Tkachenko 2020 Vel new А5+пр 1

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
ODESSA I. I. MECHNIKOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
A.Vl. TKACHENKO
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

FOR THE STUDENTS
OF NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENTS
for the I-III year students of Applied Math

and Information Technology Departments
A TEXTBOOK
Version 2.0
edited
desa
Feniks
2020
-
2020
48
1 8 20
- I
) = The English Language for the Students of
Natural Sciences Departments (for the I-III year students of Applied Math and
Information Technology Departments) : . -
20. 15
I-III
.
, 2020
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 8
UNIT 1 .......................................................................................................................... 9
Text A. A COMPUTER ............................................................................................. 9
Text B. THE DIGITAL AGE................................................................................... 10
Essential Vocabulary: TO BE .................................................................................. 12
Grammar Revision and Lexical Exercises: .............................................................. 14
UNIT 2 ........................................................................................................................ 17
Text A. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING ............................................................... 17
Text B. WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM? ................................................... 18
Essential Vocabulary: TO BREAK.......................................................................... 21
UNIT 3 ........................................................................................................................ 25
Text A. THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT Part 1. (before 1900)
.................................................................................................................................. 25
Text B. THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT. Part 2. ................ 26
Essential Vocabulary: TO BRING ........................................................................... 28
UNIT 4 ........................................................................................................................ 33
Text A. COMPUTER SCIENCE. ............................................................................ 33
Text B. COMPUTER ENGINEERING. .................................................................. 35
Essential Vocabulary: TO COME ............................................................................ 37
UNIT 5 ........................................................................................................................ 42
Text A. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER. ................................................................. 42
Text B. What is inside a PC system? ....................................................................... 44
Essential Vocabulary: TO DO ................................................................................. 46
UNIT 6 ........................................................................................................................ 51
Text A. HOW DOES A COMPUTER WORK? ...................................................... 51
Text B. COMPUTERS FOR THE DISABLED ...................................................... 52
Essential Vocabulary: TO GET ............................................................................... 55
UNIT 7 ........................................................................................................................ 59
Text A. HARDWARE.............................................................................................. 59
Text B. SOFTWARE ............................................................................................... 61
Essential Vocabulary: TO GO ................................................................................. 64
UNIT 8 ........................................................................................................................ 69
Text A. MAGNETIC STORAGE ............................................................................ 69
Text B. Different Types of Storage .......................................................................... 70
Essential Vocabulary: TO KEEP ............................................................................. 73
UNIT 9 ........................................................................................................................ 77
Text A. Types of Networks ...................................................................................... 77
Text B. What is a Network Administrator? ............................................................. 79
Essential Vocabulary: TO LOOK ............................................................................ 81
UNIT 10 ...................................................................................................................... 87
Text A. OPERATING SYSTEM ............................................................................. 87
Text B. GUI OPERATING SYSTEMS ................................................................... 89
Essential Vocabulary: TO MAKE ........................................................................... 92
UNIT 11 ...................................................................................................................... 97
Text A. HARD DRIVE ............................................................................................ 97
Text B. SOLID-STATE DRIVE .............................................................................. 98
Essential Vocabulary: TO SET .............................................................................. 100
Grammar Revision and Lexical Exercises: ............................................................ 102
UNIT 12 .................................................................................................................... 105
Text A. E-MAIL ..................................................................................................... 105
Text B. INTERNET ............................................................................................... 106
Essential Vocabulary: TO STRIKE ....................................................................... 108
UNIT 13 .................................................................................................................... 111
Text A. MEMORY IN A FLASH .......................................................................... 111
Text B. DATA STORAGE DEVICE .................................................................... 112
Essential Vocabulary: TO TAKE........................................................................... 114
UNIT 14 .................................................................................................................... 118
Text A. A COMPUTER VIRUS ............................................................................ 118
Text B. THE ANATOMY OF A VIRUS .............................................................. 119
Essential Vocabulary: TO THINK ......................................................................... 121
UNIT 15 .................................................................................................................... 125
Text A. VERTUAL REALITY .............................................................................. 125
Text B. NEW TECHNOLOGIES .......................................................................... 126
Essential Vocabulary: TO TURN .......................................................................... 128
GRAMMAR REFERENCE ................................................................................... 133

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS ...................................................................... 146
COMPUTER GLOSSARY ..................................................................................... 148
REFERENCE BOOKS ........................................................................................... 152
INTRODUCTION
The book is intended for the I-III year students of Applied Math and
Information Technology Departments. It includes both professionally oriented texts
and grammar exercises to form and automate language speaking skills. The aim of
the book is to help the students to master grammar and lexical material. It covers all
the aspects of English grammar and lexis in an easy to follow style.
The book contains 15 thematically built units. The first part of the unit
includes professionally oriented texts, taken from English speaking sources, and the
list of terminology necessary to be learnt. The second part of the book has a lexical
vocabulary developing the skills of language speaking and understanding. The third
part of the book contains grammar exercises developing different aspects of
mastering the language.
8
UNIT 1
Text A: A Computer.
Text B: The Digital Age.
Essential Vocabulary: to be.
Grammar Revision: The Article.
Text A. A COMPUTER
A computer is known to be a device that makes it possible to process

enormous amount of data in an extremely short time. Provided with suitable
facilities computer holds that information almost instantly available for later
comparison, further processing or for combining with new data. It can perform two
types of operations: logical (selecting, comparing and matching) and mathematical
(addition, subtraction, division and multiplication). It allows the user to get
information about the data almost immediately. A computer is not a brain, it cannot
think for itself. It can do only what it is told, with what is told and in the way it is
told. Provided it is told wrong, it will perform incorrectly and will produce wrong
information.
The future of the world may be described in one short phrase computers and
change. The reason is simple. Computers are information processing machines and
information is what makes the world go around. Provision is the made that the
computer used in the system is able to store in its memory cells the information to
be processed as well as the instructions to process it. The growing demands for
instant data have resulted in the invention of the electronic system for processing
records. It is a new and revolutionary system. It makes maximum use of the
automation principle. The application of the computers includes all forms of
automatic control in science and industry and first of all in space exploration, in
automatic piloting navigation and landing of space vehicles. Computer
programming is the progress of the future. Computers will guide the first spaceships
to Venus, Mars and other planets. The state gives energetic support to the
9
development of computer engineering. The Academy of Sciences established a
network of computing centers all over the country. These centers work out new
numerical methods, develop new ways and means of automated programming work.
They solve practical problems for various institutes and develop new types of
electronic computers.
Text B. THE DIGITAL AGE
We are now living in what some people call the digital ag , meaning that
computers have become an essential part of our lives. Young people who have grown
up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers
help students to perform mathematical operations and improve their maths skills.
They are used to access the Internet, to do basic research and to communicate with
other students around the world. Teachers use projectors and interactive whiteboards
to give presentations and teach sciences, history or language courses. PCs are also
used for administrative purposes schools use word processors to write letters, and
databases to keep records of students and teachers. A school website allows teachers
to publish exercises for students to complete online. Students can also enrol for
courses via the website and parents can download official reports.
Mobiles let you make voice calls, send texts, email people and download logos,
ringtones or games. With a built-in camera you can send pictures and make video
calls in face-to-face mode. New smartphones combine a telephone with web access,
video, a games console, an MP3 player, a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a GPS
navigation system, all in one.
In banks, computers store information about the money held by each customer
and enable staff to access large databases and to carry out financial transactions at
high speed. They also control the cashpoints, or ATMs (automatic teller machines),
which dispense money to customers by the use of a PIN-protected card. People use a
Chip and PIN card to pay for goods and services. Instead of using a signature to
verify payments, customers are asked to enter a four-digit personal identification
10
number (PIN), the same number used at cashpoints; this system makes transactions
more secure. With online banking, clients can easily pay bills and transfer money
from the comfort of their homes.
Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example,
monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. In airport
control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate air traffic.
On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies by computer. Travel agents
use computers to find out about the availability of flights, prices, times, stopovers and
many other details.
(English for computer users, Infotech, 4th ed)
Exercise 1. Make sure that you know the following words and word
combinations: device, possible, to process, enormous amount of information, data, to
provide, suitable, computer facilities, comparison, combining, matching, addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, immediately, to produce, to describe, a reason,
simple, a brain, information processing machine, to store, a demand, memory, an
application, a principle, to include, automatic piloting navigation, to guide, computer
programming, to support, computer engineering, to work out, to develop, a mean, to
solve, various.
Exercise 2. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

1.
6.
7.
,
11
.
10.
Essential Vocabulary: TO BE
to be (was, were) to exist, to locate, to be found, to happen, to occur, e.g. We

are people and we are here, where we want to be!
to be about to be going to smth +to V, e.g.
to be away not to be at home, e.g. Where are your parents? They are away.
to be back to return after a long or short absence, e.g.
to be down 1. to be unhappy or depressed, e.g. Until I found a new job, I was
down for a long time. 2. to have fallen or got smaller, e.g. The dollar is down one
cent against the euro.
to be in to be at home, e.g. I tried to phone Donna last night but she wasn't in
so I couldn't speak to her.
to be into to be found of, e. g.
to be off 1. to depart, to leave, to go away, e.g. Well, I must be off. Back in a
few minutes. 2. to be free from duty, not to work, to be on a weekend, e.g. Beatrix
was off today. 3. to be cancelled, not to function, e.g. The light was off. The switch
was off.
to be on 1. something is taking place, e.g. That documentary is on TV tonight
but I don't know which channel it is on. 2. to be working or switched on, e.g. I think
he must be deaf, the TV was on very loud.
12
to be out not to be in, to be out of house, e.g.
to be over to finish, to come to an end, e.g. Supper was over. It was four
to be up 1. to wake up, e.g. This morning he was up early. 2. not to be asleep,

e.g. Sorry. Been up half the night. 3. to stand up (about people); to raise (about the
sun and water); to rise (about prices, speed etc), e.g. Joe is up and moving. e.g.
e. g. e.g.
to be up to 1. to be going to do smth, e.g.

2. to be doing, to be busy with, e.g.
e.g. But one thing was clear.
She was the only one still free. It was up to her now.
Exercise 3. Choose the Correct Answer:

(away; in;
on; up). (away;
down; in; off). (in; out; off;
down). uesday. The flight leaves at 10 a.m. (in; out; off;
down). (away; out; off; down). 6. Shall we go
(away; off; in; on). 7. When I
(on; out; in; down).
(out; off; back; up).

of the increase in the price for petrol (out; off; up; in).
due to bad sales in Europe (away; out; off; down).
Exercise 4. Fill in all the blanks use the appropriate form of the preposition.
1. 2. 3. What time will the
4. 5. My
6. 7. The
13
8. 9. Peter failed his
drivi 10.
returning home from Troy.
Grammar Revision and Lexical Exercises:
THE ARTICLE.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the articles where necessary.
th
century was rep

-looking

1.
6.
14
14.
15.
Exercise 7. Insert articles where necessary and retell the story.
- decide which
-
type-written copy of his speech was no longer in his bag. With despair in his heart my
Mr. Adams. But Mr. Adams delivered his lecture to us.
15
Exercise 8: A minute for a joke.
English Professor
though, such as Russian, a double negative is still a negative. However, there is no

oice from the back of
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS

Exercise 9: Choose the right variant.
(a. playing; b. surfing; c. skating; d. doing). 2.
(a. chat room; b. talk room; c. speak room; d. discussion
room). (a. wording; b.
typing; c. word processing; d. documenting). 4. What do you call the thing you use
for typing? (a. keypad; b. typing board; c. keyboard; d. writing board). 5. Which is
the odd one out? (a. scanner; b. printer; c. hard drive; d. application). 6. What do we
call someone who breaks into a computer system? (a. a computer hacker; b. a
computer thief; c. a computer robber; d. a computer spy)
16
UNIT 2
Text A: Computer Programming.
Text B: What is a Computer Program?
Essential Vocabulary: to break.
Grammar Revision: The Pronouns.
Text A. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Computer programming is a field that has to do with the analytical creation

of source code that can be used to configure computer systems. Computer
programmers may choose to function in a broad range of programming functions, or
specialize in some aspect of development, support, or maintenance of computers for
the home or workplace. Programmers provide the basis for the creation and ongoing
function of the systems that many people rely upon for all sorts of information
exchange, both businesses related and for entertainment purposes.
The computer programmer often focuses on the development of software that
allows people to perform a broad range of functions. All online functions that are
utilized in the home and office owe their origins to a programmer or group of
programmers. Computer operating systems, office suites, word processing programs,
and even Internet dialing software all exist because of the work of programmers.
Computer programming goes beyond software development. The profession
also extends to the adaptation of software for internal use, and the insertion of code
that allows a program to be modified for a function that is unique to a given
environment. When this is the case, the computer programmer may be employed with
a company that wishes to use existing software as the foundation for a customized
platform that will be utilized as part of the company intranet.
A third aspect of computer programming is the ongoing maintenance of
software that is currently running as part of a network. Here, the programmer may
work hand in hand with other information technology specialists to identify issues
17
with current programs, and take steps to adapt or rewrite sections of code in order to
correct a problem or enhance a function in some manner.
In short, computer programming is all about developing, adapting, and
maintaining all the programs that many of us rely upon for both work and play.
Programmers are constantly in demand for all of these three functions, since
businesses and individuals are always looking for new and better ways to make use of
computer technology for all sorts of tasks. With this in mind, computer programming
is a very stable profession to enter, and provides many different possibilities of
employment opportunities.
Text B. WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
The first computers were gigantic calculating machines and all they ever
really did
problems. Today, computers work on a much wider variety of problems but they
are all still, essentially, calculations. Everything a computer does, from helping you
to edit a photogra digital camera to displaying a web page,
digital photo you just taken in a paint or photo-editing program and you decide you
want a mirror image of it (in other words, flip it from left to right). You probably
know that the photo is made up of millions of individual pixels (coloured squares)
arranged in a grid pattern. The computer stores each pixel as a number, so taking a
digital photo is really like an instant, orderly exercise in painting by numbers! To
flip a digital photo, the computer simply reverses the sequence of numbers so they
run from right to left instead of left to right. Or suppose you want to make the
photograph brighter. All you have to d
computer then works through all the pixels, increasing the brightness value for each
one by, say, 10 percent to make the entire image brighter. So, once again, the
problem boils down to numbers and calculations. What makes a computer different
from a calculator is that it can work all by itself. You just give it your instructions
18
(called a program) and off it goes, performing a long and complex series of
operations all by itself. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, if you wanted a home
computer to do almost anything at all, you had to write your own little program to
do it. For example, before you could write a letter on a computer, you had to write a
program that would read the letters you typed on the keyboard, store them in the
memory, and display them on the screen. Writing the program usually took more
time than doing whatever it was that you had originally wanted to do (writing the
letter). Pretty soon, people started selling programs like word processors to save you
the need to write programs yourself. Today, most computer users buy, download, or
share programs like Microsoft Word and Excel. Hardly anyone writes programs any
more. Most people see their computers as tools that help them do jobs, rather than
complex electronic machines they have to pre-program
because most of us have better things to do than computer programming.
Exercise 1. Make sure that you know the following words and word
combinations:
a census, rapidly, general-purpose, a vacuum tube, to wire into, manually, to alter, to
create, to improve, expensive, digital, conceptually, similar, regardless, nevertheless,
a desk-top, a laptop, to fit, a briefcase, to enhance, a capability, an enterprise, a
research establishment, distinct, external, to be composed of, a central processing
unit, distinct, a input device, a memory storage device, an output device, a
communication network, a bus, to link, artificial intelligence.

1.
19
,
2.
-
,
.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with words.

graphics loudspeakers inkjet printer keyboard mouse microphone
voice recognition hard-drive memory flash memory central processing
unit fan LCD
Input: Your _________ and ________for example, are just input units: ways of
getting information into your computer that it can process. If you use a ________and
Memory/storage: Your computer probably stores all your documents and files on a
_________________: a huge magnetic ________________ But smaller, computer-
20
based devices like digital cameras and cellphones use other kinds of storage such as
_______________ cards.
Processing: Your
________________________ ) is a microchip buried deep inside. It works amazingly
has a little
________ blowing away: to stop its brain from overheating!
Output: Your computer probably has an ________ screen capable of displaying
high-resolution (very detailed)_______________, and probably also stereo
_______________________ You may have an ______________________ on your
desk too to make a more permanent form of output.
Essential Vocabulary: TO BREAK
to break (broke, broken) 1. to cut, to tear, to destroy, to ruin .g. fell and
broke his leg. Who broke the window? Glass breaks easily. 2. to feel unwell
(phisically and morally), usu. to be broken, .g. was completely broken as the
violate, to disturb, to breach, as

appointment, .g. She broke the appointment (She did not keep it).
to break (smth.) in two (three, etc.) to divide into pieces, .g. The mother
broke the bread in two and gave each child a piece.
to break down to stop working, e. g.
to break into 1. to interrupt, e. g. No one would have dared to break into his
(Alan Paton). 2. to begin suddenly, e. g. The horse broke into a wild
gallop. The child broke into a flood of tears. 3. to enter (a field of activity), e. g.
broke into broadcast journalism at an early age.
to break off to stop immediately (a conversation, talking), .g. When she came
in he broke off. He broke off in the middle of a sentence.
to break out to start immediately (about war, fire etc.), .g. A fire broke out
during the night.
21
to break throuth to make a sudden, quick advance, as through an obstruction,
e. g. to break throuth the game.
to break to pieces to split into pieces, .g. The vase fell and broke to pieces.
to break up 1. to separate or be separated into pieces, e. g. She broke up a
chocolate bar. The river ice finally broke up. 2. to interrupt the uniformity or
continuity of, e. g. An impromptu visit broke up the long afternoon. 3. to scatter,
disperse, e. g. The crowd broke up after the game. 4. to cease to function or cause to
stop functioning as an organized unit or group, e. g. His jazz band broke up. The new
CEO broke up the corporation. 5. to bring or come to an end, e. g. Guards broke up
the fight. They argued, and their friendship broke up.
to break with smb. or smth. (old habits, traditions, etc.) to come to an end,
.g.
Synonyms: burst, crack, destroy, fracture, ruin, shatter, smash, splinter, split.
Exercise 4. Choose the correct answer:

1. John is a reliable man; he will never ... his word (break; destroy; ruin).
2.Senator Goring was ... by the scandal (broken; destroyed; ruined). 3. All his hopes
of a better job were ... (broken; destroyed; ruined). 4. Three years with little rain ...
the farmer (broke; destroyed; ruined). 5. When Mr. White lost everything he had
worked so hard for, it ... his heart (broke; destroyed; ruined). 6. ... means to split or
crack sharply into pieces by using force (To break; To destroy; To ruin). 7. The
factory was completely ... by a huge explosion (broken; destroyed; ruined). 8. A lot of
houses were ... by the hurricane (broken; destroyed; ruined). 9. The mud in the street
will ... your shoes (break; destroy; ruin). 10. ootprints;
they had been ... (broken; destroyed; ruined). 11. Promises are given to be ... (broken;
destroyed; ruined). 12. The ice ... under his feet and he sank into cold water (broke;
destroyed; ruined). 13. I think that Sam was not much of a businessman and his poor
business skills ... him (broke; destroyed; ruined). 14. The workmen ... up the
pavement to dig up the pipes under it (broke; destroyed; ruined). 15. Lionel is ... he
has lost all his money (broken; destroyed; ruined).
22
THE PRONOUNS.
Exercise 5. Insert pronouns where necessary.
house. 3. Do you know that man?

1.
Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronouns and retell the topic.
23
facts about plant and animal life. One nature program
television. Kate watched a lot of television w

An English professor told her students that there would be no excuse for not
showing up for their final exam, except for serious injury, illness, or a death in the
e entire class did its best to stifle their laughter.

When silence was restored, the teacher smiled sympathetically at the student, shook

Exercise 9: Choose the right answer.
1. (part; section; area).
-oriented programming languages like Java (code;
subject; object). 3. Most of my experience is in back- (side; end; to-
back). 4. SQL is pronounced (sequel; scale; school). (see
sharp; see pound; see number). (program; coding;
code). (language; tongue; lingo).
rk properly ( ; ; ). 9. ASP.NET is
(strong; powerful; power). 10. This is a
(scripting; inscription; script).
24
UNIT 3
Text: The History of Computer Development (before 1900). Part 1.
Text B: The History of Computer Development. Part 2.
Essential Vocabulary: to bring.
Grammar Revision: The Quantifiers (much, many, few, little, a lot).
Text A.
THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT
Part 1. (before 1900)
People have been using mechanical devices to aid calculation for thousands of
years. For example, the abacus probably existed in Babylonia (present-day Iraq)
about 3000 B.C.E. The ancient Greeks developed some very sophisticated analog
computers. In 1901, an ancient Greek shipwreck was discovered off the island of
Antikythera. Inside was a salt-encrusted device (now called the Antikythera
mechanism) that consisted of rusted metal gears and pointers. When this c. 80 B.C.E.
device was reconstructed, it produced a mechanism for predicting the motions of the
stars and planets. John Napier (1550 1617), the Scottish inventor of logarithms,
task of multiplication. In 1641 the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise

Pascal (1623 1662) built a mechanical adding machine. Similar work was done by
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 1716). Leibniz also advocated use of the binary
system for doing calculations.
Recently it was discovered that Wilhelm Schickard (1592 1635), a graduate of
-4, before
both Pascal and Leibniz. A brief description of the device is contained in two letters
to Johannes Kepler. Unfortunately, at least one copy of the machine burned up in a
War. Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752 1834) invented a loom that could weave
25
complicated patterns described by holes in punched cards. Charles Babbage (1791
1871) worked on two mechanical devices: the Difference Engine and the far more
ambitious Analytical Engine (a precursor of the modern digital computer), but neither
worked satisfactorily. The Difference Engine can be viewed nowadays in the Science
Countess of Lovelace (1815 1852), sometimes is called the

rogramming language
Ada was named after her). William Stanley Jevons (1835 1882), a British
economist and logician, built a machine in 1869 to solve logic problems. It was the
first such machine with sufficient power to solve a complicated problem faster than
the problem could be solv s aid. It is now in the Oxford
Museum of the History of Science. Herman Hollerith (1860 1929) invented the
modern punched card for use in a machine he designed to help tabulate the 1890
census.
Text B.
THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT.
Part 2.
The rapidly advancing field of electronics led to construction of the first general-
purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It was
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), the device contained
18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute.
Its program was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered. Later
transistors appeared. The use of the transistor in computers began in the late 1950s. It
marked the advent of smaller, faster elements than it was possible to create with the
use of vacuum-tube machines. Because transistors use less power and have a much
longer life, computers alone were improved a lot. They were called second-
generation computers. Components became smaller and the system became less
expensive to build. Modern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless
26
of size and shape. Nevertheless, they can be divided into several categories on the
basis of cost and performance. The first one is the personal computer or
microcomputer, a relatively low-cost machine, usually of desk-top size. Sometimes
they are called laptops. They are small enough to fit in a briefcase. The second is the
workstation, a microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communications
capabilities that make it especially useful for office work. And the server computers,
a large expensive machine with the capability of serving the needs of major business
enterprises, government departments, scientific research establishments. The largest
and fastest of these are called supercomputers.
A digital computer is not actually a single machine, in the sense that most
people think of computers. Instead it is a system composed of five distinct elements:
a central processing unit, input devices, memory storage devices, output devices and
a co that links all the elements of the system
and connects the system itself to the external world. Computer speeds are measured
in gigahertz today. Recently, an optical central processing unit has been invented,
which is capable of executing trillions discrete operations per second or it is as fast as
the speed of light.
So, we are at the threshold of new computer era, when artificial intelligence
could be invented. There are no questions with if, the only question is when. And
time will show us either computers become our best friends or our evil enemies as it
is shown in some movies.
Exercise 1: Make sure that you know the following words and word
combinations: to aid, to calculate, to consist, sophisticated analog computer, ancient,
rusted metal gear, to predict, a motion, to reconstruct, to invent, to simplify, a rod,
mechanical adding machine, to graduate, to advocate, binary system, a loom, to
weave, a pattern, a punched card, satisfactory, to view, to report, sufficient,
complicated, a programming language, to tabulate, a census, rapidly, general-
purpose, a vacuum tube, to wire into, manually, to alter, to create, to improve,
expensive, digital, conceptually, similar, regardless, nevertheless, a desk-top, a
27
laptop, to fit, a briefcase, to enhance, a capability, an enterprise, a research
establishment, distinct, external, to be composed of, a central processing unit,
distinct, a input device, a memory storage device, an output device, a communication
network, a bus, to link, artificial intelligence.
3.
5.
7.
8.
.
XIV XVII
Essential Vocabulary: TO BRING
to bring (brought, brought) to carry, to fetch, e.g. What can I bring you?
to bring about to cause smth, e. g. What brought about this quarrel?
28
to bring along to bring someone or something with one to some event, e. g.
I brought my uncle along to the party. Please bring along your camera to the show.
to bring away 1. to come away from some event with some important insight
or information, e. g. I brought some valuable advice away from the lecture. She
brought away some valuable advice from the meeting. 2. to move something away
from something. (A request to move something away from something and toward the
requester.), e. g. Bring the pitcher of water away from the fireplace. Bring away the
pitcher from the fireplace when you get up.
to bring (back) to mind (things of the past), e. g. The snapshot brought back
to me my childhood.
to bring down 1. to cause smth or smb to fall or come down, e. g. The hunter
brought down a deer. 2. to reduce (about prices), e. g. Shopkeepers have been asked
to bring down their prices.
to bring someone down to earth (with a bang/bump) (colloq.) to make
someone face reality, unpleasant truth, etc., e. g. He had no idea how food prices had
to bring forth 1. to give rise to; produce, e. g. plants bringing forth fruit. 2. to
give birth to (young).
to bring forward to suggest (an idea), e.g. Nick has brought forward a
proposal recently.
to bring home to to persuade smb to believe smth, e. g. You must bring the
difficulty home to John.
to bring in to yield (money), as profit or earnings, e. g. He does odd jobs that
brings him in ten to twelve pounds a week.
to bring in a verdict (in a court of law) to give a judgment, e. g. She usually
brings wro
to bring into to start to act, to move, e. g. At last you brought into action.
to bring on to cause (to happen), e. g.
29
to bring out 1. to reveal (smth) to be seen or known, to show to smb, e. g.
e. g.
When are the publishers bringing out his new book?
to bring over to take someone or something from one place to the place where
someone else is, especially their home, e. g. ll bring my holiday photos over when I
come.
to bring around\round to persuade smb to change his opinion, e. g. We must
bring the rest of the committee round to our point of view.
to bring to an end to make something reach its final point
bring to light to reveal or disclose, e. g. brought the real facts to light.
to bring together cau join these two parts
Syn. to draw together, to bind.
to bring through to help someone endure something, such as a disease, an
emotional upset, or a stressful period, e. g. The doctor brought Tom through the
sickness. Liz was brought through the ordeal by her friends.
to bring smb round to cause smb to regain consciousness or remember his
surroundings, e. g. Some cold water on her face might bring her round (bring her to
herself/to her senses). The sudden sound of the train whistle brought me to myself; I
had not known how far I had been walking, deep in thought.
to bring up 1. to educate; raise (a child), e. g. My aunt brought up four
children. 2. to mention or introduce (a subject), e. g. Your suggestion will be brought
up at the next meeting.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks using the words below.

along around away back into on out over through up
wife at the party. s. 4.
30
from the experience. Did you learn anything at all? 6. They brought a pizza and some
7. You are only allowed to bring
8. When we go camping,
THE QUANTIFIERS.
Exercise 4. Insert much, many, (a) little, (a) few, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal.
not like flying on planes.
e,

1.
31
Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the quantifiers and retell
the topic.
The Nobel Prize.
people or groups of people have achieved. They are awarded in six areas: physics,
chemistry, medicine, literature, peace and economics. The prizes come from a fund
that was created by the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. He wanted to use some of his
medal, a d
countries and religions. Only the Peace Prize can also be given to a group. The first
Nobel Prizes were handed out on December 10, 1901 five years after Alfred
Nobel's death. Nobel was a chemist, engineer and inventor whose most famous
invention, dynamite, made him a rich man. Although he gave the world such a deadly
ankind. Officials at first handed out only five

prizes a year. The prize for economics was first awarded in 1969. In some years
prizes have not been awarded because there were no worthy candidates. All prizes are
presented in Stockholm, Sweden, only the Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway.
Exercise 7. A minute for a brainteaser.
32
UNIT 4
Text A: Computer Science.
Text B: Computer Engineering.
Essential Vocabulary: to come.
Grammar Revision: The Numerals.
Text A. COMPUTER SCIENCE.
Computer Science (CS) is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure,

expression, and mechanization of the methodical processes (or algorithms) that
underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and
access to information, whether such information is encoded in bits and bytes in a
computer memory or transcribed in genes and protein structures in a human cell. In
other words CS is the study of computers and how they work and basic skills in
computer programming. CS is the scientific and practical approaches to computation
and its applications. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and
the design of computational systems. Its subfields can be divided into a variety of
theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity
theory, are highly abstract, while fields such as computer graphics emphasize real-
world visual applications. Still other fields focus on the challenges in implementing
computation.
For example, programming language theory considers various approaches to
the description of computation, whilst the study of computer programming itself
investigates various aspects of the use of programming language and complex
systems. Human-computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers
and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. Computer
Science refers to the processes used to create usable computer programs and
applications together with all theory behind those processes. It s the science of
computing, not the electrical engineering of the hardware, as some seem to think. CS
is practiced by mathematicians, scientists and engineers. Mathematic (s), the origins
33
of Computer Science (science in 8-16th centuries), provides reason and logic. The
science provides the methodology for learning and refinement.Engineering provides
the techniques for building hardware and software.
Information Technology (IT) on the other hand refers to the application of
computer programs to solve business processes or we can say IT is the application of
technology in business (or with school term: IT is learning to use computers in
business or in any practical application). It is very vast in terms of scale because it is
applied virtually to any type of process that may require automation, from business,
scientific research to the music industry, telecoms and banking.
The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the
invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical
tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity but they only supported the
human mind, aiding in computations as complex as multiplication and division.
Despite its short history as a formal academic discipline, computer science has made
a number of fundamental contributions to science and society in fact, along with
electronics, it is a founding science of the current epoch of human history called the
Information Age and a driver of the Information Revolution.
These main contributions in CS include: 1. the start of the revoluti
which includes the current Information Age and the Internet; 2. a formal definition
of computation and computability, and proof that there are computationally
unsolvable and intractable problems; 3. the concept of a programming language, a
tool for the precise expression of methodological information at various levels of
abstraction; 4. n cryptography, breaking the Enigma code was an important factor
contributing to the Allied victory in World War II; 5. artificial intelligence (AI) is
becoming increasingly important as it gets more efficient and complex. There are
many applications of the AI, some of which can be seen at home, such as robotic
vacuum cleaners etc.
34
Text B. COMPUTER ENGINEERING.
Computer engineering (CpE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several

fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer
hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic
engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware-software
integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering.
Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and
firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog
sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems.
Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on
using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors,
communications, and sensors.
In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are
allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year because the
full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond
the scope of an undergraduate degree. Other institutions may require engineering
students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring
computer engineering as their primary focus
Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer
through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. John Vincent Atanasoff
was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford
Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. Together, they
created the Atanasoff-Berry computer, also known as the ABC which took 5 years to
complete. While the original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s a
tribute was made to the late inventors, a replica of the ABC was made in 1997 where
it took a team of researchers and engineers four years and $350,000 to build.
The modern personal computer emerged in the 1970s, after several
breakthroughs in semiconductor technology. These include the first working
35
transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs
in 1947, the silicon surface passivation process (via thermal oxidation) by
Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs in 1957, the monolithic integrated circuit chip by
Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, the metal-oxide-semiconductor
field-effect transistor (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and
Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and the single-chip microprocessor (Intel
4004) by Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at
Intel in 1971.
The first computer engineering degree program in the United States was
established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. As of
2015, there were 250 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S. In
Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies
part of the EQANIE network. Due to increasing job requirements for engineers who
can concurrently design hardware, software, firmware, and manage all forms of
computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a
degree generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering
and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their
curriculum. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of
mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering)
combinations: basic skills, to specialize, a subfield, a variety, whilst, a description,
to focus, a challenge, to consider, to investigate, human-computer interaction,
universally accessible, antiquity, despite, human mind, to contribute, current epoch,
definition, unsolvable, robot vacuum cleaner, increasingly important.

1.
36
2.
3.
4.
5. 1000
6.
7.
8.
9. .
10. 11.
. 12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Essential Vocabulary: TO COME
to come (came, come) (esp. up to, down to) to reach, e. g. The water came (up)
to my neck.
to come about to happen, e. g. never understand how it came about that
you were an hour late on such a short journey.
to come along (on) to advance, to improve, e. g. coming along
nicely, thank you.
37
come around/round 1. to recover, revive, e. g. fainted but soon came around.
2. to change one's opinion or position, e. g. ll come around after you hear the
whole story.
come at 1. to obtain; get: come at an education through study. 2. to rush at;
attack.
to come by to obtain, e. g. Jobs were hard to come by with so many people out
of work.
to come down to lose position, respect or social rank, e. g. John came down in
my opinion after his bad behaviour at the dance.
to come in to become fashionable, e. g. When did the short skirt first come in?
to come into to acquire, especially as an inheritance, e. g. She came into a
fortune on her 21st birthday.
to come off 1. to cease being joined to smth, e. g. I tried to pick up the bucket,
but the handle came off in my hand. 2. (informal) to succeed, e. g. It was a bold idea,
but it is still came off.
to come on (informal) to start, e. g. I can feel a cold coming on.
to come out to become clear or known, e. g. The truth came out at the inquiry.
to come over 1. to change sides, as in a controversy. 2. to pay a casual visit.
to come up with to bring forth, discover, or produce, e. g. came up with a cure
for the disease.
to come upon to discover or meet by accident.
to come to come to life, to regain consciousness, e. g. The girl faulted, but she
came to when we threw drops of water on her face.
to come true to happen as predicted, e. g. My fondest dreams have at last come
true.
to come with informal to accompany someone; go along, e. g. m going to the
store; do you want to come with?
38
Exercise 3. Complete the phrasal verbs according to their meaning in brackets.
1. When I was reading the paper, I (to be found) this article. 2. How did this
mess (to happen) 3. We were at a complete loss, and then Jane (to produce) a
brilliant idea. 4. His new novel will (to be published) soon. 5. What it all (to
signify) is that ll have to pay more for less. 6. For the production of his new
film, the actor (to come) from the United States. 7. Where did you (to buy)
this old painting in the living-room? 8. Do you think oil prices will (to be lower)
again? 9. It was dark, when we (to reach) his house. 10. When I tried to open the
door, the door handle (to become detached)

across along away into off out over through up with
1. He came a lot of money at a very early age, so he has never had to work.
2. We are going to the beach later. Would you like to come ? 3. At first, he comes
as rather shy. But when you get to know him, notice he has a hilarious sense
of humor. 4. They were having problems with the radio, so none of the
messages came clearly. 5. The pictures I took on vacation came great. I
wait to show them to you. 6. Although the negotiations lasted more than two weeks,
the representatives came feeling like they had accomplished nothing. 7. Sam and
Evan came with a great marketing strategy for their new product. 8. The toy
come batteries. You have to buy them separately. 9. Camille is coming
for dinner tonight. 10. When I tried to open the door, the knob came in my hand
and I was stuck in the room for more than two hours.
THE NUMERALS.
Exercise 5. Write in Words.
as cardinal numerals: 8; 11; 13; 15; 33; 55; 451; 789; 1440; 8090, 35709,
7536182.
as ordinal numerals: 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 8; 9; 11; 12; 33; 40; 99; 100; 108.
39
as common and decimal fractions: 0.4; 1.25; 16.49; 253.357; ;4 ;6 ; ;
17 .
as dates: 22.07.1870; 442 . .; 18 . . .; 2013 .
Exercise 6. Translate from Ukrainian into English:

a). 1993
80- 87
1400 1901 2000
1983
70
614-
1. 2.
705- 3.
4. 5. 2005
20 6. 7.
70- 8. 7.55 9.
5.12. 10. 29
11. 15
12. 2,5 13.
14. 18
2013 15.
Exercise 7. Read and retell the topic.

Internet.
Internet is a network connecting many computer networks and based on a
common addressing system and communications protocol called TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). From its creation in 1983 it grew
rapidly beyond its largely academic origin into an increasingly commercial and
40
popular medium. By the mid-1990s the Internet connected millions of computers
throughout the world. Many commercial computer network and data services also
provided at least indirect connection to the Internet. The Internet had its origin in a U.
S. Department of Defense program called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects)
Agency Network), established in 1969 to provide a secure and survivable
communications network for organizations engaged in defense-related research
Researchers and academics in other fields began to make use of the network, and at
length the National Science Foundation (NSF), which had created a similar and
parallel network called NSFNet, took over much of the TCP/IP technology from
ARPANET and established a distributed network of networks capable of handling far
greater traffic. Amateur radio, cable television wires, spread spectrum radio, satellite,
and fibre optics all have been used to deliver Internet services. Networked games,
networked monetary transactions, and virtual museums are among applications being
developed that both extend the network's utility and test the limits of its technology.

Exercise 8. Supply the appropriate word chosen from those at the end of the
exercise.
Warbles rattles roars croaks squeaks
chatters chirps hoots bleats cooes
1. A lamb ... 2. A mouse ... 3. A pigeon ... 4. A bird ... 5. An owl ... 6. A crow
... 7. A tiger ... 8. A rattlesnake ... 9. A nightingale ... 10. A monkey ...
41
UNIT 5
Text A: Parts of a Computer.
Text B: What is inside a PC system?
Essential Vocabulary: to do.
Grammar Revision: The Plural Form of the Nouns.
Text A. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER.
A computer is an electronic machine that processes information in other

words, an information processor: it takes in raw information (or data) at one end,
stores it until ready to work on it, chews and crunches it for a bit, then spits out
the results at the other end. All these processes have a name. Taking in information
is called input, storing information is better known as memory (or storage), chewing
information is also known as processing, and spitting out results is called output.
Imagine if a computer were a person. Suppose you have a friend really good
at math. She is so good that everyone she knows posts their math problems to her.
Each morning, she goes to her letterbox and finds a pile of new math problems
waiting for her attention. She piles them up on her desk until she gets around to
looking at them. Each afternoon, she takes a letter off the top of the pile, studies the
problem, works out the solution, and scribbles the answer on the back. She puts this
in an envelope addressed to the person who sent her the original problem and sticks
it in her out tray, ready to post. Then she moves to the next letter in the pile. You
can see that your friend is working just like a computer. Her letterbox is her input;
the pile on her desk is her memory; her brain is the processor that works out the
solutions to the problems; and the out tray on her desk is her output. Once you
understand that computers are about input, memory, processing, and output, all the
junk on your desk makes a lot more sense:
Memory/storage: Your computer probably stores all your documents and files on a
hard-drive: a huge magnetic memory, alternatively referred to as HDD, the
hard drive is the s main storage media device that permanently stores
42
all data on the computer. But smaller, computer-based devices like digital
cameras and cellphones use other kinds of storage such as flash memory cards.
Processing: Your comp processor (sometimes known as the central processing
unit) is a microchip buried deep inside. It works amazingly hard and gets
incredibly hot in the process. why your computer has a little fan blowing
away to stop its brain from overheating! A sound card is an expansion card
or integrated circuit that provides a computer with the ability to produce sounds
that can be heard by the user either over speakers or headphones; a video card
(also called a graphics card, display card, graphics adapter, or display
adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a
display device (such as a computer monitor).
Input: Your keyboard and mouse, for example, are just input units ways of
getting information into your computer that it can process. A keyboard allows a
computer user to input letters, numbers, and other symbols into a computer; a
mouse is a hardware input device that allows an individual to manipulate on-
screen objects such as icons, files, and folders. If you use a microphone and
voice recognition software, another form of input. An optical scanner is
a hardware input device that allows a user to take an image or text and convert
it into a digital file, allowing the computer to read or display the scanned
object;
Output: Your computer probably has an LCD screen capable of displaying high-
resolution (very detailed) graphics, and probably also stereo loudspeakers.
You may have an inkjet printer on your desk too, to make a more permanent
form of output. A printer is an external hardware device responsible for taking
computer data and generating a hard copy of that data; a plotter is a computer
hardware device similar to a printer that uses a pen, pencil, marker or other
writing tool to make a design; a projector is an output device that can take the
display of a computer screen and project a large version of it onto a flat
surface.
43
Text B. What is inside a PC system?
Processing. The nerve centre of a PC is the processor, also called the CPU, or
central processing unit. This is built into a single chip which executes program
instructions and coordinates the activities that take place within the computer
system.The chip itself is a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical circuit 5
called an integrated circuit.
The processor consists of three main parts: 1) the control unit examines the
instructions in the user's program, interprets each instruction and causes the circuits
and the rest of the components monitor, disk drives, etc. to execute the functions
specified; 2) the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs mathematical calculations (+, -
, etc.) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT); 3) the registers are high-speed units
of memory used to store and control data. One of the registers (the program counter,
or PC) keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. The
other (the instruction register, or IR) holds the instruction that is being executed.
The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of
its processor. A system clock sends out signals at fixed intervals to measure and
synchronize the flow of data. Clock speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). For
example, a CPU running at 4GHz (four thousand million hertz, or cycles, per 20
second) will enable your PC to handle the most demanding applications.
RAM and ROM. The programs and data which pass through the processor
must be loaded into the main memory in order to be processed. Therefore, when the
user runs a program, the CPU looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a copy into
the RAM chips. RAM (random access memory) is volatile that is, its information is
lost when 25 the computer is turned off. However, ROM (read only memory) is non-
volatile, containing instructions and routines for the basic operations of the CPU. The
BIOS (basic input/output system) uses ROM to control communication with
peripherals. RAM capacity can be expanded by adding extra chips, usually contained
in 30 small circuit boards called dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs).
44
Buses and cards. The main circuit board inside your system is called the
motherboard and contains the processor, the memory chips, expansions slots, and
controllers for peripherals, connected by buses electrical channels which allow
devices inside the computer to communicate with each other. For example, the front
35 side bus carries all data that passes from the CPU to other devices. The size of a
bus, called bus width, determines how much data can be transmitted. It can be
compared to the number of lanes on a motorway the larger the width, the more data
can travel along the bus. For example, a 64-bit bus can transmit 64 bits of data.
Expansion slots allow users to install expansion cards, adding features like sound,
memory and network capabilities.
combinations: to run, flat, a laser, round storage medium, unlike, to allow, to be
written to once, power supply, to integrate, interface, to refer, to manipulate,
permanently, external, an icon, a file, a folder, a display, a tool, to generate, a scanned
object, an image, an expansion, to convert, to sound, a headphone, a screen, to
project, flat surface, letters and numbers.

1. .
0 1
Binary Digit.
2. -
3.
,
4. -
5.
45
6.
7.
8.
9.
Essential Vocabulary: TO DO
to do (did, done) 1. to make, to create, to perform , as to do work, duty,

shopping, morning exercises, .g. You did well (wrong) to refuse. Having nothing
better to do I went for a walk. nothing to be done now. No sooner said than
done. Well begun is half done. 2. to put in order, as to do hair (room, bed, etc.),
.g. I like the way she does her hair. Will you do the beds while I do the window? 3.
to see the sights, .g. Did you do the British Museum when you were in London? We
often see foreigners in Moscow doing the sights. 4.to fit, to match: that will
do, .g. It do to play all day. The room will do us quite well. It won't do to sit
up so late. This sort of work won't do for him. Will this sheet of paper do? 5.to
succeed, .g. Le Ros did well in the Bureau. Everything in the garden is doing
splendidly. She is doing very well at school.
to do a sum to count, to calculate, e. g. Lets do a sum one more time and
compare the results.
to do away with smth to finish, to give up, .g. Smoking should be done away
with.
to do by to behave with respect to; deal with, e. g. The children have done well
by their aged parents.
46
to do good, to do harm, .g. This medicine do you any good. His
holiday has done him a world (a lot, a great deal) of good. It will do you more harm
than good.
to do in slang 1. to tire completely; exhaust, e. g. The marathon did me in. 2. to
kill. 3. to ruin utterly, e. g. Huge losses on the stock market did many investors in.
to do best to do everything possible, .g. I must do my best to help him.
to have to do with smb. (smth.) to deal with, .g. He has to do with all sorts of
people. We have to do with facts, not theories. or to have smth. (nothing, not much,
little, etc.) to do with smb. (smth.), .g. I advise you to have nothing to do with him.
What have I to do with it?
to be done in you are very tired, totally exhausted, e. g. When I got home, I
collapsed into bed. I was completely done in.
to be out to clean and tidy a place thoroughly, e. g. done my wardrobes
out and given away all my old clothes.
to do out in to decorate a place in a certain color or style, e. g. The bedroom
was done out in blue and looked very cold.
to do over to do something again, e. g. I like it, so I have decided to do it
over and paint it another color.
to do up 1. to fasten something, e. g. Can you do the zip up for me, please? I
do it myself. 2. to renovate an old building or house, e. g. They bought an old
house in France and spent a few years doing it up.
to do with 1. to explain there is a connection from one thing to another, e. g.
got nothing to do with me. not responsible for that. 2. used to say that you
would like to have something, e. g. I could do with something to eat. I eaten
since breakfast.
to do without means you manage to live despite not having something, e. g. I
forgot to buy milk so just have to do without.
47
Exercise 3.Choose the correct answer.
1. Do your laces before you trip over them (away with; out; over; up). 2. I
need your help. I can do it (in; out; with; without). 3. something to do
health, but I think ne is a doctor (away with; out in; with; up). 4. I get
the car in the garage any more. going to have to do it and make some space
(away with; in; out; without). 5. The whole house was done country style with lots
of wood and flowers everywhere (out; out in; over; up). 6. I could do a goood
sleep. I had one for weeks (away with; out in; with; without). 7.
do formality and use our first name (away with; up; over; without). 8. I had to do
it because my computer crashed and I saved any data (over; up; with;
without). 9. Our warehouses along the river have been done and made into
beautiful flats (in; out in; up; with). 10. Working in the garden did me . going
to have an early night (in; out; up; over).
THE PLURAL FORM OF THE NOUNS.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets and put the correct endings to plural form.
1. The wood cutters used their (axe) to chop down the trees. 2. They need two
more (chair) to sit on. 3. Why have you bought only three (kilo) of (potato)? 4. In the
fall, the (leaf) begin to change colour. 5. All of the (bus) left at the same time. 6. The
mayors of all neighbouring (city) are coming to greet guests. 7. For Christmas my
parents gave my sisters (dress) and my brother and me (watch). 8. (Library) are
always open on (Tuesday). 9. The words (monkey) and (donkey) have the same
ending. 10. We send our best (wish) and many (kiss) to everybody.

