VOCABUlARY GRAMMAR

ords from the Text Review of: Social Media Posts

Present and Past Tenses
Present Perfect Simple I
Past Perfect Simple
Future Tenses

Present Perfect Continuous I A Feature Story

Words from the Text Past Perfect Continuous Scanning for Information
Phrasal Verbs (1) Multiple Choice
Collocations Open Questions
(

Safety Conditionals and An Online Forum

Words from the Text Time Clauses Guessing Meaning from C
Ex pressions about Safety and Wish Clauses Multiple Matching
Danger Multiple Choice
Adjectives and Prepositions Sentence Completion

The Passive A Blog Entry

The Causative Identifying the Main Idea
Prepositional Phrases Multiple Choice
Sports Idioms True I False Statements

Relationships Defining and Non-defin ing A L terary Ex ce rpt

Words from the Te xt Relative Clauses Making Inferences
Expressions with over Formal and Informal Multiple Choice
Phrasal Verbs (2) Structures Open Questions

Modals and Modal Perfects An Online Advice Column

had better Understandi ng Reference
Ex pressions about Time Multi ple Choice
Phrasal Verbs (3) True I False Statements
c
Reported Speech 4 ArtiCle
Identifying the Author's P
Compound Adjectives ultiple Choice
Verbs and Prepositions Multiple Matching
 WRITING
Meeting People

Talking about Culture An Informative Essay Understanding a Travel Itinerary

Comparing Pictures Adjectives and Adverbs
Pronunciation : /3:/, /e/ ;
Vowel Sound : /~/
OnME ouT! VIDEO )

::>art Discussing Problems and Solutions A Formal E-mail Staying Safe Online
.Es and Dialogues Speculating about a Picture Connectors of Cause,
Pronunciation: /re/, /a:/ ; Result and Purpose
/t/, Id!
OnME OUT! VIDEO )

Ex pressing Preferences A For and Against Essay Making a PowerPoint Presentation

Agreeing and Disagreeing Connectors of Addition,
Pronunciation : /k/, /g/ ; Contrast and Example
Ire/, IA!
OnME OUT! VIDEO )

Discussing Similarities and An Opinion Essay Analysing Surveys

Differences Subject-Verb Agreement
Reaching a Decision
Pronunciation: /o/, /~u/ ;
Phonetic Practice 0 '""Vii}ffi) OnME OUT! VIDEO )

Apologising A Summary Understanding Timetables

Comparing Pictures Paraphrasing
Pronunciation: I AI, la:/;
/3:/, !I~/

OnME OUT! VIDEO )

ogramme Talking about Work A Job Application Analysing a CV

;-es and Dialogues AJob Interview Formal and Informal
Pronunciation : Consonant Language
Clusters ; Id:), /jl

OnME OUT! VIDEO )

 1;1%1•]1~[11 Social Media Posts
1 Read the introduction to the web page.
What topic will it discuss? Turning 18 is a significant event. Most countries hav
laws that give you an adult's freedom and responsibilit
Q;) 2 Read the first post and choose the correct answer. · whether you 're ready for them or not. We asked you11
1 The youngest legal driving age is in ... .
people in the UK to comment on some of these laws
a t he UK c the Un ited States
b France d Ireland 5 rn Emma: Congratulations to all our European fr
2 Emma bel ieves that people aren't getting driving who have turned 18! At last, you 're free to drive w
licence s because of .. . . supervision. Actually, I've had my driving licence f(
a soc ial media c the cost months, since in the UK and Ireland you can drive
the age of 17. Believe it or not, in some places in the United !
b pub lic transport d lack of time
10 you can get a driving licence at 16! However, a lot of young p
Q;) 3 Now read the entire web page and answer
aren 't botheri ng to get their licence. People say they don't ha
time or money, and of cou rse public transport is good if you li
the questions in your own words.
a big city. But the way I see it, it's because they don't feel the
1 Why is Megan frustrated? (post B) to go anywhere. They can hang out with their friends online, ~
2 Why does she mention Wales and Italy? (post B)
15 ~.~Y...~?..~.~~.? .................................................................................................. .
3 What does Ryan think about the drink ing age law?
(post C) mMegan: The elections this year are three day
before my 18th birthday, so I can 't vote! I've been
4 What did the Un ited States do to reduce
drink-drivi ng accidents? (post C) politically involved for years, and I think we shouiQ
- \-N"!QACI...
S Why might you 'get into financ ial trouble when able to vote at 16, like they do in Wales . By the w<
you are 18? (post D) 20 you know that here in the UK, when you turn 18, you can run
any political office - mayor of city, member of parliament or e
6 Wh ich law is probab ly not relevant to most
prime minister? This is true for many cou ntries in Europe, bu1
18-year-olds? (post D)
al l. Italy isn't the place for you ng politicians- you have to be
!Y.~ .~.?.~.. P.~~.I.i.~~~.~~.... ~.~~..?.~.~?..~~Y..!~.~..P.~i.~.~ ..~!~.i.~~.~~.'..................... .
WORDS FROM THE TEXT
25 [e Ryan: At 18, I can finally go into a pub and on
4 Find words or expressions in the posts that mean: a beer. I suppose the law assumes that at 18 we'r
1 become (post A) mature enough to drink without overdoing it, altho'
if you ask me, plenty of people drink too much. In
2 active (post B)
the United States, the government decided that raising the le,
3 doi ng too mu ch of so mething (post C) 30 drinking age would lower the rate of drink-driving accidents, ~
4 & I ith (post D)
~.~~.:~ ..I?.~.Y..~.'.~?.~~.I..!~.~!.~..~~!~.~~..~.~ ~..~~~..?.~..?.~.: ..................................
cL.d.JOJr (J:)n c)~

(]] Josh: When you turn 18, you can open a ban l
[~ YOUR OUTLOOK
CRITICAL THINKING
account and get a cred it card . You can go into ove
(meaning you can spend more than you 've got in
L Do you th in k that most people are really 35 the bank) , and you can borrow money. The law sa
that you 're old enough to handle your finances responsibly, a
mature and independent adults at age 18?
I--------------------~ hopefully, you are! You can also sign a contract to rent a flat
without your parents' signature- and you can own property. I
most of us that's just a dream , but it's nice to know you're old
40 enough to do it.
 BULARV Review
'oa
at the verbs below. Find the things that you 4 Add a suitable particle. Some particles ""'f((, 0

t o people, and decide which of them are
e and which are negative.
I mi slead I look down on I delete
I browse I misunderstand I obey
I revis e I purchase I employ
,..,...,__,.... se I terrify I relate to I exchange
tru st I trap
ord in each row does not belong? Why?
perceive deceive reject
may be used more than once.
up I down I in I of I on I out I by
1 meet a celebrity ... person
2 accuse someone ... a crime
3 run ... of money
4 show ... at a party
5 a ban .. . smoking
6 do something ... mistake
7 pick ... a language

seam back up 8 like to live ... the edge

in stall
9 drop ... of school
- edevil bravery venue challenge
10 cut ... on expenses
recording funding wages
suspicious unpredictable deceptive 5 Complete the sentences by adding
a suffix to the words in brackets.
stunning glamorous cautious 1 There's nothing ... (value) in my gym bag.
2 His joke was insensitive and ... (harm).
t o B to form expressions. 3 Driving on that road at night is .. . (hazard).
B 4 Our ... (relation) has improved lately.
a status 5 Her behaviour was ... (disrupt).
b delinquency 6 This is a ... (mystery) story about a boy who disappears.
c a cause 7 We should fight for ... (equal) among all people.
d the question
e of money 6 Replace the words in bold using a word with
the prefix given in brackets. Make any necessary
f sense
changes.
g action
1 That volcano is no longer active, so it isn't
h trouble dangerous. (in)
and clear 2 Coming late to work is not responsible. (ir)
prank on 3 They built their home again after the earthquake. (re)
4 The children behaved terribly at the party. (mis)
5 That film made her a very famous star. (mega)
6 We all feel that we are not paid enough. (under)
7 it's against the law to park you r car here. (il)
 1;1;[;1®1®@;1 Review 3 Write questions with the words given. Make an
necessary changes. Then complete the answer
PRESENT AND PAST TENSES a logical way, using 1-2 words.
1 how often I Ron I send you I messages I ?
Read the sentences below and look at the verbs He writes to me ... .
in bo ld. Which t ense is used in each sentence? 2 Fiona I meet I us I tonight I ?
Why is it used? No, she ... .
1 In .Wales·, they vote at age 16. 3 when I Patrick I get his driving licence I ?
2 I bpeneq a bank account last week. Last ... .
3 Are you having driving lessons this year? 4 you I want I to get a job I this year I ?
4 I was sitting in a club when the waiter asked me Yes , I ....
for my ID. 5 you I look at your phone I during yesterday's les
No, I .. . .
[] Grammar Basics Rules and Basic Practice, page 96

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE I

CaU l Comp lete the messages with the verbs in brackets. Use PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
the Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple or
Past Continuous. Then listen and check your answers. Read the sentences below and look at the vert
in bold. Which tense is used in each sentence?
• <·················)•• • Why is it used? What other tense is used in ea«
sentence? Why is it used?
Hey, Kate! What 1
.. . you .. . (do)? J 1 We've just begun our last year of school and
I - yesterday we had our first English lesson.
Hi. I 2· .. . (wait) for my driving instructor.
2 How many driving lessons had you taken before
you passed your test?
Cool. I 3· . .. (not feel) like I need a licence yet
[] Grammar Basics Rules and Basic Practice Rag

Yeah . My mum usually 4· ••• (take) me wherever

I need to go, or I 5· ... (use) public transport.
4 Choose the correct answer.
-r 1 I can't go out. I -'a ven't finishe
my homework yet.
I didn't finish
That used to be OK for me, but now I 6· .. . (need) more
independence! Last night, I 7· ... (want) to go to a party. 2 Anne~lete V had deleted the e-mail after she
had read it.
So? 3 I know my way around Paris because ( ha; e been
/ had been here many times.
I 8· ... (think) my parents would take me, but in the end , 4 My parents were worried because I didn't call I
they 9· ... (not have) time because they 10· ... (work). adn't called) Pl em for days .
5 Did you see I Have you seen this film yet?

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below.

5 Complete the sentences with a verb below. Us
the Present Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Sim
Use the Present Simple, Present Continuous,
Past Simple or Past Continuous. see I not decide I say I know I leave
pass I study I plan I not believe I think 1 I ... many times that your idea is dangerous. \l"q
change I not vote 2 I couldn't call you because I .. . my phone at h m
1 People 's legal status ... when they turn 18. 3 I can't give you an answer. I .. yet.AY V) \
_;> h V.JG +- 'Cf.
2 ... you ... your driving test yesterday? 4 T~_.W· each other for ye rs o fore they started 1
3 I .. . of applying for university next year. lt seems 5 .. ~you .. . my sunglasses? I can 't remember when
like a good idea. I left them .
4 Brian called me while I .. . for the maths exam .
5 ... you ... to go to the club tonight?
6 I ... in last year's elections because
I was too young.
7 I ... t hat young people hand le
money responsibly. Most of them
spen d too much .

