ê©cnÙESJj

`²µ
1!JjØ´y½Á‰Œ£Ø¬‰Œ[y½‰Œ¤. Jj¥vkJ/
¿ØL«Áج9.
2!¤Þ~Kؘ½äk“L5, Ø´Á[ÁK.
3!F"ÓƂƬo(,3o(¥Jp. ¿©n)VgÚ¹Â,'5ØÓSN
'é5,ݺ©Û!y²!íÚOŽ{.

1˜Ùµ4ÆS‡:

˜!é¢ê R @£
,Ùvk[0 ¢êXÚnØ, ´é¢ê˜ Ä@£ATݺ.
1! R ´kS.
2! R ÷v(.nµ R ¥?Ûkþ£e¤.š˜f8Ü E ˜½kþ£e¤
(., =3 R ¥3£Œ¤þ£e¤. sup E £inf E ¤.
3!knê3¢ê¥ȗ5.

~ 1  ξ ´˜‡Ãnê. Áyé?¿ü‡¢ê a < b. , 3ê m, n ¦

m + nξ ∈ (a, b), =, 8Ü
S = {m + nξ | m, n ∈ Z}
3 R ȗ.
K`²3¢ê¥, Ø knê´È—± , þã8Ü S 3¢ê¥´È
—.

y² ؔ 0 < a < b. é?¿ê i, P ni = −[iξ], ùp [x] L« x ê

Ü©, Ïd xi = ni + iξ ∈ S xi = iξ − [iξ] L« iξ êÜ©. Ï ξ ´Ãnê, iξ
êܩ،U 0, é?¿ê i, j, iξ † jξ êÜ©Øƒ: xj 6= xi .
ê k ¦
1
< b − a,
k
K3 x1 , x2 , · · · , xk+1 ∈ (0, 1)
k + 1 ‡p؃ê¥, –kü‡, P xi , xj , ÷
v
1
0 < xj − xi <
k
 n ´¦ n(xj − xi ) > a ê, =

n(xj − xi ) > a > (n − 1)(xj − xi ),

1
ddíÑ
1
a < n(xj − xi ) = (n − 1)(xj − xi ) + (xj − xi ) < a + < a + b − a = b,
k
w,
n(xj − xi ) = n(nj − ni ) + n(j − i)ξ ∈ S,

ùÒy² 3?Ûü‡ê a < b ƒm, ˜½k S ¥˜‡ê, ¤± S 3 R ¥È—.

!4½Â:
4´êÆ©ÛÄ:. Ïdn)Úݺ4Vg›©­‡.
1!êÚ¼ê4½Â: é”ε − N ” † ”ε − δ” Šón), ̇´é/?
¿0Ú/30n).
2!é/رa 4Lã: 5¿, /رa 40QŒU´uÑ, ŒU
´±Ù§Š4.
3!¼ê4ØÓ/ª: ~X x → ∞ , x → ±∞ , x → x0 £kê¤ž¼ê
4Lã.
4!êÂñ†fÂñ'X.
êÂñu a, =⇒ fÂñu a.
fuÑ, ½üfØÂñuӘŠ =⇒ êuÑ.
5!¼ê4††m4'X.
6!¼ê4†ê4'X:

lim f (x) = a =⇒ ∀xn → x0 , lim f (xn ) = a

x→x0 n→∞

ùp x0 Œ±´kêŒ±´Ã¡.
±þ14!5Ú163O4Ø3ž'¢^. ~X, XJêkü‡f4
Ø˜—,½ö3uÑf,KêuÑ; 3¼ê4¥, †m4Øƒ½,üý
4ØŒä4Ø3.

!5ٵ
1!˜5.£êÚ¼ê¤4˜5,y½ÂÜn5.
2!ÛÜ5µ¤¢/ÛÜ50´
êµÂñ5†¿©Œ± ‘k'£=UCk‘ØKÂñ5¤
¼êµÂñ5† x0 NC¼êŠk'.
5¿ùp/¿©Œ0¹Â´,∃N ,é n > N .......
/NC0´µ∃δ > 0 é 0 < |x − x0 | < δ ......
2
 3!k.5µÂñ7k.£é¼ê45`´3 x0 NCk.¤
4!ƒN5µ4$Ž†oK$ŽÚ¼êE܃N5.AO´Eܼê4

lim f (y) = a, lim φ(x) = y0 , =⇒ lim f (φ(x)) = a

y→y0 x→x0 x→x0

5!/S50µ~Xµ
an → a, a > 0 =⇒ an > 0 é¿©Œ n ¤á.‡ƒ an > 0 =⇒ a ≥ 0
f (x) → a, (x → x0 ), a > 0 =⇒ 3 x0 NCk f (x) > 0. ‡ƒ3 x0 NCk
f (x) > 0 =⇒ a ≥ 0.(5¿‡ƒm ‡ O)

n!¢ê5k'd·Kµ
±en‡d·KŸþ´¢ê5Ľn, Œ^5)ûêÂñ5
¯K.
1!(.nµ(.Lã£AO´aq”ε − δ” ŠóLã¤Ú35¶
(.n =⇒ üNk.7Âñ,=⇒ «m@½n.
2!;5µk.ê7kÂñf£5¿y²{¤.
3!Cauchy ÂñOKµê±9¼ê½3˜:½3áÂñOK.ÂñOK
­‡53uØI‡®4ŠÒŒä½Âñ5Ä:5{.
`² 1!d5ŒlegSy²: (.n =⇒ üNk.½n=⇒ 4«m@
½n=⇒ ;5½n=⇒ CauchyÂñOK =⇒4«m@½n=⇒ (.n. Ù¥d
CauchyÂñOK =⇒4«m@½n=⇒ (.nL§, a,Óƌg1¤.
2!ê e ½n, Œ©Odeü«4‰Ñ
 n  
1 1 1 1
e = lim 1 + = lim 1 + + + · · · +
n→∞ n n→∞ 1! 2! n!

