Temporary Structures

TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
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 Temporary structures:- Structures that are built by contractors/builders for a
short period of time during construction in order to construct the primary
structure.
This includes: -
1. Scaffolding 2. Formwork
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SCAFFOLDING
 Scaffolding : is a temporary steel or wooden framework/platform erected
around a building or very close to the wall.
 It could be fixed or movable
 Purpose: for workers (bricklayers, painters…) to stand or sit on and/or move
materials while working (new construction or repair) at a height above the floor
or ground.
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TEMPORARY STRUCTURES - scaffolding
 The scaffolding should be stable and should be strong enough to support
workmen and other construction material placed on the platform supported by
the scaffolding.
 Commonly used scaffolding types based on material:
I. Wooden scaffolding,
II. Steel (tubes and couplers type and sectional scaffolding)
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TEMPORARY STRUCTURES – scaffolding - wood
I. Wooden scaffolding
 It is the most commonly used traditional scaffolding type in our country.
 Usually circular eucalyptus wooden logs are obtained from young straight trees,
which are cut for about 4.0 m or more length. The branches are trimmed of and
the barks are cleaned away.
 Connection between elements is by overlapping and nailing.
 The post is fixed to the ground by submerging it to the ground
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I. Wooden scaffolding - advantages
1. It is usually cheaper to buy timber poles than metal.
2. It is easy to cut and fit.
3. The scaffold parts can be joined without especial fittings, require less skill labor.
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I. Wooden scaffolding - disadvantages
1. It takes longer time to erect
2. It is less flexible for multiple reuse
3. It contribute to climate change, deforestation
4. It has unsafe or doubtful connections, the joints are secured with strings and
nails rather than stronger purpose made fitting.
5. The timber may have hidden defects.
6. Large holes are left in the walls after dismantling especially put log scaffolds
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TEMPORARY STRUCTURES – scaffolding - steel
II. steel scaffolding -
 Steel and light weight tubes are the commonest material used for this type,
because of it’s weight and costs of maintenance the scaffold is erected using a
series of fittings.
 Most commonly used steel scaffolding types
I. Tube and coupler
II. Sectional
II. Steel scaffolding - advantages
1. It is durable.
2. It is quick and simple to erect.
3. It is more reusable/adaptable.
4. The poles are the same quality and strength.
 disadvantages
1. Initial cost is high.
2. They require skilled labor.
3. The required periodical painting.
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I. Tubes and couplers type
 This is an assembly of tubes by using connectors called couplers. It is a
system which is becoming common and replacing the traditional wooden
scaffolding
 It is assembled from three basic structural elements (tubes):
1) Uprights/posts/standards:
2) Runners/Ledgers:
3) Bearer/Transoms:
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I. Tubes and couplers type
1) Uprights/posts/standards: are the vertical tubes that rise from ground or other
solid support, it rests on a base plate to spread the load
2) Runners/Ledgers: are horizontal tubes which connect between the standards
which attach to the posts directly below the bearers and provide longitudinal
connections along the length of the scaffold.
3) Bearer/Transoms:
 Rest upon the runners at right angles and supports the work platforms
 provide transverse horizontal connections between the posts
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II. Sectional scaffolding
 Is a type of scaffolding that uses different sectioned frame types.
 Sectional scaffolding is available in many frame configurations.
Representative Designs of Sectional scaffolding frames
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II. Sectional Scaffolding
 The higher carbon steel is generally preferred because its lower ductility
and greater rigidity make it more resistant to damaging and bending of
the members and because it has greater strength.
 Most frames are available in width of 60, 90 and 150cm.