--- sente nce in A, find a sentence that
ollow s it in B. Then complete it with the
rack et s, using the Present Perfect Simple
rfect Sim ple.
-""' o learn computer prog ramming.
a wall et yesterday.
- or m ight run for parliament.
zs great t o see Maria.
(j-G>
_ -;: ne ... (d rop) it on the pavement. ~ (by the time)
" . (not see) her in months.h),~{'\t S.$"'
--:: ___ rnot decide) yet. ~~ ~ ~ x:
" ... Oust I sign up) for a course . Yo-~- )\:l
7
ETENSES
10 Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets.
t he sentences below and look at the verbs
Id. Which tense is used in each sentence?
is it u sed?
is w ill be a challenging course.
down and rest. I'll get you a glass of water.
- m g oing to learn German this year.
- ..oak at those clouds! it's going to rain soon.
- can't meet you tomorrow. I'll be working on my
iol ogy project.
= opef ully, we'll have solved the problem by the end
f t he day.
] Rules and Basic Practice, P.a e 98
U>m plete the mini-dialogues with the verbs in
rackets. Use the Future Simple or be going to.
_ A; When ... you .. . that article for history?
B: I think I ... tomorrow. (start I read)
~ A: You .. . that glass!
B: I' m holding it carefully, I ... it. (break I drop)
3 A: They ... the webinar from five to six this afternoon.
B: .. . you ... it? (broadcast I watch)
A: I'm sure that you ... all your exams.
B: I hope so. I .. . every day. (study I pass)
Complete the sent ences with the verbs in brackets.
Use the Future Perfect Si mple or Future Continuous.
1 At this time next year, I ... (look) for a job.
2 In the future , everyone ... (use) self-driving cars.
3 .. . you ... (spend) all your money by the end of you r trip?
4 You can't go home at 10 o'clock because the customers
... (not leave) by then.
5 Who ... (teach) us maths this year?
6 By the time I turn 18, I ... (live) here for three years.
GETTING STARTED ~~~~
9 Complete the sentence s using the words in
brackets and the correct present, past or future
tense. Do not change the original meaning.
1 Is this your bike? (belong to)
Does ... ?
2 The film starts at 8.30. (watching)
At 9.00, we ....
3 When was Betsy's 18th birthday? (turn)
When ... ?
4 I'm going to pack everything befo re you get bac k.
I ... .
5 The last time I played the guitar was a year ago. (for)
I .. ..
6 Mike didn't drink enough during the marat ~ on.
(running)
He didn't ... .
Use the correct future or perfect tense.
In Japan, people aren't considered mature
adults until they're 20 years old . Every year
they hold a Coming-of-Age Day ceremony to
honour everyone who 1. . . • (reach) the age
of 20 during the previous months. I read a
description of someone who 2· .. • (attend) one.
He wrote that it was a very festive ceremony,
especially because all of the women 3· .. . (buy)
colourful kimonos for the occasion. So why
am I reading about Japan these days? Well,
14· • •. (have) a dream for years about living
there and I 5· . . . (finally I make) the
arrangements. I 6· . • . (fly) there in six
months' time to spend a year with
a Japanese family. At this time next
year, I 7· ••• (live) in Tokyo and I hope
I 8· .. . (become) fluent in Japanese
by then. What's more, I 9· . .. (turn)
20, so I'll be considered an adult.
Are there any "special" birthdays
in your country? How are these
birthdays celebrated?
 l!f.ii3~11~[1J Conversations ,_1ij@31~t,W Meeting People
1 Which of the expressions below would you use when 5 Complete dialogues A and B usi ng expressions
speaking to someone you know? Which would you from Exercises 1 and 4.
use when speaking to someone you've just met?
1 Yo u're new here, aren't you?
A
Maisie: Hi, 1
?
...
2 Long t ime no see!
Emma: Yes, I'm Emm a.
3 Nice to meet you .
Maisie: 2 · . .. . I'm Maisie. 3 · ... ?
4 What year are you in?
Emma: I'm starting si xth form.
5 it' s been ages.
Maisie: 4· . . . ?
6 What do you like doing for fun?
Emma: I've decided on art and design , for one thing.
7 What have you been up to?
Maisie: So, 5· . . . ?
8 Oh, the usual.
Em ma: Oh, 6 · . . . everyone that I've met.
Q;) 2 You are going to hear two conversations. Listen to Maisie: That's great! And 7 · . . . ?
the first conversation and choose the correct answer. Emma: I love acti ng, so I'm going to try out for the
1 Lucy and Josh .. . . drama g rou p.
a have met before Maisie: Wow, 8 · . .. !
b have never met before Em ma: Thanks . 9· ... !
c are good friends
2 Lu cy ....
a has cho sen difficu lt subjects B
b can't decide what to study Harry: Hey, To by! 1 . . . !
c is sure she wi ll succeed To by: Yeah. 2 · . . . , hasn't it? 3
· ... ?
3 Lucy is disappointed about the .... Harry: Oh , the usual.
a size of the school Toby: What subjects will you be doing this yea
b students at the school Harry: 4 · . . . geography, history and French.
c school's clubs Toby: Great! Well , 5 · . . . to my next lesson. 6 · ..•
7
Harry: You t oo. · ••• !
Q;) 3 Listen to the second conversation. What is true
about Mike and Alex? They ....
1 know each other
2 are both new
6 Work with a partner and have two
conversations. Use the expressions from
3 were in the same footbal l team last year Exercises 1 and 4 to help you.
4 have some of the same friends a it' s the second week of school. You meet a school
5 w ill both be studying geography f riend and discuss the coming school year.
6 st ill play footbal l together it's the second week of sc hool. You approach
a new student. Get t o know t he m and
@ 4 Listen to the conversations again. Which of d iscuss the com ing year.
the following expressions are used in the first
conversation? Which are used in the second
conversation? Which are used in both?
1 What su bjects w ill you be doing?
2 I've decided on ...
3 How do you like it so far?
4 I really like ...
5 I'm a bit disappointed that ...
6 Good luck !
7 I have to get going.
8 See you later.
9 See you around!
Which of the following aspects of your life are influenced
by your culture? Can you think of other aspects?
food I music I clothing
dating I family relationships
1!l•Xif!1:lll!\1;u Culture
1 Read the blog and comments. Pay attention to the words in colour.
Which comments are written by British people and which by Americans'?

Before moving to the USA, I thought that Brits and Americans were alike. After all, we speak the same language. But
there is a culture gap despite the fact there's no language barrier and it took me a long time to stop feeling foreign.
Readers, what are some differences you've noticed?
SusX: I've been living in the UK for two years now and I've noticed that being direct is practically unheard of in the UK.
Why can 't Brits be more straighHorward and say exactly what they mean?

KayRem89: British and American humour reflect different outlooks on life. British humour is very subtle and often
sarcastic. Americans are more open and optimistic, so their humour is often silly. In fact, I don't find it funny at all!
JenTy: Why do Americans speak so loudly? We Brits tend to be more reserved and we don't think it's appropriate to
show our emotions.
MissBB: One of the most important values in the US is individualism. This may be hard for us to understand, but its
roots are in the country's history. Diverse groups of people came to a new continent to be free of persecution and
narrow-minded authorities.
RockyR: British table manners are very different from ours. The Brits keep their knife and fork in their hands while they
eat, but Americans cut their food with their knife in their right hand, put their knife down, and then switch the fork to
their right hand to bring the food to their mouth. Our way is so awkward compared to theirs.

3 Choose the correct answer to show that

understand the meaning of the words ir
YOUR OUTLOOK
1 People feel excited I angrywhen someor
CRITICAL THINKING
rude to them.
From the descriptions in Exercise 1, do you 2 When a custom is foreign, it is a new I f.
think it would be easier for you to adapt to experience.
British or to US culture? Explain your answer.
3 People are alike when they're similar I d
4 This is a sensitive topic, so be direct 1 c
2 Replace the words in bold with a word or expression below. when discussing it.
open-mjnded I misconception I ru,de I fit in I senliitive 5 A good example of a subtle colour is or;
1 it's not polite to talk loudly in public. beige.
2 Are they able to accept other people's opinions? 6 Straightforward people say I don 't say 1
3 She isn't aware of other people's feelings. they think .
4 At first, I felt I didn't belong because I was from another country. 7· Open-minded people accept I reject life
different from their own.
- lt's a fals e idea that British and Americans are exactly the same.
 t
~ Decide if the following sentences are true or false. ,.1ij:W31~[tJ Talking about Culture
Co rrect the false sentences "without changing the
words in bold. 9 Give some tips to an immigrant to your country.
1 Teenagers today tend to communicate on social media. Think about:
2 Your roots change every year. f ood I driving etiquette I attitude to time
school I table manners I clothes
3 Your values influence the way you behave .
family life I timetables
4 lt is possible to overcome a language barrier.
5 lt is bad manners to fail an exam. r------------.,
I It's very common here to eat I
6 Culture gaps are often ex perienced by refugees.
I dinner quite late at night. I
7 People feel awkward when they're having a good time. L'l' ,----------.1
. What other words do you know connected to culture?
1
,' r-------------- ..
I The drivers here are reckless.
I You have to w atch out for that! I
LOOKING AT . · 1.------------~
'~
".
LANGUAGE
The following words from the te xt have more USEFUL LANGUAGE -
than one meaning. How many meanings do you
know for each word? lt's very common here to ...

mean I reserved I hard I right I switch lt's hard for people to get used to ...
You have to watch out for ...
... might be new to you.
tiiij~ll~[~ A Radio Interview Try to be open-minded about ...

I What traditional foods are there where you live? Are

these foods popular with tourists as well as locals?

You are going to hear an interview about a way that

one city is overcoming culture gaps between different
communities. Listen to the first part of the interview
and complete the sentences with a suitable word.
1 Ms Frees on is a member of a local ... club .
2 Some of the immigrants in Tupelo can 't relate to
the American ... on life.
3 Cooking as a First Language helps immigrants feel more ....
4 The classes take place ... a month.
5 People present their ... dishes .

I Listen to the second part of the interview and

decide if the sentences are true or false.
1 A food blogger approached some Japanese
women to start a club .
2 The club grew quickly.
3 it's easy to find ethnic food in Tupelo.
4 The language barrier is a problem in the club.
5 Evan thinks the students would be interested
in the club .

Many immigrants to the United States learn

English as a second language. Why do you think
the club is called Cooking as a First Language?
 A Feature Stor
1 SCANNING FOR INFORMATION Scan the feature story to
answer the questions.
1 Who are the Yanomami?
2 What are the names of the members of the Good family?
3 What happened in ... ?
a 1975 b 1986 c 1992 d 2013
[] Reading Strategies
{,1) 2 MULTIPLE- CHOICE QUESTIONS Read the feature story
and choose the correct answer.
1 Why did Kenneth Good extend his stay with the
Yanomami?
a He wanted them to learn about Western civilisation .
b He felt very comfortab le with them.
c He wanted to marry a tribal woman.
d He had not completed his project.
2 Yarima did not return to the United States because she .. ..
a needed to be close to her own people
b no longer loved Kenneth
c could not look after the children
d had not made an effort to adapt to life there
3 What do we learn about David's attitude towards
his heritage?
a lt improved during his ado lescence .
b His friends could not change it.
c He has always accepted it.
d lt changed when he was an adult.
4 What is the aim of The Good Project?
a To introduce Western culture to the Yanomami.
b To encourage Westerners to adopt Yanomami culture.
c To make sure that the Yanomami live as they
always have .
d To help the Yanomami enjoy Western culture but
keep their traditions.
[] Answering Techniques page 149
It was July, 2011. David Good had been travelling on a
up the Orinoco River in Venezuela for three days. He was
tired and thirsty, and the air was heavy and humid. He
on his way to find his mother, who he hadn't seen in two
5 decades. David had grown up in the United States, but
mother was a native of the Amazonian Yanomarni tribe.
feeling of anxiety about meeting her grew as they tra
further into the Amazon.
David's father, Kenneth Good, had been an anthropology
10 student in 1975, when he travelled to Venezuela to study
the Yanomarni, an isolated tribe untouched by Western
civilisation. As he learned more about them, he grew to
love their way of life, which emphasised cooperation,
sharing and humour. His 15-month project turned into
15 a 12-year stay. During that time, he became an accepted
member of the tribe and married Yarima, one of the tribal
women.
In 1986, Kenneth and Yarima went to live in the United
States. Everything was a shock to Yarima, from doors
20 and windows to supermarkets and cars. In the following
years, she had three children and tried hard to fit in, but
loneliness was overwhelming and she longed for her
When the family visited the jungle in 1992, Yarima
to stay behind and Kenneth flew home alone with baby
25 Daniel, Vanessa, age four, and five-year-old David.
Over the years, David became more and more resentful
of his mother for leaving them. As a child, he rejected
his Yanomami roots and tried his best to be an ordinary
American boy, but the sadness remained. He dropped out
30 high school and became a heavy drinker, desperate to
his pain. Years later, however, with the help of a friend,
he began to accept his own identity and learn more about
the Yanomarni culture. As his pride in it grew, he decided

3 Answer the questions.

1 How did David react to the fact that his mother had
left them?
2 What made the tribes peop le seem familiar to David?
3 How did David change after living for three months
with the Yanomami?