o!OŽµ
1!n²£µ' ´Oت, K´Â˜·Ý,TÐ?.3Oêت¥
/Žâ²þŒuAÛ²þ0¬²~^.
2!üNk.µÄk‡y²üNO£½üN~¤±9kþ.£½ke.¤. Ø
~5{ ,Œ/ϼêüNO~‰ƒy².
3!ü‡­‡4A^µ±e´ü‡4±9Ù¦dLy/ª
sin x 1
lim = lim x sin = 1
x→0 x x→∞ x
 x  n
1 1 1
lim (1 + x) x = lim 1 + = lim 1 + =e
x→0 x→∞ x n→∞ n
3
˜ 4OŽªŒ8(þã4/ª.
0 ∗
4!Stolz ½nÚL’Hospital{KµÌ‡)û Ú .4¯K. ٦ؽª
0 ∞
Œ±=zùü«/ª.
an an+1 − an
lim = lim , £ û¤
n→∞ bn n→∞ bn+1 − bn

f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0 , £‡û¤
x→x0 g(x) x→x0 g (x)

,‡5¿êÚ¼êœ/ek'^‡.
5!áÚáO†ÚTaylorÐm{µn)Ÿo´Ã¡þ, ݺá
þ'. 34L§¥, AO´ L’Hospital {K$^L§¥, áO†š~­
‡, Œ±~”OŽþ.

Ê!~K

ln n
~ 2  k ê, ¦ lim √
n→∞ k n
ln x
) K¢Sþ´¼ê4 lim (α > 0 lÑ/ª. d L’Hospital {K,
x→+∞ xα
1
é?¿ α > 0, T¼ê4 0. Ïdé α = ,  xn = n → +∞, ¤±4 0.
k

~ 3 ê {an } k.ê, y²e43¿¦Ñ4

an
lim
n→∞ a1 + a2 + · · · + an

y²  Sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an , K Sn+1 = Sn + an+1 > Sn î‚üNO. ©ü«

œ¹:
(1) e Sn Ã., KŠâ/üNOÃ.ê4˜½´ +∞0Œ Sn →
+∞ (n → ∞), Òk
an
0< ≤ M Sn → 0 (n → ∞).
Sn
ùp M ´ {an } þ..
(2) e Sn k., ŠâüNOk.꘽Âñ, Œ Sn → S (n → ∞), w,
S ≥ Sn > a1 > 0. ,˜¡

an = Sn − Sn−1 → S − S = 0 (n → ∞)

¤±
an 0
0< → = 0 (n → ∞).
Sn S
4
Ø+=«œ¹, ª4 0.

√

~ 4 e lim x2 + 3x + 2 + ax + b = 0, ¦ a Ú b Š.
x→+∞
)  x → +∞ ž,
r
3 2 b
√
r ! 1+ + 2 +a+
3 2 b x x x
x2 + 3x + 2 + ax + b = x 1+ + 2 +a+ =
x x x 1
x
 1/2
1 1 11
4"L²©f´ pá. |^ 1 + −1∼ 
x x 2x
r
3 2 b 3/2 + b 2
1 + + 2 + a + ∼ (a + 1) + + 2,
x x x x x
Ïd‡¦4", 7L a + 1 = 0, b + 3/2 = 0.

sin x − tan x
~ 5 OŽ lim .
x→0 x3
0
) TK´ .™½ª, Œ±†^Û7©{K. ´XJ^áO†{,
0
e{´†Ø
†) Ï sin x ∼ x, tan x ∼ x (x → 0), ¤±
sin x − tan x x−x
lim 3
= lim =0
x→0 x x→0 x3

)
sin x − tan x sin x(cos x − 1)
3
=
x x3 cos x
1
Ϗ sin x ∼ x, cos x − 1 = − x2 , cos x ∼ 1, (x → 0), ¤±
2
x − 12 x2


sin x − tan x 1
lim 3
= lim 3
=−
x→0 x x→0 1·x 2

~ 6 ¦e4 sin x
e2x + 1

−1
2
lim .
x→0 1 − cos x
) TK´'²;^áþO†K8(,‘,þùL). Äkò©fz

e2x + 1
 
sin x sin x ln
e2x + 1
 
2
−1=e − 1,
2
5
5¿
e2x + 1
 
sin x ln ∼ 0 (x → 0),
2
1
|^ ex − 1 ∼ x ln(1 + x) ∼ x, sin x ∼ x 1 − cos x ∼ x2 (x → 0), 
2
e2x + 1
 
sin x ln
e2x + 1 e2x − 1
    
2
e − 1 ∼ sin x ln = sin x ln 1 +
2 2
e2x − 1
∼x ∼ x2 (x → 0).
2
0
ù'N´äÑTK´ .4¯K. ©f©1^dáþO†, k
0
e2x − 1
 