 Components of steel scaffolding
1. Tubes: post, bearer, runner and bracing
2. Couplers
3. Boards:
4. Base plates
5. Ties/Anchors
6. Toe board
7. Ladder
8. Guard rail
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1. Tubes: used for posts, bearer, runner, bracing
 Are usually made either of steel or aluminum
 The tubes come in a variety of lengths and a standard diameter of 48.3 mm.
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2. Couplers: are the fittings which hold the tubes together.
 The most common are:
 Right-angle couplers: join ledgers or transoms to standards
 Swivel couplers connect tubes at any other angle
 Putlog couplers : join board bearing transoms to ledgers
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3. Boards: provide a working surface for scaffold users.
 They are seasoned wood and come in three thicknesses (38 mm (usual),
50 mm and 63 mm) are a standard width (225 mm) and are a maximum of
3.9 m long.
 The board ends are protected either by metal plates called hoop irons
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4. Base plates: Often scaffold frameworks will require more than simple base
plates to safely carry and spread the load. Scaffolding can be used without
base plates on concrete or similar hard surfaces, although base plates are
always recommended.
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5. Ties/Anchors: It is important structural element which connects the scaffold
to the wall or structure to provide rigidity and anchorage of the scaffold in the
transverse direction.
6. Toe boards: protect objects from falling
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7. Ladders: are needed for accessing the scaffold.
8. Guard rails: protect users from falling
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 Common mistakes in the local practice
1. There is no proper consideration of guardrail, mid rail and toe boards
2. There is no proper consideration of vertical access (ladder) sometimes the
workers climb up in a dangers way.
3. There is no proper investigation or critical evaluation of timber/wood before
usage.
4. There is no clear or specific regulation or guideline to control the quality or
safety of temporary structures.
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 Common mistakes in the local practice
5. Less value is given to temporary structures, supervisors do not even think to
look and comment the temporary structures.
6. An old traditional wooden type of scaffolding systems with doubtful connection
is still the main technique.
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FORMWORK
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES - Formwork
 Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which
fresh (i.e., uncured) concrete or similar materials are poured until it settle,
solidify and be strong enough to support itself and the applied loads.
 Formwork is a very significant portion of a project, as much as 40 - 60% of the
cost of the concrete structure is formwork.
 It is erected quickly, highly loaded for a few hours during the concrete
placement and within a few days disassembled for future use.
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 The formwork mold or shape the concrete to desired size and shape and
control its position and alignment.
 But formwork is more than a mold; it is a temporary structure that supports:
 its own weight +
 the freshly placed concrete +
 construction live loads (including materials, equipment, and personel).
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 Formwork Requirements
1. Rigid and strong – to prevent bulging or movement from pouring wet concrete.
2. Tight joints – to prevent wet concrete from leaking.
3. Simplicity – easy erection and dismantling.
4. Bond-breaking agents on surfaces such as grease is typically applied to the
form faces to prevent concrete “sticking.”
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 Formwork requirements
6. Standardized sizes – allowing reuse.
7. Quality finish surface – to achieve desired texture & appearance of finished
product.
8. Easy for handling: forms and shutters must be of a size and weight that can be
handled by the labor and plant available on site.
9. Have cleanout holes - to allow for the removal of sawdust, shavings, and other
debris from the bottom of the formwork before the pour begins.
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 Materials For Formwork: formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel,
precast concrete or fibre glass used separately or in combination.
 Steel forms are used in situation where large numbers of re-use of the same
forms are anticipated.
 For small works, timber formwork proves useful.
 Fibre glass made of precast concrete and aluminum are used in cast-in-situ
construction such as slabs or members involving curved surfaces.
 Precast HCB blocks are used as a permanent formwork
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 Stripping is the removing of the formwork after the concrete has reached the
required strength.
 For most cases the side panels of a formwork are removed after two or three
days while the soffit remains in place for 21 days
1. Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides
should be removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
2. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
3. Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering
should be removed in the end.
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 Types formwork based on building structure :
1. Footing pad
2. Column
3. Beam
4. Slab formwork
5. Stair formwork
6. Wall
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1. Footing pad:
 Is the simplest formwork where sheathing is provided at the periphery of the
pad and is braced against the surrounding earth.
 Min of 25cm working space is left between earth and sheathing
 Immediate casting of concrete is suggested to avoid earth sliding
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2. Column formwork
 Could be rectangular, circular and others.
 There is a profile at the base which guides or dictates the position of the
formwork, clamps holding the sheathing in position and there are bracings in
two directions the helps to keep the alignment.
 Column forms are subjected to large lateral forces at the bottom because of
increasing hydrostatic pressure from the top to the bottom
 Tighter joints and bottom lateral support is critical and cleanout should not be
forgotten.
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3. Beams formwork
 It is constructed with the slab formwork
 Beam formwork has sheeting bottom and side sheeting panels.
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4. Slab Formwork
 Horizontal concrete formwork, such as formwork for slabs, consist of sheathing,
which rests on joists, and joists are supported by stringers, and stringers are
supported on shores which carry the weight of the entire system.
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5. Stair Formwork
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6. Wall Formwork
 There are two types of wall formwork:
1) Walls requiring only one face of formwork,
2) Double faced formwork for free standing walls in a structure.
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 Construction Mistakes
1. A very poor attention is given to achieve quality forms and shape which result
in deformed shape that increases the finishing cost
2. Sometimes reinforcement bar does not get sufficient concrete covers
3. Concrete cover for sub structures is not considered properly. i.e though the
drawings specify 5cm thick concrete cover the construction is mostly 2.5cm as
the super structures.
4. Dismantling or stripping is not well planned and this makes it dangers to the
workers plus it will pose difficulty in reusing the material again.
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 CONSTRUCTION MISTAKES
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THANK YOU !
66