1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
48
9. 10.
11. 12.
13. 14.
15.
Exercise 6: Read and retell the topic.

Intelligence.
What does it mean? The word has two main meanings in
English. First, it can mean if you are intelligent, you can think
clearly and rationally, for example. But also means information. For
example, we can talk about and that means, information
about what is happening in a market, such as the stock market or the international oil
market. Very often, we use to mean information which is secret, or
which has been obtained illegally. Many governments have
which collect secret information about other countries, or about the government's
opponents at home. Intelligence services employ agents or, to use the more normal
word, spies. To spy on someone means to watch them secretly, without them
knowing. A few days ago, an advert appeared in the jobs section of the newspaper
which I read. t keep your intelligence it said. It was an advertisement
for jobs in the British Secret Intelligence Service the SIS or, as it is sometimes
known, MI6. It was an advertisement for spies.
Many years ago, I worked in British Embassies in the Middle East and in
Scandinavia. In the Embassies, there were some diplomats who were from the Secret
Intelligence Service (SIS). It was supposed to be secret, but everyone knew who they
were. Of course, we were not allowed to call them spies, or people from the
intelligence service we had to refer to them as Sometimes we saw
their intelligence reports. They were marked and told us things that we
knew already. I do not know how the SIS recruited people to work for them in those
days. Perhaps they approached people in secret, and invited them to secret interviews
with secret people. In those days, too, the name of the head of the SIS was never
49
made public. He was known only as He wrote things in green ink. No one else
was allowed to use green ink. It was all very ridiculous.
But nowadays it is different. The SIS advertises for spies in the newspapers,
and even has a website which tells you what the SIS does and what sort of people it
wants to recruit. It has a grand headquarters building at Vauxhall Cross in the centre
of London. And we know that the head of the SIS is called John Scarlett. He is well-
known in Britain. In his previous job, he advised our government that it was OK to
say that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. The fact that he was
completely wrong obviously did his career no harm. But that is how many
organizations work. If you are a junior employee and you make a big mistake, they
sack you. If you are a senior person, they promote you.

A Programmer and an Engineer are sitting next to each other on an air plane.
The Programmer leans over to the Engineer and asks if he wants to play a fun game.
The Engineer just wants to sleep so he politely declines, turns away and tries to sleep.
The Programmer persists and explains that a real easy game. He explains, ask a
question and if you know the answer you pay me $5. Then you ask a question
and if I know the answer pay you Again the Engineer politely declines
and tries to sleep. The Programmer, now somewhat agitated, says, if you
know the answer you pay me $5 and if I know the answer I pay you
Now, that got the attention, so he agrees to the game. The Programmer
asks the first question, the distance from the Earth to the M Then
Engineer say a word and just hands the Programmer $5. Now, it s the
turn. He asks the Programmer, goes up a hill with three legs and
comes down on The Programmer looks at him with a puzzled look, takes out
his laptop computer, looks through all his references and in about an hour wakes the
Engineer and hands the Engineer $50. The Engineer politely takes the $50 turns away
and tries to return to sleep. The Programmer, a little miffed, asks, s the
answer to the Without a word, the Engineer reaches into his wallet, hands
$5 to the Programmer, turns away and returns to sleep.
50
UNIT 6
Text A: How does a Computer Work?
Text B: Computers for the Disabled.
Essential Vocabulary: to get.
Grammar Revision: The Possessive Case of the Nouns.
Text A. HOW DOES A COMPUTER WORK?
When you first press the power button the computer sends a signal to the
computer power supply, which converts the alternating current (AC) into a direct
current (DC) to supply the computer and its components with the proper amount of
voltage and electricity. Once the computer and its components have received ample
power and the power supply reports no errors it sends a signal (using transistors) to
the motherboard and the computer processor (CPU). While this is happening, the
processor will clear any leftover data in the memory registers and give the CPU
program counter a F000 hexadecimal number. This number is the location of the first
instruction and tells the CPU that s ready to process the instructions contained in
the basic input/output system (BIOS).
When the computer first looks at the BIOS, it begins the power-on self-test
(POST) sequence to make sure the components in the computer are present and
functioning properly. If the computer does not pass any of these tests, it will
encounter an irregular POST. An irregular POST is a beep code that is different from
the standard one or two beeps. For example, an irregular POST could generate no
beeps at all or a combination of different beeps to indicate the cause of the failure. If
the computer passes the initial POST, it will next look at the first 64-bytes of memory
located in the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip, which is
kept alive by the CMOS battery even when the computer is turned off. This chip
contains information such as the system time and date and information about all the
hardware installed in your computer. After loading the CMOS information, the POST
will begin inspecting and comparing the system settings with what is installed in the
51
computer. If no errors are found it will then load the basic device drivers and
interrupt handlers for hardware such as the hard drive, keyboard, mouse, floppy
drive. These basic drivers allow the CPU to communicate with these hardware
devices and allow the computer to continue its boot process.
Next, the POST will check the real-time clock (RTC) or system timer and the
computer system bus to make sure both of these are properly working on the
computer. Finally, ll get a picture on your display after the POST has loaded the
memory contained on the display adapter and has made it part of the overall system
BIOS. Next, the BIOS will check to see if s currently performing a cold boot or
warm boot (reboot) by looking at the memory address, if it sees the BIOS knows that
this is a reboot and will skip the remainder of the POST steps. If it is not seen, the
BIOS knows that this is a cold boot and will continue running additional POST steps.
Next, it tests the computer memory (RAM) installed in the computer by writing to
each chip. With many computers, know s performing this step if you see the
computer counting the total installed memory as booting.
Finally, the POST will send signals to the computer floppy, optical, and hard
drive to test these drives. If all drives pass the test, the POST is complete and
instructs the computer to start the process of loading the operating system.
Text B. COMPUTERS FOR THE DISABLED
Computers have taken a dominant role in our society, meaning most jobs now
require access to computers and the Internet. But what happens if a person is blind,
deaf or motor-disabled? They needn't worry. The latest assistive technology is
designed to help them use computers and do their jobs in the office, learn at school,
or interact with their families at home. In addition, new laws oblige companies to
adapt the workplace to accommodate disabled people. For example, the Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the UK's Disability Discrimination Act make it
illegal for employers to discriminate against people with disabilities.
52
To work effectively, most blind users need to have their computers adapted
with technologies such as Braille, screen magnifiers, speech synthesis and Optical
Character Recognition (OCR).
Braille keyboards have Braille lettering on keyboard overlays, allowing the
blind user to easily identify each key. For output, there are printers, called Braille
embossers, that produce tactile Braille symbols on both sides of a page at high speed.
For someone with limited but usable vision, a screen magnifier may be
appropriate. This type of software can enlarge text and images appearing on the
screen by up to 16 times.
A speech synthesis system is used to read aloud the work on the computer. It
has a speech synthesizer, which produces the audio output, and a screen reader the
program which reads aloud text and menus from word processors, databases and the
Web.
OCR uses a flatbed scanner and specialized OCR software to read printed
material and send the text to the computer. The PC can then produce a copy of the
text in Braille, a magnified copy, or a version that can be read aloud by a speech
synthesis system.
Deaf computer users can overcome many communication difficulties with the
aid of visual alerts, electronic notetakers and textphones. Visual alerts are indicators
that alert the deaf user when they receive new mail or when there is a system error.
So instead of hearing a sound, the user is alerted by a blinking menu bar or by a
message on the screen. Electronic notetakers use software that types a summary of
what is said in meetings onto the computer screen.
Textphones allow the deaf to type and read phone conversations. They are also
called TDDs (Telephone Devices for the Deaf) or TTYs (TeleTypewriters). They can
be used in combination with relay services, where an operator says what the text user
types, and types what a voice phone user says. Deaf people can also communicate via
SMS and instant messaging.
53
Motor-impaired workers unable to type on a standard keyboard can employ
expanded or ergonomic keyboards, on-screen keyboards, adaptive switches and
voice recognition systems.
On-screen keyboards are software images of a keyboard that appear on the
screen and may be activated with a trackball, touch screen, screen pointing device, or
eye movements. In an eyegaze system, the keys on the virtual keyboard are activated
by the user's eyes when they pause on a key for two or three seconds.
Switches come in many shapes and sizes. They are operated by muscle
movements or breath control. For example, a pneumatic switch known as a sip and
puff allows someone with quadriplegia to control the PC by puffing and sipping air
through a pneumatic tube. People with quadriplegia can also use sip and puff
joysticks. Finally, there's voice recognition, which allows the computer to interpret
human speech, transforming the words into digitized text or instructions.
Combinations: power button, to convert, direct current, ample power, to report, an
error, leftover data, a location, power-on self-test, sequence, to pass, a beep code,
initial, a failure, to load, system settings, to interrupt, complementary, to install, a
handler, a real-time clock, a reboot, to skip, booting.
54
.
Essential Vocabulary: TO GET
to get (got, got) 1. to gain, to obtain; to get smb. smth., to get smth. for smb.,
.g. I can get this book for you. (I can get you this book.). 2. to receive, .g. Did you
get my telegram? 3.to buy, to purchase, .g. The two girls got new hats. 4. to reach,
.g. We cannot get to Moscow tonight. It was very late when he got home. 5. to cook,
to prepare, to get ready, .g. It was decided that Mother would stay home and get the
dinner. 6. to force, to make smb. do smth., .g. We got Mother to arrange the
decorations. 7. to become (as a link-verb), .g. It was getting dark when we arrived at
the station. I got very cold while waiting in the street.
to get about to be out of bed and beginning to walk again, as after an illness.
to get around to to find the time or occasion for.
to get at 1. to touch or reach successfully, e. g. The cat hid where we t
get at it. 2. to try to make understandable; hint at or suggest, e. g. I don t know what
you're getting at. 3. To discover or understand: tried to get at the cause of the
problem. 4. informal to bribe or influence by improper or illegal means, e. g. He got
at the judge, and the charges were dismissed.
to get away 1. to break free; escape. 2. to leave or go away, e.g. wanted to
come along, but t get away.
to get back to return to a person, place, or condition, e. g. getting back to the
subject.
to get by 1. to pass or outstrip. 2. to succeed at a level of minimal acceptibility
55
or with the minimal amount of effort, e. g. just got by in college.
to get down 1. to descend. 2. to give s attention. Often used with to, e. g.
s get down to work.
to get into 1. To become involved in, e. g. got into trouble by stealing cars.
to get off to start, as on a trip; to leave.
to get smth. done to fulfill, .g. I got everything arranged in time.
to have got to have, e, g. I have got something to tell you. I got the
book talking about. N t e: In modern conversational English the word
combination have got in the meaning of , is used much more often
than the verb have in the same meaning, especially with a concrete object.
have got to do smth. must, .g. I have got to finish my work in time. It has got
to be done.
to get over a disease (fear, difficulties, grief, etc.) to recover, .g. worry,
the child will soon get over his illness.
to get on nerves to bother, to annoy, .g. get up and down every
minute, getting on my nerves.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences. Use each particle only once.

1. get business. 2. How do you get with your classmates? 3. I know
that still in love with your ex. But believe me, you will get him soon.
4. Quick, get the car. I'm not supposed to stop here. 5. I tried to get my point
but nobody seemed to care. 6. With 10 dollars per day, one can hardly get . 7. We
have to get the bus at the next stop. 8. My sister helped me get the exam.
9. What you did was very mean. I think get so easily. 10. We wo
get the sea today if you cycle a bit faster.
Exercise 3. Choose the correct answer.

1. I had ordered a few books by mail and ... them in a time (got
received; obtained; gained). 2. A few words borrowed from Russian ... currency in
modern English (got; received; obtained; gained). 3. I am sure you will ... a warm
56
welcome when you come to Great Britain (get; receive; obtain; gain). 4. George was
eager ... enough money to establish his own small business (to get; to receive; to
obtain; to gain). 5. On the third day Tim wrote to Edna, but ... an answer (get;
receive; obtain; gain). 6. We got some money for our work and we ... some money for
Spot (got received; obtained; gained). 7. Cora was the youngest child in a big
family and she often ... the short end of the stick (got; received; obtained; gained). 8.
Sam Simpson ... a bright idea that he should buy a couple of horses (got; received;
obtained; gained). 9. The new construction company ... a foothold in a
medium-sized town (got; received; obtained; gained). 10. Paul ... a good education at
Harvard University (got; received; obtained; gained). 11. Sue became pale, but little
by little her cheeks ... colour (got; received; obtained; gained). 12. We had just begun
to pack when we ... a telegram from our aunt (got; received; obtained; gained).
13. Steve ... a break when he sold his car for a very good price (got; received;
obtained; gained). 14. How did she manage ... such a bad reputation? (to get; to
receive; to obtain; to gain). 15. Police officer Klaps was sure that he would ... the
goods on the man (get; receive; obtain; gain).
THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF THE NOUNS.
Exercise 4. Use the right form of the possessive case.

1. a children\playground here. 2. You can see the customer\car park
not far from our street. 3. It was a man\voice that I heard. 4. We have enjoyed three
hours\journey. 5. Have you received your today\newspaper? 6. Roger\actions were
later criticized. 7. Twenty minutes\delay made everybody angry. 8. The student\reply
surprised us. 9. There was a moment\silence. 10. A month\holiday appeared to be
useful to him. 11. That man\stupidity is unbelievable. 12. Three dollars\worth of
popcorn seemed too much. 13. Many people were shocked by yesterday\news on TV.
14. We hope that tomorrow\weather will be fine. 15. That Ann\habit is funny.
57
Exercise 5: Translate from Ukrainian into English.
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
13. (nib) 14.
15.
Exercise 6. Put in the correct prepositions and retell the topic.

Electronic mail.
Electronic mail, abbreviation E-MAIL, are messages transmitted and received
by digital computers through a network. An electronic-mail, or E-mail, system allows
computer users on a network to send text, graphics, and sometimes sounds and
animated images to other users. On most networks, data can be simultaneously sent to
a universe of users or to a select group or individual. Network users typically have an
electronic mailbox that receives, stores, and manages their correspondence.
Recipients can elect to view, print, save, edit, answer, or otherwise react to communi-
cations. Many E-mail systems have advanced features that alert users to incoming
messages or permit them to employ special privacy features. Large corporations and
institutions use E-mail systems as an important communication link among
employees and other people allowed on their networks. E-mail is also available on
major public on-line and bulletin board systems, many of which maintain free or low-
cost global communication networks.
Exercise 7. A minute for a brainteaser.

Bill bets Craig $100 that he can predict the score of the hockey game before it
starts. Craig agrees, but loses the bet. Why did Craig lose the bet?
58
UNIT 7
Text A: Hardware.
Text B: Software.
Essential Vocabulary: to go.
Grammar Revision: The Active Voice.
Text A. HARDWARE.
Hardware is best described as a device that is physically connected to your

computer or something that can be physically touched. Most hardware will contain a
circuit board, ICs, and other electronics. A perfect example of hardware is a computer
monitor, which is an output device that lets you see what re doing on the
computer. Without any hardware, your computer would not exist, and software would
not be able to run.
Here are some internal hardware examples: a central processing unit (short for
CPU) alternatively referred to as the brain of the computer, processor, central
processor, or microprocessor. It was first developed at Intel with the help of Ted Hoff
in the early 1970s. The computer CPU is responsible for handling all instructions it
receives from hardware and software running on the computer; a hard drive (short
for HD) is the s main storage media device that permanently stores all data
on the computer; a motherboard alternatively referred to as the mb, mainboard,
mobo, mobd, backplane board, base board, planar board, system board, or logic
board on Apple computers. The motherboard is a printed circuit board that is the
foundation of a computer and allows the CPU, RAM, and all other computer
hardware components to function and communicate with each other; a random
access memory (short for RAM) alternatively referred to as main memory, primary
memory, or system memory, is a computer storage location that allows information to
be stored and accessed quickly from random locations within DRAM on a memory
module. Because information is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like a CD
or hard drive the computer is able to access the data much faster than it would if it
59
were only reading the hard drive; a sound card alternatively referred to as a sound
board or an audio card. A sound card is an expansion card or integrated circuit that
provides a computer with the ability to produce sounds that can be heard by the user
either over speakers or headphones. The computer sound card is considered a
peripheral, although the computer does not need a sound card to function almost
every computer today will include a sound card in the expansion slot or on the
motherboard (onboard); a video card alternatively referred to as a display adapter,
graphics card, video adapter, video board, or a video controller, a video card is an
internal circuit board that allows a display device such as a monitor to display images
from the computer.
Here are some external hardware examples: a monitor is a video display screen
and the hard shell that holds it. In its most common usage, monitor refers only to
devices that contain no electronic equipment other than what is essentially needed to
display and adjust the characteristics of an image; a keyboard is one of the primary
input devices used with a computer. It looks very similar to the keyboards of electric
typewriters, with some additional keys. Keyboards allow a computer user to input
letters, numbers, and other symbols into a computer and is what allows you to write
e-mail and is what you use to visit web pages; a mouse is a hardware input device
that was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963. It allows an individual to control a
pointer in a graphical user interface (GUI) and manipulate on-screen objects such as
icons, files, and folders. By using a mouse the user t have to memorize
commands, like those used in a text-based command line environment such as MS-
DOS; a printer is a device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard
copy of that data. Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are
commonly used to print text, images, and photos; a scanner is an input device that
allows a user to take an image or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the
computer to read or display the scanned object. A scanner can be connected to a
computer using USB, Firewire etc.
60
Text B. SOFTWARE
Software is a collection of instructions that enable a user to interact with the

computer or have the computer perform specific tasks for them. Without software,
the computer would be useless. For example, without your Internet browser software
you would be unable to browse the Internet or read an e-page and without a software
operating system the browser would not be able to run on your computer. There are
also some important questions: How is software created? and How do we get
software? A computer programmer or several computer programmers write the
instructions using a programming language that tell the software how to work. Once a
program has been completed it is compiled into a language that the computer can
understand. Software can be purchased at a local retail computer store and online and
is usually included in a box, this box usually contains all the disks (floppy diskette,
CD, DVD, or Blu-ray) required to install the program onto the computer, manuals,
warranty, and other important documentation. Software can also be downloaded to
the computer over the Internet. Once downloaded the setup file can be run to start the
installation of the program on your computer.
In addition to purchasing software there are also millions of free software
programs available that are divided into several different types of categories. First,
shareware or trial software is software that gives you a few days to try the software
before you buy the program. After the trial time expires ll be asked to enter a
code or to register the product before you can continue to use the program.
Here are some examples of software: an antivirus (short for AVG)
alternatively referred to as an Antivirus Software, AVS, antivir, or just AV. An
antivirus program is a software program designed to protect your computer or
network against computer viruses. If and when a virus is detected, the computer will
display a warning asking what action should be done, often giving the options to
remove, ignore, or move the file to the vault; an audio / music program (short for
iTunes) is a term used to describe any sound or noise that is in a sound range the
human ear is capable of hearing; a database (e.g. Access) alternatively referred to as
61
a databank and sometimes abbreviated as DB. It is a large quantity of information
that can be searched, referenced, compared, changed or otherwise manipulated
without a lot of work; a device driver (or driver) is a group of files that enables one or
more hardware devices to communicate with the s operating system.
Without drivers, a hardware device such as a computer printer would not be able to
work with the computer; an electronic mail (short for e-mail) is text messages that
may contain files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified
individual or group of individuals; a game is software code that has been designed to
entertain or educate an individual. Today, computer gaming is a big business, and
there are millions of different computer games that are enjoyed by people of all ages;
an Internet browser is a software program that allows a person to explore the
Internet in an easy to use way. Navigating the Internet through a series of links the
user is able to browse the Internet. Examples of popular browsers are Chrome,
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and Opera; a movie player is an electronic signal of
moving graphics, pictures, or text used to combine a smooth source of images used
for entertainment, education, or other uses; an operating system (or OS) is a software
program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the
computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer and software
programs would be useless; a photo/graphics program also known as a graphics
editor, a graphics program is a software application that allows you to draw, edit, and
manipulate an image or graphic file; a presentation program (e.g. Power Point) is a
software program that helps create a slideshow that addresses a topic; a simulation in
general, sim refers to a computerized imitation of a real object or real action; a
spreadsheet (e.g. Excel) alternatively referred to as a worksheet. It is a data file made
up of rows and columns that are used to sort data and allow a user to manipulate and
arrange data easily, commonly numerical data. What makes a spreadsheet software
program most unique is its ability to calculate values using mathematical formulas
and the data in the cells; a word processing (e.g. Word) describes the process of
manipulating or creating a text document using a Word processor. For example, a
student could do word processing to create a book report.
62
combinations: a hardware, to touch, a circuit, a software, to run, media, responsible,
to handle, to function, random, an access, an expansion, peripheral, although, a
display, an image, to allow, to consider, to refer, a speaker, a headphone, to sound, to
adapt.
63
Essential Vocabulary: TO GO
to go about 1. to move or travel around, e. g. The quickest way to go about the

city is by underground train. 2. to start (smth or doing smth), e. g. I wanted to make a
dress but didn't know how to go about it.
to go along to proceed, make progress, e. g. You may have some difficulties at
first, but find it easier as you go along.
to go at (smth or smb) to rush at, attack (informal), e. g. They went at each
other furiously.
to go away to move away from a place into another direction; Syn. to depart, e.
g. Go away before I start to cry; The train goes at noon.
to go back 1. to return, as in conversation (to smth), e. g. Let us go back to
what the chairman was saying. 2. to fail to fulfill (a promise, agreement, etc.), e. g.
You should never go back on your promise to a child
to go behind to to examine a deeper level of smth, e. g. You have to go behind
the words to see what she really means.
to go by (of fault, etc.) 1. to pass without being noticed (informal), e. g. I know
you were late again this morning, but let it go by. 2. to base judgement on
smb, e. g. You go by what he says, very untrustworthy.
to go down 1. to be received, esp. with approval, to be liked (by someone), e.
g. How did your speech go down (with the public)? 2. to be considered less worthy,
e. g. He went down in my opinion.
to go down the drain to be wasted; to fail completely, e. g. All my attempts to
help him went down the drain.
to go easy (informal) 1. to behave calmly (usu. imper.), e. g. Go easy, dear,
nothing to get excited about. 2. to treat someone kindly, not severely (on,
with), e. g. Go easy on the child, will you, she is too young to understand what she
did.
to go as/so far as (informal) to be bold or direct enough (to do smth), to
declare the truth, e. g. I go so far as to say she is a liar.
64
to go into to examine, e. g. The police went into the story to see if he
was telling the truth.
to go on to take place; happen, e. g. t know what was going on.
to go off 1. to undergo detonation; explode. 2. to make a noise; sound, e. g. The
siren went off at noon. 3. to leave, e. g. t go off mad.
to go out 1. to become extinguished. 2. to go outdoors; leave residence,
e. g. He went out at seven.
to go over to examine, to see that it is correct, e.g. The counselor went over his
story in detail and suggested some improvements.
to go round to move around, to be publicly noticed (doing smth.), e. g. You
go round saying nasty things like that about him.
to go through 1. to examine carefully, e. g. went through the papers.
2. to experience, e. g. We went through hell while working on this project. 3. to
perform, e. g. I went through the sonata in 30 minutes.
to go under 1. to suffer defeat or destruction; fail. 2. to lose consciousness.
to go up 1. to increase in price or value. 2. to be in the process of construction,
e. g. Office buildings went up all over town.
Exercise 3: Replace the phrases in bold type by suitable phrasal verbs based on
the verb to go.
1. have to examine those papers closely before I can say anything definite.
2. I had the idea of making a raft but couldn't figure out how to start it. 3. The
engineers examined the machine carefully trying to establish the cause of trouble.
4. In his report the speaker attacked the hedgers who were forever trying to shift the
responsibility onto somebody else. 5. As you get better in English, find it
easier to communicate. 6. I hope I can base my judgment of these events on your
information. 7. He fulfill his promise to work harder. 8. How did your pupils
accept your first lesson? 9. My opinion of him dropped considerably when I found
out the truth. 10. Be kind to the dog, he didn t mean to hurt you. 11. I dare
65
criticize him to his face. 12. You make your feelings so obvious to
everyone.