 2x sin x
e −1 sin x ln
−1

2
2 e −1
lim = lim =2
x→0 1 − cos x x→0 1 − cos x

1 − cos x cos 2x cos 3x

~ 7 ¦ lim .
x→0 1 − cos x
x2
) |^Taylor Ðm cos x = 1 − + o(x4 ) 
2
1 − cos x cos 2x cos 3x 1 − (1 − 12 x2 − 12 4x2 − 12 9x2 + o(x4 ))
lim = lim 1 2 = 14.
x→0 1 − cos x x→0
2
x + o(x 4)

~ 8  0 < x1 < 1, xn+1 = xn (1 − xn ) (n = 1, 2, · · · ), ¦y

1
lim nxn = 1, = xn ∼ (n → ∞).
n→∞ n
y² ´„ 0 < xn < 1 (n = 1, 2, · · · ),

xn+1 = xn (1 − xn ) < xn , n = 1, 2, · · · ,

¤±xn üN~k., Ï Âñ. P lim xn = x, K

n→∞

x = x(1 − x),
1
) x = 0, = lim xn = 0. ¤± xn ´Ã¡þ. e¡‡y² xn † ´dá.
n→∞ n
/Ï Stolz ½n, k
x−1 x−1 − x−1 xn − xn+1
lim n
= lim n+1 n
= lim
n→∞ n n→∞ (n + 1) − n n→∞ xn xn+1
1
= lim = 1.
n→∞ 1 − xn

6
 1
ÏdÒ lim = 1, Ò(Ø.
n→∞ nxn

~ 9  a0 = 1, an+1 = sin an (n = 1, 2, · · · ), ¦
£1¤ lim an ;
n→∞
1
£2¤ lim .
n→∞ na2 n
) £1¤8BŒy {an } üN~k. 0 ≤ an ≤ 1. Ïdk4, P lim an = a. K
n→∞
a = sin a, í a = 0.
£2¤
1 a−2
n+1 − an
−2
a2n − sin2 an
lim = lim = lim
n→∞ na2n n→∞ n + 1 − n n→∞ a2 sin2 an
n
x2 − sin2 x 1
= lim =
x→0 x4 3
3þª¥, Äk^ Stolz½n, , ^¼ê4†ê4'X,  ^á
O†ÚL’Hospital {K.

0
~ 10 Áy . Stolz ½n:  {an }, {bn } Âñu 0, {bn } î‚üN~. K
0
an+1 − an an
lim = A =⇒ lim = A,
n→∞ bn+1 − bn n→∞ bn

y² Šâ^‡, é?¿ ε > 0, 3 N > 0, ¦ n > N žk

an+1 − an ε
−A < ,
bn+1 − bn 2

dd ε  ε
A−
(bn+1 − bn ) < an+1 − an < A + (bn+1 − bn ),
2 2
? m > n, ¿ òþãتl n \ m − 1, k
 ε  ε
A− (bm − bn ) < am − an < A + (bm − bn ),
2 2
½
ε am − an ε
A− < <A+ ,
2 bm − bn 2
- m → ∞, ¿|^ am → 0, bm → 0 (n → ∞) Òk

an ε
−A ≤ <ε
bn 2

é?Û n > N ¤á.

7
 bn
~ 11 Öþ1106,125Kµ a ∈ (0, 1), b1 = 1 − a, bn+1 = − a, ¯
1 − e−bn
bn ´ÄÂñº
©Ûµ–yÙÂñ,ÐüNk.,–yüN,/ϼê
x
f (x) = − a, x > 0
1 − e−x
w,
0−x
f (x) = − − a = eξ − a > 1 − a > 0
e−0 −e −x

1 − (1 + x)e−x
f 0 (x) = >0
(1 − e−x )2
ùp^ ت ex > 1 + x. Ïd f (x) > 1 − a, f (x) %. Ϗ b1 = 1 − a > 0, b2 =
f (b1 ) > 1 − a = b1 .£8B¤XJ b1 < b2 < · · · bn K

bn+1 − bn = f (bn ) − f (bn−1 ) = f 0 (ξ)(bn − bn−1 ) > 0

¤± {bn } %
XJ bn kþ., P bn → b Ïd bn ≤ b, K3 bn+1 = f (bn ) ü>4 f (b) = b.
Ïd‡y bn kþ.,=‡y f (x) − x = 0 k˜).d
x
g(x) = f (x) − x = −a
ex −1
w,
g(0 + 0) = lim+ g(x) = 1 − a > 0, lim g(x) = −a < 0
x→0 x→+∞

(1 − x)ex − 1
g 0 (x) = <0
(ex − 1)2
ù´Ïl ex > 1 + x ¥,- x → −x  e−x > 1 − x, =⇒ (1 − x)ex < 1. d":½n
±9 g(x) &, í g(x) 3 (0, +∞) ¥k˜),P b.
e¡‡y² b ´bn þ.,w, b = f (b) > 1 − a = b1 , £8B¤XJ b > bn , |
^ f (x) %,K b = f (b) > f (bn ) = bn+1 ,¤± b ´bn þ..
ù·‚Òy² bn üNOkþ. b,Ù¥ b ´ f (x) − x = 0 ˜":.Ï
d bn → b.