[~ .YOUR OUTLOOK
,, CRITICAL THINKING ..
What would you miss the most if
you went to live with the Yanomami?
What would you like about it?
 1
WORDS FROM THE TEXT

4 Find words or expressions in the text that mean:

1 fear and worry (lines 1-8)
2 powerfu l (lines 18-25)
3 try to (lines 26-35)
4 not have contact with (lines 36-46)
5 established (lines 47-55)

wel to the rainforest and attempt to find his mother, 5 Choose the correct answer. Pay attention to the
mgh he knew that he might never succeed. words in colour.
'the moment had arrived and David got off the boat. 1 An area that is untouched is natural I urban.
ring their traditional clothes, the tribespeople seemed 2 If you long for something, you have I haven 't got it .
pletely foreign to him, but when he looked closely at 3 You might feel resentful of someo ne for being
·faces, he could see that he and they were alike. He unfair I kind.
gnised Yarirna immediately. He wanted to hug her, but 4 Your heritage is what your ancestors did I
new that was not appropriate among the Yanomami.' your ch ildren will do.
he put a hand on his shoulder, they both began to cry.
5 If you stay behind when others leave, you
Ld spent three months at the village, living as part of don 'tjoin I join them .
ribe. As he learned to fish, hunt and cut down trees, he
l deep sense of peace and belonging. He knew that he
Id never lose touch with his mother again PHRASAL VERBS
H3, David set up an organisation called The Good A phrasal verb is a verb followed by one or more
~et. Through it, he is working to build a bridge
particles. The meaning of the phrasal verb is different
reen the Yanomami people and Westem culture, which from the meaning of the verb alone .
~een affecting tribal villages more and more in recent
3 and leading to a loss of the Yanomami way of life.
Choose the correct meaning of t he phrasal ve rb in
Id wants to help bring them the benefits of the modern the sentence below.
d while helping them to protect their heritage. As David is in a unique position to carry out his mis sion.
:son with his heart in both worlds, he is in a unique 1 complet e 2 assist in 3 begin
:ion to carry out this mission. ~-:-:-~--~~
Grammar Appendix Workbook, !)ages 89-90
[] Phrasal Verbs List !)age 142

6 Choose the correct definition for each phrasal

1 Look at the false friend underlined in the te xt. verb in colour below.
How do you say it in your language? 1 People call on friends and relati ves d uring holi days.
2 When we want to say how old someon e is or describe (a isit b phone
a period of time, we can use a number foll owed by
2 Everyone dresses up on the Easter holiday.
a hypen/s (-)and the unit of time in th e singul ar.
a wears dresses ears ni ce cl ot hes
lt turned into a 12-year stay. .I
lt turned into a 12-years stay. ~ 3 At the Highland Games, peop le show off their
physical strength.
Find more examples in the te xt.
a admire ~ demonstrate
PRONUNCIATION 4 Ethnic minorities are standing up for their rights .
(1;) 3 Listen and repeat the words from the te xt. ~ defending b abandon ing
thirsty / 3:/ project ; e; 5 I wonder what new immigrants make of ou r cultu re .
Q;} 4 Listen and repeat the words below. Match th e bo lded C.. a) think about b enjoy abou t
letters in each word to the correct phonetic sym bol 6 People tend to stick to the old ways of doi ng th ing s.
13:1 or lel. a change (b) stay with
learned I western I overwhelming I returned
heard I heavy

I
 • <·················>•• •
GRAMMAR Hey, everyone . Look
at the Chinese lantern
I've just made.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I
r
Read the text messages and the adv ert.
I had been looking for a lantern workshop si nce 1
Then answer the questions.
I arrived in Singapore. Then I saw that they had
hung up th is advert in the lobby of my hostel!
J
_
A Identify the tenses in bold. Wh ich verbs
in bold refer to an action that ... ?
a started in the past and is continuing
at the present moment
b continued for some time up to
another action in the past ·

8 Decide if the following sentence

is true or false.
The Perfect Continuous tenses
emphasise the duration of an action.

Grammar Basics

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use Remember! Th e Present Perfect Simple refers
the Present Perfect Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous. an action that took place at an unspecified tim e
1 Sean knew Indian culture well , since he (live) in Mumbai 00 0
the past and is often relevant to the present.
for years .
2 Our organisation 00 0 (help) immigrants since 1990. 3 Sharon is talking to her mum a few days af
3 I 00 . (not learn) Flamenco for very long , so I can 't dance well. the Henna ceremony. Complete the dialogu·
with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present
4 A lot of young people (e xplore) their roots lately.
Perfect Simple or Present Perfect ContinuaL
00 .

5 We (plan) to go to the carnival , but our fl ight was cancelled.

00.

6 When I got to Moscow, I realised that I (not practise) my 000

Sharon: I J. (wash) my hands all day, but the
00.

Russian enough . henna won't come off!

Mum: Maybe it's good that the henna 2 00 0

Remember! The Past Perfect Simple refers to an (not come off). it' s a symbol of good
action th at t ook place before another action or
Sharon: But it' ll make a bad impression at the
event in the past.
job interview today. I 3· . .. (try) to get
interview for weeks.
2 Sharon has just been to a Moroccan Henna ceremony, Mu m: You'll be fine . Just ask them if they 4 · 00

wh ich is held before a wedding. Her mum is asking her (ever 1 be) to a Moroccan Henna
about it. Complete the dialogue with the verbs in brackets.
Use the Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous.
Mum: What was the Henna ceremony li ke?
Sharon: Great! The music was amazing, and after we L (dance) 000

for an hour, our hosts gave us beautiful Moroccan

clothes to put on.
Mum: Sounds fun !
Sharon: lt was. Then they put henna paint on th e bride 's hands ,
and when they 2· (finish), they did the same to all the
00 .

guests .
Mum: Lovely! And did you like the people?
Sharon: Yes. By the time I left, I felt like I 3 · (know) some 00 .

of her relatives all my life . Afte r all, we 4 · (ch at) 00 0

for hours!
 1
'"'RAMMAR IN CONTEXT 6 Write a suitable question to follow each statement
using the words in brackets. Use the Perfect Simple
Complete the blog entries with the verbs in brackets. or Perfect Continuous tenses.
se the Perfect Simple or Perfect Continuous tenses.
1 My boyfriend is from Brazil.
en listen and check your answers.
(how long I you I know I him I ?)
The Wrong Present! 2 I haven't seen Rob since this morning .
~---..-.. (what I he I do I all day I ?)
3 We arrived late last night.
lauren: Yesterday, I finally found what I wanted (How long I you I drive I?)
er 11· • . . (walk) around the market all morning-
4 jan sold all her bracelets at the bazaar.
a beautiful leather bag to give my host in India. I'm
(how many I she I make I ?)
.eaving tomorrow, so I 2· ••• (pack) it in my suitcase.
hope she likes it! 5 1 was disappointed when Martin showed up.
(who I you I wait for I ?)

7 Complete the sentences using the words in brackets.

Do not change the original meaning.
Greg: 11. ... (stay) with my cousin in Germany for the
1 After an hour' s search , he found the museum. (been)
past three days. Yesterday, some married friends of hers
He ....
invited me to dinner. I could see that they 2· •• . (cook) all
afternoon, and the food was delicious. But they didn't 2 He spent five years among the native tribes . Then he
wrote a book. (had)
seem to like the red roses I 3· ... (buy) them.
After he ... .
3 Mia was tired after weeks of organising the carnival.
(because)
Mia was tired ....
• new classmate of mine 1· •• • oust I move) here from
4 This will be my first Thanksgiving dinner. (never)
- and she invited me to her home. I took a set of four
I ... .
as a gift, but my friend 's mum looked upset and put
- in another room as soon as I 2· ... (give) 5 We began making these Chinese lanterns hours ago. (for)
m to her. Ever since then, I · . .. (wonder) iJij~~·~
4
3 We ... .
at I did wrong. t 6 When did you start to play the sitar? (have)
How long ... ?

atch each belief below to one of the countries GRAMMAR IN USE - - - - - - - -

mentioned in Exercise 4. What mistake did each
vi sitor make? 8 Choose a situation from each group below.
Tell your partner what you have I had been
1 Giving a woman red roses means you want to date her.
doing to have caused the situation. Use the
2 The number four means death in our language and Perfect Continuous tenses.
is considered unlucky.
• My clothes are dirty. • I was feeling impatient.
3 Cows are sacred in our culture.
• I'm quite fit. • I was very tired.

YOUR OUTLOOK · .
CRITICAL THINKING
When visiting people from another country,
what gift would you take from your country?
.
...... -------------
• I think I'll do well in

.
the exam.
• I paid for the trip myself.

My clothes are dirty because I

___________ .
.,I've,. been painting my room. I
..

,. ' r-----------•
1
I was very tired. I'd been :
: cleaning all morning.
·---------~ .. ·
1
VOCABULARY
COLLOCATIONS
There are many collocations in English with the words
catch, fall and lose.
Sam's news caught me by surprise; I wasn't
expecting to hear that he was leaving.
I have lost count of the number of times I've asked
him to stop shouting.
Wearing genuine animal furs has fallen out of favour
in recent years.
1 Complete the diagrams with the expressions
below. Use the glossary to help you.
my patience I ill I my eye I sight of (x2) I in love
sleep over I asleep I a cold
lltii8~11~[jl A Podcast
4 What are some examples of things we enjoy tod;
that have been borrowed from other cultures?
Think of things like food, fashion and music.
aJ 5 You are going to hear a podcast about today's
trends. Listen to the first part of the podcast am
choose the correct answer.
1 Keziah Daum was ... the response she got.
a surprised by
b furious because of
c proud of
2 Cultural approp riation means using something ... .
a incorrectly from your own culture
b correctly from another culture
c incorrectly from another culture
3 The speaker mentions restaurants that have closed
down because ... .
a the service was bad
b the food was not authentic
c of the owners' cultural background

2 Complete the sentences with some of the

collocations you formed in Exercise 1.
1 I'm trying not to ... , but I've explained it three times.
2 If you are exposed to the virus, you might ... .
3 You'll ... if you don't put on a coat.
4 You made a mistake, but you shouldn't ... it.
5 Do you believe that people can ... at first sight?
Q;) 6
3 Choose the correct answer to show that you
understand the meaning of the collocations in bold.
1 I lost sight of him in the crowd I many years ago.
2 I tried to catch his eye, but he was too busy I tall.
3 Try not to fall asleep until the meeting begins I ends.
4 You'll be ab le to catch sight of him when he arrives I
he's gone.
"YOUR OUTLOOK
i,a: tCRITICALTHINKING ,
Do you think cultural appropriation is
disrespectful, or is it a natural process?
Listen to the second part of the podcast and
decide if the sentences are true or false.
1 The speaker feels that jazz is an example of
cultural appropriation.
2 For Native Americans, a feather headdress should
be worn to music festivals.
3 The speaker doesn't think Keziah Daum did
anything wrong.

LOCKING AT
PRONUNCIATION
a;) 1 Listen and repeat the words below from the podcas
listeners l'hs;;>n;;>z/ appropriation /;;>pr;;>upri'eijn!
Q;} 2 Listen to how the words below are pronounced. In
which words are the bolded letters pronounced /;;>/?
negative I isolates I classical I feather
festival I about
 1
KING Corn Pictures
o students are discussing two pictures. Complete their dialogue
· h the expressions in colour below.
sonally, I Picture A shows I while picture B shows I lt seems to me that
'le background, you can see I the pictures are alike because
· Vhat do you think these pictures have in common?
I th ink L .. . in both of them, the people are wearing traditional clothes.
· -· ... people dressed in very warm clothes, 3 · ... people wearing very light clothes.
· T hat' s true . And 4 · ... the people ' s homes . Where would you rather live?
• >. . .. it's easier to live in a hot climate. What do you think?
B: 6· . . . I think that's true only if you have air conditioning!

atch or listen to two students comparing pictures A and B.

h ich of the expressions below do they use?
Describing
n th e background 1 foreground , you can see .. . On the left I right of the photo, there is I are ...
Comparing and Contrasting
Picture A shows ... , while picture B shows .. . I Another difference is . .. I They both show ...
The pictures are alike because . .. I In both pictures, .. . I In pictu re A, we see ... . In picture B, we see ...
Opinions
If you ask me, ... I I feel that . . . I Personally, . . . I lt seems to me that .. . I In my opinion, ...

TASK Compare Pictures ·

With a partner, compare and contrast pictures C and D. Use the expressions in colour in
Exercises 1 and 2 to help you.
lftf1 ;1iil~[jl An Informative Essay
WORK WITH A MODEL
An informative essay contains factual information about a topic,
such as its history, how it developed and what makes it special.

1 Read the informative essay below. What are the origins of

modern dreadlocks and how did they become popular?