1. Well, go being so selfish and you will soon have no friends anymore.
2. The scarf goes very well your shirt. 3. I cannot let him down, that goes my
nature. 4. Go the post box and turn left. 5. I cannot go his suggestion. 6. Could
you go the exercise with me? I got a clue what to fill in. 7. I had just fallen
asleep when the alarm went . 8. The boy needed help, so he went his father. 9.
The cost of living has gone . 10. 5000 workers to prevent further wage
cuts.

away by down into off on out over through under
1. They were party animals in college. They went almost every night and
rarely came home before four in the morning. 2. I am sorry I interrupted you.
Please, go . I really want to hear the end of your story. 3. Our neighbor's car alarm
went several times last night, so I sleep well at all. 4. The project is
classified by the military, so I am not allowed to go the details. just say
going to cost the government a lot of money. 5. The test is fairly complicated. I
would suggest going your notes from class a couple of times before you try to take
it. 6. mail that letter for you. I go the post office on my way to work. 7. Did
you see that news report about the hikers who were lost in the mountains for more
than a week? I believe everything they went . Their story was absolutely
incredible. 8. Jerry really struggled to keep his business going. But after months
without any customers, it finally went . 9. I had the hiccups for over half an hour.
Luckily, my friend Jane showed me a trick to make them go . 10. The doctor made
Joe lie in a cold bath to help his fever go .
66
THE ACTIVE VOICE.

Exercise 6. Open the brackets.
1. The expedition (to be) a failure. Even the scenery (to be) not so beautiful as
we (to expect) it to be. 2. She (to put) the children to bed, (to clear) the table and now
(to sort) out stamps. 3. Next day she (to send) me a note to find out why she (not to
see) me at the party and I (to understand) that my absence (to be noticed) and (to be
commented) upon. 4. In the evening he (to read) to us a poem he (to write) that
summer. 5. He (to promise) that as soon as he (to get) the money he would let her
have some. 6. I knew that when they (to finish) the game they would go and have
supper. 7. She complained that his temper (to become) unbearable since he (to take)
seriously to politics. 8. It (to rain) in the night but the sky (to clear) rapidly now. 9. It
was only ten days since we (to get) this letter but we (to work) like mad all this time
and the impatience jungle of papers (to begin) to make some sense. 10. She (not to
see) Anne since that visit and (to be astonished) to see a woman who (to become)
definitely meddle-aged. 11. It (to become) known that for the last four or five years
she (to pay) large sums of money into the bank in notes. 12. For some time we (to
walk) in silence. He (to say) what he (to come) to say, now it (to be) my turn to
speak. 13. I (to listen) to you for the past half an hour, but I understand what
you are speaking about. 14. While Jack (to sit) biting his nails, we (to work) out a
plan to cover up our traces. 15. She looked tired, she (to type) letters all the morning.

1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11. a
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12.
13. 14.
15.
Exercise 8: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form and retell the
story.
Ever since the day I (to decide) to move to London, I (to worry) whether the
decision I (to take) was the right one. As I (to sell) already my house and (to arrange)
a new job, it is too late to change my mind. However, since then I (to hear) a lot of
negative things about living in the capital, and lately some of them (to begin) to
bother me. I (to grow up) in a fairly small town and I (to spend) all of my life there. I
always (to want) to live in a big city and so when my company (to offer) me a job in
their London office, I (to grab) at the chance. But according to a programme I just (to
hear) on the radio, more and more people (to stop) working in London recently, and a
lot of large companies (to choose) to move away from the center. Of course I (to tell)
my parents that I was moving and they (to accept) my decision, but they (to seem)
rather shocked. Since then I (to hope) secretly that the company would tell me that
the move was off!

Once a little boy asked his dad: how was I Dad answered:
my son. I guess one day you will need to find out anyway! Well, you see, your Mom
and I first got together in a chat room on MSN. Then I set up a date via e-mail with
your mom and we met at a cyber-cafe. We sneaked into a secluded room, where your
mother agreed to a download from my hard drive. As soon as I was ready to upload,
we discovered that neither one of us had used a firewall, and since it was too late to
hit the delete button, nine months later a blessed popup appeared and said:
Got
68
UNIT 8
Text A: Magnetic Storage.
Text B: Different types of Storage.
Essential Vocabulary: to keep.
Grammar Revision: The Passive Voice.
Text A. MAGNETIC STORAGE
Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape.

A floppy disk is so called because it consists of a flexible sheet of plastic,
coated with iron oxide a magnetizable material. A floppy disk drive spins at 360
revolutions per minute (rpm), so it's relatively slow. However, a hard drive spins at
over 7,200 rpm and stores data on a stack of metal 1 rotating disks called platters.
This means you can store much more data and retrieve information much faster.
New disks need to be formatted before you can use them, unless they come
preformatted from the manufacturer. When the disk is formatted, the operating
system (OS) organizes the disk surface into circular tracks and divides each track into
sectors. The OS creates a directory which will record the specific location of files.
When you save a file, the OS moves the read/write head of the drive towards empty
sectors, records the data and writes an entry for the directory. Later on, when you
open that file, the OS looks for its entry in the directory, moves the read/write heads
to the correct sector, and reads the file in the RAM area. However, formatting erases
any existing files on a disk, so do not format disks on which data that you don't want
to lose is stored.
The OS allows you to create one or more partitions on your hard drive, in
effect dividing it into several logical parts. Partitions let you install more than one
operating system (e.g. Windows and Linux) on your computer. You may also decide
to split your hard drive because you want to store the OS and programs on one
partition and your data files on another; this allows you to reinstall the OS when a
problem occurs, without affecting the data partition.
69
The average time required for the read/ write heads to move and find data is
called seek time (or access time) and it is measured in milliseconds (ms); most hard
drives have a seek time of 7 to 14 ms. Don't confuse this with transfer rate the
average speed required to transmit data from the disk to the CPU, measured in
megabytes per second.
How to protect your hard drive: a) Don't hit or move the computer while the
hard drive is spinning. Hard drives are very sensitive to vibration and shocks,
especially when they are operating; when the read/write head touches the rotating
disk, it can scratch and damage the disk surface. This is known as head crash; b) You
shouldn't turn your computer off and on quickly. Wait at least ten seconds to ensure
that the drive has stopped spinning; c) Check your hard drive regularly for logical and
physical errors. To check and repair a drive, you can use a disk diagnosis utility like
Windows ScanDisk; d) To minimize the risk of data loss or corruption, you should
install an up-to-date virus scanner. You should also back up your hard drive
regularly.
Text B. Different Types of Storage
Magnetic Storage. Magnetic devices store data magnetically. A disk drive

spins the disk at high speed and reads its data or writes new data onto it.
A floppy disk drive uses 3.5 inch diskettes which can only hold 1.44 MB of
data; often called A: drive and is relatively slow. Floppy drives are
becoming increasingly rare.
The inside of a hard drive Most PCs have one internal hard drive, usually
called C: drive. It is used to store the operating system, the programs and the
files in a convenient way. A hard drive can hold hundreds of gigabytes
of data
When you format a disk, or prepare it for use, its surface is divided into
concentric circles called tracks. Each track is further divided into a number of sectors.
70
The computer remembers where information is stored by noting the track and sector
numbers in a directory.
The average time required for the read\ write heads to move and find data is
called access time; it is measured in milliseconds. confuse access time with
transfer rate, the rate of transmission of data from the disk to the CPU (e.g. 15
megabytes per second).
A portable hard drive is an external unit with the drive mechanism and the
media all in one sealed case. You can use it to make a backup, a spare copy of your
files, or to transport data between computers. External hard drives are connected to
the USB or FireWire port of the computer. They can be small as a wallet but can have
as much capacity as internal drives.
Magnetic tapes and drives: A tape drive and reads and writes data on tapes. It is
sequential-access i.e. to get to a particular point on the tape, it must go through all
the preceding points. Tapes can hold hundreds of gigabytes of data and are used for
data collection, backup and archiving.
Optical storage. Optical drives use a laser to read and write data, so they are
not affected by magnetic fields; but they are slower than hard drives. Modern DVD
recorders accept all CD and DVD formats.
Portable DVD players let you watch movies or TV, play games and listen to
music, wherever you are. They usually run on batteries, have a widescreen
(rectangular 16:9 format) LCD and support multi-format playback, allowing you
access to many file formats including DVD video, JPEG pictures, MP3 music, etc.
They have two built-in stereo speakers or headphones if you want to disturb
other people.
Optical discs and drives. Optical discs can data at much higher densities than
magnetic disks. They are therefore ideal for multimedia applications were images,
animation and sound occupy a lot of disc space. Furthermore, optical discs are not
affected by magnetic fields, meaning that they are secure and stable, and can be
transported through airport metal detectors without damaging the data. However,
optical drives are slower than hard drives.
71
Combinations: external, a shell, common usage, to contain, equipment, essentially,
to adjust, a keyboard, a mouse, an interface, a folder, to memorize, to generate, to
convert, digital.
-
- (BIOS),
512 -
-
72
Essential Vocabulary: TO KEEP
to keep (kept, kept) 1. to hold, .g. She always keeps old letters. 2. to leave for
yourself, .g. You may keep the book, I want it yet. 3. to stick to smth, .g.
always keeps his promise. 4. to contain, to compris,, .g. Mr. Watson had a wife and
family to keep. 5. to be late, to make smb. wait, .g. sorry I kept you waiting. 6.
to celebrate, to feast, .g. We Kept She always keeps her
birthday.
to keep around\about to have someone or something nearby habitually, e. g.
Try to keep some spare parts about. He t work very hard, but we keep him
around anyway.
to keep away 1. to refrain or prevent from coming (near). 2. to stop using,
touching, etc.
to keep (smth.) back to detain, to hold back, .g. The young men kept the
crowd back. sure he is keeping something back (not telling all; concealing
something). Mother had guessed that we would be late, so she had kept back the
dinner.
to keep down 1. to prevent from growing, accomplishing, or succeeding, e. g.
keep the revolutionaries down. 2. to hold under control or at a reduced level, e. g.
Keep your voice down. 3. to refrain from vomiting, e. g. Although seasick, I managed
to keep my food down.
to keep in 1. to stay indoors. 2. to restrain (an emotion); repress. 3. to detain (a
schoolchild) after hours as a punishment. 4. (of a fire) to stay alight or to cause (a
fire) to stay alight. 5. to allow a constant supply of, e. g. her prize money kept her in
new clothes for a year.
to keep off to stay away from.
to keep on 1. to continue or persist in (doing something), e. g. keep on running.
2. to continue to wear. 3. to continue to employ, e. g. the firm kept on only ten men.
to keep out to prevent from entering; shut out, e. g. The trees were shutting out
all sunlight.
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to keep over to cover something with, put something above, e. g. I keep a tarp
over my bicycle at night to prevent it from getting wet.
to keep up 1. to maintain in good condition, e. g. kept up the property. 2. to
persevere in; carry on, e. g. We asked her to stop talking, but she kept it up.
to keep smth. + adj. to stick to, .g. This work kept the children busy. You
must keep your feet warm.
to keep to smth. to follow, .g. Keep to the diet. keep to the middle of
the road.
to keep on doing smth. to go on, to continue, .g. She kept on writing when I
came in.
to keep smb. from doing smth. to avoid, .g. It kept me from joining you.
to keep an eye on 1. to watch over attentively; mind. 2. to watch closely or
carefully, e. g. keep your eye on the ball.
to keep an eye out to be watchful.
to keep s) nose clean informal to stay out of trouble.

around away back down in off on out over up
1. There was a sign on the door that said, 2. I ran the entire
marathon, but I able to keep with the rest of the runners. In fact, I was the
last to finish. 3. I have much shelf space, so I keep my books the television.
4. If you take the medicine on an empty stomach, you will have problems keeping it
. 5. Watch out, a rattlesnake! Everybody keep 6. You need to keep the
ice cream the refrigerator until we have dessert. Otherwise, it will melt. 7. I told
you to keep the dog the bed. I want dog hair all over the bedspread. 8. The
roast chicken is on the table. Can you keep the cat from it until everyone sits down
for dinner? 9. The house is so dusty that I have to keep a cover the computer to
make sure it stays clean. 10. Fire is a real danger that everyone should be aware of. I
always keep a fire extinguisher , just in case of an emergency.
74
THE PASSIVE VOICE.

Exercise 4. Use passive forms in the following sentences.
1. They wrote him a letter. 2. They sold us the house very cheap. 3. She read
the children a very interesting story. 4. They bought him a tape0recorder when he
graduated from the University. 5. They sang me some old songs. 6. They will dictate
the telegram to her over the telephone. 7. They repeated the same thing to him several
times. 8. Among other things he mentioned to me this most interesting fact. 9. Did
they explain it to you? 10. They will have described to us her life in this out-of-the
way place after we see them. 11. The lecture was interesting, the students asked the
professor a lot of questions. 12. Mrs. Smith has taught him several languages.
13. They teach us two foreign languages at the University. 14. He had asked the
students to hand in their reports at once after they wrote them. 15. You must think the
matter over.

1.
2. 3.
5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
75
13. 14.
15.
Exercise 6: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form and retell the text.
What Can Computers Do?
Computers and microchips (to become) part of our everyday lives: we visit
shops and offices which (to design) with the help of computers, we read magazines
which (to produce) on a computer, we pay bills which (to prepare) by computers. Just
(to pick up) a telephone and (to dial) a number involves the use of a sophisticated
computer system, as does (to make) a flight reservation or bank transaction. We
encounter daily computers that (to spring) to life the instant they (to switch on) (e. g.
calculators, the electronic ignition, the timer in the microwave, or the
programmer inside the TV set), all of which (to use) chip technology. What makes
your computer such a miraculous device? Each time you (to turn) it on it is capable of
(to do) anything you ask. It is a (to calculate) machine that (to speed up) financial
calculations. It is a magical typewriter that (to allow) you (to type) and (to print) any
kind of documents letters, memos or legal documents. It is a personal
communicator that (to enable) you (to interact) with other computers and with people
around the word. If you (to like) gadgets and electronic entertainment, you can even
(to use) your PC (to relax) with computer games.
Exercise 7: A minute for a brainteaser.

Can you name three consecutive days without using the words Monday,
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, or Sunday?
76
UNIT 9
Text A: Types of Networks.
Text B: What is a Network Administrator?
Essential Vocabulary: to look.
Grammar Revision: The Sequence of Tenses.
Text A. Types of Networks
The types of networks are categorized on the basis of the number of systems
or devices that are under the networked area. Computer Networking is one of the
most important wings of computing. Networking is the process by which two or more
computers are linked together for a flawless communication. By creating a network,
devices like printers and scanners, software, and files and data that are stored in the
system can be shared. It helps the communication among multiple computers easy.
By computer networking the user access may be restricted when necessary. There are
some types of networks:
. Peer-to-peer network: In this networking system all computers are given
equal importance. All the software and data are stored on each computer and accesses
to them are given to each user. In a peer-to-peer network, network hosts don't have a
specific role. They provide network services and they also consume network
services. In a peer-to-peer network we can have hosts that will fulfill a variety of
different roles. For example, one computer can have a printer connected to it which is
shared on the network. Another computer can have a large hard drive installed and
everyone is allowed to put files on that hard drive. So, in this situation we have hosts
that both provide and consume network services. In essence, they function both as a
client and as a server at the same time. The main benefit of peer-to-peer network is
the ease of installation. All we have to do is share our resources on the network. It's
also very inexpensive. Of course, s some drawbacks to a peer-to-peer network.
First of all, a peer-to-peer network is not very scalable which means that the bigger it
gets, the harder it is to manage it. That's because they lack centralized control.
77
B. Local Area Network: The Local Area Network is also referred as LAN.
This system spans on a small area like a small office or home. The computer systems
are linked with cables. In LAN system computers on the same site could be linked.
C. Wide Area Network: A Wide Area Network or WAN is a type of
networking where a number of resources are installed across a large area such as
multinational business. A wide area network is a group of interconnected LANs,
Local Area Networks that are separated geographically. Through WAN offices in
different countries can be interconnected. Sometimes, user from one city needs to
access some data that is located on a server in another city. To make that possible
we've connected them in some way so that these local area networks are inter-
networked together, making a very large internet work, or a wide area network. The
best example of a WAN could be the Internet that is the largest network in the world.
In WAN computer systems on different sites can be linked.
D. Client Server: Another classification within the host roles category is a
client server network. In a client server network, unlike a peer-to-peer network,
network hosts have specific roles assigned to them. We have certain systems, certain
hosts that are assigned to be servers. A server provides network resources. On a
client server network we also have clients. A client does not provide network
services, it only consumes network services. Clients will not have, for instance,
shared storage or printers. All those services are provided by the server. Server
provides the resources, the client simply use the resources. With a peer-to-peer
network everybody had the same operating system, but in client server network client
workstations have generic operating systems that provide functionality. For example,
clients could have Windows XP or Windows 2000 installed. Servers would have
some special optimized operating system like Server 2003. These operating systems
are designed to provide these network resources and are not designed for client type
tasks. The main benefit of this type of network is that it's very highly scalable. That
means it's very easy to expand the size of the network, it's very easy to add more
clients and it's very easy to add more servers. Client server networks are also much
easier to support. That's because services are centralized. If we know where all the
78
services are, we know where to look when we have some problems with them.
Backup is also a lot easier. We can configure that users store their data on the server.
That way, instead of having to back up individual workstations we only need to
backup one location the server. There are some drawbacks. Operating systems for
servers are fairly expensive (the exception, of course, is Linux). The other thing is
that this type of network takes a lot of planning. We have to decide which servers are
going to host which services, where they're going to be placed on the network, etc.
Text B. What is a Network Administrator?
Network administrators are professionals who are charged with the

responsibility of maintaining a computer network. The administrator will oversee the
installation and updates to any software as well as install and maintain any hardware
needed to operate the network. It is not unusual for a network administrator to be
consulted when upgrades in hardware or software are required to create a new
network or enhance an existing one.
The typical computer network administrator will possess some type of higher
degree connected with Information Systems and Computer Science. In addition, the
administrator is often trained on the function of specific hardware or software that is
included as part of the network. This makes it possible for the network admin to
quickly master any new additions to the network or even build a network from
scratch.
In order to carry out his or her responsibilities, the network administrator will
have master access credentials that allow the admin to interact with any function
within the system. This means network admins can handle processes such as the
creation of network addresses, the assignment of routing protocols, configure routing
tables, and establish any type of security measures necessary to protect the network.
Typically, the credentials of the network administrator override all other access
privileges enjoyed by others in the organization, allowing the admin to troubleshoot
79
when there is a need to monitor activity of a specific user or change access protocols
for any reason.
Many companies choose to hire an in-house network administrator. This can be
helpful when the size and function of the company require someone to be on site to
handle hardware and software installations, run diagnostics, assign privileges and in
general maintain the network. The administrator is also able to provide input on the
purchase of new hardware or software, making recommendations for products that
will enhance the productivity of employees. In some cases, the administrator may
also be called upon to modify the configuration of software in order to adapt it to the
specific applications needed by the company.
Smaller businesses may choose to outsource network administration
functions. Today, it is not uncommon for an Information Systems professional to
provide administrator services to a number of clients. While not on site, the service
provider can be called upon when there is the need to alter the network in some
manner, deal with performance issues, or assign new access credentials to new
employees. With this type of outsourcing service, the client normally pays the
network administrator a fixed monthly fee for covered services, with provisions for
additional fees when specialized projects are required.
combinations: a collection, to enable, useless, to browse, to be unable, to compile, to
purchase, a local retail computer store, to include, a manual, a warranty, a setup file,
an installation, in addition, available, to register.
. .
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Essential Vocabulary: TO LOOK
to look 1. to use ones eyes, to try to see, . g. He looked at me, but didn't recognize
me. Syn. to stare, to gaze. to stare to look steadily, with wide-open eyes, often
with curiosity or surprise, or vacantly. We may stare at a person or thing, into the
water, distance, fire or anything that has depth, . g. stared at me as if I had asked
him to do something impossible. He stared at the fire, deep in thought. to gaze to
look at smb. or smth. (or into eyes) usu. long and steadily with interest, love,
desire, in wonder, admiration, etc., . g. very fond of this picture, he can gaze at
it for hours. The lovers stood with their hands clasped, gazing into each eyes.
2. to seem (followed by an adjective, noun or like), . g. He looks sad. The child
looks ill (well). She looks like a real teacher. It looks like rain. N o t e: has
two English equivalents to look and to seem; to look means , . g. He
81
looks young for his age. She looks beautiful n this dress. She looks a child.; to seem
means (it expresses various degrees of doubt), e. g. She seems
(to be) clever. This village seems (to be) quite small now. He seems (to be) well
educated.
to look about to examine, to view, to look in several different directions,
.g. I looked about, but saw no people anywhere.
to look (a thing) through to see (esp. documents, newspaper, photos etc.), .
g. Look through those documents, please.
to look after to take care of, . g. I\ll look after the child. forget to look
after the flowers when away.
Look ahead! Beware!, Look out!, Steady!, Handle with care!, e. g. Look
ahead, the car is coming!
to look down on/upon to have or show low opinion, e. g. The school looks
down on such behaviour.
to look for to serch for, . g. been looking for you since the very morning.
to look forward to (smth. or doing smth.) to wait for smth with impatience,
. g. John looked forward to seeing Mario and his wife. Students always look forward
to their holidays.
Look here! Listen! . g. Look here, it be better to stay indoors in
such nasty weather?
to look on to watch instead of doing something, e. g. Two men stole the jewels
while a large crowd looked on.
to look out to take care, e. g. catch cold if you look out.
own look-out (informal) own concern or responsibility, e. g.
your own look-out whether you pass or fail.
to look up (informal) to find and visit someone, e. g. If ever here on
business again look you up.
to look up to to respect someone, e. g. Every child needs someone to look up
to and copy.
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Exercise 3. Use stare or gaze instead of look where possible.
1. impolite to look at people like that. 2. A big crowd stood on the pavement
looking at a broken car. 3. No wonder people stand looking at this picture for hours:
beautiful. 4. The little boys stood looking at each other ready to start a fight.
5. Look at her: again she is looking out of the window with that strange expression of
hers. 6. When I looked at her eyes I guessed that she had cried. 7. The Greek myth runs
that Narcissus looked at his own reflection in the water until he fell in love with it.
8. He stood looking around as if he tried to impress on his memory everything he saw.
Exercise 4. Fill in the correct form of the phrasal verb.

