. To report all violations of orders I am
instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from post more distant
from the guardhouse where I am station.
5. To quit my post only when properly
relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass out to the
relieving guard all order from company
officers or officials, supervisors post in
charge or shift leaders.
Qualities Desired for Security Guard
10. To salute all company officials, superiors
in the agency, ranking public officials and
commission officer of the AFP and officers
of the PNP.
11. To be especially watchful at night and
during the time of challenging to challenge
all persons on or near my post and to allow
no one to pass or loiter without proper
authority.

1. Alertness - A good guard must be alert in spotting violators. This can be attained by being
watchful, dedicated and diligence.

2. Judgment - sound and good judgment is more than the use of common sense. It is the
arriving at wise and timely decision.

3. Confidence - it is the state of being sure; a state of the mind free from doubt or misgivings.
This attribute includes faith in oneself and in his abilities, which is attained by job knowledge.
Thorough and proper training plus good supervision instils confidence.

4. Physical fitness-security work is strenuous and demanding. Physical conditioning is essential

if he is to be a dependable guard. 5. Tactfulness- ability of the guard to deal with others
successfully without offending. In short, he can be firm but pleasant.

6. Self-control- ability to take hold of oneself regardless of a provoking situation. With self-
control, the guard will do his work without being angry and the situation will be on hand.

7. Interest, loyalty, responsible and trustworthy, are also important attributes of a reliable
security guard.

SECURITY GUARD SAFETY

Security guards are almost employed to common routine activities such as patrolling properties,
enforcing rules, responding to emergencies, and preventing criminal activities. In the line of
duty, guards may be expected to maintain order, detain criminal violators, or even issue traffic
violation warnings while assigned to a single property or placed on patrol for various locations
or territories.

Security guard's work environment include properties like ma stores, malls, commercial
complexes, retail educational al institutions, office buildings, transportation terminals,
manufacturing facilities, entertainment venues, museums, banks or financial institutions, etc.
With such a variety of locations and duties, a security guard must put the highest priority on
hazard awareness. There are specific risks about but security activities. Some of the most
common risks that security guard may experience are:

1. Work violence this include physical violence, such as being attacked. It can also include sexual
harassment, bullying and intimidation with aid of a weapon.

2. Work organization risk factors from working alone to inflexible work schedules, work
organization risk factors can put security guards' health and safety at risk.

3. The physical workload this include poor posture, inadequate work areas and other physical
workload risks can cause muscular pain, poor blood circulation and other health risks.

4. Risks from psychosocial workload such as stress from work, a lack of motivation or strained
emotional or mental workloads can lead to tiredness and poor mental health.

5. Mishandling of weapons - untrained security guards on firearms and other security devices
put them at risk in handling weapons, sometimes leads to accident or serious injuries or death.

6. Radiation exposures - such as those on post to hospitals, labs and other places that may have
high exposure to radiation can seriously impact security guard's health.

7. Risks involving gender- such as female security guards who may be pregnant or breast-
feeding require special measures to safeguard them from health hazards that can impact their
child.

Counter Measures on Guard's Safety Issues

1. Training on situational awareness. Continuous refresher training on job duties such as those
related to use of force, firearms, occupational safety, and emergency responses.

2. Constant practices and drills on what have been gained from trainings. Consideration that
untoward incident can occur at any time, and SO procedures along with correct and safe
responses to emergencies must be taken into account.

3. Regular briefing on how to respond to, diffuse, and control behavioural disturbances in the
public, knowledge of issues involving domestic disturbance, drug and alcohol abusers, or
mental health issues

4. Use of protective body armour and other defensive techniques and training to stay safe

5. Specific training for responding to fires, earthquakes, and other emergency incidents.

Use of Firearms

Private Security Agency/Private Detective Agency/ Company Security Force/ Government

Security Unit are entitled to possess firearms after satisfactorily complying with the
requirements prescribed by the Chief, Philippine National Police pertinent to the possession of
firearms, provided that the number of firearms do not exceed one firearm for every two guards
in its employ.The law provides that no private security agency/ private detective
agency/company security force/ government security unit be allowed to possess firearms in
excess of 500 units.

Private security forces are also prohibited to possess high caliber firearms considered as
military- type weapons such as M16, M14, cal .30 carbine, M1 Garand, and 1 other rifles and
special weapons with bores bigger than cal.22, to include pistols and revolvers with bores
bigger than cal .38 such as cal .40, cal .41, cal 44, cal .45, cal.50, except cal .22 centerfire
magnum and cal .357 and other pistols with bores smaller than cal .38 but with firing
characteristics of full automatic burst and three-round burst.

The exemption to this rule is that, when such entities are operating in of lawlessness and areas
where there is an upsurge criminality as determined by the Chief, PNP, Police Regional Office
Regional Director or their authorized representative, under the following conditions:

1. The acquisition of the high-powered firearms shall be at the expense of the private security
force concerned

2. The firearms should first be registered with the Firearms and Explosives Division before
issuance and shall not be used or transferred in places other than those specially authorized by
the Director, CSG;

3. The total number of high-powered firearms that the security force rce is authorized to
possess do not exceed 10% of the total number of security guards of watchmen in its employ;
and

4. The duly licensed security guards or watchmen who will use the firearm must be given
adequate training in the care and use thereof and will be under the supervision of qualified
officers and men of the Philippine National Police.

Security Ranks and Position

The security agency operator/owner are mandated by law to observe the required major ranks
and positions in the organization of the agency.

a. Security Consultant (Optional)

b. Security Director Security Officer

Agency Manager/Chief

c. Security Executive Director Manager Asst Agency

d. Security Staff Director for Operation and for Administration

e. Security Staff Director for Training Staff in- Charge for Training

f. Security Supervisor 3 - Detachment Commanders

g. Security Supervisor 2 - Chief Inspector

h. Security Supervisor 1 - Inspector

i. Security Guard 1 - Watchman/guard

j. Security Guard 2 - Shift in-charge

k. Security Guard 3 - Post in-charge