Opening
Dread locks wi ll always catch your eye when you see someone wea rin g them. They
Introduce the topic; get look quite wild and messy, but they're actua lly a lot of work . They're trendy, but
the reader's attention they also have spiritual meaning and an incredibly long history.
with interesting
information Dread locks have been found on mummies from ancient Egypt, and Hindu priests as
well as African t ribes have been wearing them for thousands of years. Modern
Body
dread locks have their roots in Rastafarianism, which began in Jamaica in the 1930s.
Present more In this re ligion, dreadlocks symbolise a lion's mane, which represents strength,
information, such as simplicity and a return to nature.
its history, how it
developed, what makes In the 1970s, charismatic reggae singer Bob Marley made dread locks international ly
it special popula r, and now t hey are wo rn proudly al l over t he wo rl d. For some, they are just a
fash ion. For others, t hey symbo lise freedom or a natural approach to life.
Closing
To sum up, dread locks have existed since ancient times. They rep resent values and a
Summarise the main specific outlook. Clearly, it's fun to wear them, but we should not lose sight of what
points they stand for.

The last paragraph of an informative

essay usually begins with a concluding
2 In which paragraph of the essay could the writer
expression, such as To sum up.
have written each of the following sentences?
What other phrases below are
1 Rastafarians were rebellious and were persecuted by concluding expressions?
the government.
In conclusion, .. .
2 The process of creating dreadlocks can take up to a year.
In short, ...
3 Now you know that if you decide to get dreadlocks, you'll First of all, ...
be part of a long heritage.
For example, ...
4 Many celebrities wear them and some are famous for their All in all, ...
dreadlocked look.

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives describe nouns.
That rapper has some outrageous lyrics .
Adverbs of frequency and manner modify verbs.
Rastafarians were sometimes treated violently by the authorities.
Adverbs of degree can modify adjectives or other adverbs.
You 'll have to work very patiently to make dreadlocks, especially if your natural hair is totally straight.
Adverbs of comment express a comment on an event.
Sadly, Bob Marley died at the young age of 36.
Writing ~uide pages 122-123
 1
a t he bolded words in the model in Exercise 1 on page 18. Which are adjectives? Which are
............~'1'\s of frequency, manner, degree or comment? What words do they describe or modify?

e sentences. Find an adjective or adverb below that- has a similar meaning to the word in
hi ch type is each adverb?
I clearly I enthusiastically I vibrant I quite I hardly ever
·ously, this is a sensitive issue. 4 The people rarely leave their village.
e chil dren cheered excitedly during the games. 5 There's nothing like the lively atmosphere during Holi in India.
-- atoes were once absolutely unheard of in Europe. 6 The various cultures live together pretty peacefully.

TASK Write an Informative Essay

·te an informative essay of 120-150 words about
cu stom. Use one of the customs below or choose
different custom. Include:
- e custom's history
ow it developed
hat it was used for
ts use today

RE PARE FOR THE TASK

Read the notes students took about
cu stoms and answer the questions.
1 What custom has each student written about?
2 Where were its origins?
3 Why was it important to the people who used it?
4 Has the custom spread to other countries?
History
Developed in 16th century by African slaves in Brazil
Used for self-defence
Slaves forbidden to practise martial arts so disguised it as dance
Philosophy
Win against a stronger enemy through cleverness

DO THE TASK Around the World

Popular worldwide since the 1970s
Decide on a custom to write about. Use one of
the customs in the notes or a different custom.

3 Research the custom and make notes. Decide what

aspects of the custom you would like to describe
in your essay. Use the ideas in Prepare for the Task
/ to help you. History
Used for thousands of years by the Maori,
4 Organise your ideas into paragraphs accor.ding native people of New Zealand
to the model in Exercise 1 on page 18. Declined in the early 20th century
Now very popular again among modern
5 Write your essay. [ ] Writing Guide page 127 Maori
Shows identity, pride
Symbolism
CHECK YOUR WORK Designs show tribal connections, social
• Organisation • Grammar status
• Spelling • Use of connectors Around the World
• Punctuation • Use of adjectives I adverbs Use has spread to non-Maori people
• Word order
Looking Back
VOCABULARY Review COLLOCATIONS WITH CATCH, FALL AND LO.
Go to the Glossary on pages 108-116 for help.
4 Complete the sentences with a suitable word.
WORD BUILDING Pay attention to the collocations in bold.
1 I tried to catch his eye, but he didn't ... me.
1 Complete the chart with the correct forms 2 Don't lose sleep over it. it's not very ... .
of the words below. 3 I think I'm catching a cold. I don't feel ... .
NOUN ADJECTIVE 4 I couldn't fall asleep because there was
resent 1
· resentful a lot of ... outside.
2.
anxious 5 She lost her patience and started to ... .

sense I sensitivity I
sense 3.... 1 insensitive
insensitivity
PRACTICAL ENGLISH
appropriateness 4
· ... I inappropriate ~0 ~ ·--~ ~·~._...-~~ ~~~-- ~

rudeness 5.

6.
tendency
Describe detailed events and experiences
2 Complete the sentences with words from the
Express convictions and beliefs
chart above. Make any necessary changes.
1 I would ... it if my parents decided to move to
another country.
5 In turns, tell your partner about your family's
background, culture(s), beliefs, traditions and
2 There's a ... among young people to be more lifestyle. Talk about all or some of the followin~
open-minded than their parents.
• how you celebrate special (religious, national or
3 People should show more .. . towards immigrants regional) holidays
and consider their feelings.
• special I traditional foods
4 ... towards older people is not tolerated in our culture.
• relationships between the generations
5 I doubt that it's ... to wear shorts when you visit
a monastery. • family holidays
6 Immigrants often feel ... about adjusting to • family leisure-time activities
a new culture.

PHRASAL VERBS Transmit information and ideas

3 Complete the sentences with a suitable phrasal verb.
stick to I make of I call on I dress up I show off
1 A wedding is an opportunity to ... and look your best.
2 I've decided to ... my original plan and travel to India.
3 At the competition, children ... the animals they have
cared for.
4 We weren't sure what to .. . his unusual appearance.
5 it's customary to ... new neighbours and take them
a gift.
Explain motives
6 You are going to be travelling to another countr
Write a post on your social media page about y<
plans. Explain:
• where you are travelling and where you are going t
• length of stay
• who you are travelling with or going to meet (if an-y
• what you hope to see and do there
 Read the quote. What do you think it means?
Choose the correct answer.
a All accidents can be prevented.
b Staying safe is a question of luck.
c If you follow safety rules, you can prevent
certain accidents I health problems.
2 Look at the picture. How does it
relate to the quote7======~~/Wl[::.J
l!l•1~:111!41;\~ Safety
1 lt's National Safety Week and a local newspaper has been interviewing
the town's residents. Read what some of the residents said. Pay attention
to the words in colour. Which facts do you find the most surprising?

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The Daily Town - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

SPEAK UP!
lt's National Safety Week and we want to hear your thoughts on safety.
..................................................................................................... ······························································································
i I'm taking a first-aid course and I was surprised i i Our neighbour's house burnt down a few i
l to find out that 41% of accidents happen at home. l ~ days ago because of faulty electrical wiring. ~
~ Tripping over objects, slipping on wet floors and ~ l Apparently, 25% of fires in the UK are caused l
l......................................................................................................
choking are common types of accidents. Kaya l. L~Y..~!.~.?~~!~~.1..P.~.?.~~~~.?.: .. .J!.~~~...................................i
..................................................................................................... .······························································································.
i I've been a lifeguard for a year, and I can tell you i l As a coach, I know that football is the sport l
~ that a lot of people drown because they don't ~ l most likely to cause injury. Sprains, which are l
l know that the strength of the waves can knock l ~ quite common, are caused mostly when players l
U~.~.~ . !!~~·.......~~~~~~...........................................................i l collide. In order to ensure sufficient protection, l
....................................................................................................., L~~~.P.!~Y..~.~~.~~.?.~!9..~9.~~.~.!~..~~~~..~~~~.~.~~: .....~~!!....i
I heard that being distracted by
your phone is the cause of one in
four car crashes. Tanya
[P LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
A gerund (a verb + -ing)
often functions as the
subject of the sentence.
Which words in the text
are gerunds?

2 Choose the sentence that logically follows the first 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable verb be
sentence. Pay attention to the words in colour. slip I collide I ensure I di~ract I knock over
1 I have a terrible burn on my arm. burn down
a The neighbour's dog bit me. 1 We rlo
our best to .. . that all passengers are safe.
b I got too close to a fire. 2 There's water on the floor. Be careful not to ....
2 That curtain might catch fire ! 3 This house is made of stone, so it's not likely to ..
a You shouldn't smoke so near it. 4 Please don't ... me. I'm trying to concentrate on dt
b You shouldn't wash it in such hot water. 5 Meteors sometimes ... with each other in space.
3 The water here is quite shallow. 6 Hurricanes can .. . trees.
a it comes up to my knees.
b it's over my head. 4 Decide if the following sentences are true or fa
Pay attention to the words in bold.
4 I'm concerned about my sister.
1 Car crashes often occur because of fast driving.
a I'm sure she'll be fine.
2 A lifeguard only works outdoors.
b Her work is dangerous.
3 You can drown in a bathtub.
5 This oven has excellent safety features .
4 People can trip when they are driving .
a The doors don't get hot.
5 it's safe to dive in shallow water.
b lt heats up very quickly.
6 Choking can be caused by food.

0 5 What other words do you know connected to S i

Think of protective equ i pment and safety devic
 2
STENING A Radio Re ort
- -
~1Q::t!131~[;'1 Discussing Problems
hat do you th ink is more dangerous - swimming and Solutions
in a lake or swimming in the sea? Why?
10 What are some safety issues in your country?
You are going to hear a radi o co r re sponden t What can be done about them? Think about
r eporting from the Great Lakes in North Am erica. some of the following and tell your partner.
listen to the first part of the report. What do we air pollut ion I speeding I lack of lifeguards
earn about Bob Pratt? aggressive dogs I forest fires I contagious diseases
1 who he teaches
2 where he lives
·--------------
I It bothers m e that p eople walk ..1
3 why he gives training sessions .. ., ____________ ..
I
1 .,. . d ogs m. t he park .
aggresszve I
1

4 what his organisation is called

5 when his organisation was founded
,'
USEFUL LANGUAGE - -
lt bothers me that ...
1
Li sten to the second part of th e report and choose Have you ever noticed ... ?
the correct picture in each pair, according to Bob's lt's really dangerous because ...
· nstructions.
The police I The authorities should ...
I think we need ...

Li sten to the third part of the report and complete

t he fact file.

Great Lakes Fact File

Number of lakes: 1· . . .
Percentage of the world's fresh water: 2· • • •
Frequency of waves: 3· ...
Powerful underwater currents caused by: 4· •. •
No lifeguards because not enough: 5· ...