8
 1ÙµëY5ÆS‡:

˜!Vgµ
¼ê3˜: x0 ëY´¼ê3˜: x0 4AϜ/.´4Šu¼ê3ù
:¼êŠµ
lim f (x) = f (x0 )
x→x0

4†m4éAëY†mëY±9namä:.
4†oK$ŽÚ¼êE܃N5ÑU«e5,AOéëY¼ê

lim f (y) = f (y0 ), lim φ(x) = φ(x0 ) =⇒ lim f (φ(x)) = f (φ(x0 ))

y→y0 x→x0 x→x0

‡ y0 = φ(x0 ).
´‡5¿±e˜:µ˜„¼ê‡gCþÚÏCþ˜˜éA,Òk‡¼ê.ë
Y¼ê3‡¼ê¿©7‡^‡´î‚üN.
–d,·‚Xe(ص¤kмê3ٽ¥ëY.

~ 1 éëY¼ê f (x), e f (x0 ) > 0, K3x0 ˜‡+SðŒu". =3

δ > 0 ¦ x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) ž, k f (x) > 0.
y² þã(J´¼ê4S53ëY¼êþí2. Ï

lim f (x) = f (x0 ) > 0,

x→x0

f (x0 )
¤± ε = > 0, 3δ > 0, ¦ 0 < |x − x0 | < δ žk
2
f (x0 )
0< = f (x0 ) − ε < f (x) < f (x0 ) + ε,
2
f (x0 )
= x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) ž, k f (x) > > 0.
2

~ 2 é[a, b] þëY¼ê f (x),  E = {x | x ∈ [a, b], f (x) = 0}£f (x) ":8

ܤ, P α = inf E, K f (α) = 0, þ(.´Xd.
y² Ϗ E ⊂ [a, b], ¤± α ∈ [a, b].
e f (α) 6= 0, Ø ”  f (α) > 0, Š â ~ 1,  3 δ > 0 ¦  f (x) > 0 x ∈
(α − δ, α + δ) x ∈ [a, b], Ïd inf E ≥ α + δ, gñ.

!4«mþëY¼êµ
¼ê3«m¥z˜:ÑëY, K¡¼ê3«mþëY.
9
 AO, 4«mþëY¼ê, äkéÐ5Ÿµ0Š5¶k.5¶ˆŒ!
Š¶Š´˜‡4«m¶ëY˜½˜—ëY.
' µ(¹$^. XJ˜‡¼ê3«m I þëY, @oþã5Ÿé?Û4f«m
[x1 , x2 ] ⊂ I ¤á.=B I Ø´4«m, Œ3 I ÛÜ [x1 , x2 ] ⊂ I äkþã5Ÿ.~
X,éu¼ê£c¡~f¥Ñy¼ê¤
x
g(x) = − a, x ∈ (0, +∞)
ex − 1

½Â3˜‡Ã¡m«m (0, +∞) ¿k

g(0 + 0) = lim+ g(x) = 1 − a > 0, lim g(x) = −a < 0

x→0 x→+∞

Šâ45Ÿ,˜½3‚C 0 ˜:x1 > 0 ±9¿©Œ˜: x2 ©O÷v

g(x1 ) > 0, g(x2 ) < 0 Ïd3 [x1 , x2 ] k":Ò´3 (0, +∞) Sk":.

n!˜—ëYµ
5¿˜—ëY†ëY«O. ӞrºXÛäëYؘ—ëY{.

(Ø k4«mþëY¼ê3T«mþ˜½˜—ëY.

~ 3 Áyµkm«m (a, b) þëY¼ê3 (a, b) þ˜—ëY¿©7‡^‡

´3à:3kü‡üý4.
y² ky¿©5. 

lim f (x) = f (a + 0), lim− f (x) = f (b − 0)

x→a+ x→b

3k. Ö¿½Â
f (a) = f (a + 0), f (b) = f (b − 0)

¦ f (x) 3[a, b] þëY, Ïd3[a, b] þ˜—ëY, ,3 (a, b) ⊂ [a, b] þ˜—ë

Y.
‡ƒ, f (x) 3(a, b) þ˜—ëY, =é?¿ ε > 0, 3δ > 0 , ¦ x0 , x00 ∈ (a, b)
|x0 − x00 | < δ ž, k
|f (x0 ) − f (x00 )| < ε.

Ïdé x0 , x00 ∈ (a, a + δ), íÑ 0 < |x0 − a| < δ, 0 < |x00 − a| < δ, |x0 − x00 | < δ, ¤
±
|f (x0 ) − f (x00 )| < ε.
10
d4Cauchy ÂñOK, e43k.

lim f (x) = f (a + 0)
x→a+

~ 4 Áyµ
£1¤e f ëY lim f (x) = l £kê¤, K f ˜—ëY.
[a,+∞) x→+∞ [a,+∞)

£2¤e f ëY lim− f (x) = ∞ , K f ؘ—ëY.