1. Look ... for the rain. 2. Look ... before crossing the street. 3. Ella asked her
mother to look... her home and children while she was going to Exeter to look ... a
suitable job. 4. I hate his way of looking... on people. 5. She was absorbed in a book
and even look ... when I called her. 6. Ann was looking ... to meeting her old
fellow-students whom she had not seen for many years.

1. I am looking my mobile. Have you seen it? 2. Look these kittens,
aren't they cute? 3. There are so many words in this text that I had to look in the
dictionary. 4. I cannot go out tonight. I must look my little brother. 5. Are you
looking your holidays?

1. On his way out Herbert ... that his clerks knew everything and he answered
their involuntary glances with a sardonic look (saw; looked; glanced; stared; peeped).
2. The birds were nesting. We ... out carefully not to frighten them off (saw; looked;
glanced; stared; peeped). 3. Tom and Sid were lying in bed, ... at the ceiling (seeing;
looking; glancing; staring; peeping). 4. Hilary hurriedly ... at her watch and said she
must be off (saw; looked up; glanced; stared; peeped). 5. It was interesting ... him,
83
taking a look, making big strokes with his brush on the paper (to see; to look; to
glance; to stare; to peep). 6. He was sitting with his arms crossed, ... straight in front of
him (seeing; looking; glancing; staring; peeping). 7. Sam got up and cautiously ...
through the half-closed curtains (saw; looked; glanced; stared; peeped). 8. Stella sat
and ... at the Thames as if she had seen the river for the first time (saw; looked;
glanced; stared; peeped). 9. The old woman ... at her granddaughter and shook her head
sadly (saw; looked; glanced; stared; peeped). 10. The visitor ... at all the pictures but
without any particular interest (saw; looked; glanced; stared; peeped). 11. The Gadfly
... at Montanelli stealthily and turned away (saw; looked; glanced; stared; peeped).
12. Joe said nothing but quickly ... at his wife (saw; looked up; glanced; stared;
peeped). 13. The man bent down and ... through the keyhole (saw; looked; glanced;
stared; peeped). 14. There is nothing wrong with you. I have never ... you looking
better, old boy (seen; looked; glanced; stared; peeped).15. I have arranged your
interview with Adderly; he will ... you on Monday (see; look; glance; stare; peep).
THE S QUENCE OF TENSES.

Exercise 7: Open the brackets.
1. He said that perhaps she wished to see you because you (to go) to school
together. 2. I met him at the station early last morning. He (to wait) for his train.
3. He did not play so well in the second time. His leg (to be hurt). 4. It was clear that
he (to study) much. 5. At half past nine I realized that she (not to come). 6. She asked
me what I (to do) on Monday. 7. And then you will understand that you (to waste)
time. 8. It became quite evident that something wrong (to go). 9. I see you (to wait
for) somebody. 10. I have been feeling of late you (to hide) something from me. 11. I
did not know what we (to have) for dinner. 12. The room was in darkness. Somebody
(to switch off) the lights. 13. No one will ever know what they (to do) with the ship.
14. The trouble was that I (to promise) my mother to go to the cinema with her. 15. It
84
is interesting to note that people (to try) for a long time to find an answer to this
question. 16. I promised everything (to be done).

1. ,
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
. 8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Exercise 9: Choose the most suitable word given for each blank and retell the
passage.
What Will the Future Bring?
One of the most exciting predictions I have heard (to, about, across, up) the
twenty-first century is that we will be living longer and longer. Scientists will have
85
(turned, made, come, found) up with a cure for a lot of the most (common, usual,
everyday, known) diseases that people die of at the moment. They say that (until,
by, up to, on) the year 2020, the average life-span will have (gone, come,
turned, risen) to one hundred years. They also (predict, tell, wait, advise) that work
will take (on, over, up, away) less of our lives and we will have more (break,
enjoy, fun, free) time to spend. Robots, which will look more and more (as, like,
similar, how) human beings, will have taken (up, off, over, in) a lot of the boring
everyday (jobs, works, employment, occupation) we do today. In the next five
years, the Japanese will have (discovered, found, done, invented) a robot that
understands human speech. This will (bring, turn, take, come) about a big change
in the way we live, and some people see robots as a (damage, dream, threat,
problem) to human freedom. They are afraid that we will not be (reaching, able,
manage, succeed) to control them and that in the end, they will control us.

Wife or Girlfriend.
A Physicist, a mathematician and a computer scientist discuss what is better: a
wife or a girlfriend. The physicist: girlfriend. You still have freedom to
The mathematician: wife. You have The computer
scientist: When not with my wife, she thinks with my girlfriend. With
my girlfriend vice versa. And I can be with my computer without anyone
disturbing
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UNIT 10
Text A: Operating System.
Text B: GUI Operating Systems.
Essential Vocabulary: to make.
Grammar Revision: The Direct and the Indirect Speech.
Text A. OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system (OS), program that manages a computer resources,
especially the allocation of those resources among other programs. Typical resources
include the central processing unit (CPU), computer memory, file storage,
input/output (I/O) devices, and network connections. Management tasks include
scheduling resource use to avoid conflicts and interference between programs. Unlike
most programs, which complete a task and terminate, an operating system runs
indefinitely and terminates only when the computer is turned off.
Modern multiprocessing operating systems allow many processes to be
active, where each process is a of computation being used to execute a
program. One form of multiprocessing is called time-sharing, which lets many users
share computer access by rapidly switching between them. Time-sharing must guard
against interference between programs, and most systems use virtual memory,
in which the memory, or used by a program may reside in secondary
memory (such as on a magnetic hard disk drive) when not in immediate use, to be
swapped back to occupy the faster main computer memory on demand. This virtual
memory both increases the address space available to a program and helps to prevent
programs from interfering with each other, but it requires careful control by the
operating system and a set of allocation tables to keep track of memory use. Perhaps
the most delicate and critical task for a modern operating system is allocation of the
CPU; each process is allowed to use the CPU for a limited time, which may be a
fraction of a second, and then must give up control and become suspended until its
next turn. Switching between processes must itself use the CPU while protecting all
data of the processes.
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The first digital computers had no operating systems. They ran one program
at a time, which had command of all system resources, and a human operator would
provide any special resources needed. The first operating systems were developed in
the mid-1950s. These were small that provided basic I/O
operations (such as controlling punch card readers and printers) and kept accounts of
CPU usage for billing. Supervisor programs also provided multiprogramming
capabilities to enable several programs to run at once. This was particularly important
so that these early multimillion-dollar machines would not be idle during slow I/O
operations.
Computers acquired more powerful operating systems in the 1960s with the
emergence of time-sharing, which required a system to manage multiple users
sharing CPU time and terminals. Two early time-sharing systems were CTSS
(Compatible Time Sharing System), developed at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and the Dartmouth College Basic System, developed at Dartmouth
College. Other multiprogrammed systems included Atlas, at the University of
Manchester, England, and IBM OS/360, probably the most complex software
package of the 1960s. After 1972 the Multics system for General Electric Co. GE
645 computer (and later for Honeywell Inc. computers) became the most
sophisticated system, with most of the multiprogramming and time-sharing
capabilities that later became standard.
The minicomputers of the 1970s had limited memory and required smaller
operating systems. The most important operating system of that period was UNIX,
developed by AT&T for large minicomputers as a simpler alternative to Multics. It
became widely used in the 1980s, in part because it was free to universities and in
part because it was designed with a set of tools that were powerful in the hands of
skilled programmers. More recently, Linux, an open-source version of UNIX
developed in part by a group led by Finnish computer science student Linus
Torvalds and in part by a group led by American computer programmer Richard
Stallman, has become popular on personal computers as well as on larger
computers.
(https://www.britannica.com/technology/operating-system)
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Text B. GUI OPERATING SYSTEMS
The term user interface refers to the standard procedures that the user follows
in order to interact with a computer. In the late 1970s and early 80s, the way users
accessed computer systems was very complex. They had to memorize and type a lot
of commands just to see the contents of a disk, to copy files or to respond to a single
prompt. In fact, it was only experts who used computers, so there was no need for a
user-friendly interface. In 1984 Apple produced the Macintosh, the first computer
with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). Macs were designed with one
clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer. A few years later, Microsoft
launched Windows, another operating system based on graphics and intuitive tools.
Nowadays, computers are used by all kinds of people, and as a result there is a
growing emphasis on accessibility and userfriendly systems. A good user interface is
important because when you buy a program you want to use it easily. Moreover, a
graphical user interface saves a lot of time: you need to memorize commands in
order to execute an application; you only have to point and click so that its content
appears on the screen.
A GUI makes use of a WIMP environment: windows, icons, menus and
pointer. The background of the screen is called the desktop which contains labeled
pictures called icons. These icons represent files or folders. Double-clicking a folder
opens a window which 10 contains programs, documents, or more nested folders.
When you are in a folder, you can launch a program or document by double-clicking
the icon, or you can drag it to another location. When you run a program, your PC
opens a window that lets you work with different tools. All the programs have a high
level of consistency, with similar toolbars, menu bars, buttons and dialog boxes. A
modern OS also provides access to networks and allows multitasking , which means
you can run several programs and do various tasks at the same time.
Today the most innovative and popular operating systems are:
- the Windows family designed by Microsoft and used on most PCs. The most
recent version is Windows Vista;
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- Mac OS (the Macintosh) created by Apple and used on Macintosh computers;
- Unix a multi-user system, found on mainframes and workstations in corporate
installations;
- Linux open-source software developed under the GNU General Public License.
This means anybody can copy its source code, change it and distribute it. It is used in
computers, appliances and small devices;
- Windows Mobile used on most PDAs and smartphones (PDAs incorporating
mobile phones);
- Palm OS used on Palm handheld devices;
- RIM used on Blackberry communication devices. Developed by Research in
Motion;
- the Symbian OS used by some phone makers including Nokia and Siemens.
These computer platforms differ in areas such as device installation, network
connectivity or compatibility with application software.
combinations: to protect, to detect, a vault, a network, to remove, to ignore, a term,
to describe, a warning a sound range, a reference, a database, to manipulate, an
attachment, to entertain, to educate, computer gaming, a navigating, smooth source,
to combine, to draw, to edit, a simulation, to arrange, a worksheet, a row, an ability,
to sort, to create.

1.
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Windows Microsoft.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1970 10.
Microsoft Windows,
Macintosh, Apple.11.
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Essential Vocabulary: TO MAKE
make (made, made), to perform, to be done of, .g. What is the box made of?
2.to become, to appeare, .g. sure make an excellent teacher. 3. to force,
.g. have to make him take the medicine.
to make a mistake to be at fault, e. g. you who made a mistake.
to make (a) noise to noise, to sound off, e. g. You are making so much noise.
to make a (the) bed to do bed, e. g. Today make your bed, but I do it
any more.
to make friends with smb. to friend with smb., .g. Soon she made friends
with her fellow-passengers. She easily makes friends.
to make oneself at home to feel like at home, .g. Come in and make yourself
at home.
to make a joke (jokes) to joke, .g. Why do you always make jokes? Can't you
be serious?
N o t e : Make is also used with numerous adjectives giving emotional
characteristics, as to make smb. happy (angry, sad, etc.).
to make up 1. to list, .g. Before packing make up a list of things you are
going to take.; 2. to compose; to invent, e. g. The teacher asked the children to make
up a poem about their summer holidays. 3. to use cosmetics (in ordinary life and on
the stage), e. g. At one time it was not considered good taste for women to make up.
4. to become reconciled after a quarrel, to put up with, e. g. When a quarrel has been
made up, the best thing to do is to forget it. 5. to recoup, .g. We must make up for
lost time. you let me try to make up for all failed to do in the past?
to make it up to smb to compensate smb for smth missed or suffered, or for
money, etc. spent, e. g. Thanks for buying my ticket, I'll make it up to you later.
to make up mind to decide, e. g. I have already made up my mind.
to make ends meet to live within income, e. g. The Evans family found
it very difficult to make ends meet after the birth of the new baby.
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to make haste to hurry, e. g. Make haste or we shall miss the train. If you
make haste, the stores will be closed.
to make head or tail (of smth.) to understand, to make sense of it (colloq.), e.
g. I have read the document through three times, but I make head or tail of it.
to make it to get to a destination or an appointment in time, e. g. I had hoped
to get to the meeting, but I found at the last minute that I make it.
to make much of to make a great fuss of, e. g. The newspapers all made much
of his achievement.
to make smth of smb (smth) to understand, to interpret, e. g. What are we to
make of his behaviour?
to make off to run away, to bolt, e. g. The thieves smashed the shop window
and made off with a large amount of jewelry.
to make smth out 1. to write out, e. g. Make out a cheque for $ 10. 2. to
manage to see, read, e. g. We made out a figure in the darkness. The outline of the
house could just be made out. 3. to understand, e. g. I make out what he wants.
a strange sort of person; I make her put.
Exercise 3. a) Give the Ukrainian equivalents for.

to make a note; to make notes; to make will; to make character; to
make own life; to make a livelihood; to make a bargain; to make terms; to
make a row; to make a commotion; to make port; to make for the open sea; to make
the finish; to make oneself understood; to make smth known; to make oneself clear;
to make public; to make a rule of it; to make a show of smth; to make a nuisance of
oneself; to make no sign; to make a face (faces) at smb; to make a long face; to make
eyes at smb; to make a (little, poor, ridiculous) figure; to make little (light) of smth;
to make much of smth, of smb; to make the most of smth; to make the worst of smth.
b) Fill in the blanks with the verb to make with a preposition.
1. Andrew want to speak to anybody, so he ...... right after the meeting.
2. ask the waiter to ...... the bill. I clean forgot I have an appointment in half an
hour. 3. They could hardly ...... the dim figure through the mist. 4. I what
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John is driving at. something up his sleeve, sure. 5. How did they......
with the problem? 6. I trust Jane too far if I were you. She is notorious for
making ... like lies. 7. missed too many lessons and it be easy to...... for
the lost time. 8. My mother allow me to....... She says common.

1. William ... his best to help his friend (do; make; did; made). 2. When in
Rome, ... as the Romans (do; make; did; made; do). 3. Never put off till tomorrow
what you can ... today (do; make; did; made). 4. If you want a thing done well, ... it
yourself (do; make; did; made). 5. Which exercise did you ... yesterday? (do; make;
did; made). 6. The students ... a few mistakes in the dictation (do; make; did; made).
7. It is not the gay coat that ... the gentleman (do; make; does; makes). 8. I have ...
this box myself (do; make; done; made). 9. When do you usually ... your homework
in the evening or in the afternoon? (do; make; did; made). 10. Many hands ... light
work (do; make; did; made). 11. Will you ... what I asked you to do? (do; make; did;
made). 12. A good beginning ... a good ending (does; makes; do; make). 13. He ... a
good speech at the meeting (do; make; did; made). 14. Jeremy ... a present to his girl
friend last week (do; make; did; made). 15. It is difficult to work when you are ... so
much noise (do; make; doing; making).
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.

Exercise 5: Report the following sentences.
1. have never gone to doctors and I mean to waste time and money.
what it she said. 2. did the man who spoke to you look like any of
he asked, showing me some glossy photos. 3. Jack, see me
off. Just get me a taxi, will she said. 4. was quite a party. Why you
Mary asked. 5. will be responsible for that? the only thing I want
to farther said angrily. 6. go into the sitting-room, children, Anne is
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being fitted for a new mother said. 7. whatever has been said on
the subject as she confided to me. something in the air, I feel
8. brood over Jane said. are sure to get right if you
bother about 9. me at half past six tomorrow, mom, I must catch the
early train to Chris asked. 10. purse was empty when I found it.
Quite the girl repeated stubbornly. 11. have you been doing since I
saw you he inquired. done something to your hair. It makes you look
quite grown 12. has not been to his office the clerk said. have
been trying to reach him since we got the 13. Then she told me, saw that
doctor yesterday. quite all right 14. have you done with the
he said, see
Exercise 6: Translate the joke from Ukrainian into English.
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Exercise 7: Read and retell the text.
The First Hackers.
The first were students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) who belonged to the TMRC (Tech Model Railroad Club). Some of the
members really built model trains. But many were more interested in the wires and
circuits underneath the track platform. Spending hours at TMRC creating better
circuitry was called mere Those members who were interested in creating
innovative, stylistic, and technically clever circuits called themselves (with pride)
hackers.
During the spring of 1959, a new course was offered at MIT, a freshman
programming class. Soon the hackers of the railroad club were spending days, hours,
and nights hacking away at their computer, an IBM 704. Instead of creating a better
circuit, their hack became creating faster, more efficient program with the least
number of lines of code. Eventually they formed a group and created the first set of
hacker's rules, called the s Ethic.
Hackers were given free reign on the computer by two AI Lab professors,
John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, who realized that hacking created new
insights. Over the years, the AI Lab created many innovations: LIFE, a game about
survival; LISP, a new kind of programming language; the first computer chess game;
the CAVE, the first computer adventure; and SPACEWAR, the first video game.

The Essential Difference.
One day the zoo-keeper noticed that the orangutang was reading two
books the Bible and Origin of Species. In surprise he asked the ape,
are you reading both those said the orangutang, just
wanted to know if I was my keeper or my
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UNIT 11
Text A: Hard Drive.
Text B: Solid-State Drive.
Essential Vocabulary: to set.
Grammar Revision: The Use of the Subjunctive Mood.
Text A. HARD DRIVE
Alternatively referred to as a hard disk drive and abbreviated as HD or HDD,

the hard drive is the s main storage media device that permanently stores
all data on the computer. It was first introduced on September 13, 1956 and consists
of one or more hard drive platters inside of air sealed casing. Most computer hard
drives are in an internal drive bay at the front of the computer and connect to the
motherboard using either ATA, SCSI, or a SATA cable and power cable.
How is data read and stored on a hard drive? Data sent to and from the hard
drive is interpreted by the disk controller, which tells the hard drive what to do and
how to move the components within the drive. When the operating system needs to
read or write information, it examines the hard drives File Allocation Table (FAT) to
determine file location and available areas. Once this has been determined, the disk
controller instructs the actuator to move the read/write arm and align the read/write
head. Because files are often scattered throughout the platter, the head will often need
to move to several different locations to access all information. All information stored
on a traditional hard drive, is done magnetically. After completing the above steps, if
the computer needs to read information from the hard drive it would read the
magnetic polarities on the platter. One side of the magnetic polarity is 0 and the other
is 1, reading this as binary data the computer can understand what the data is on the
platter. For the computer to write information to the platter, the read/write head aligns
the magnetic polarities, writing 0s and 1s that can be read later.
Although most hard drives are internal hard drives, many users also use
external hard drives to backup data on their computer and expand the total amount of
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space available to them. External drives are often stored in an enclosure that helps
protect the drive and allow it to interface with the computer, usually over USB or
SATA. A great example of a backup external device that supports multiple hard
drives is the Drobo. External hard drives come in many shapes and sizes. Some are
large, about the size of a book, while others are about the size of a cell phone.
External hard drives can be very useful for backing up important data and taking with
you on the go. They can store a lot of information, including music and movies.
Text B. SOLID-STATE DRIVE
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated

circuit assemblies to store data persistently, typically using flash memory, and
functioning as secondary storage in the hierarchy of computer storage. It is also
sometimes called a solid-state device or a solid-state disk, even though SSDs lack
the physical spinning disks and movable read write heads used in hard drives
("HDD") or floppy disks.
Compared with the electromechanical drives, SSDs are typically more resistant
to physical shock, run silently, and have quicker access time and lower latency.
SSDs store data in semiconductor cells. As of 2019, cells can contain between 1 and
4 bits of data. SSD storage devices vary in their properties according to the number
of bits stored in each cell, with single-bit cells ("SLC") being generally the most
reliable, durable, fast, and expensive type, compared with 2- and 3-bit cells ("MLC"
and "TLC"), and finally quad-bit cells ("QLC") being used for consumer devices that
do not require such extreme properties and are the cheapest of the four. In addition,
3D XPoint memory (sold by Intel under the Optane brand), stores data by changing
the electrical resistance of cells instead of storing electrical charges in cells, and
SSDs made from RAM can be used for high speed, when data persistence after
power loss is not required, or may use battery power to retain data when its usual
power source is unavailable. Hybrid drives or solid-state hybrid drives (SSHDs),
such as Apple's Fusion Drive, combine features of SSDs and HDDs in the same
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unit using both flash memory and a HDD in order to improve the performance of
frequently-accessed data.
While the price of SSDs has continued to decline over time, SSDs are (as of
2020) still more expensive per unit of storage than HDDs and are expected to remain
so into the next decade.
SSDs based on NAND Flash will slowly leak charge over time if left for long
periods without power. This causes worn-out drives (that have exceeded their
endurance rating) to start losing data typically after one year (if stored at 30 to
two years (at 25 in storage; for new drives it takes longer. Therefore, SSDs are
not suitable for archival storage. 3D XPoint is a possible exception to this rule,
however it is a relatively new technology with unknown long-term data-retention
characteristics.
SSDs can use traditional hard disk drive (HDD) interfaces and form factors,
or newer interfaces and form factors that exploit specific advantages of the flash
memory in SSDs. Traditional interfaces (e.g., SATA and SAS) and standard HDD
form factors allow such SSDs to be used as drop-in replacements for HDDs in
computers and other devices. Newer form factors such as mSATA, M.2, U.2, NF1,
XFMEXPRESS[11] and EDSFF (formerly known as Ruler SSD) and higher speed
interfaces such as NVMe over PCI Express can further increase performance over
HDD performance.
combinations: to store permanently, a drive platter, inside, air sealed casing, an
internal drive bay, to determine, file location, to examine, an area, to scatter,
magnetic polarities, to align, an enclosure, a backup external device, a shape, a size, a
multiple hard drive, a cell.
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(UNESCO the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization),
Essential Vocabulary: TO SET
to set (set, set) 1. to make to be in a specified condition, as to open the cage

and set the bird free; to set the papers (a village, a house) on fire; to fix or determine
(a rule, time, standard), as to set a wedding day, to set a new land, speed, record; 2. to
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give (a piece of work) for (someone) to do, e. g. Who sets the questions for the
examination? The teacher sets the class various exercises. 3. to fix firmly (a part of
the body, esp. regarded as showing intentions, feelings, etc.), e. g. He set his
jaw and refused to agree to anything I said. set against her daugh marriage.
4. to put into action, e. g. He set the machine going with a push; to set the ball rolling;
5. to cause (a liquid, paste, soft material, etc.) to become solid, e. g. Set the jelly by
putting it in a cold place. 6. to write or provide (music) for a poem or other words to
be sung, e. g. The poem was set to an old working song tune.
to set about is to dealing with something in a particular way, e. g. I need to
find a new flat but not sure how to set about looking for one.
to set against balance one thing against another, e. g. The advantages are not
so big when set against the disadvantages.
to be set against something to be opposed to doing it, e. g. He change
his mind. He is absolutely set against it.
to set aside to use something, often time or money, for a specific purpose, e.g.
I have enough money for the deposit set aside.
to set back is to cause a delay, e. g. Bad weather was the reason that the launch
of the rocket was set back until Monday.
to set down something you are holding means to put it down, e. g. She lifted
up the teapot but set it down again without pouring any tea.
to set down your ideas or some facts to record by writing them, e. g. Here is
the leaflet where we have set down guidelines for our employees.
to set in is when something unpleasant starts and seems likely to continue, e.g.
It looks as if the rain has set in for the afternoon.
to set off to start on a journey, e. g. Sorry late. We set off until
half past eight.
to set eyes on to see, e. g. I hope I never set eyes on that fellow again.
to set teeth on edge to frighten smb., e. g. set my teeth on
edge, afraid of you.
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to set heart (mind, hopes) on to be filled with strong desire for, e. g.
The boy has set his heart on becoming an engineer.
1. I think you are setting ... (against, about, back, down) in the right way.
2. We can set our expenses (about, against, aside, back) the tax. 3. His parents
were set (about, against, aside, down) him becoming a musician and made him
study engineering. 4. set (about, against, aside, in) Monday and Tuesday to
work on it. 5. The whole project has been set (down, off, aside, back) by the late
delivery of some of the parts. 6. The waitress set (off, down, aside, in) an
enormous plate of steak and salad in front of me. 7. We were all asked to set
(about, down, aside, in) our views on what had happened. 8. Panic really set
(aside, down, in, off) until just before I was due to give my presentation. 9. The
weather was perfect when we set (back, down, in, off) but it was raining when we
got back.
THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Exercise 4: Find the mistakes and correct them.
1. What would you do if you live here all the time, as we do? 2. If we met
Captain Hook in open fight, leave me to deal with him. 3. If he come by 6
he come at all. 4. If you eat less than you need, the body burns fat to
get energy and you loses weight. 5. If you have finished your homework, you might
be able to help us. 6. I could understand your friend from Italy if he spoken more
slowly. 7. If my cat were sick, I would have taken it to the vet. 8. I wish you would
give me this book for a while. 9. What will the kitchen look like if we painted it
green? 10. Even if he did say so, we cannot be sure that he was telling the truth. 11. If
you have been walking all the night, you probably need a rest. 12. If you went to
London, you might have seen the Queen. 13. If they are promising to be here, they
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will certainly come. 14. Even if my parents disapproved of my plans, I had
given them up. 15. I wish the weather be so dreadful today.