ONTARIO

CANADA
QU£BEC

W I SCONS I N

USA

IOWA

I LL I NOIS OH I O
 1;1!;1•]1~[;1 An Online Forum
@ 1 GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT Read the post s
and look at the words in bold. Try t o guess the
meaning of each one.
[] Reading Strategies
2 MULTIPLE MATCHING Which write r m entions .. . ?
1 red ucing existing damage
2 making systems more accurate
3 something that probably won 't happe n
4 being inspired by their work
5 financial consid erati ons as a cause of danger
6 a problem that exists both on Earth and in space
7 ski lls that can be used in a negative way
8 a change of perspective because of their job
[ ] Answering Techniques
3 Choose the correct answer.
1 The incident in 2009 is an examp le of
a a crash that could not happen today
b problems between the US and Russia
c a co llisi on involving several sate ll ites
d something that produces more space debris
2 Eve Ben son's project could ....
a be used for earthquakes
b prevent a volcanic eruption
c help rescuers after a disaster
d predict a volcanic eruption
3 Te xt D tells us ... .
a how satellites could stop working
b w hy people need sate llites
c what to do if satel lites stop working
d how to keep satellites safe
4 SENTENCE COMPLETION Complete the sentences
using your own words.
1 Julie Foster is going to he lp the US Air Force learn ... .
2 Unless there is worldwide cooperation, ....
3 Earthquakes cannot ....
4 Planes need satellites fo r GPS navigation and .. . .
[] Answering Techniques
Go online and find out:
1 what the following satel lites do : CryoSat, SORCE
and Envisat.
2 what the only habitable satellite orbitin g Eart h is .
WORDS FROM THE TEXT
5 Fi nd wor ds or expressions i n the t ext t hat mea
1 spend less (text A)
2 enormous (text B)
3 solve (text C)
4 at the same time (text D)
5 steps (text D)
6 Choose the correct answer to show t hat y o u
under st and t he meaning o f the w o rd s in green
1 The driving instructor can take control of the
car I lessons if necessary.
2 Swedish 1 English is spoken worldwide .
3 If the computer shuts down , you need to get rid
restart it.
4 Bottles 1 Boats are a type of debris often found
in the ocean.
Rage 149
5 I grabbed the child 's hand before he ate lunch I
ran into the street.
EXPRESSIONS ABOUT SAFETY AND DANGER
There are many expressions in English about safety
and danger.
Hackers are putting us all in danger.
Satellites must be kept in safe hands.
7 Com p lete t he sent ences u s ing the ex p res siom
below.
watch your step I touch-and-go I close call
run the risk I out of danger I be on the safe si•
at your own risk
1 He was seriously injured , but now he 's .. ..
2 If you start a business, you ... of losing money.
3 There are no lifeguards on this beach, so swim ..
4 The floor is wet, so ... .
5 You should take an umbrella, just to ... .
6 We almost hit that car. That was a ... !
7 lt was ... whether she would survive the operatio1
[P. .
YOUR OUTLOOK
CRITICAL: .T HtNKING :..... \
Do you think that we could
manag e if satellites stopped
working? Why or why not?
I Julie Foster Student
1 about to enter an international contest run by the US Air Force. The
ssion? To hack a satellite! They want to know from hacking experts
wit could be done so they can prevent criminals from hacking
ellites in the future. [!J Jeffrey Robinson Journalist
tellites are very vulnerable to cyberattacks. Hackers could shut one I used to take satellites for granted, but since becoming a
wn or block its signals to make it stop working. Even worse, they science journalist, I've grown more aware of how dependent we
Jld take control of the steering systems. This could alter the satellites' 40 are on them . What would lite be like it they all stopped working?
1its and possibly crash them into other satellites or spacecraft. If we didn't have GPS, planes, trucks, ships and trains could no
lry satellite company wants to cut costs, and the first thing to go longer be tracked or guided. Emergency rescue services would
)ften cyber security, which can be very costly. But without proper have a hard time finding victims. Without weather satellites to
1tection, companies are making it easy tor hackers to destroy their provide storm warnings, flights wou ld have to be grounded.
rk and put us all in danger. Satellites must be kept in sate hands only. 45 Eventually, phone and Internet use would become impossible.
Loss of communications would cause chaos, shutting down
water and food supplies, electric grids and financial systems.
I Ron Stevens Space Engineer Sound scary? Of course it's unlikely that all satellites would tail
at once. But what's certain is that we need emergency measures
lryone worries about air and ocean pollution, but I'm also concerned so to keep satellites sate. Our entire way of lite is in danger.
)Ut the massive pollution in space. Close to 200 million pieces of
1ce rubbish, from paint chips to defunct satellites, are flying around
· planet. They're travelling so fast that even the slightest piece of
)ris crashing into a satellite can cause catastrophic damage.
2009, an old Russian satellite collided with a US communications
ellite, destroying both of them and creating thousands of new pieces
jebris. Incidents like these make the situation even more critical.
ish there were an efficient way to clean up space junk, but there
't yet. My team at the European Space Agency is working on a
1r-armed robot which will grab items one at a time. But it we want to 1 Look at the false friends underlined in the te xt .
;ure effective solutions, we'll need international cooperation . How do you say them in your language?
2 The word crash is used as a verb in te xt A. lt can
also be used as a noun (a car crash).
Look for at least five other words in the text
I Eve Benson Volcanologist that have the same verb I noun form.
until now, volcano monitoring has been done on the ground, but
t isn't always reliable. I'm part of a team working on an innovative
thod involving satellite imagery. We can use these images to identity
mges that might indicate when a volcano is about to erupt. We still G;} 3 Listen and repeat the words below from the te xt .
re a few problems to work out, but hopefully, our methods will soon crash /re/ spacecraft /a:/
)rove early warning systems. Q;) 4 Which word in each group doesn't belong?
1at about other natural disasters? Satellites predict the probable Listen and check your answers.
Jre path of a hurricane, showing which communities should /re/ hackers I massive I satellite I chaos
tcuate. it's not yet possible to predict earthquakes, but after an
thquake, satellites provide vital information tor rescuers.
atellites hadn't helped during previous disasters, many more people
uld have died. I'm really excited to be working on something that
I save even more lives in the future.
GRAMMAR
CONDITIONALS AND TIME CLAUSES
A Read the advert. Pay attention to the verbs in colour. Which sentence(s) refers to ... ?
a a future possibility (First Conditional)
b a hypot hetical condition (Second Conditional)
8 Which sentence contains a time clause? What time expression is used?
Does the sentence refer to the future or present?
1 Complete the following comments with the verbs
in brackets. Use conditionals or time clauses.
Rodney: Electri c scooters are da ngerous because
as soon as the rider 1. . .. (finish) using the scooter,
they leave it on the pavement. If scooters block the
pavement, people 2· ... (trip over) them.
12/5 17:38 1Comment I Like I E·mail
Anne: I injured a woman while I was riding my
scooter. If I hadn 't been on the pavement, I 3 · ... her ...
(not knock over). I 4· .. . (take) some flowers if I visit her.
12/5 17:51 1Comment I Like I E-mail
Keith: I don't think scooters are dangerous if you 5·
(not ride) too fast. If I 6 · . .. (not have) one, it wou ld
...
take me an hour to get to work.
12/ 5 18:15 1Comment I Like I E-mail
c an unreal situation in the past (Third Conditional)
d a general truth (Zero Conditional)
[] Grammar Basics Rules and Basic Practice IJage
2 Complete the answers to the questions on a food
safety forum using conditionals or time clauses.
Safe to Eat?
Q The eggs I boiled five days ago smell fine. Can I eat them?
A No! You ... (need to) throw food out after 3-5 days even whe1
... (smell) OK.
Q I cut salad with a knife that I had used to cut raw meat. Shoul1
have thrown the salad away?
A Yes! The knife contained raw bacteria from the meat. If you ..
(use) a different knife, your salad . . . (be) safe to eat.
Q Must I wash a melon before cutting it?
A Yes! The knife ... (might I carry) bacteria from the outside to
the inside unless you ... (wash) it.
Q Will putting food in the freeze r make it safe to eat?
A Not if it isn't fresh! If freezing food ... (kill) bacteria, this ...
(make) it safe. However, some bacteria survive freezing.
[~ LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
The word safe refers to protection from accidents
while the word secure refers to the protection fror
deliberate dangers or t hreats .
How do you say t hese words in your language?
 ead the dial o gu e. Which sentence talks about the past?
h ich sentences expre ss dissatisfaction with a present
situation?
att: I wish I could enter that event!
Sue: Well , why don 't you? You 're an expert hacker.
att: Because it's almost over. I wish I had seen the advert in time!
Sue: lt says the next event will be in a year.
att: If only it were sooner!

ead the sentences and complete the wish clauses . 5 Complete the sentences using the words in
Use the words in brackets. brackets. Do not change the original meaning.
_ I have a stomach ache from all that cake . I wish I ... 1 We'll install a smoke alarm and then I'll feel safer. (after)
(eaten) so much. I'll ... .
2 You always drive so fast! I wish you .. . (more carefully). 2 it' s a pity Jeff slipped on the ice. (not)
3 I don 't like wearing a helmet. If only I ... (have to). If only ... .
I've been looking for that book all day. I wish I ... (find it). 3 We swim here only because there is a lifeguard. (would)
5 My siste r is very short. She wishes she ... (taller). If there .. . .
6 Mu m told me to wear a hat at the beach . If only I ... 4 I'm sorry that I don 't have time to take a fi rst-aid course .
(listened)! (wish)
I can 't get rid of the pain in my arm . If only it .. . I .. ..
(go away) before the match tomorrow.
5 If the child ren wear life jackets, I'll let them on the boat.
(unless)
:iRAMMAR IN CONTEXT
I ... .
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. 6 I think you take too many risks. (so many)
Use conditionals, time clauses and wish clauses. I wish ... .
Th en listen and check your answers.

Saved by Donkeys GRAMMAR IN USE - - - - - - - -

"kers die of dehydration every year in California's Death
alley. This would not happen if they 1 ... (take) the right
6 Read the situations below. Take turns telling
your partner what you wish. Use the ideas
~eca utions. However, even careles s visitors are lucky!
g iven below to help you.
~vera l years ago, a man lost his way in this huge desert. If he
ad kept track of his route more carefully, he 2 · .. . (remember) Student A: The brakes on your bicycle we re faulty.
ow to get back to his jeep. The man ran out of wate r after You crashed into a t ree , and you are in hospital.
~veral hours. "I wish I 3· ... (bring) more water," he said to
You r f riends haven 't visited you .
imse lf. "I will die out here if I 4 · ... (not have) anything to • be careful • visit me
rink." • check brakes • go home
oti cing a group of wild donkeys, the man had an idea. "When
1imals 5· ... (get) thirsty, they look for water," he thought.
• arm not hurt r-------------.,
I I wish I had been more careful. I
>o as soon as they move , I 6· .. . (follow) them. " The animals
tentually led him to a place with water, where he stayed until
,., -------------.1
L.-

~s cu ers found him. His adventure might have ended quite

Stud ent B: You went hiking alone and d idn 't tell
if ferently if the donkeys 7· ... (not be) there!
anyone where you were going . Now you ' re lost.
• go with a f ri end • call someone

.....
• tell parent s • help me
• know how to get home

r-------------- .
I wish I had gone with a friend... 1
. ______________ ., ~
VOCABULARY
ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS
Certain adjective s are usually followed by specific
prepositions .
lt's similar to something I'd seen on TV.
junk food is bad for your health.
Adjectives + Prepositions list P.age 143
1 Complete the sentences with the prepositions below.
at I about I by I from I with I of
1 We were shocked .. . the lack of safety features.
2 Did you know I'm fond .. . cats?
3 I've never been good ... handling stressful situations.
4 Are you familiar ... our safety rules?
5 I'm shy ... talking to groups of people.
6 Make sure you're protected ... the sun .
2 Choose the correct preposition and complete each
sentence in a logical way.
1 I'm very aware of I for the risks, so I'm going to be ....
2 People who can't ... are often afraid by 1 of water.
3 I wish I were more successful for I at ... .
.4 I'm curious to I about outer space , so I'm going to ... .
5 If you are opposed with I to the idea, you shouldn't ... .
l!~ii!~II~[IJ Monologues and Dialog
Q;} 3 You are going to hear people talking in five dif
situations. Listen and choose the correct answE
1 You hear a couple arguing about safety.
What does the man decide to do?
a Turn off the gas.
b Stay at home .
c Stop arguing.
2 You hear a man tel li ng his friend about a purchasE
has made . What is the man's opinion?
a lt is an efficient solution .
b lt was worth the high price .
c lt wasn 't really necessary.
3 You hear a firefighter talking about his job.
How does he feel about being an educator?
a it's more important than dealing with emergen<
b lt doesn 't suit his personality.
c He plans to give up that part of his job.
4 You hear a man and a woman talking.
What does the woman base her advice on?
a A real-life experience .
b Information from the Internet.
c A story her mother heard .
5 You hear part of a talk by a food expert .
What is the speaker doing?

6 To keep us safe from I for crime , there should be more a Convincing people to eat safely.
... in our neighbourhood . b Explaining the d ifference between two things.
c Complaining about the quality of food.

[~
.LOOKING AT
PRONUNCIATION
Q;} 1 Listen and repeat the words below from the
monologues and dialogues.
parents ltl device Id/
Which of the words below contain the ltl sound?
Listen and check your answers.
catches I attached I connected I prevention
Which of the fol lowing words contain the
Id/ sound? Listen and check your answers.
danger I side I walked I yesterday
Q%'3f~[IJ Speculating about a Picture
l ook at picture A. Describe what you see .

.Vatch or listen to two students speculate

about picture A and complete the sentences.
Pay attention to the words in colour.
1 You can tell that he's going ....
2 You can see that there's a sign warning
people about ....
3 it's rocky and it's obviously ... .
4 He must be a bit of a ... .
5 The chances are he'll ... .
6 He'll most likely do some surfing and then ... .
7 He might even ... .

Match each answer in Exercise 2 to one of the

q uestions below. Some questions have more
t han one answer.
a What do you think the person in the picture is doing?
b What is dangerous about this situation?
c Why do you think he is doing this?
d What do you think might happen next?

· Look at pictures B and C below. Which of the

f ollowing words would you use to describe each
picture? What other words and expressions can
you add?
lack of oxygen I distracted I shark attack
struck down I checking messages I marine life

TASK Speculate about a Picture

Discuss pictures Band C with a partner. Ask and answer the questions in Exercise 3, using
the expressions in colour in Exercise 2. Use the vocabulary in Exercise 4 to help you.
lf!fJ;Jiil~[d A Formal E-mail
WORK WITH A DEL
A formal e-mail can be written as an open letter, which is addressed to an
individual but is published in a newspaper or magazine - either printed or
online. Its purpose is to complain or protest and demand that action be taken.