[a,b) x→b [a,b)
y²µ
£1¤ ∀ε > 0 d^‡ lim f (x) = l, ¿|^Cauchy ÂñOK ∃M > 0 éu÷
x→∞
v x, x0 > M :, k
|f (x) − f (x0 )| < ε

3«m [a, M + 1] þ,¼êëYÏd˜—ëY,¤±3 δ 0 > 0 ¦éu x, x0 ∈

[a, M + 1] ¥ü: x, x0 , ‡ |x − x0 | < δ 0 , Òk |f (x) − f (x0 )| < ε
 δ = min{δ 0 , 1} Kéu?¿ x, x0 ∈ [a, +∞) ‡ |x − x0 | < δ, ‡o x, x0 ∈
[a, M + 1] ‡o x, x0 > M , ÏdÑk

|f (x) − f (x0 )| < ε

ùp “ŽÑy x < M < x0 žÃ{ä¯K,‰ þãEâ?n.˜„5`

XJÄk:œ¹,þã?n´~^,;Ñy3ª.?Ã{`˜Ùy–Ñ
y.
£2¤æ^‡y{. XJ˜—ëY,Ké ∀ε > 0, ˜½ ∃δ > 0 ?Ûü: x, x0 ÷
v |x − x0 | < δ ž,Òk |f (x) − f (x0 )| < ε.
ê xn ∈ (a, b), xn → b− , Kéuþã δ > 0 , ˜½3 N ,  n, m > N ž,
k |xn − xm | < δ £Cauchy ÂñOK¤
Ïd|f (xn ) − f (xm )| < ε
Ò´ f (xn ) ÷vCauchyÂñOK,¤± {f (xn )} Âñ. ù† lim− f (x) = ∞ g
x→b
ñ.

11
 1nÙµ‡©ÆS‡:

˜!ê:
f (x) − f (x0 )
ûg(x) = , x 6= x0 4
x − x0
f (x) − f (x0 )
lim = f 0 (x0 )
x→x0 x − x0
AۿµÇ,ƒ‚,±9ƒ‚§.
£†‚§µLü: M1 (x1 , y1 ), M2 (x2 , y2 ) †‚§µ
y2 − y1
y = y1 + (x − x1 ), Ù¥ xy22 −y
−x1
1
´Ç.
x2 − x1
L˜: M0 (x0 , y0 ) 9÷½•£d†x ¶•Yαx¤†‚§
y = y0 + tan α(x − x0 )
f (x) ƒ‚§ y = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 )

!OŽµ
oK$Ž!Eܼê!‡¼ê¦5Kڇ©5K
=⇒ мê3ٽSØëY Œ£Œ‡¤, ¼ê„´Ð¼ê.
pêOŽ(Leibnizúª)
ۼꦣ‡©¤
ëꐧL«¼ê¦£‡©¤£AO5¿ëꐧL«pê,‡n)
ù˜:Äk‡n)ëꐧL«ê´No5,éœ/‡¬í¤

n!nØ:
1!Fermat Ú Rolle ½nµ
Fermat: 3SÜ4Š: x0 , 7kf 0 (x0 ) = 0, ‡ƒØ,. ¡¦ f 0 (x) = 0 :
7:.
Rolle: à:¼êŠƒ, 73SØ3˜: ξ ¦ f 0 (ξ) = 0£4Š:¤.

2!‡©Ú‘Peano {‘Taylorúªµ
‡©µÄgŽ´Cq. é?¿ x0 , k

f (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) + o(x − x0 )

‘Peano {‘Taylorúª: ' ´XÛÐm.

n
X f (k) (x0 )
f (x) = (x − x0 )k + o((x − x0 )n ).
k=0
k!

12
 3!‡©¥Š½nڑLagrange{‘Taylorúªµ
‡©¥Š½n

f (x) − f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 + θ(x − x0 ))(x − x0 )

‘Lagrange{‘Taylorúª
n
X f (k) (x0 ) f (n+1) (x0 + θ(x − x0 ))
f (x) = (x − x0 )k + (x − x0 )(n+1) .
k=0
k! (n + 1)!

4!Cauchy¥Šúªµ
f (x) − f (x0 ) f 0 (ξ)
= 0
g(x) − g(x0 ) g (ξ)

5!¼êüŒA:µ£5¿ØI‡b¼ê´ëY¤
£1¤¼êvk1˜amä:. XJk1˜amä:, Ϗ†mêu¼
ê†m4 :
f±0 (x0 ) = lim± f 0 (x)
x→x0

¤±¼êëY, gñ.
£2¤¼ê0Š5. f 0 (x) U0u f 0 (x1 ) Ú f 0 (x2 ) ƒm?ۊ.

o!|^êïļê5:
1!(½ f (x) üN«mµ
f 0 (x) ≥ 0 =⇒ f (x) %; f 0 (x) ≤ 0 =⇒ f (x) &; f 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ 7:
2!(½7:´Ä´4Š:µ  f 0 (x0 ) = 0
e3 x0 †ý f 0 ≥ 0 , mý f 0 ≤ 0 =⇒ f (x0 ) ´4ŒŠ.
e3 x0 †ý f 0 ≤ 0 , mý f 0 ≥ 0 =⇒ f (x0 ) ´4Š.
f 00 (x0 ) < 0 =⇒ f (x0 ) 4Œ¶ f 00 (x0 ) > 0 =⇒ f (x0 ) 4.
3!(½¼ê ­ª£à]5Ú$:¤µ
f 00 > 0 =⇒ f à,f 00 < 0 =⇒ f ].f 00 (x0 ) = 0 †müý©Oà],$:.
à5µ½Â9Ùdت.3dت¥
f (x1 ) − f (x) f (x) − f (x2 )
≤
x1 − x x − x2

´Ÿ,Y3üöƒm´þã(JíØ.
4!(½¼ê ­§Ý£­Ç¤µ
13
 ˜´'u y = f (x), x ∈ [a, b] ­ÇOŽ:

f 00 (x)
κ= .
(1 + f 02 (x))3/2

f 00 (x) K, †­‚à]´éA.