1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Shopping in the Internet
Shopping in the Internet, or shopping on-line is becoming more and more
popular. More and more people are using the Internet to buy things. Why do people
use the Internet to shop? Some people say it is more convenient. They have to
leave homes to order something, and they can shop for anything they want at any
time, day or night. Other people say they can find things for sale that they find
in the stores near their homes. Still other people say they can find better prices on the
Internet. If you want to buy something on the Internet, you need a credit card. You
have to type your credit card number and some other information on the website and
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send it to the store over the Internet. You have to be sure that the store will not use
your information in the wrong way. You want someone to get your credit card
number and charge something to your account. Of course, you always have to be
careful with your credit card number, because people sometimes steal credit card
numbers from stores and restaurants too. For people who are nervous to shop alive,
the Internet is a good place to go window-shopping. Window-shopping is when you
go to a store and look at the things for sale, but plan to buy anything. Window-
shopping is easy on the Internet. You can see what kinds of products are available
and how much they cost. You can visit stores with branches near you, or you can visit
stores that are only on the Internet. Some stores have a website for information about
their stores, but not for shopping. Some stores have a website for information about
their stores, and you can shop on-line there too. Some stores are only for on-line
shopping.

A man was found murdered on Sunday morning. His wife immediately called
the police. The police questioned the wife and staff and got these alibis: the Wife said
she was sleeping, the Cook was cooking breakfast, the Gardener was picking
vegetables, the Maid was getting the mail, the Butler was cleaning the closet. The
police instantly arrested the murderer. Who did it and how did they know?
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UNIT 12
Text : E-mail.
Text B: Internet.
Essential Vocabulary: to strike.
Grammar Revision: The Infinitive.
Text A. E-MAIL
Every day, the citizens of the Internet send each other billions of e-mail
messages. If re on-line a lot, you yourself may send a dozen or more e-mails
each day without even thinking about it. Obviously, e-mail has become an extremely
popular communication tool.
Have you ever wondered how e-mail gets from your computer to a friend
halfway around the world? According to Darwin Magazine: Prime Movers, the first
e-mail message was sent in 1971 by an engineer named Ray Tomlinson. Prior to this,
you could only send messages to users on a single machine. s
breakthrough was the ability to send messages to other machines on the Internet,
using the @ sign to designate the receiving machine. An e-mail message has always
been nothing more than a simple text message a piece of text sent to a recipient. In
the beginning and even today, e-mail messages tend to be short pieces of text,
although the ability to add attachments now makes many messages quite long. Even
with attachments, however, e-mail messages continue to be text messages ll see
why when we get to the section on attachments. ve probably already received
several e-mail messages today. To look at them, you use some sort of e-mail client.
Many people use well-known, stand-alone clients like Microsoft Outlook, Outlook
Express, Eudora or Pegasus. People who subscribe to free e-mail services like
Hotmail or Yahoo use an e-mail client that appears in a Web page. No matter which
type of client you're using, it generally does four things:
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Shows you a list of all of the messages in your mailbox by displaying the
message headers. The header shows you who sent the mail, the subject of the
mail and may also show the time and date of the message and the message size.
Lets you select a message header and read the body of the e-mail message.
Lets you create new messages and send them. You type in the e-mail address
of the recipient and the subject for the message, and then type the body of the
message.
Lets you add attachments to messages you send and save the attachments from
messages you receive.
Text B. INTERNET
The Internet is a huge network of computers spanning this planet and is now
started to bring in the surrounding area like space. Some computers like servers
share data, others just surf the web as clients downloading the data. Public Internet
began in the late 70s. In the 70s web users used an interface called telnet, but now
that program is mainly obsolete. Telnet is most widely deployed in accessing
college e-mail accounts. The Internet is very helpful, because a huge database of
knowledge, from the picture of family trips to an analysis of a quantum mechanics.
Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication
and huge wealth of knowledge. But how to go on with the Internet and do a search
for information we need? There are two ways to do it. The first is when you know
an internet address of data you need and the second one is when you try to find
information you need by using a search program. In the beginning we have to enter
any browser you like. It could be an Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator or
Opera, etc. If we have a broadband connection, we connect to the Internet at once. If
not, we have to set up and connect to our dial-up service. Finally, if we want to find
some information in the Internet, we are to type and address to this data in the
browser we use or simply use the existing search-program such as the google search
program, rambler search program, yandex search program, yahoo search program.
They are very simple and popular networks of sites. In these programs we can just
106
type the word or name of thing, we would like to find and then press enter. A search
program solves this problem. We get our results in the same window. After we get
our results, we simply choose whatever site matches our query or keep searching.
Besides data, one can get from the Internet; we can also send and receive e-
mail or electronic mail. This internet service is cheaper than ordinary mail and much
quicker. It is becoming popular day by day. We can get some news from the
Internet, because there are many informational servers in the web.
combinations: a citizen, a billion, a dozen, a message, obviously, extremely, a
breakthrough, a sign, to designate, to tend, a recipient, however, to matter, to
subscribe, to appear, a header, a mailbox, a subject.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
. 7.
8.
9.
,
10.
11.
12.
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13.
Essential Vocabulary: TO STRIKE
to strike (struck, struck) 1. to beat, to strike smb., to strike smb. (smth.) on

smth. . g. He struck the boy a violent blow. The man struck Lanny on the face. He
struck his fist on the table. Syn. to hit (hit, hit), . g. Why did he hit the boy?; to hit
one's hand (foot, head, etc.) on smth., . g. I hit my head on the low shelf.
N o t e: strike and hit may be used in the same sense to strike or to hit
smb. but care should be taken to use the proper verb m traditional word
combinations such as to strike a match to light, e. g. Somebody struck a match so
that we could see each other. 2. to bang (about clock), . g. It has just struck half past
four. This tower clock strikes the hours. 3. to puzzle, to surprise, to astonish, e. g. We
were struck by bis strange behaviour. It struck me that he had grown so old. Many
things might strike us as unusual in a foreign country.
N t e: to be struck means be filled suddenly with a strong feeling of
That distinguishes the verb to strike from its synonyms to astonish and to
surprise; to astonish is stronger in meaning than to surprise, . g. I be
surprised if it rained. I'm not surprised at seeing you here, been told about your
arrival. I was astonished at seeing him so changed. I was struck by his sudden death.;
to puzzle means make a person think hard before finding an e.g. His
letter puzzled me. (I know why he had written it).
Exercise 3. Fill in a suitable word or phrase: surprise, astonish, strike,

puzzle.
1. I be ... if he gets a he is a very bright boy. 2. We were ... by the
contrasts between wealth and poverty in Delhi. 3. His question ... me. I know
how to answer it. 4. I was ... to meet him in town, I was sure he had not come back
yet. 5. His cruelty... us. We always thought that be was kind and sympathetic.
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THE INFINITIVE
Exercise 4: Use the Infinitive instead of complex sentences.
Model: I looked out. He was backing the car into the garage. I saw him back
the car in the garage.
1. He ordered that the mail should be brought at once. 2. No one had expected
that she would marry so young. 3. I could hear it perfectly well. They were discussing
me. 4. shout so! The whole house will know what has happened. Do you want
it? 5. I shall stay at home and do my lessons. Mother said so. 6. They will win the
game. We are sure of it. 7. I never smoke indoors. My parents like it. 8. He is a
truthful boy. I know it. 9. We eat ice-cream before dinner because Mother has
forbidden it. 10. You got off the train at Austin. The porter saw you.
Exercise 5: Translate from English into Ukrainian.

1. Our task is to test this device. 2. The device to be tested is in our laboratory.
3. To live is to work and study. 4. We have to master our speciality at the Academy.
5. He helped me to translate this difficult paper. 6. To achieve better results we must
repeat the experiment. 7. This device is used to measure the electric energy. 8. We
made a list of the things to be taken. 9. To earn a living, he became a salesman. 10.
To know everything is to know nothing. 11. Show me the text to be translated today.
12. Popov was the first to invent the radio. 13. Every time my friend is the last to
come. 14. Our duty is to defend our country. 15. To understand these principles you
must know the Periodic Law.
Exercise 6: Put each of the following words in its place in the passage below and
Retell it.
software computers peripherals calculator ports
monitor keyboard configuration hardware printer
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So you only have a pocket (1) to do addition, multiplication and so on, and
you want to know about real (2)? Right. Well, the machines themselves are called
the (3) and the programs that you feed into them are called the (4). If you want
to see the results of what you are doing, need a (5) or have to plug
into a television set. operate your machine like a typewriter by pressing keys
on the (6). If you want a record on paper of what doing, need a
(7). On the rear panel of the computer there are several (8) into which you can
plug a wide range of (9) modems, fax, machines and scanners. The main
physical units of a computer system are generally known as the (10).

The Portrait
A woman decided to have her portrait painted. She told the artist, me
with diamond rings, a diamond necklace, emerald bracelets, a ruby broach, and gold
you are not wearing any of those he replied. I she said.
in case I should die before my husband. sure he will remarry right away, and
I want his new wife to go crazy looking for the
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UNIT 13
Text A: Memory in a Flash.
Text B: Data Storage Device.
Essential Vocabulary: to take.
Grammar Revision: The Gerund.
Text A. MEMORY IN A FLASH
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory that can be electronically

erased and reprogrammed. Its name was invented by Toshiba to express how much
faster it could be erased a , which means very quickly.
Unlike RAM, which is volatile, flash memory retains the information stored in
the chip when the power is turned off. This makes it ideal for use in digital cameras,
laptops, network switches, video game cards, mobile phones and portable multimedia
players. In addition, it offers fast read access times (although not as fast as RAM),
with transfer rates of 12 MB per second. Unlike ROM chips, flash memory chips are
rewritable, so you can update programs via software.
Inside the chip, data is stored in several floating gate transistors, called cells.
Each cell traditionally stores one bit of data. New devices have a multilevel cell
structure so they can store more than one bit per cell. The chips are constructed with
either NOR or NAND gates. NOR chips function like a main memory,
while NAND work like a hard drive.
Flash memory is used in several ways:
- Many PCs have their BIOS (basic input/output system) stored on a flash memory
chip so it can be updated if necessary.
- Modems use flash memory because it allows the manufacturer to support new
protocols.
- USB flash drives are used to save and move MP3 and other data files between
computers. They are more easily transported than external hard drives because they
use solid-state technology, meaning that they have fragile moving parts that can
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break if dropped. However, USB flash drives have less storage capacity than hard
drives.
- New U3 smart drives allow users to store both applications and data. They have two
drive partitions and can carry applications that run on the host computer without
requiring installation.
- Flash memory cards are used to store images on cameras, to back up data on PDAs,
to transfer games in video consoles, to record voice and music on MP3 players or to
store movies on MP4 players. They are as small as stamp, and capacity can range
from 8 MB to several gigabytes. The only limitation is that flash cards are often not
interchangeable between devices.
The future of hard drives may be hybrid hard drives. Hybrid hard drives
combine a magnetic hard disk and a flash memory into one device. This allows
computer to boot, or start, more quickly, and also reduces power consumption.
Text B. DATA STORAGE DEVICE
A data storage device is any mechanism used to record data so it can be

retrieved and used later. The term most often is used in the context of computers or
other electronic technologies for which information needs to be copied to a mobile
storage unit or saved to a medium for long-term storage. Internal, non-removable
devices such as computer hard drives, compact disk (CD) drives or digital video disk
drives (DVDs) that can read and write information to a disk also can be referred to as
a data storage device. Less commonly, a data storage device can refer to a mass
storage drive that is designed to encode and hold a very large amount of information,
such as all the information within a corporate network, on some type of media such
as a magnetic tape reel or an optical disk.
There are two types of data storage devices, one that holds information
permanently and one that holds information only as long as power is provided to the
mechanism. Inside a computer, random access memory (RAM) microchips or
embedded circuit-based memory are examples of temporary forms of storing data,
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also called volatile memory storage. The primary purpose for volatile data storage is
to provide an area where a device can quickly access information such as code for
an application which does not necessarily have to be saved once the device is
turned off or reset. This volatile information is often copied or compiled from data
stored on a permanent data storage device.
A permanent data storage device is designed to hold information for the life of
the medium, regardless of whether the unit is actively powered. Computer hard drives
that write to spinning magnetic disks are one of the most common forms of non-
removable devices. A CD or DVD drive is another example and, although they are
sometimes non-removable, they write to disks that can be removed and read by
another computer or other device.
One of the most used types of data storage device is known as a solid state
drive or, more commonly, a flash drive. This type of device is often a self-contained,
portable drive that can hold a certain amount of information and can be used on
nearly any computer or device with a universal serial bus (USB) drive. The
popularity of solid state drives comes from the fact that they do not have any moving
parts, making them more resistant to damage, especially in mobile devices. One
drawback to using a solid state drive is that, while the technology is very fast, small
and efficient, it also wears out over time, meaning a drive will eventually become
prone to errors and, ultimately, unusable.
combinations: to span, huge, a surrounding area, a space, to be obsolete, to be
deployed, an account, wealth of knowledge, instantaneous, to enter, a broadband
connection, a dial-up service, to exist, to press, to match, a query, to keep doing smth,
cheap, ordinary.
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,
(World Wide Web WWW)
1980-
1990-
2011 2,1
Essential Vocabulary: TO TAKE
to take after to resemble a parent or family memberm e. g. blond with

blue eyes. She takes after her father.
to take along means you take someone or something with you when you go
somewhere, e. g. I took Sue along to the party. She really enjoyed it.
to take apart to separate something into the parts it is made up of, e. g. He
took the machine apart and reassemble it.
to take aside to isolate a person from the rest of a group to talk to them
privately, e. g. After the meeting, he took me aside and asked me what I really
thought.
to take away 1. to remove something from its place and put it elsewhere, e.g.
Someone had cleaned the room and taken away all the dirty dishes. 2. to remove
something and stop them having it again, e. g. His passport was taken away so he
leave the country.
to take back to return something you have bought or borrowed, e. g. When I
got home I discovered it work so I took it back to the shop.
to take down 1. to go to a lower level or place with something, e. g. I took
114
them down to the beach for the day as the weather was beautiful. 2. to remove
something that is attached to a wall or other object, e. g. When I went into the sitting
room, I noticed that he had taken down all the pictures.

1. He is good at math. He take (after, along, apart, aside) me!
2. Shall we take a bottle of wine (after, away, along, apart)? That is always
appreciated. 3. The machene needs taking (after, apart, away, back) and cleaning
and oiling and then work. 4. She took Danny (along, apart, aside, down) and
explained what she wanted him to do. 5. Take that (apart, aside, away, down)! I
want it in here! 6. Curiosity was very strict in the airport, they even took
(along, apart, away, down) mybottle of wine. 7. When finished using it, can
you take it (after,apart, away, back) to the kitchen and put it away, please? 8. Can
you take that (aside, away, down, back), please? It be up here in your
bedroom. 9. Now the election is over, all the posters have been taken (aside, back,
down, apart).
THE GERUND
Exercise 4: Open the brackets.
1. My watch keeps (to stop). 2. I suggested (to go) by sea. 3. The taxi-driver
tried to stop in time, but he avoid (to hit) the old woman. 4. Please, go on (to
write). 5. no use (to wait). 6. The book is worth (to read). 7. When I came he was
busy (to write) a letter to his friend. 8. I feel like (to work) so I suggested (to
spend) the day in the country. 9. Where is Ann? She is busy (to do) her homework.
10. He insisted on (to help) me. 11. You should clean your teeth before (to go) to bed.
12. After (to walk) for three hours we decided to have a rest. 13. Would you mind (to
come) again in a day or two? 14. I mind (to do) this exercise. 15. She stopped
(visit) us. 16. very sorry for (to be) late. 17. The shoes need (to repair). 18. Why
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do you avoid (to speak) to me? 19. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 20. The doctor
insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital. 21. The child insisted on (to send)
home at once. 22. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people's business.
23. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 24. He was always ready for (to
help) people. 25. He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty.
Exercise 5: Put the verb in brackets into the correct form, Gerund or Infinitive.
1. thinking of (to go) to Brazil. 2. You cannot live without (to do) such
stupid things. 3. He good at (to drive) his car. 4. Try to avoid (to lose) your
temper. 5. He seems (to know) everything about it. 6. no use (to cry) over spilt
milk. 7. Would you mind (to repeat) your threat? 8. You should practice (to say),
little lorry, yellow little 9. useless (to argue) with him. He
listen to any reason. 10. They were advised (to take) a packed lunch. 11. Do you
think worth (to see) this film? 12. If you want (to lose) weight, try (to eat) less.
13. forbidden (to smoke) here. 14. not keen on (to work) late. 15. not
very fond of (to shop). 16. He managed (to calm) her by promising to return soon. 17.
Mary is crazy about (to take) photos. 18. In Arabia the usual way of (to travel) is by
camel. 19. You needed (to add) some more sugar to that.
Exercise 6: Use the right form of the Gerund, opening the brackets and retell the
story.
One day dog broke a leg. The artist loved his dog so much that he
decided to send foe the best doctor in London instead of (to send) for a veterinary.
When the doctor arrived, Turner said to him, me for (to send) for you. I
know of your (to be) a great doctor but I beg you to help my dog. It is so important
for The doctor was angry but show it. The next day the doctor asked
Turner to come to his house. When Turner arrived the doctor said, Turner,
glad at your (to come). I am sorry for (to ask) you to come. But my door needs (to
paint). I know of your (to be) a great painter but I beg you to do it. so important
for
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Exercise 7: Read and render the text in English.
The Myth of Pygmalion
We know the Greek philosophers to call art an of but their
own mythology tells a different story. The story of Pygmalion is the most famous of
the myths that believe art to have the power of creation rather than the power of
portraying. Here is the myth of Pygmalion. In ancient Greece there lived a sculpture,
Pygmalion by name. People knew him to be a great sculpture. Once he made a statue
of a young woman. The statue was so beautiful that Pygmalion fell in love with it. He
wanted the statue to become alive and asked the gods to help him. For a long time he
waited, expecting the statue to talk but it was silent. Then Pygmalion decided to go to
Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love. He expected her to help him. Aphrodite,
Goddess of Love, only you can help me. I know you to be very kind. Give me a wife
as beautiful as my statue or make my statue On returning home Pygmalion ran
up to his statue, looked at it, and suddenly he noticed it move and then heard it speak.
Soon the statue turned into a beautiful young woman, and Pygmalion married her.

A number of children are standing in a circle. They are evenly spaced and the
7 child is directly opposite the 18th child. How many children are there altogether?
th
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UNIT 14
Text A: A Computer Virus.
Text B: Types of Networks.
Essential Vocabulary: to think.
Grammar Revision: The Complex Object.
Text A. A COMPUTER VIRUS
A computer virus is a computer program that can replicate itself and spread
from one computer to another. The term virus is also commonly, but erroneously,
used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and
spyware programs that do not have a reproductive ability. Malware includes
computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, most spyware, dishonest adware
and other malicious or unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are
sometimes confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different.
A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other
computers through networks, while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless
but hides malicious functions. Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a
computer s data or performance. Some viruses and other malware have
symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or simply do
nothing to call attention to themselves. Some viruses do nothing beyond reproducing
themselves.
The actual term virus was first used to denote a self-reproducing program in a
short story by David Gerrold in Galaxy magazine in 1969 and later in his 1972
novel HARLIE Was In that novel, a sentient computer named HARLIE
writes viral software to retrieve damaging personal information from other computers
to blackmail the man who wants to turn him off. The first IBM PC virus in the wild
was a boot sector virus dubbed Brain, created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in
Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly to deter piracy of the software they had written. Before
computer networks became widespread, most viruses spread on removable media,
118
particularly floppy disks. In the early days of the personal computer, many users
regularly exchanged information and programs on floppies. Some viruses spread by
infecting programs stored on these disks, while others installed themselves into the
disk boot sector, ensuring that they would be run when the user booted the computer
from the disk, usually inadvertently. Personal computers of the era would attempt to
boot first from a floppy if one had been left in the drive. Until floppy disks fell out of
use, this was the most successful infection strategy and boot sector viruses were the
most common in the wild for many years.
Macro viruses have become common since the mid-90s. Most of these viruses
are written in the scripting languages for Microsoft programs such as Word and Excel
and spread throughout Microsoft Office by infecting documents and spreadsheets.
Since Word and Excel were also available for Mac OS, most could also spread to
Macintosh computers. Although most of these viruses did not have the ability to send
infected email messages, those viruses which did take advantage of the Microsoft
Outlook COM interface. A virus may also send a web address link as an instant
message to all the contacts on an infected machine. If the recipient, thinking the link
is from a friend follows the link to the website, the virus hosted at the site may be
able to infect this new computer and continue propagating. Viruses that spread using
cross-site scripting were first reported in 2002, and were academically demonstrated
in 2005. There have been multiple instances of the cross-site scripting viruses in the
wild, exploiting websites such as MySpace and Yahoo!.
Text B. THE ANATOMY OF A VIRUS
A biological virus is a very small, simple organism that infects living cells,
known as the host, by attaching itself to them and using them to reproduce itself. This
often causes harm to the host cells.
Similarly, a computer virus is a very small program routine that infects a
computer system and uses its resources to reproduce itself. It often does this by
patching the operating system to enable it to detect program files, such as COM or
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EXE files. It then copies itself into those files. This sometimes causes harm to the
host computer system.
When the user runs an infected program, it is loaded into memory carrying the
virus. The virus uses a common programming technique to stay resident in memory.
It can then use a reproduction routine to infect other programs. This process
continues until the computer is switched off.
The virus may also contain a payload that remains dormant until a trigger event
activates it, such as the user pressing a particular key. The payload can have a variety
of forms. It might do something relatively harmless such as displaying a message on
the monitor screen or it might do something more destructive such as deleting files on
the hard disk.
When it infects a file, the virus replaces the first instruction in the host program
with a command that changes the normal execution sequence. This type of command is
known as a JUMP command and causes the virus instructions to be executed before the
host program. The virus then returns control to the host program which then continues
with its normal sequence of instructions and is executed in the normal way.
To be a virus, a program only needs to have a reproduction routine that enables
it to infect other programs. Viruses can, however, have four main parts. A
misdirection routine that enables it to hide itself; a reproduction routine that allows it
to copy itself to other programs; a trigger that causes the payload to be activated at a
particular time or when a particular event takes place; and a payload that may be a
fairly harmless joke or may be very destructive. A program that has a payload but
does not have a reproduction routine is known as a Trojan.
combinations: to replicate, to spread, a malware, an adware, a spyware programs, a
reproductive ability, a worm, a Trojan horse, malicious, dishonest, harmless, to
exploit, a security, a vulnerability, to hide, noticeable, to be surreptitious, to
reproduce, a sentient computer, to retrieve, to damage, to deter, an attempt, to fall out
120
of, successful, to host, instant, a link, cross-side scripting, to demonstrate, to execute,
to transfer, a background.
50
1986
Brain,
18
Essential Vocabulary: TO THINK
to think ahead to make plans or arrangements for the future, e. g. Just

concentrate on today and try not to think too far ahead.
to think back to look back over things that have happened, e. g. When I think
back on what I did, I feel embarrassed.
to think of 1. a fact or something that exists means you know it and can
suggest it to someone else, e. g. I think of any examples of something he has
done well. 2. to consider the possibility of doing something, e. g. thinking of
going to Portugal for the holidays.
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to think out to prepare or plan something fully before you start doing it, e. g.
He obviously hadn't thought it out properly before starting.
to think over to consider something carefully before deciding, e. g. got
all the information we need. like to think it over.
to think through to consider something carefully with all the possible
consequences, e. g. It sounds like a good idea but we need to think it through to see if
it will work.
to think up to create something using your imagination, e. g. I want to
go to their party but I think up an excuse.