1 Read the formal e-mail below. What issue is the writer complaining about?
Why is it a problem? What solution does he want?

Subject of e-mall ~
----'-------lL._..
Greeting
Dear Mayor Hollingworth,
Opening As a resident, I have the right to enjoy entertainment options in our city centre. However, for me and
Tell the purpose of
thee-mail
[ other young people, that isn't possible. This is not because of our age, but is due to the fact that there
is no late-night public transport.
We all know that clubs and other venues usually close at 2 or 3 am . However, the trains and buses in
Body
our city stop running at midnight. As a result, we have no way of getting home.
Give information and
Since we have no choice, many of us walk around the streets until morning , when the trains and buses
details about the issue start runn ing again. This puts us in danger. If the council really cared about its young residents , it
would take measures to solve this problem.
Closing
Request I Demand action C lt's about time the council began to run bus and train services all night in order to ensure that young
people have a safe way to get home. I demand that action be taken regarding this problem.
Signing off
Yours sincerely,
Jeff Randall
jeffr@newmail [~ LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
In the model e-mail, the writer uses the expressions
2 In which part of the e-mail could the writer lt's about time and demand that to show that he wants
action to be taken.
have written each of the following sentences?
1 We can't expect our parents to come and get us Which of the expressions below can also be used to
in the middle of the night. demand action?
2 Some young people have even been attacked 1 I insist that ... 3 I suggest that ...
and injured while walking around. 2 We have no choice but to ... 4 This should definitely be
3 I am writing to you about an issue that affects
me and many other young people.
4 I am sure that many older residents will also
take advantage of this service.

Connectors of cause refer to why something happened or what caused it. Some connectors of cause are:
because (of), since, as, due to, owing to and as a result of
Connectors of result refer to the consequences of an action or event. Some connectors of result are :
so, therefore, consequently, for this reason and as a result.
Most connectors of cause and result are followed by a clause with a subject and a verb:
We can't get home, since the council doesn't provide public transport.
Because of, due to, owing to and as a result of are followed by a noun phrase or a gerund .
We have no way to get home due to the fact that there is no public transport.
Connectors of purpose refer to the purpose of an action. The connectors of purpose:
in order (not) to, so as (not) to and to are followed by the base form of the verb.
We need night buses so as to solve this problem.
The connector so that is followed by a noun or pronoun and will or a modal verb.
e need night buses so that this problem will be solved.
Writing Guide
 2
Look at the connectors of cause and result in bold in the model in Exercise 1
on page 30. What is the cause and result in each example? Find the connector
of purpose in bold in the model. What action and what purpose does it refer to?

Complete the sentences with a connector from the list on page 30.
There may be more than one correct answer.
1 You should th row out t hat m ilk, ... it's not safe to drink any more.
2 The mayor is taking new measures ... make our city safer. E-scooters go 30 kph.
3 The football playe rs collided with each other . ... , they were injured . Pedestrians walk 4-6 kph.
4 You should always look where you ' re walking ... fall. In a collision, the pedestrian
is ALWAYS the loser.
5 it's dangerous to sail today ... the bad weather.
6 We turned off the stove when we went out ... prevent a fire.
7 We have to work out some problems with our new product . ... ,
it isn 't on display yet .

TASK Write a Formal E-mail

Hospitals report rise in
Write a formal e-mail of 120-150 words to the electric scooter injuries
mayor of your city about e-scooters. 88% increase compared to last year
':M~y injuries could have been prevented with age
REPARE FOR THE TASK lumts, speed limits and helmets," say emergency
physicians.
Read the materials about e-scooters (A-D).
Which one says that .. . ?
1 e-scooters need safer places to ride
2 the city should protect pedestrians • cancel the law banning electric scooters on pavements
3 the re should be more laws to prevent rider injuries • demand more bicycle paths
4 e-scooters are good for the environment
&1@1
Choose an issue from the materials in Prepare 9337 signatures
for the Task, Exercise 1, and decide what action
you want your mayor to take.

OOTHETASK Scooters are the

fastest and easiest
way to get around.
Make notes about the points that you
want to include in your e-mail. •
Scooters save energy
and don't pollute
Organise your ideas into paragraphs the air .
according to the model in Exercise 1
on page 30.
•
Find and unlock one
with our app!
Write your e-mail. [ ] Writing Guide page 128 Download the app now.

:HECK YOUR WORK

• Organisation
• Spelling
• Punctuation
• Word orde r
• Grammar
• Use of connectors
L·o oking Back - - - - - • < • • ' ,...,, - •••• ' · .}. .. -~~·~<A~.

PRACTICAL ENGLISH

WORD BUILDING
1 Complete the chart with the correct forms Explain reasons for an opinion, problem or idea
of the words below. Express points of view
NOUN ADJECTIVE
1.
distraction distracted I distracting 5 You are interviewing a partner about safety.
2.
collision Speaker A: Ask your partner the questions be
mass mass 3. Speaker B: Answer the questions.
4.
safe 1 What accident have you or someone you know
5. been involved in? How do you think it cou ld hav•
risk risky
been prevented?
6. danger dangerous I endangered
2 What safety guidelines do you follow when you <
travelling in a car I riding a bike I crossing the r
2 Complete the sentences with words from the chart
Speaker B: Ask your partner the questions be
above. Make any necessary changes. Which sentences
do you think are true? Speaker A: Answer the questions.
1 If you're cautious enough, you will be .. .. 1 How can your school become a safer environme
2 You're taking a great .. . if you swim in a pool 2 Do you think extreme sports should be banned?
without a lifeguard. Why or why not?
3 Listening to music in the car can .. . the driver.
4 People who do extreme sports often .. . themselves.
5 New safety features can prevent all ... between cars .
Transmit information and ideas
6 A .. . earthquake will probably occur in our country in
the next few years. Express opinions and suggestions

.EXPRESSIONS ABOUT SAFETY AND DANGER 6 You have decided to set up a safety awarene!
workshop for teens after several teens were
3 Choose the correct answer to show that you injured at a skateboarding park. Write a post
understand the meaning of the expressions in bold. your social media page. Explain:
1 I think it is irresponsible I brave that you are • what caused the accident
putting us in danger. • what issues will be discussed
2 Enter at your own risk. it's not very dangerous I safe. • what you hope to achieve
3 There are rocks I is grass on this path, so watch your step.
4 The situation was touch-and-go. We were sure 1 unsure
the patient would survive.
5 That was a close call. There was 1 could have been
an accident.

ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS

4 Match each sentence in A to its logical ending in B.

Then add a preposition to combine them.
A B
1 Smoking is bad a predators.
2 The bird makes sure her young are safe b the horrific news.
3 Unfortunately, I'm not very good c the dark.
4 I was recently shocked d your health.
5 When I was younger, I was afraid e making frien~s .
"Run when you can,
walk if you have to,
crawl if you must;
just never give up."
Dean Karnazes
l!l•Xf!1:111!4;n Sport
1 Match statements 1-5 in A to the correct answer (a-g)
in . B. Pay attention to the words in colour. There are
two extra answers. Answers, page 44

Play the Game!

A
This sport is practised by people who want to work out,
B
develop their muscles and keep fit. If you do it regularly, you 'll
@ karate
be in good shape. Surprisingly, it requires balance as well as
strength. @ The Super Bowl
Admired as a role model, this NBA player was an exciting
player to watch. He led his teammates at the LA Lakers to the @ Si mone Biles
championships five times. Sadly, he was killed in a helicopter
crash along with his 13-year-old daughter. @ Kobe Bryant
This football tournament is named for the gold trophy given @ Michael Jordan
to the winning team . The winner as well as the runners-up
take home huge money prizes. Various other awards are given {!) weightlifting
including the Fair Play Trophy, which has nothing to do with
defeating another team. @ The World Cup

' This martial art involves striking your opponent and blocking
your opponent's attack. lt was accepted for the Olympics for
the first time in Japan, but suffered a setback when it was
rejected for the following Olympics in Paris.
This gymnast has ranked first in her sport. She continually
amazes fans with her astounding new feats and routines
and no one understands how she leaps so high.

2 Replace the words in bold with a word or phrase below tl

[ LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
has a similar meaning.
feat s I balance I keep fit I work out I astonishing I aw.
Teammates are the people who are 1 Surfing requires a good sense of equilibrium.
in your team. What words below can 2 She won some prestigious prizes at the last competition.
also be used with mates? How do you
3 The player's performance was absolutely amazing .
say t hem in your language?
4 it' s a good idea to exercise at least three times a week .
class I home I flat I job I room
5 Winning this tournament has been one of her greatest
accomplishments.
6 I stay in good physical condition by going to the gym.
-"=:U.'-.c if th e following sentences are true or false. (hl 8 Listen again and complete the profiles.
th e fa l se sentences without changing the
sin b o l d.
_ =- e vho do sport are usually in good shape.
e players in your team are your opponents.
- A setback helps you reach your goal. He convinced his government to
In football, deliberately striking another player will continue 3· . . . for schoolchildren.
get you a red card.
5 When an athlete is ranked, their achievements are
compared with their opponents' achievements .
RamlaAii
A nswer the questions. Pay attention to the words
in bold.
1 What is one championship that many people watch
on TV?
2 In what sports do athletes have to leap?
3 If team A defeats team B, whose score is higher?
In the Olympics, what medal does a runner-up Simone Biles
receive?
5 How should an athlete behave in order to be a
role model?

What other words do you know connected to

sport? Think of different equipment, locations and
actions related to sport.
Hakuho Sho
1.

:Ji3~11~[fl Monologues Country I Countries 2.

Interesting facts At first he wasn 't accepted

What sports star or other celebrity do you admire? because he 3· ... .
What do you admire about him or her?

You are going to hear four students talk about

a sports star they admire. Decide which of the
speakers (1-4) make the statements (a-f) below.
~1Q!;Uil~[d Expressing Preferences
There are two extra answers. 9 Would you rather participate in competitive sports,
y favourite sports star ... . or do sport just for fun? Discuss with a partner.
a has talent that wasn't noticed until later Give reasons for your answer.
b did not seem talented at first r--------------.,
I I'd rather play for fun. For me, I
c entered the sport to solve a personal issue
d is an innovator whose moves can't be imitated .... ,. ___________
I winning isn't that important. ..I
e has the potential to be the top athlete in his I her ~;
sport r----------------.,
I Personally, I prefer competing
f took action because of a childhood event I. ______________ .._. ....I
because it gives me more motivation.

'"
USEFUL LANGUAGE -
I prefer ...
I'd rather ...
Personally, ...
I think I don't think ...
For me, ...
 I;J:W•]I~[IJ A Blog Entry
1 IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA Read the first sentence
of each paragraph of the blog entry. Decide which
paragraph (2 -7) answers each question (a-f) below.
a What is the lifestyle of sumo wrestlers?
b Do people outside of japan do sumo?
c What will happen to the sport of sumo?
d Can Japanese women do sumo?
e What happens at a sumo match?
f What motivates new wrestlers to join?
[] Reading Strategies
Q;} 2 Read the blog entry and choose the correct answer.
1 At first sight, sumo may seem like ....
a a serious sport
b a spiritual ritual
c a humorous performance
d an ancient art
2 What is one resu lt of the ban on women in sumo?
a Sumo is not an Olympic sport.
b Japanese girls do not learn sumo.
c Sumo has become less popular.
d Classes for males and fema les are separate.
3 The writer finds sumo a challenge ... .
a because she is not obese
b due to the weight divisions
c when she trains for the championships
d although she is in good shape
4 What would be beneficial for the future of sumo?
a giving wrestlers a bigger allowance
b including women in traditional sumo
c developing an alternative to traditional sumo
You've probably seen sumo wrestling on TV and thought it
funny to watch two obese, half-naked men pushing each other
around. But I do sumo, and I can tell you it's more than that. S
is both a sport and a spiritual ritual of Shinto, Japan's official
5 religion. This ancient art was performed at Shinto temples, and
this day, the sumo wrestling ring is considered a sacred place.
The rules of sumo are simple: the goal is to push your nnn,nn<•n'
of the ring or make them lose their balance and touch the grou
with anything other than their feet. This usually takes only a
10 seconds, so spectators have to keep alert. Since there are no
categories, a wrestler can end up fighting someone twice their
That's why they all try to get as big as possible!
The sumo way of life is harsh. lt centres around a "stable",
a group of 15 wrestlers live and train throughout their career.
15 Getting up at dawn, they go through hours of practice on an e
stomach, as they are forbidden to eat until lunch. Wrestlers
ranked the lowest must wake up early, cook, clean and serve
others. In public as in private, sumo wrestlers are expected to
polite and modest, being the role models of perfect behaviour.
20 may not drive a car and must be seen only in traditional
With a lifestyle that is so harsh, why do young men join this
Their ambition is to work their way up to the highest level,
fame and mountains of prize money. Of course, not everyone
makes it to such a high level of skill or wealth , but even
25 given a small allowance.

d attracting more young people to sumo

3 TRUE I FALSE STATEMENTS Decide if the following

statements are true or false. Find evidence in the
blog entry to justify your answers.
1 Most sumo matches are long.
2 Wrestlers do not have an easy life.
3 Japanese girls hope to become professionals.
4 The writer wou ld like to take part in the Olympics.