Ïd­Ç κ K† 
 x = ϕ(t),
´dëꭂ t ∈ [α, β] ­ÇOŽ.
 y = ψ(t),

φ0 (t)ψ 00 (t) − ψ 0 (t)φ00 (t)

κ(t) = , φ02 (t) + ψ 02 (t) 6= 0.
(φ02 (t) + ψ 02 (t))3/2

Ê!~K:
~ 1µ y = arctan x, ¦ y (n) (0).
1
) y 0 (x) = , íÑ
1 + x2
(1 + x2 )y 0 (x) = 1.

2|^Leibniz úª

(1 + x2 )y (n) + 2(n − 1)xy (n−1) + (n − 1)(n − 2)y (n−2) = 0

=Œ4í¦Ñ¤‡¦Š. Œ†|^Ðm
1
y 0 (x) = = 1 − x2 + x4 − · · · + (−1)n x2n + o(xn )
1 + x2

y (2k) (0) = 0, y (2k+1) (0) = (−1)k (2k)!.

~ 2µ f ëY, f Œ.P M1 (a, f (a)), M2 (b, f (b)) e‚ã M1 M2

[a,b] (a,b)
† y = f (x), x ∈ [a, b] 3 (a, b) Sk:,K3 ξ ∈ (a, b) ¦ f 00 (ξ) = 0
y²µ: M (c, f (c)), c ∈ (a, b)

f (c) − f (a) f (b) − f (c)

=⇒ ∃ξ1 ∈ (a, c), f 0 (ξ1 ) = , ∃ξ2 ∈ (c, b), f 0 (ξ2 ) =
c−a b−c

Ϗ M 3 M1 M2 þ,¤±‚ã M1 M †‚ã M M2 ǃ,¤±

f 0 (ξ1 ) = f 0 (ξ2 ) =⇒ ∃ξ ∈ (ξ1 , ξ2 ) ⊂ (a, b) ¦ f 00 (ξ) = 0

~ 3µy²3 (a, b) þÃ.Œ‡¼ê,Ù¼ê3 (a, b) þ˜½Ã..

14
 y²µdu f Ã.,Ïdé?¿ê n, ˜½3 xn ∈ (a, b) ¦
(a,b)
|f (xn )| ≥ n, = limn→∞ f (xn ) = ∞
bX¼êk.µ|f 0 (x)| ≤ M, x ∈ (a, b), K? x0 ∈ (a, b) k
|f (xn ) − f (x0 )| = |f 0 (ξ)(xn − x0 )| ≤ M (b − a) =⇒ |f (xn )| ≤ M (b − a) + |f (x0 )|
gñ.

~ 4µ a > 0, šK¼ê f (x) 3 [0, +∞) þkê, f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0, 3

[0, +∞) þ÷vت
f 00 (x) 6 af (x).

¦y f (x) 3 [0, +∞) þð".

√
y²µ g(x) = f 0 (x) − af (x), g(0) = 0, K
√ 0 √ √
g 0 (x) = f 00 (x) − af (x) ≤ af (x) − af 0 (x) = − ag(x)

¤±
√ √ √
(e a
g(x))0 = e a
(g 0 (x) + ag(x)) ≤ 0
√
a
í e g(x) üN~, í g(x) ≤ g(0) = 0, =
√
f 0 (x) − af (x) ≤ 0
√ √ √
=⇒ (e− a
f (x))0 = e− a
(f 0 (x) − af (x)) ≤ 0
√
=⇒ e− a
f (x) üN~§=⇒ f (x) ≤ 0"Ïd f (x) = 0.

~ 5µ f (x) 3 (a, +∞) þŒ, lim (f (x) + xf 0 (x) ln x) = l.

x→+∞
¦y: lim f (x) = l.
x→+∞
y²
f (x) ln x
lim f (x) = lim
x→+∞ x→+∞ ln x
0
f (x) ln x + f (x) x1
= lim 1
x→+∞
x

= lim (f (x) + xf 0 (x) ln x) = l.

x→+∞

~ 6µ ?Ø ex † xa , a > 0 3 x > 0 :.

x
)µ¤¢:=¦ ex − xa = 0 Š,du?Ø f (x) = e a − x ":¯K. w
, f (0) = 1 > 0, f (+∞) = limx→+∞ f (x) = +∞ £üàŒu"¤
15
 x
f 0 (x) = a1 e a − 1, 7: x0 = a ln a, f (x0 ) = a(1 − ln a) Ïd´4Š£Š¤

2 x
f 00 (x) = a1 e a > 0 , f (x) ´à¼ê (x > 0)
nþ©Û
f 0 (x) < 0(x < x0 ) =⇒ f (x) & (x < x0 );
f 0 (x) > 0(x > x0 ) =⇒ f (x) % (x < x0 ).
(ص a > e ž,f (x0 ) = a(1 − ln a) < 0, Ïdf (x) ©O3 [0, x0 ] Ú [x0 , +∞)
ˆk˜‡":,
ü‡":. a = e ž, f (x0 ) = 0 ˜‡":.  0 < a < e ž,
f (x) ≥ f (x0 ) > 0 vk":.