1. already thinking (ahead, back, of, out) to what will happen after
the elections. 2. Think (back, of, out, over) to when I first lived here and what the
house was like then. 3. Can you think (ahead, of, over, through) any reason I
should do it. not going to get paid. 4. thinking (back, of, out, up) starting
his busibess. 5. It was very well thought (back, of, out, up). He had obviously
spent a lot of time on it. 6. I just needed a bit of time to think it (back, of, over, up)
before I told him what I had decided. 7. I had time to think it (ahead, of,
through, up) at all. I know what will happen. 8. have to think (of, out,
over, up) a very good reason why we make the deadline.
THE COMPLEX OBJECT

Exercise 3: Find the mistakes and correct them if necessary.
1. The manager asked for the letter to send off at once. 2. I find her a very
smart girl. 3. I rely on you do it in time. 4. Jack got his dog to bring him his slippers.
4. Jane was having her hair to cut when somebody called her. 6. We want you explain
this rule to us once more. 7. Harry have had his sister type the report. 8. Can you help
me pack my things? 9. Have you had your luggage resisted yet? 10. impossible to
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make my parents to tidy up me room. 11. I want you to go to the library yourself and
find what you need. 12. Could you make your son be quiet? 13. My parents never let
me coming back home late. 14. My father likes dinner be in time. 15. Let us know
when they will go on a hike. 16. The teacher helped the students correct all the
mistakes. 17. Seeing her enter the room everybody stood to greet her. 18. Have you
ever seen a television throw through the window? 19. He ordered the documents to be
check carefully. 20. I heard his name mentioned several times.

1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11.
12. 13.
13. 14.
15.
.
Exercise 5: Read and retell the article.

What Can I Do To Avoid Receiving Spam Email?
Never reply to spam! Often, spam will have a link. Complying
with this action may confirm that yours is an active address. The address may
be spoofed or forged so replying to the originator will not work. Be very cautious
about displaying your email address in newsgroups, chat rooms, web sites, or online
directories. Think carefully before you post to a Usenet newsgroup. Subscribe only to
essential discussion lists, and make sure that someone moderates each one. If you are
thinking of filling out a form on a web site, check the site's privacy policy first to be
123
sure it uses secure technology, and the company does not share email
addresses with others. If the site does not have a privacy policy that describes this to
your satisfaction, consider not using that service. Learn how to filter junk and adult
content email. If you use Outlook and have questions on how to use the Junk Mail
feature, or a Eudora user who wants to know how to automatically filter spam email
from your inbox. Be aware of web beacons, also called web bugs, pixel tags, or clear
GIFs. Used in combination with cookies, a web beacon is an often-transparent,
graphic image on a web site or in an email. The web beacon monitors the behavior of
a visitor to a web site, or the sender of the email. Turning off the browser's cookies
will prevent web beacons from tracking your activity. The web beacon will still
account for an anonymous visit, but it will not record your unique information.
Know the applicable laws and your rights. It is illegal to forge the s
address or other routing information in commercial email messages. The law also
enables a provider to sue a sender of commercial email for violating the s
policies if (1) the sender had actual notice of such policies, or (2) the policies were
posted on the s web site and were communicated electronically to the
s computer.
Exercise 6: Read and render the jokes in English.

a) A famous producer was asked to attend the dress-rehearsal of a new play by
a young dramatist. But unfortunately the producer slept through the great part of the
performance. The author came up to him later and said, saw you slept at my
performance. How could you? You knew how much I wanted you to tell me your
opinion on the said the producer, is also an
b) is nothing worse for an actor than to hear spectators enter the hall
during the per there is something is hear the
spectators leave the
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UNIT 15
Text: Virtual Reality.
Text B: New Technologies.
Essential Vocabulary: to turn.
Grammar Revision: Modal Verbs.
Text A. VERTUAL REALITY
Not long ago computers were considered an amazing invention. Today they
form part of our life. The latest thing today is Virtual Reality. A Virtual Reality
system can transport the user to exotic locations such as a beach in Hawaii or the
inside of the human body. The Virtual Reality system is still in the early stages of its
development. At the moment it is necessary to put a large helmet on your head to
see the simulated world and you have to wear a special glove on your hand in order
to manipulate the objects you see there. Lenses and two miniature display screens
inside the helmet create the illusion that the screen surrounds you on every side.
You can computer generated objects, pick them up and examine
them, walk around and see things from a different angle.
Already today Virtual Reality is used in medicine. In hospitals, surgeons
could plan operations by first through the brain, heart or lungs without
damaging the body. It is also used in police training schools. In schools pupils could
explore the Great Pyramid or study molecules from the inside. Developers of Virtual
Reality say its potential is powerful.
The word which comes closest to describing Virtual Reality is
Virtual Reality technology resembles the flight stimulators that are used to train
pilots. But of course there are dangers as well as benefits. In the wrong hands
Virtual reality can be used for power fantasies and pornography.
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Text B. NEW TECHNOLOGIES
1. By all accounts, nanotechnology the science of making devices from

single atoms and molecules is going to have a huge impact on both business and
our daily lives. Nano devices are measured in nanometres (one billionth of a metre)
and are expected to be used in the following areas.
Nanocomputers: Chip makers will make tiny microprocessors with
nanotransistors, ranging from 60 to 5 nanometres in size.
Nanomedicine: By 2020, scientists believe that nano-sized robots, or nanobots,
will be injected into the bloodstream to treat diseases at the cellular
level.
Nanomaterials: New materials will be made from carbon atoms in the form of
nanotubes, which are more flexible, resistant and durable than steel or
aluminium. They will be incorporated into all kinds of products, for example
stain-resistant coating for clothes and scratch-resistant paints for cars.
2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science of making intelligent machines and
programs. The term originated in the 1940s, when Alan Turing said: machine has
artificial intelligence when there is no discernible difference between the
conversation generated by the machine and that of an intelligent A typical
AI application is robotics. One example is ASIMO, intelligent humanoid
robot. Soon, engineers will have built different types of android, with the form and
capabilities of humans. Another AI application is expert systems programs
containing everything that an knows about a subject. In a few years, doctors
will be using expert systems to diagnose illnesses.
3. Ubiquitous computing, also known as pervasive computing, is a new
approach in which computer functions are integrated into everyday life, often in an
invisible way. Ubiquitous devices can be anything from smartphones to tiny sensors
in homes, offices and cars, connected to networks, which allow information to be
accessed anytime and anywhere in other words, ubiquitously. In the future people
will interact naturally with hundreds of these smart devices (objects containing a
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microchip and memory) every day, each invisibly embedded in our environment and
communicating with each other without cables.
4. In the ideal smart homes, appliances and electronic devices work in sync to
keep the house secure. For example, when a regular alarm system senses that
someone is breaking into the house, it usually alerts the alarm company and then the
police. A smart home system would go further, turning on the lights in the home and
then sending a text message to the phone. Smart homes can remember your
living patterns, so if you like to listen to some classical music when you come back
from work, you house can do that for you automatically. They will also know when
the house is empty and make sure all the appliances are turned off. All home devices
will be interconnected over a home area network phones, cable services, home
cinemas, touch screens, smart mirrors and even the refrigerator will cooperate to
make our lives more comfortable.
(English for computer users, Infotech, 4th ed)
combinations: to consider, amazing, virtual, a human body, a stage, a development,
necessary, to manipulate, to generate, a helmet, to locate, to surround, to pick up, a
surgeon, a brain, to explore, to resemble, to train, a danger, a benefit.
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.
Essential Vocabulary: TO TURN
to turn 1. To turn round, . g. At hearing her voice I turned (turned my head).

The car turned the corner. 2. to transform (into smth.), .g. The water in the pond
turned into ice as the night had been frosty.
to turn away 1. to send away; dismiss, e. g. turned away the clerk. 2. to repel,
e. g. The poor location of the house turned away prospective buyers. 3. to avert;
deflect, e. g. turned away all criticism.
to turn back to go back.
to turn down 1. to diminish the speed, volume, intensity, or flow of, e. g. Turn
down the radio, please. 2. to reject or refuse, as a person, advice, or a suggestion, e. g.
turned down the invitation. 3. to fold or be capable of folding down, e. g. turn a collar
down; a collar that turns down.
to turn in 1. to hand in; give over, e. g. turned in the final exam. 2. to inform
on or deliver, e. g. The criminal turned herself in. 3. to produce, e. g. turns in a
consistent performance every day. 4. informal to go to bed, e. g. I turned in early last
night.
to turn inside out to evert, . g. My umbrella turned inside out in the wind.
to turn off to stop the operation, activity, or flow of; shut off, e. g. turned off
the television.
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to turn out to appear, to be, . g. He turned out a bad actor. The day turned out
a fine one. It turned out that there were no vacant seats in the bus.
as it turned out... as it happened, e. g. As it turned out, he is married.
to turn over to flip, to coup, . g. He turned over a page. He turned over in
bed.
to turn up to come, .g. We expected him to join us, but he never turned up.
to turn smth. upside down to make a mess, . g. Someone has turned
everything upside down in my drawer.
at every turn in every place; at every moment.
by turns one after another; alternately, e. g. From the ... testimony emerges a
man by turns devious and honest, vulgar and gallant, scatterbrained and
(Life).

around away down in into off on out over up
1. I was afraid there enough light in the room when I took these
pictures, but they actually turned great! 2. Can you please turn the air-
conditioning. really hot in here. 3. When I heard my favorite song on the radio, I
turned it really loud and danced around my apartment. 4. I applied to Yale
University, but they turned me . 5. We have to turn our research papers by next
Wednesday. 6. They were showing so many commercials during that movie that I
finally just got up and turned the TV. 7. The witch turned the handsome prince
a frog. 8. Although Sam wanted to keep the bag of money he found in the bus station,
he knew he should turn it to the authorities. 9. The tailor told her to turn so he
could adjust the hemline of the dress. 10. Those nomads are incredibly hospitable.
Someone seeking food and shelter would never be turned .
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MODAL VERBS
Exercise 4: Find the mistakes and correct them if necessary.
1. Fred go to school so he has not to get up so early. 2. very
unlikely, but he might be prepared to help you. 3. better to do as the doctor
says and take the medicine. 4. Horses can sleeping standing. 5. Could you light a fire
yourself when you were seven? 6. You eat all at once. 7. You can to buy
only second-hand books in that shop. 8. They want have to go there next month.
9. All drivers of cars should wear seat belts. Seat belts make driving much safer.
10. You to wait for me. 11. You may eat your supper so quickly. Do you
want to get a stomach ache? 12. Cactus plants much water. why they
cannot grow in the dry desert. 13. You to try to crack nuts with your teeth.
14. We would rather you cooked dinner for us.

1. ,
2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
10. 11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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Computer Crimes
More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial
institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories.
Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap
substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been
caught at it have managed to get away without punishment. These facts have not been
lost on criminals or would be criminals. A recent Stanford Research Institute study of
computer abuse was based on 160 case histories, which probably are just the
proverbial tip of the iceberg. Here are a few areas in which computer criminals have
found the pickings all too easy.
All even the smallest banks now keep their accounts on computer files.
Someone who knows how to change the numbers in the files can transfer funds at
will. For instance, one programmer was caught having the computer transfer funds
from other accounts to his s checking account. Often, tradition ally
trained auditors t know enough about the workings of computers to catch what is
taking place right under their noses. There is a trend toward using cards similar to
credit cards to gain access to funds through cash-dispensing terminals. Yet, in the
past, organized crime has used stolen or counterfeit credit cards to finance its
operations. Banks that offer after-hours or remote banking through cash-dispensing
terminals may find themselves unwillingly subsidizing organized crime. Much
personal information about individuals is now stored in computer files. An
unauthorized person with access to this information could use it for blackmail. Also,
confidential information about a s products or operations can be stolen and
sold to unscrupulous competitors.
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A monk has a very specific ritual for climbing up the steps to the temple. First
he climbs up to the middle step and meditates for 1 minute. Then he climbs up 8 steps
and faces east until he hears a bird singing. Then he walks down 12 steps and picks
up a pebble. He takes one step up and tosses the pebble over his left shoulder. Now,
he walks up the remaining steps three at a time which only takes him 9 paces. How
many steps are there?
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE
1. ARTICLES
The article is a structural word specifying the noun. The
absence of the article, which may be called the zero article, also
specifies the noun and has significance. There are two articles in English which
are called the definite and the indefinite article. The use of articles, as well as
their absence, has grammatical meaning and follows certain rules. There are
cases, however, in which the use of articles cannot be accounted for
grammatically as it has become a matter of tradition. This is found in numerous
set phrases, as in, e. g. at night in the night, in the distance at a
distance, as a result of under the influence of, to take the trouble to take care
of, to be in danger to be in a rage, etc.
The Indefinite Article (a/an) is used 1. with singular countable nouns
when we talk about things in general, e. g. An plane is faster than a train. 2. after
the verbs to be and to have, e.g. He is a doctor. He has a family.
The Definite Article (the) is used 1. before singular and plural nouns, but
countable and uncountable when we are talking about something specific or
when the noun is mentioned for the second time, e.g. The boy who has just left is
my cousin. The cat is sleeping. 2. with the words cinema, theatre, radio,
country(side), seaside, beach, etc., e. g. We go to the beach every Sunday.
Both the Definite and the Indefinite Articles are used before a singular
countable noun to represent a class of people, animals or things, e. g. A/the
dolphin is more intelligent than a/the shark.
2. PRONOUNS
Pronouns include a miscellaneous group of words which function in the
sentence as noun pronouns or as adjective pronouns. It should be pointed out that
although pronouns function as nouns or adjectives in the sentence, they do not
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cover all the functions of the two parts of speech, but can only have some of
them. Pronouns can be divided into the following classes: personal pronouns (I,
you, we, they, he, she, it), indefinite pronouns (some, any, no; somebody,
anybody, nobody; someone, anyone, no one; something, anything, nothing; one,
none all, every, each, other, either, neither, both; everybody, everyone,
everything, much, many, little, few, a little, a few, a lot of, lots of, a great deal,
a great many), possessive pronouns (my mine, your yours, his his, her
hers, our ours, their theirs), reciprocal pronouns (each other and one
another), reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, himself,
herself, itself), interrogative pronouns (who, whom, whose, what, which, how
much and how many), emphatic pronouns (the same forms as reflexive
pronouns), conjunctive pronouns (who, whom, whose, what, which, how much,
how many, that are used to connect subordinate clauses with the principal
clause), demonstrative pronouns (this these, that those).
3. NUMERALS
Numerals include two classes of words cardinal and ordinal numerals.
Cardinal numerals indicate number e. g. one, two, three, four, ten, twelve,
eighteen, twenty, thirty-three, seventy-five, ninety-one, a hundred, one hundred
and forty-six, two hundred and twenty- eight, a thousand, three thousand and
fifty-two, seven thousand three hundred and seventeen, etc. N o t e. The numerals
hundred, thousand and million are always preceded by the indefinite article a or
the numeral one. The latter is generally used when these numerals are followed by
some other numerals, e.g. a hundred but one hundred and twenty three; a thousand
but one thousand seven hundred and thirty. N o t e. Care should be taken to
remember the following patterns: a) five hundred books, three thousand cars, two
million workers; b) hundreds of books, thousands of cars, millions of workers. In the
examples under (a) the exact number of persons or things is given; in the
examples under (b) hundred, thousand and million do not indicate any exact
number but only a great multitude of persons or things.
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Ordinal numerals indicate order, e. g. the first, the second, the third, the
fourth, the tenth, the twelfth, the hundredth, the two hundred and thirty-ninth,
etc. N o t e. Dates are read in the following way e. g. September, 1, 1944 the
first of September (September the first), nineteen forty four. N o t e. Common
fractions are read in the following way, e. g. 2/3 two thirds; 3/8 three eights;
5/12 five twelfths. Decimal fractions are read as e. g. 3.5 three point five,
4.76 four point seven six, 8.03 eight point naught three.
4. PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. Phrasal
verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change
the meaning of the verb completely, e. g. look up consult a reference book (look a
word up in a dictionary), look for seek (look for her ring), look forward
anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone). There are no rules that
might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly all you can do is look them
up in a good dictionary and study their meanings. The particle is placed either after
the verb or after the object, e. g. Write down the word or Write the word down. If the
object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun, e. g.
Write it down.
5. THE STRUCTURE OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

All words in a sentence perform definite syntactic functions. As a rule,
every English sentence contains words or groups of words functioning as the
subject and the predicate. Grammatically, these functions are independent and
equally significant in the sentence. For that reason they are called the principal
parts (members) of the sentence. Words performing all other functions in the
sentence depend either on the subject (and together they form the subject-
phrase of the sentence) or on the predicate (together they form the predicate-
phrase of the sentence). A sentence which has both the subject and the predicate
is known as a two-member sentence. Most English sentences are two-member
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ones. Sentences which consist of only the subject or only the predicate are termed
one-member sentences. There are not many one-member sentences in English.
We find among them: 1. sentences with a verb in the Imperative mood, e. g.
Keep clear of the road: Step aside, please. 2. some exclamatory sentences, e. g.
What a nice view! How cold! 3. questions expressing suggestion, e. g. Why not
give him a telephone call? What about having a cup of tea? 4. sentences
expressing confirmation or negation, e. g. Yes. No. 5. some formulas of courtesy,
e. g. Hello! Good-bye! See you to night. Sentences built up of only the subject
and the predicate are called unextended sentences, e. g. The rain has stopped. It is
cold. Sentences in which, besides the principal parts, there are words
performing other (secondary) functions are called extended sentences, e. g.
Edward was most anxious to hear all the news about his family. For practical
purposes of learning English, it is necessary and sufficient to distinguish the
following syntactic functions within a simple sentence.
6. THE CATEGORY OF TENSE

Tense is the form of the verb which indicates the time of the action. The
category of tense in English is made up by a set of forms opposed to each other in
referring the event or state described to the present, past or future. Aspect is the
form of the verb which serves to express the manner in which the action is
regarded (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect-Continuous).
Present Simple expresses: 1. an action in the present taking place once, never
or several times; 2. facts; 3. actions taking place one after another; 4. action set by a
timetable or schedule. Markers: always, every never, normally, often, seldom,
sometimes, usually.
Present Progressive expresses: 1. an action taking place in the moment of
speaking; 2. action taking place only for a limited period of time; 3. action arranged
for the future. Markers: at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right
now.
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Present Perfect shows: 1. an emphasis on the result; 2. an action that is still
going on; 3. an action that stopped recently; 4. a finished action that has an influence
on the present; 5. an action that has taken place once, never or several times before
the moment of speaking. Markers: already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now,
up to now.
Present Perfect-Continuous shows 1. an emphasis on the course or duration
(not the result); 2. an action that recently stopped or is still going on; 3. a finished
action that influenced the present. Markers: all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how
long?, the whole week.
Past Simple shows: 1. an action in the past taking place once, never or
several times; 2. an actions taking place one after another; 3. an action taking place in
the middle of another action. Markers: yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other
day, last Friday.
Past Continuous shows 1. an action going on at a certain time in the past; 2.
an actions taking place at the same time; 3. an action in the past that is interrupted by
another action. Markers: when, while, as long as.
Past Perfect shows: 1. an action taking place before a certain time in the past;
2. sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive; 3. putting emphasis only
on the fact (not the duration). Markers: already, just, never, not yet, once, until that
day.
Past Perfect-Continuous shows: 1. an action taking place before a certain
time in the past; 2. sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple; 3. putting
emphasis on the duration or course of an action. Markers: for, since, the whole day,
all day.
Future Simple shows: 1. an action in the future that cannot be influenced; 2.
spontaneous decision; 3. assumption with regard to the future. Markers: in a year,
next tomorrow, I think, probably, perhaps.
Future Continuous shows: 1. an action that is going on at a certain time in
the future; 2. an action that is sure to happen in the near future. Markers: in one year,
next week, tomorrow.
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Future Perfect shows an action that will be finished at a certain time in the
future. Markers: by Monday, in a week.
Future Perfect-Continuous shows 1. an action taking place before a certain
time in the future; 2. putting emphasis on the course of an action. Markers: for
the last couple of hours, all day long.
Future Simple-in-the-Past shows an action that might take place.
Future Progressive-in-the-Past shows: 1. an action that might take place; 2.
putting emphasis on the course/duration of the action.
Future Perfect-in-the-Past shows an action that might have taken place in
the past.
Future Perfect continuous-in-the-Past shows: 1. an action that might have
taken place in the past; 2. puts emphasis on the course/duration of the action.
7. THE CATEGORY OF VOICE