[] Answering Techniques

YOUR OUTLOOK
CRITICAL THINKING
Do you think the Olympic rule of
19 91 has had a positive effect on
om en' s sport? Ex plain.

- is out of bounds for Japanese women. This is one of the
s why it has never been included in the Olympics. Since
every new Olympic sport is required to feature women's
. In Japan, girls and young women are aware that they
ver compete in professional tournaments. Despite this,
al number of eager boys and girls- some as young as
-can be seen in studio classes.
woman and I'm not Japanese, so why am I doing sumo? In
countries, including the UK and Russia, sumo is slowly
off as a sport for both sexes. When I first tried it, I was
idy in pretty good shape, so I was amazed at its difficulty-
how enjoyable it is. I soon became addicted, and I'm now
trained to compete in the World Sumo Championships
t top wrestlers from around the world! Unlike traditional
. there are weight divisions, so you don't have to be
· e, although size and strength are an asset.
re of traditional sumo is uncertain, mainly because fewer
men want to take part in its harsh lifestyle. A parallel, more
type of sumo could be a way of keeping the sport alive.
ha knows? Perhaps, we'll soon be seeing sumo in the
pies. If so, I plan to be there- and not as a spectator!
LOOKING AT -.
LANGUAGE
1 Look at the false friend underlined in the text.
How do you say it in your language?
2 So is followed by an adject ive or an adverb.
With a lifestyle that is so harsh, .. .
Such is fo llowed by a noun phrase :
Not everyone makes it to such a high level.
Comp lete the sentences with so or such.
a That was ... an exciting match.
b Sumo wrestlers are ... huge!
PRONUNCIATION
3 3 Listen and repeat the words from the text .
/ k/ sacred spectator naked
/ g/ goal eager big
:1 4 Listen and decide wh ich word you hear.
back I bag I co ld I go ld I goal I coal I sack I sag
Pronunciation Practice
WORDS FROM THE TEXT
4 Find words or expressions in the blog entry that
mean:
1 difficult and severe (lines 13-20)
2 money given regularly to someone (lines 21-25)
3 include or show (lines 26-32)
4 enthus iastic (lines 26-32)
5 not definite or secure (lines 42-46)
5 Choose the correct continuation for each sentence.
Pay attention to the words in colour.
1 Th is is a sacred place.
a Please be respectful.
b You'll have a great time here.
2 Crossfit exercise has taken off recently .
a I don't know anyone who st ill does it.
b it ' s especially popular among young people.
3 You can work your way up in this job.
a You'll start as a manager.
b You may become a manager one day.
4 Be ing short is an asset in gymnastics .
a No gymnasts are tall.
b it ' s easier to balance if you' re short.
5 He has really made it in the world of football.
a He's a star now.
b He's making a lot of effort.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and
ends with a noun.
-,:_ ·-~, To this day, the sumo wrestling ring is considered
a sacred place. (= up until now)
,
Sumo is out of bounds for women . (=not allowed)
6 Complete the sentences using the prepositional
phrases below.
out of place I on our own I under pressure
in the lead I in future
1 You'll have to make more of an effort ... .
2 Athletes are ex pected to perform well ... .
3 Sus an was ... for the last two minutes of the race .
4 If the coach doesn't come , we' ll pract ise .. ..
5 The coach looked ... among the massive wrestlers.
GRAMMAR

A Read the excerpt from a guidebook below. What is emphasised in

the passive form- the action or the person performing the action?

-JAPAN GuideBook------------
Sumo wrestling has been practised for thousands of years, and it is
considered to be Japan's national sport. That's why going to a sumo
tournament is an experience that shouldn 't be missed !
Six tournaments are held every year, so there's a good chance you' ll
be able to see one. Tickets can be bought in advance.

B Continue reading the guidebook. In the causative,

does the subject of the sentence perform the action?

If you want to go to the tournament, you can get your trip arranged
by a tour company. When you book online, yo u will be sent
instructions to your e-mail explai ning how to get to the stadium .

[] Grammar Basics

1 Complete the sentences with a suitable verb below.
Use the acti ve or passive.
broadcast I compete I repair I not discuss
invent I score
1 In what year .. . the game of basketball ... ?
2 We ... the problem yet .
3 Turn on the TV. The match .. . live!
4 ... any goals ... before the game ended?
5 We cou ldn't practise yesterday because the gym floor .. . .
6 Laura ... in the next race.
2 Complete the extracts from two blogs about wall
climbing. Use the active or passive forms of the
verbs in brackets.
extract from Blog 1
In the sport of wall climbing, many muscles L ... (use)
and balance is very important. In add ition, climbers
2
· ... (must I plan) their routes carefully . When you climb,
think of the wall as a puzzle that you 3 · .. . (give) to solve .
1 1. 6! . -
extract from Blog 2
While I 4 · . .. (climb), I began to worry that my harness
5
· .. . (n ot attach) correctly.-Fortunately, I 6 · .. . (make) it
to th e to p of the wall without falling, so the harness
- ... (not nee d)!
3 Which extract in Exercise 2 do you think was
written by a .. . ?
1 climbing instructor
2 first-t ime cl imber
4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brac
Use the causative.
1 Gyms ... the ir equipment ... regularly. (must I chec
2 This year, the team ... its uniforms .. . by Adidas . (c
3 The club ... the players ... to the tournament
next week. (fly)
4 The runner ... his leg muscles ... every week. (m as
5 Pat ... his basketball .. . by LeBron james last year.
5 Read the sentences and write sentences in the
causative form with the words given.
1 We can't play basketbal l today.
they I the court I repair I by the builder I .
2 The coach gave us al l sandwiches after the match
he I them I prepare I by the parents I .
3 Your school sports hall looks great.
they I just I it I renovate I?
4 My football doesn't have enough air.
I I it I inflate I at the sport centre I tomorrow I .
5 The new bats are arriving today.
we I them I de tiver I to the schoo l I .
6 That looks like a sprain.
you I should I it I see I by a doctor I .
;...omplete the sentences. Use only one word.
• A new sports hall is ... built ai our school now.
- Th ese exercises can 't ... done by beginners .
3 lt ... thought that sumo may soon be in the Olympics.
The players at the matches couldn 't hear the artificial
You should ... your computer repaired by a professional.
crowd noise. How do you think playing in an empty
5 .. . the new basketballs delivered yesterday? stadium affects players? Do you think it might have
6 Their best player has just .. . injured. advantages, or only disadvantages?
Sorry, I can 't talk . I'm ... my hair done.

9 Complete the sentences. Do not change the

:iRAMMAR IN CONTEXT original meaning.
1 They' re going to build a new stadium here .
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets.
A new ....
Use the active, passive or causative form. Then
listen and check your answers. 2 No one has ever broken that high jump record .
That high jump record ... .
The Sports Tribyne June 2020 3 Many fans think that she is a positive role model.
She is .. . .
Better than Nothing? 4 Did a professional coach train their son?
Watching football matches on TV 1 . . . (become) a
Did they have ... ?
bit strange lately because stadiums are empty due
to COVID-19 restrictions. However, a new way 2· .. . 5 All the basketballs have to be inflated.
(recently I find) to help solve this problem. Last week , We have to get ... .
networks 3 · ... (begin) to broadcast matches with 6 Did they give the runner-up a reward?
art ificial crowd noises -voices that 4 · ... (record) at
Was the .. . ?
real matches in the past. This collection of sounds
· ... (now I use) to create the atmosphere of a live
5

[~
sports experience. The networks 6 · ... these sounds ...
(i ntegrate) into the game by sound engineers, but it's
difficult to coordinate the live action with the recorded
so unds . Some viewers complain that it 7 · .. . (sound)
fake , while others feel that it' s better than silence .
Everyone hopes that the virus 8 · .. . (soon 1 bring) under
co ntrol so that people can attend live matches again!
LOOK OUT! ·:
Common verbs such as give, send, tell, show, sell,
offer and pay can take two objects in the passive form
and , therefore , can be written in two diffe rent ways .
Was the runner-up given an award?
Was an award given to the runner-up?

GRAMMAR IN USE - - - - - - - •
10 Tell your partner about a sport that you like and
ask him 1 her to guess what it is. Use the passive
as much as possible.
• Where is it played? (indoors I stadium I field )
• How is it played? (throw I kick I catch)
• What are one or two rules? (penalty I bench I touch)
• What equipment is used? (ball I racquet I net)
.__r-------------.,
The sport can be played
Write active or passive questions with the words I indoors or outdoors. The ball I
below. Then answer them according to the
information in Exercise 7.
.., ,. ___________ .
I may not be caught or held. I

~
why I spectators I ban I from football stadiums I ? 1
what sounds I networks I use I in the 2020 football
broadcasts I ?
where I the voices I previously record I ?
VOCABULARY I!F-ii3~11~[~ A Radio Programme
SPORTS IDIOMS 5 How many sports can you name that use a ball

There are many idioms in English related to sport. ~ 6 You are going to hear a radio programme abOl
How many of you are on the ball when it comes to the balls used in different sports. Listen to the
this important aspect? first part of the programme. Which of the folio
(On the ball = to be alert and knowledgeable about do we learn about footballs?
something) 1 why the classic football is black and white
2 why footballs have 32 panels
3 the shape of football panels
1 Match A to B to form idioms. Pay attention to the 4 the number of panels on the 2018 World Cup ball
words in colour. 5 the colour of the 2018 World Cup ball
A
1 There was no question that they won G;J 7 Listen to the second part of the radio program
2 it's par for and complete the sentences. Use 1-3 words
or numbers.
3 Try to stay ahead
1 lt took .. . years for basketball to get its own ball.
B
2 A basketball has ... panels.
a the course to fall while cycling.
3 Rugby balls have got ... shape .
b of the game.
4 Tennis balls were originally ... .
c hands down .
5 The fuzz on tennis balls prevents them from goin
2 Match each idiom in Exercise 1 to its meaning

[~
below.
1 in an advantageous position
LOOKING AT
PRONUNCIATION
2 typical , normal
3 had a decisive victory ~ 1 Listen and repeat the words below from
the radio programme .
3 Choose the correct meaning for the idioms in fans /re/ cup /tJ
colour below. Q;) 2 Which word in each group doesn't belong!
1 I've done what I could. Now the ball's in your court. Listen and check your answers .
(it 's your turn to act I there 's nothing you can do) 1 /re/ panel black ball hands
2 I don't know what my boss wants. He keeps 2 /tJ some rugby sure won
moving the goalposts. (criticising and complaining I Pronunciation Practice page 106
changing the rules or aims)
3 I think it was jumping the gun to buy the ring before
she ag reed to marry him. (doing something too early I
causing bad luck) TECHNOTASK .. ... .
-~· ---
'
/'
.••
/'
',t

4 With all this work , I can hardly keep my head above
water. (think clearly I keep up with demands)
5 I didn 't get a chance to learn the ropes before they
gave me my first assignment. (meet everyone I
deal with a new situation)
Go online to identify the sports that use
the equipment shown in the pictures. Then
choose one of the sports and write a short
description of how it's played .

4 Which of the following sports do you think each

idiom in Exercise 3 comes from?
sailing I tennis I swimming I football I running
Q!;HJI~[IJ Agreeing and Disagreeing
What is happening in the picture below?