~ 7µ f (x) Œ, 2f (x) + f 00 (x) = −xf 0 (x),y² f (x) Ú f 0 (x) Ñk.
©ÛµùKwþk:ÃleÃaú.Ù¢‡y² f (x) Ú f 0 (x) Ñk.{
üŽ{´§‚²Ú f 2 (x) + f 02 (x) k.,Ïd¦ 2f (x)f 0 (x) + 2f 0 (x)f 00 (x). 
†^‡'„ ˜:Xê,u´Ä
1
g(x) = f 2 (x) + f 02 (x)
2
k.5,¦
g 0 (x) = (2f (x) + f 00 (x))f 0 (x) = −xf 02 (x)

Ïd g 0 (0) = 0,
x > 0 =⇒ g 0 (x) ≤ 0 =⇒ g(x) üN~.
x < 0 =⇒ g 0 (x) ≥ 0 =⇒ g(x) üNO.
Ïd g(x) 3 x = 0 ŒŠ,=
1 1
f 2 (x) + f 02 (x) ≤ f 2 (0) + f 02 (0)
2 2
5¿þªmഘ‡~ê, Ïd f (x) Ú f 0 (x) Ñk..

~ 6 Cauchy ¥Š½n,˜«y²:
Ϗ g 0 (x) 6= 0, Šâ¼ê0Š5, 3 (a, b) S, ‡o g 0 (x) ðŒu", ‡oð
u". ؔ g 0 (x) > 0 Ïdî‚O, ¤± y = g(x)k‡¼ê x = g −1 (y) éf (g −1 (y))
¦^¥Šúª, 3η ∈ (a, b), ¦

f (g −1 (y1 )) − f (g −1 (y2 )) f(g −1 (y))

=.
y1 − y2 y. y=η

- x1 = f (g −1 (y1 )), x2 = f (g −1 (y2 )), ξ = f (g −1 (η)), K

f (g −1 (y1 )) − f (g −1 (y2 )) f (x1 ) − f (x2 ) f 0 (ξ)

= = 0
y1 − y2 g(x1 ) − g(x2 ) g (ξ)
16
 1
~ 9µ £P142, 18K¤ f (x) 3 [0, 1] þŒ, f (0) = 1, f (1) = . ¦y3
2
ξ ∈ (0, 1) ¦
f 2 (ξ) + f 0 (ξ) = 0

y²
1!e f (x) 3 [0, 1] þÃ":µ-

1
F (x) = x − , x ∈ [0, 1]
f (x)

K F (x) ÷v
f 0 (x)
F (0) = F (1) = −1, F 0 (x) = 1 +
f 2 (x)
Šâ Rolle ½n, í3 ξ ∈ (0, 1), ¦ F 0 (ξ) = 0, Ò´

f 2 (ξ) + f 0 (ξ) = 0.

2!e f (x) 3 [0, 1] þk˜˜‡": ξ µw, ξ ∈ (0, 1), ´Š:,¤±

f (ξ) = 0, f 0 (ξ) = 0

(Øw,¤á.
3!e f (x) 3 [0, 1] þk‡Lü‡9±þ":µP

E = {x | x ∈ [0, 1], f (x) = 0}

1
Ϗ f (0) = 1, f (1) = , ¤± E ⊂ (0, 1). ©OP a = inf E, b = sup E.
2
1˜Ú,y² a, b ´":.ù´Ï a ´ E e(., XJ f (a) 6= 0, @o,é?
1 1
¿ , a + Ø´e(.,Ïd3": xn ∈ E, ¦
n n
1
a < xn < a + , f (xn ) = 0
n
Ò´
lim xn = a, f (xn ) = 0
n→∞

d¼êëY5Œ
f (a) = lim f (xn ) = 0.
n→∞

ÓnŒy b ´ f (x) ":.

17
 1Ú,‡y²3«m [0, a) Ú (b, 1] þ,kf 0 (a) ≤ 0, f 0 (b) ≥ 0. ù´Ï3 [0, a)
þ f (x) > 0, 3 (b, 1] þ f (x) > 0. ¤±

f (x) − f (a) f (x)

f 0 (a) = f−0 (a) = lim− = lim− ≤0
x→a x−a x→a x − a

ÓnŒy f 0 (b) ≥ 0.
XJ f 0 (a) ≤ 0, f 0 (b) ≥ 0 ¥k˜‡Ò¤á,@o f 2 (a) + f 0 (a) = 0 ½ f 2 (b) +
f 0 (b) = 0. (Jg,¤á. ÄKk f 0 (a) < 0, f 0 (b) > 0 .
1nÚ, Ϗ f 0 (a) < 0, d

f (x) − f (a) f (x)

lim+ = lim+ = f+0 (a) = f 0 (a) < 0
x→a x−a x→a x − a

,3δ > 0, ¦
f (x) < 0, a < x < a + δ

P
ā = inf{x | f (x) = 0, a + δ < x < b},

@o3 a < x < ā ¥,f (x) < 0 -

1
F (x) = x − , x ∈ (a, ā)
f (x)

@o
lim F (x) = lim− F (x) = −∞
x→a+ x→ā

¤± F (x) 3 (a, ā) ¥kŒŠ: ξ ∈ (a, ā), ¤±

F 0 (ξ) = 0, = f 2 (ξ) + f 0 (ξ) = 0.