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TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

short period of time during construction in order to construct the primary

around a building or very close to the wall.

 It could be fixed or movable

 Purpose: for workers (bricklayers, painters…) to stand or sit on and/or move

workmen and other construction material placed on the platform supported by

 Commonly used scaffolding types based on material:

II. Steel (tubes and couplers type and sectional scaffolding)

 It is the most commonly used traditional scaffolding type in our country.

the barks are cleaned away.

 Connection between elements is by overlapping and nailing.

 The post is fixed to the ground by submerging it to the ground

I. Wooden scaffolding - advantages

1. It is usually cheaper to buy timber poles than metal.

2. It is easy to cut and fit.

I. Wooden scaffolding - disadvantages

1. It takes longer time to erect

2. It is less flexible for multiple reuse

3. It contribute to climate change, deforestation

nails rather than stronger purpose made fitting.

5. The timber may have hidden defects.

II. steel scaffolding -

 Most commonly used steel scaffolding types

I. Tube and coupler

II. Steel scaffolding - advantages

2. It is quick and simple to erect.

4. The poles are the same quality and strength.

1. Initial cost is high.

2. They require skilled labor.

3. The required periodical painting.

 This is an assembly of tubes by using connectors called couplers. It is a

system which is becoming common and replacing the traditional wooden

 It is assembled from three basic structural elements (tubes):

solid support, it rests on a base plate to spread the load

2) Runners/Ledgers: are horizontal tubes which connect between the standards

connections along the length of the scaffold.

 provide transverse horizontal connections between the posts

 Is a type of scaffolding that uses different sectioned frame types.

 Sectional scaffolding is available in many frame configurations.

Representative Designs of Sectional scaffolding frames

and greater rigidity make it more resistant to damaging and bending of

the members and because it has greater strength.

 Most frames are available in width of 60, 90 and 150cm.

1. Tubes: post, bearer, runner and bracing

1. Tubes: used for posts, bearer, runner, bracing

 Are usually made either of steel or aluminum

2. Couplers: are the fittings which hold the tubes together.

 The most common are:

 Right-angle couplers: join ledgers or transoms to standards

 Swivel couplers connect tubes at any other angle

 Putlog couplers : join board bearing transoms to ledgers

3. Boards: provide a working surface for scaffold users.

5. Ties/Anchors: It is important structural element which connects the scaffold

6. Toe boards: protect objects from falling

7. Ladders: are needed for accessing the scaffold.

8. Guard rails: protect users from falling

1. There is no proper consideration of guardrail, mid rail and toe boards

2. There is no proper consideration of vertical access (ladder) sometimes the

workers climb up in a dangers way.

3. There is no proper investigation or critical evaluation of timber/wood before

4. There is no clear or specific regulation or guideline to control the quality or

safety of temporary structures.

5. Less value is given to temporary structures, supervisors do not even think to

look and comment the temporary structures.