Voice is the form of the verb which serves to show whether the subject
of the sentence is the agent or the object of the action expressed by the predicate
verb. There are two voices in English the Active Voice and the Passive Voice.
N o t e. The terms the Active Voice and the Passive Voice are used with reference to
the form of the verb. Sentences in which the verb is used in the Active or in the
Passive Voice are called active and passive constructions respectively.
The Active Voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject of
the sentence is the agent (the doer) of the action expressed by the predicate verb,
that it acts. e. g. deny said Joan. We know been cheating us .
The Passive Voice serves to show that the person or thing denoted by the
subject of the sentence is not the agent (the doer) of the action expressed by the
predicate verb but the object of this action. The subject of a passive verb does not
act but is acted upon, it undergoes an action. e. g. She was woken from her sleep
by his singing. They were received with great frankness and charm. The Passive
Voice is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be
in the required finite form and the past participle of the notional verb. The
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interrogative form is built up by placing the (first) auxiliary verb before the
subject of the sentence e. g. When was it done? Has the work been done? etc.
The negative form is built up by placing the particle not after the (first)
auxiliary e.g. The work was not done yesterday. The work will not be done
tomorrow, etc. N o t e. The Passive Voice may also be formed by means of the
auxiliary verb to get and the participle of the notional verb. But instances of this
kind are infrequent (even in informal English) and restricted mainly to situations
and contexts dealing with accidental or unpleasant happenings. e.g. The boy got
hurt on his way home. The table was turned over sideways and the china lamp got
broken.
8. THE CATEGORY OF MOOD
Generally Mood shows the relation between the action expressed by the
predicate verb and reality. This relation is established by the speaker. In present-
day English the category of mood is made up by a set of forms opposed to
each other in presenting the event described as a real fact, a problematic
action or as something unreal that does not exist. Actions represented as real
facts are expressed by the Indicative Mood. e. g. Architects have done some very
good work, too. Commands and requests which are problematic actions are
expressed by the Imperative Mood. e. g. Come over here. Actions represented as
unreal are in present-day English expressed by a variety of forms. Among them
there is a mood form the Conditional Mood. e. g. If it rains we will stay at
home.
9. THE TENSE FORMS EXPRESSING UNREALITY
Not all the forms of unreality can express tense distinctions. Thus the
Subjunctive Mood and the modal phrases should (for all persons) + infinitive and
would (for all persons) + infinitive have no tense distinctions. They are used only
in certain types of subordinate clauses and generally show that the action of
that clause follows the action of the principal clause, i.e. they express time
relatively. e. g. I suggest(ed) that he take up the matter. It is (was) important that
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he should accept the offer. Since these forms have no tense distinctions the rules
of the sequence of tenses are not observed here.
Tense distinctions are expressed only by the forms of the Conditional
Mood (which has two tenses Present and Past) and also by the use of the forms
of the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect. The Present Conditional Mood and
the form of the Past Indefinite (also the form were for all persons singular) serve
to refer an action to the present or future when they are used in complex sentences
with a clause of condition (or a clause of concession introduced by even if or even
though). e. g. If I had time I should go on a short holiday. The Past Conditional
Mood and the form of the Past Perfect serve to refer an action to the past in the
same kinds of clauses. e. g. If I had had time I should have gone on a short
holiday. The Present Conditional Mood is used with reference to the present or
future also in simple sentences with implied condition, while the Past Conditional
refers an action to the past. e. g. It would not be possible to decide anything
without him.
10. MODAL VERBS
We find the following modal verbs in English: can, may, must, ought, shall,
should, will, need and dare. Besides, to have and to be in some of their uses
are also classed among modal verbs. A modal verb in combination with the
infinitive forms a modal compound predicate. Modal verbs are defective verbs
since they lack many forms characteristic of regular verbs: they have no -s in
the third person singular in the present tense and no verbals, so they have no
analytical forms; some of them lack the form of the past tense. Modal verbs have
the following peculiarities: 1. they are followed by the infinitive without the
particle to (with the exception of ought, to have and to be); 2. their interrogative
and negative forms are built up without the auxiliary do. e.g. He may be in the
hall now, waiting for me.
The modal verb CAN has the following forms: can the present tense: e.
g. He can speak English and could the past tense. Can has the following
meanings: 1. ability and capability, e. g. I can imagine how angry he is. He can read
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a little French; 2. possibility due to circumstances, e. g. You can see the forest
through the other window; 3. permission, e. g. You can take my umbrella; 4.
uncertainty, doubt, e.g. Can it be true? 5. improbability, e. g. It be true. (
)
The modal verb MUST has only one form. It is used in present-time
contexts with reference to the present or future and in combination with the
Perfect infinitive it refers to the past. In past-time contexts this form is used only
in reported speech, i.e. the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with
must. Must has the following meanings: 1. obligation (from the point of
view), e. g. You must talk to your daughter about her future. 2. prohibition, e. g.
He must not leave his room for a while. 3. emphatic advice, e. g. You must come
and see us when in London. 4. supposition implying strong probability, e. g.
He must be ill. He looks so pale.
TO HAVE TO as a modal verb is not a defective verb and can have all
the necessary finite forms as well as the verbals. The verb to have to serves to
express obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances. e. g. He is an invalid
and has to have a nurse. She knew what she had to do.
TO BE TO as a modal verb is used in the present and past tenses. To be to
as a modal verb has the following meanings: 1. a previously arranged plan or
obligation resulting from the arrangement, e. g. We are to discuss it next time. 2.
orders and instructions, often official (frequently in reported speech), e. g. I
just mention it because you said I was to give you all the details I could. 3.
something that is destined to happen, e. g. He was to be my teacher and friend
for many years to come. 4. possibility, e. g. Her father was often to be seen in
the bar of the Hotel Metropole.
The modal verb OUGHT TO has only one form which is used with
reference to the present or future. Ought is always followed by the infinitive
with to. Ought to has the following meanings: 1. obligation, which in different
contexts may acquire additional shades of meaning, such as advisability and
desirability, e. g. You ought to say a word or two about yourself. 2. supposition
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implying strong probability, e. g. The new sanatorium ought to be very
comfortable. The use of ought to in this case is not very common as this
meaning is normally rendered by must.
The modal verb MAY has the following forms: may the present tense:
e. g. It may be true, and might the past tense. May has the following
meanings: 1. supposition implying uncertainty; e. g. He may be busy getting
ready for his trip; 2. possibility due to circumstances, e. g. You may order a
taxi by telephone; 3. permission, e. g. The director is alone now. So you may see
him now.
Historically, SHALL and SHOULD were two forms of the same verb
expressing obligation. But later they came to express different meanings and in
present-day English their use is not parallel they are treated as two different
verbs. In modern English the modal meaning of obligation in shall is always
combined with the function of an auxiliary verb of the future tense. Shall is still
used to express obligation with the second and third persons, but at present it is
not common in this meaning in spoken English. Its use, as a rule is restricted to
formal or even archaic style and is mainly found in subordinate clauses, i.e. it is
structurally dependent. e. g. It has been decided that the proposal shall not be
opposed. At present, however, this meaning of obligation, somewhat modified,
is found with the second and third persons in sentences expressing promise,
threat or warning. It is used in affirmative and negative sentences and
combined with the simple infinitive. e. g. You shall have my answer tomorrow.
The meaning of obligation may also be traced in interrogative sentences
where shall is used with the first and third persons to ask after the will of the
person addressed. In this case it is also followed by the simple infinitive. e. g.
Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Miss Fleur? In modern English the modal verb
should is used with reference to the present or future. It remains unchanged in
reported speech. Should has the following meanings: 1. obligation, which in
different contexts may acquire additional shades of meaning, such as advisability
and desirability, e. g. late. You should go to bed. 2. supposition implying
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strong probability, e. g. The film should be very good as it is starring first-class
actors.
The verb WILL has the following forms: will the present tense and
would the past tense. The latter form is used in two ways: a) in past-time
contexts to express an actual fact and b) in present-time contexts to express
unreality or as a milder and more polite form of will. The use of will and would
which denotes an actual fact in the past is parallel in the following cases: 1.
when they express habitual or recurrent actions, e. g. She will (would) sit for
hours under the old oak tree looking at the beautiful country around her. 2. when
they express refusal to perform an action, e. g. The doctor knows I be
operated on. 3. when they are used with lifeless things to show that a thing
fails to perform its immediate function. e. g. My fountain pen won't
write. 4. when they are used with the first person to express will, intention or
determination, e.g. he thought, going to get out of this hole. I
will make Would also occurs in certain subordinate clauses where it is
structurally dependent. e. g. I wish the rain would stop for a moment. I wish they
insist on it.
The modal verb NEED may be used either as a defective or as a regular
verb. a) need as a defective verb has only one form which is the present tense.
In reported speech it remains unchanged. It is followed by the infinitive without
to. Need expresses necessity. When reference is made to the present or future
it is followed by the simple infinitive. It is used in negative and interrogative
sentences. In interrogative sentences need usually implies that there is no
necessity of performing the action. e.g. You be afraid of me. b) as a
regular verb need can have all the necessary forms, including the verbals. It also
expresses necessity. It is followed by the infinitive with to and is mainly used in
interrogative and negative sentences (like the defective need). e. g. He did not
need to explain.
The modal verb DARE may also be used as a regular and as a defective
verb. a) dare as a defective verb has two forms which are the present and the past
143
forms. It means to have the courage or impertinence to do something. Its use is
very restricted. In present-day English it is mainly found in questions beginning
with how, which are actually exclamations, and in negative sentences. e. g. How
dare you say that! How dare she come here! b) dare as a regular verb has all the
necessary forms including the verbals. It has the same meaning as the
defective dare. Its use is also restricted. It is mainly found in negative
sentences. e. g. He does not dare to come here again. N o t e the colloquial set
phrase / dare say. e. g. I dare say I looked a little confused. My son is not in
town, but I dare say he will be before long.
+ Perfect infinitive and TO + Perfect
infinitive show that an action has been carried out though it was undesirable;
+ Perfect infinitive indicates that an action has been carried out though it
was unnecessary. e. g. You shouldn't have come (because you are ill).
11. VERBALS
(NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB)
There are three verbals in English: the infinitive, the ing-form and
the participle.
The infinitive is a plain verb stem which is usually preceded by
the unstressed particle to. In addition to the simple form, the infinitive has
the following analytical forms: continuous to be taking, perfect to
have taken, perfect continuous to have been taking, simple passive to
be taken, perfect passive to have been taken.
The ing-form is built up by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the
verb, e. g. to take taking. The ing-form also has analytical forms: perfect
having taken, passive being taken, perfect passive having been taken.
The participle of regular verbs is formed by adding the suffix -ed
to the stem. The participle of irregular verbs may be formed in different
ways, e. g. a finished book, a done work. The participle has only one form
it is invariable.
144
12. WORDFORMATION
1. Suffixes:
a) nouns:
-ance, -ence, e.g. to appeare (v) appearance, important (adj) importance;
-er, -or, e.g. to buy (v) buyer, to invent (v) inventor;
-ian, e.g. history (n) historian, mathematics (n) mathematician;
-ing, e.g. to begin (v) beginning, to build (b) building;
-ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion), e.g. to act (v) action, success (n)
succession;
-ment, e.g. to agree (v) agreement, to announce (v) announcement;
-ness, e.g. dark (adj) darkness, calm (adj) calmness;
-ship, e.g. friend (n) friendship, leader (n) leadership;
-ty, (-ity), e.g. active (adj) activity, real (adj) reality;
b) adjectives:
-able, -ible, e.g. to change (v) changeable, comfort (n) comfortable;
-al (-ical), e.g. history (n) historical, biography (n) biographical;
-ed, e.g. talent (n) talented, gift (n) gifted;
-ful, e.g. beauty (n) beautiful, joy (n) joyful;
-ic, e.g. atom (n) atomic, hero (n) heroic;
-ive, e.g. to act (v) active, to create (v) creative;
-less, e.g. end (n) endless, friend (n) friendless;
-ous, e.g. danger (n) dangerous, fame (n) famous;
-y, e.g. noise (n) noisy, to rain (v) rainy.
Prefixes:
dis- e.g. to agree (v) disagree;
im- e.g. possible (adj) impossible;
re- e.g. to build (v) rebuild;
un- e.g. comfortable (adj) uncomfortable.
145
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. What is considered to be the first computer?

2. When was the first computer invented?
3. What is an abacus?
4. Do you have a laptop or a desktop computer? Do you have both?
5. Who founded Microsoft Company?
6. When was Microsoft Company founded?
7. What does the company produce?
8. What was the first Microsoft operating system that dominated the PC market?
9. How many Windows operating systems did Microsoft release?
10. Is it a rich company?
11. Does the company dominate the PC market?
12. What is Microsoft?
13. What is the Internet?
14. Who invented the Internet?
15. What are servers?
16. When did public Internet appear?
17. What was the most popular mail interface used in 70s?
18. What kind of browsers do you know?
19. What is an IP address?
20. What Internet sites do you visit regularly?
21. How can we find information in the Internet?
22. Is it cheaper to use the Internet mail service instead of ordinary post office?
23. What search programs do you know?
24. How many users are currently in the Internet?
25. How long does an average Internet call last?
26. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?
27. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?
146
28. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet today?
29. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cable?
30. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?
31. What is a computer virus?
32. Virtual Reality?
33. Why do you need to wear helmet and special glove?
34. What are the possible uses of Virtual Reality?
35. What are some of the disadvantages of Virtual Reality?
36. Do you think Virtual Reality is an important invention or not?
37. What is the logical structure of the presentation?
38. Do you use your computer when you do homework for school?
39. Have you ever studied English using your computer?
40. How many times have you upgraded your computer?
41. How powerful is your computer?
42. What company made your computer?
43. What kind of computer do you have?
44. What size is your computer screen?
45. What do you think is the best size to have?
46. Where do you use your computer?
47. Where in your room is your computer?
48. Why did you buy your computer?
49. Do you have a digital camera?
50. Do you send photos by email?
51. Do you have a web page?
52. s the URL?
53. When did you start it?
54. How much time did it take to make?
55. Do you use a computer?
147
COMPUTER GLOSSARY
agile development a way of building card reader the generic term for an
software input device that reads flash memory
alignment the adjustment of an object cards. It can be a standalone device that
in relation to other objects, or a static connects to a computer via USB or it
orientation of some objects or set of may be integrated into a computer,
objects in relation to others printer, or multifunction device.
binary code code using a string a circuit switching network a network
binary digits to represent characters in which computers establish a constant
blu-ray an optical disc format such as bandwidth connection before they start
CD and DVD. It was developed for to share any data
recording and playing back high- code, coding refers to the process of
definition (HD) video and for storing transforming a concept into a program
large amounts of data code
boot a program used on the Internet cognitive science the scientific study
that performs a repetitive function such of mind or intelligence based on relevant
as posting a message to multiple news- fields, including psychology, philosophy,
groups or searching for information and neuroscience, linguistics, anthropology,
news computer science, and biology
buffer a region of memory used to computational involving computers
temporarily hold data while it is being computational complexity an area of
moved from one place to another computer design dealing with the
bug an error in software, something problems of algorithms and their ability
that spoils the flow of the program to solve a given problem
bus is called the frontside bus and computer vision a branch of artificial
connects the CPU to the rest of the intelligence that deals with computer
components on the motherboard. processing of images from the real world
Expansion buses, such as PCI and AGP, contract a legally binding exchange
allow data to move to and from of promises or agreement between
expansion cards, including video cards parties which is enforceable by law
and other I/O devices
148
cookbook a book of recipes and discrete not supporting or requiring
solutions for different problems on the notion of continuity
writing software, usually connected with downloading getting/transferring files
a particular programming language and (software, music, films, etc.) from a
platform remote computer via the Internet
correlate (with) to have a close expansion card a printed circuit board
similarity, connection or causal that can be installed in computer to add
relationship with functionality to it
CPU (Central Processing Unit) the extreme programming (XP) a
pretty much the brain of your computer. programming methodology which is very
It processes everything from basic closely connected with the Agile style
instructions to complex functions Firefox one of the most popular web
cyber vandalism cyber attacks that browsers
deface web pages Google an American public
cyber war the usage of computers and corporation whose domain is open-
the Internet in conducting warfare in the source software and whose earning
cyberspace revenue from advertising related to its
database software designed for Internet search, web-based e-mail,
holding large amounts of data online-mapping, office productivity,
Denial of Service a kind of cyber social networking and video sharing
attack which results in unavailability of activities
service hard disk a spindle of magnetic disks,
desktop a personal computer used at called platters, that record and store
home or work (stationary) information
developer person who develops the hardware all the physical parts of the
software computer
differential equation a mathematical incoherent confused and inconsistent,
equation for an unknown function of one illogical
or several variables that relates the integrated circuit (IC) small chip that
values of the function itself and of its can function as an amplifier, oscillator,
derivatives timer, microprocessor, or even computer
memory. An IC is a small wafer, usually
149
made of silicon, that can hold anywhere open a program, the interface and
from hundreds to millions of transistors, functions used by that program are also
resistors, and capacitors. loaded into RAM
Internet a global network connecting mouse one of the primary input
millions of computers devices used with today's computers. The
Internet provider a company that name comes from the small shape of the
sells bandwidth and access to the Internet mouse, which you can move quickly
interval a set of real numbers with the back and forth on the mouse pad, and the
property that any number that lies cord, which represents the mouse's tail.
between two numbers in the set is also Of course, if you are using a wireless
included in the set mouse, the analogy does not work so
kernel the central component of most well.
computer operating systems (OS) MPL Microsoft Public License
keyboard basically a board of keys. network protocol a set of rules that
Along with the mouse, the keyboard is set out how to establish communication
one of the primary input devices used between two or more computers over the
with a computer. network
malware software designed to operating system the software that
infiltrate or damage a computer system manages the sharing of the resources of a
without the informed consent computer and provides programmers
mathematical model an abstract with an interface used to access those
model that uses mathematical language resources
to describe a system OS (Operating System) a piece of
memory can refer to any medium of data software that is responsible for the
storage, it usually refers to RAM, or management of a computer and, above
random access memory. When your all, running programs (examples: MS
computer boots up, it loads the operating Windows, Linux, Mac OS)
system into its memory, or RAM. This PCs what most of us use on a daily
allows your computer to access system basis for work or personal use
functions, such as handling mouse clicks peripheral is any external device that
and keystrokes, since the event handlers provides input and output for the
are all loaded into RAM. Whenever you computer. For example, a keyboard and
150
mouse are input peripherals, while a skybox a method to create a
monitor and printer are output background to make a computer and
peripherals video game location look bigger than it
P.O.S.T. (Power On Self Test) a series really is
of system checks run by computers and software in general, computer
other electronic devices when they are programming
turned on. The results of the test may be computer storage device any type of
displayed on a screen, output through hardware that stores data. The most
flashing LEDs, or simply recorded common type of storage device, which
internally. On computer systems, the nearly all computers have, is a hard drive
POST operation runs at the beginning of system unit, also known as a "tower" or
the boot sequence. If all the tests pass, "chassis," the main part of a desktop
the rest of the startup process continues computer. It includes the motherboard,
automatically CPU, RAM, and other components. The
primary memory is computer memory system unit also includes the case that
that is accessed directly by the CPU. houses the internal components of the
This includes several types of memory, computer
such as the processor cache and system USB (Universal Serial Bus) the most
ROM. However, in most cases, primary common type of computer port used in
memory refers to system RAM today's computers. It can be used to
punched card a card on which data connect keyboards, mice, game
can be recorded in the form of punched controllers, printers, scanners, digital
holes cameras, and removable media drives,
router a network device that groups just to name a few. With the help of a
computers in the network and establishes few USB hubs, you can connect up to
an area inside it 127 peripherals to a single USB port and
secondary memory refers to storage use them all at once (though that would
devices, such as hard drives and solid require quite a bit of dexterity)
state drives. It may also refer to video card can be used to process the
removable storage media, such as USB graphics portion of the processing load.
flash drives, CDs, and DVDs.
151
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. English Grammar: Reference and

Practice: /
2005.
400
2. Eastwood J. Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate / J. Eastwood. Oxford
University Press, 2008. 535 p.
3. English for Computer Science Students: Complementary Course Book. Cracow:
Jagiellonian University, 2008. 231 p.
4. Esteras S.R. Infotech 4th Edition SB English for computer users / Remacha Esteras
S. 4th Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2008. 172 p.
5. Flanagan D. JavaScript: The Definitive Guide / David Flanagan. 6th Ed.
Media, 2011. 1100 p.
6. Glendinning E., McEwan J. Oxford English for Information Technology: Student
Book / Eric Glendinning, John McEwan. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, USA,
2006 222 p.
7. Katsikis V. N. MATLAB A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and
Engineering Applications / V. N. Katsikis Vol. 2. InTech, 2012. 310 p.
8. Krylova I. P., Gordon E. M. A Grammar of Present-day English: Practical Course / I.
P. Krylova, E. M. Gordon. 11th Ed. Moscow, 2005. 448 p.
9. Murphy Raymond. English Grammar in Use / R. Murphy. 3d Ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2005. 379 p.
10. Nolasco R. New Streetwise. Upper Intermediate / R. Nolasco. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2000.
11. Santiago Remacha Esteras. Infotech: English for Computer Users / S.R.Esteras. 3d
Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 160p.
12. William S. Windows 7: The Definitive Guide: The Essential Resource for
Professionals and Power Users / Stanek William. Media, Inc., 2009.
990 p.
15
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

ODESSA I. I. MECHNIKOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

for the I-III year students of Applied Math

GRAMMAR REFERENCE ................................................................................... 133

A computer is known to be a device that makes it possible to process

Text B. THE DIGITAL AGE

Exercise 2. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

to be (was, were) to exist, to locate, to be found, to happen, to occur, e.g. We

to be up 1. to wake up, e.g. This morning he was up early. 2. not to be asleep,

to be up to 1. to be going to do smth, e.g.

Exercise 3. Choose the Correct Answer:

(out; off; back; up).

Grammar Revision and Lexical Exercises:

century was rep

Exercise 6. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

Exercise 7. Insert articles where necessary and retell the story.

Mr. Adams. But Mr. Adams delivered his lecture to us.

though, such as Russian, a double negative is still a negative. However, there is no

CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS

Text A. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Computer programming is a field that has to do with the analytical creation

Text B. WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?

Exercise 2. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with words.

Essential Vocabulary: TO BREAK

violate, to disturb, to breach, as

Exercise 4. Choose the correct answer:

house. 3. Do you know that man?

Exercise 6. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

television. Kate watched a lot of television w

Exercise 8: A minute for a joke.

e entire class did its best to stifle their laughter.

CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS

task of multiplication. In 1641 the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise

Countess of Lovelace (1815 1852), sometimes is called the

Exercise 2. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

Essential Vocabulary: TO BRING

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks using the words below.

wife at the party. s. 4.

Grammar Revision and Lexical Exercises:

Exercise 5. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

ankind. Officials at first handed out only five

Exercise 7. A minute for a brainteaser.

Text A. COMPUTER SCIENCE.

Computer Science (CS) is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure,

Computer engineering (CpE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several

Exercise 2. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

Essential Vocabulary: TO COME

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks using the words below.

Grammar Revision and Lexical Exercises:

Exercise 6. Translate from Ukrainian into English:

Exercise 7. Read and retell the topic.

CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS

Text A. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER.

A computer is an electronic machine that processes information in other

Exercise 2. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

to do (did, done) 1. to make, to create, to perform , as to do work, duty,

Grammar Revision and Lexical Exercises:

THE PLURAL FORM OF THE NOUNS.

Exercise 5. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

Exercise 6: Read and retell the topic.