y..
`² 31Ú¥,- g(x) = f 2 (x) + f 0 (x) ,K g(a) < 0, g(b) > 0.Ϗ f 2 (x) ëY,
¤±´,‡¼ê¼ê,ؔ F 0 (x) = f 2 (x), ù g(x) = F 0 (x) + f 0 (x) = (f (x) +
f (x))0 ´ F (x) + f (x) ¼ê,|^¼ê g(x) = F 0 (x) + f 0 (x) = (f (x) + f (x))0 
0Š5.†Œ±3 ξ ∈ (a, b),¦ g(ξ) = 0.

~ 10µ P142 nÜSK119K.

 a > 1, ¼ê f : (0, +∞) → (0, +∞) Œ‡. ¦y3ê {xn }, xn > 0, xn →
+∞, ¦
f 0 (xn ) < f (axn ).
18
 y² æ‡y{.bXØ3K8¤«ê, @o3 x0 ≥ 0, ¦

f 0 (x) ≥ f (ax), x ≥ x0 .

í f 0 (x) > 0 (x ≥ x0 ), =¼ê3x ≥ x0 î‚üNO.Ϗ a > 1, ¤±‡¿©Œ

1
x> , Òk ax > x + 1. @o|^‡©¥Šúª3 x < ξ < x + 1 ¦
a−1
f (x + 1) − f (x) = f 0 (ξ) ≥ f (ax) > f (x + 1),

í f (x) < 0,gñ.

~ 11µ ¼ê f (x) 3 [a, +∞) þŒ, f (a) = 0,  x > a ž, k

|f 0 (x)| 6 |f (x)|.

¦y: f (x) = 0.
y² - g(x) = (e−x f (x))2 . K

g 0 (x) = 2e−x f (x) e−x f 0 (x) − e−x f (x)

= 2e−2x f (x)f 0 (x) − |f (x)|2

6 0.

ù`² g(x) 3 [a, +∞) þüN4~. Ϗ f (a) = 0, `² g(x) 6 0. l g(x) ½Â

Œ g(x) > 0. u´ g(x) = 0, l f (x) = 0.

~ 12µÖþ1139,117K.´‰Ñ f (x) = x cos x 3 [0, π2 ] þ¦ŒUþ..

Uì~5‰{,é f (x) ¦ f 0 (x) = cos x − x sin x, f 00 (x) = −(2 sin x + x cos x) <
0, f 00 (0) = 0.Ïd37: f 0 (x0 ) = 0 ?4Œ. Ϗ f (x) > 0, 0 < x < π2 , f (0) =
f ( π2 ) = 0 ,¤±4ŒŠ:´ŒŠ:.¼êŠÒ´þ..
´l f 0 (x) = cos x − x sin x = 0 J±)ÑäN4Š:, d|^TaylorÐmO
ŽCqŠ.Ϗê´K,¤±
f 00 (ξ)
f (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) + (x − x0 )2 ≤ f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ),
2
ùp(x ∈ [0, π2 ]) ¦˜‡äNþ.,ؔ©OÀJ3 x0 = 0; π π π
4
; 3; 2 ?Ðm.
3 x0 = 0 : f (x) ≤ 0 + x ≤ π2 ,
√
π
: f (x) ≤ f ( π4 ) + f 0 ( π4 )(x − π4 ) = 2 π
+ (1 − π4 )( π2 − π4 ) .


3x0 = 4 2 4
π π
3x0 = 3
: f (x) ≤ 6
+ ( 21 − π
√
2 3
)(x − π3 ) ≤ π6 π
+ ( 2√ 3
− 12 ) π3
π 2
3x0 = 2
: f (x) ≤ − π2 (x − π
2
) ≤ π4
19
 äN''w,=‡þ.º

~ 12µ f (x) Œ,y²,3 ξ ∈ (a, b) ¦

[a,b]
 
a+b 1
f (a) − 2f + f (b) = f 00 (ξ)(b − a)2
2 4

a+b
y²µ3 x0 = Ðm,¿3Ðmª¥©O x = a, x = b
2
      2
a+b 0 a+b a−b 1 00 a−b
f (a) = f +f + f (ξ1 )
2 2 2 2 2
      2
a+b 0 a+b b−a 1 00 a−b
f (b) = f +f + f (ξ2 )
2 2 2 2 2

üªƒ\
f 00 (ξ1 ) + f 00 (ξ2 ) (b − a)2
 
a+b
f (a) − 2f + f (b) =
2 2 4
f 00 (ξ1 ) + f 00 (ξ2 )
Ϗ 0u f 00 (ξ1 ) Ú f 00 (ξ2 ) ƒm,d¼ê0Š5Œ,3 ξ 0u
2
ξ1 Úξ2 ƒm,¦

f 00 (ξ1 ) + f 00 (ξ2 ) (b − a)2 (b − a)2

 
a+b
f (a) − 2f + f (b) = = f 00 (ξ)
2 2 4 4

20