Watch or listen to two students 4 Complete the dialogues with expressions

discussing the following statement.
Parents should encourage their
children to play competitive sport.
Do they agree or disagree at the
beginning? At the end?
Look at the expressions in colour below.
Which are used to agree? Which are used to
disagree?
I completely agree. I I see your point, but ...
That's not how I see it. I Absolutely!
I suppose you're right. I No way. I Not necessarily.
That's true, but . . . I I don't agree at all.
You've got a point. I Maybe you're right.
I see what you mean.
from Exercise 3. Find two ways to complete
each statement.
1 I think that if you don 't work hard, you ' ll never
make it in sport.
a ... you also need talent to become a star.
b .. . ! it's a comb ination of talent and effort.
2 In my opinion, eSports should be in the Olympics.
a .... The Olympic sports are all physical.
b .. . . I hadn't thought of that.
3 Your future depends on your marks , not on your
sports achievement.
a ... . Some people become professional athletes.
b ... . Top athletes needn't worry about their marks.

TASK Agree and Disagree

Discus s the following statem ents with a partner.
Express your opinions and agree or disagree with
your partner's opinions. Use the expressions in
colour in Exercise 3 to help you.
1 Teams should be punished if their fans behave badly.
2 Physical education should be compulsory at school.
3 Paying sport stars millions of dollars a year is justified.
lftfl;liil~[d A For and Against Essay

In a for and ag ainst essay, it's important to state both sides

of th e issue clea rly an d to conclude by suppo rting one of
the views - usually the second side that is presented .

1 Read the for and against essay. What issue

does it discuss? What advantages and
disadvantages does it mention? What side
does the writer support?

Opening
More and more students are becoming involved in competitive sport. However, parents and
I nt r odu ce t he issu e educators disagree about its effects. Is competitive sport always a good idea for young people 7

Body On the one hand, competitive sport can create stress . For instance, students who participate
usually have very little time to study, go out with friends or relax. In addition, the constant
Pr esent arguments
pressure to win can cause anxiety.
f or both sides
of t he issue, On the other hand, there are many advantages to competitive sport. For one thing, students are
wit h suppor t ing given a goal to focus on as well as a healthy way to use their energy. Being part of a team also
det ails and helps young people form friendships with teammates and develop a sense of responsibility.
exampl es Furthermore, sport keeps them in good shape.

Closing In conclusion, I believe that although competitive sport has disadvantages, it is a good option
for athletic students. The benefits of staying mentally focused and physically fit will remain with
Summa r ise and them for a long time.
st at e y our opinion
LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
Little and a little describe small quantities.
2 In which part of the essay could the writer
Little emph asises the negative.
have written each of the following sentences?
lt means not much, and is often used with very.
1 Training for many hours can cause serious injuries.
A little emph asises the positive. lt means some.
2 Students involved in competitive sport spend less
time on soci al media. Find the word little in paragraph 2 of the model.
Does it emphasis e th e positive or the negative?
3 In my op inion , parents should encourage their
children to participate in competitive spo rt .
4 Many people are wondering wh ether the
advantages are greater than the disadvantages .

CONNECTORS OF ADDITION, CONTRAST AND EXAMPLE

Connectors of addition link similar ideas . Some connectors of addition are : also, as well (as),
in addition (to), moreover, furthermore and what's more.
Connecto rs of contrast link contrasting ideas. Some connectors of contrast are : on the one hand 1
on the other hand, but, however, although, even though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless and while.
Connecto rs of example link general ideas with their examples . Some connectors of example are :
for example, for instance , for one thing and such as.
Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun phrase.
I decided to continue in competitive basketball despite the pressure.
Although and even though are followed by a clause with subject + verb.
I enjoy playing sport, although I'm not very athletic.
Writing Guide page 123
 Find FOUR connectors of addition, THREE connectors of contrast and TWO connectors
of example in the model in Exercise 1 on page 42.

Compl ete the sentences with a suitable connector.

w hile I nevertheless I as well as I although I for example I such as I moreover I in spite of
1 Swimming is considered to be one of the healthiest sports . 00. some people don't enjoy it.
,

2 Clara is successful at gymnastics 00.tennis.

3 00. most students enjoy participating in sport, some would rather do other things.
4 Wall climbing develops your sense of balance. 00. it' s a lot of fun.
,

5 Sumo wrestlers do a lot of work, 00.cleaning and cooking.

6 Our team lost the championship, 00.everyone was sure we would win .
7 We decided to go ahead with the match ... the bad weather.
8 Parents of athletes play a role in supporting their children. 00. they take them to matches even at weekends.
,

TASK Write a For and Against Essay

Children Who Have PE Are More Active
Write a for and against essay of 120-150 words on the Outside of School
following question: %Active in Various Activities
Should physical education lessons at school be compulsory? • PE at School • No PE at School
• Include both sides of the issue , with details and examples . 50.0%
• Make it clear which side you support.

PREPARE FOR THE TASK

I Read the excerpts (A-D). Which are for compulsory PE and Team
which are against? Sports
Physical Activity Counci l, USA*
! Which of the following ideas does each excerpt (A-D) support?
PE lessons 000.

[ [ ] E-maill Print I Comment

1 keep weight down
2 don 't suit all students
3 encourage a healthy lifestyle
DO THE TASK
4 can harm self-confidence
Amal, year 11: Durin g PE, we often
5 improve physical and emotional health
spend half the lesson standing around
6 are a waste oftime wa iting for a turn to use t he equipment, or
for the coach to expla in the game or pick
teams. A lot of kids don 't even participate.
2/6 15:15 I Comment I Like I E-mail

~ Decide if you think that physical education lessons

at school should be compulsory or not. Physical activity
~ Decide which of the ideas in Prepare for the Task you
INCREASES:
want to include in your essay, or think of your own ideas. • muscle and bone strength

.) Organise your ideas into paragraphs according to •

•
heart and lung capacity
concentration and academic performance
• teamwork skills
the model in Exercise 1 on page 42.
. REDUCES:
) Write your essay. [ ] Writing Guide page 129 • ri sk of developing disease
• obesity
.. . ... • anxiety and depression
CHECK YOUR WORK Dear Mary,
• Organisation • Word order
My school has compulsory PE lessons and it's really a
• Spelling • Grammar
problem for me. I'm not good at sport and I get bullied
• Punctuation • Use of connectors during the lessons. I hate it and I don't know what to do.
Pete
Looking Back
PRACTICAL
- -- . -
~- . --·· .
ENGLISH
~ . ·~-

WORD BUILDING
1 Complete the chart with the correct forms Develop convincing and coherent arguments
of the words below. Express points of view

~ NOUN ADJECTIVE
allow allowance 1. 5 Prepare for a debate on the following statemenl
Professional athletes are good role models.
astound 2
· .•. I astounded
Present your argument to your partner, using
oppose I opposition
3· . . . opposite I opposed the ideas below and I or your own ideas.
4.
harshness Student A: You agree. Athletes ... .
certainty I uncertainty certain I 5 ...
• set and achieve goals
6.
eagerness • demonstrate the value of hard work
• often support charities and social causes
2 Complete the sentences with words from the
Student B: You disagree. Athletes ....
chart above.
1 Sorry, but we don't ... children under 16 in our team. • don't always demonstrate good behaviour
2 The athlete remembers the .. . reality of his life as • aren't role models for those not interested in sport
a refugee.
3 I want to leave the team, but my parents are ... to the idea.
4 The children were ... to begin the match.
5 The way the skaters leaped and turned was .. .. Provide information
6 Many athletes are facing .. . about their futures. Offer opinions and suggestions

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
6 Your school wants to offer two optional activiti •
3 Choose the correct continuation for each sentence. in the 30 minutes before school starts. Using th
Pay attention to the words in bold. results of the survey below, write a report to th
1 I feel out of place here. headteacher. Summarise the survey findings an
a I don 't know where I am. b I want to leave. include:
2 I like running on my own. • the most I least popular activities
a That's why I joined a gym . • student suggestions to consider
b That way I don't need to chat with anyone. • the two activities you recommend offering , and •.
3 My football injury is painful to this day.
a lt has never stopped hurting.
Activity Number of
b The pain has just come back.
interested students
4 Susan is in the lead.
photography club 38
a The other runners have all passed her.
b Susan is ahead of the other runners.
discussion of current 22
events
5 This room is out of bounds to anyone not in the team.
gym workout 51
a Other people can't enter.
b They can enter with a team member. money management 62
SPORTS IDIOMS
4 Complete the sentences using the idioms below.
learn the ropes I keep her head above water
jump the gun I par for the course
1 I'm new here. I need to ....
2 Their team ranks higher than ours every year. it's .. ..
3 He never waits for anyone. He always has to ... .
4 Jane struggles to finish her work. She can hardly ....
l!l•XI@:l1Jf!1;N Relationships
1 Read how some teenage rs answered questions about
friendship and love. Pay attention to th e words in colour.
Are there any statements that you disagree with?
You care about your friend's well-being and feel they
deserve the best.
(l..l( \.v, \. -Q_c._r
You don 't break your friend's trust by gossiping or
spreading rumours about them , and you'd never
make them feel left out - at least not on purpose .
You ' re never envious when your friend does wel l or is
very happy. cr
~~
You cheer up your friends when they're sad -even if
you are busy.
You forgive your friends if they do something wrong.
2 Choose the correct answer to show that you
[P. LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
The word couple means two peop le in
a romantic relat ionship.
We 've made a commitment to be a couple.
However, the ex pression a couple of hours I
people I da ys can also mean a small number
of something . lt may not mean ex actly two.
I didn 't get a message for a couple of hours.
The person you love is on your mind all the time.
You get butterflies in your stomach when you see
him I her, and you can't eat anything . ~cr
Even when you fall out and have a ro~ . you're able 1
work out your problems.
cc p
You feel you are ready to make a commitment to b~
a coup Ie. ~ "'
You believe fate has brought you together and you
are meant for each other.
understand the meaning of the words in bold
1 He forgave me for what I did . He no longer I
still fee ls angry.
2 My friends frightened me on purpose .
They wanted I didn 't want to do it.
3 He deserves to get the prize. He worked
as part of a team I very hard.
4 I believe in fate. If you make an effort I
it 's your destiny, you 'll find love .
5 If someone breaks your trust , you will continue
stop confiding in them .
6 I'm not ready to make a commitment. I'm not s
I want to get married I go on a date.

Decide if the following sentences are true or false.
Pay attention to the words in bold.
1 People often spread rumours about celebrities.
2 When you fall out with someone, you have a good time.
3 When someone is on your mind, you can't stop
thinking about that person.
4 When you've got butterflies in your stomach,
you are angry.
5 Your well-being is only about your physical health.
· Decide which words or expressions in bold describe
th e situations below.
envious I row I left out I cheer up I couple
1 I wish I were as popular as he is.
2 Those two are together all the time .
3 I heard them shouting all night.
4 Everyone is ignoring me.
5 Don't worry. Everything will work out.
What other words do you know connected
to relationships? Think of different types of
relationships and adjectives describing healthy
and unhealthy relationships.
TECHNOTASK
Read the quote attributed to Harry Truman :
"If you want a friend in Washington, get a dog ."
Go online and find out who Harry Truman was .
Why do you think he said this?
iji§~ll~[iJ An Interview
4
(ID 8 Listen to the second part of the interview and
choose the correct answer.
1 When they formed groups for the second time,
participants in the experiment ... .
a didn't know how people in other groups had behaved
b were told who would be in their group
c rejected people who had not cooperated
2 People who are afraid of being gossiped about ... .
a leave the group
b are motivated to cooperate
c tend to gossip themselves
3 After being excluded, participants .. ..
a changed their behaviour
b felt resentful
c could not go back to a group
4 At the end of the interview, Professor Blake .. . .
a repeats the benefits of gossip
b points out types of gossip that are not helpful
c tries to convince people not to gossip
fO.jij¥;1'if~ll1 Discussing Similarities
and Differences
9 Tell your partner how you and your friend / s
are the same or different. Think about:
• appearance
• personality
• habits
• likes and dislikes
• talents and abilities

1 Do you ever gossip? Do you think it's wrong to

r----------------,
I My best friend gets really high marks, I
gossip? 1 while I'm an average student. I

,,
L'l' ,.--------------.1
You are going to hear an interview about gossip.
r-----~--------,
Listen to the first part of the interview and decide I My best friend and I love sport. I
if the following sentences are true or false. Correct I Both of us are athletic. I
the false sentences. L------------~ .....
1 Most of the time we spend talking is devoted to gossip. '\

2 Women usually gossip more than men .

3 For early humans, gossip was a survival technique. USEFUL LANGUAGE -
4 Gossip makes it difficult for people to cooperate . My friend .. . , while I ...
Both of us .. .
We're both .. .
Neither of us is ...
We all ...
Some I Most of us .. . , but others ...
We sometimes disagree about ...
 I;J%1•li~[IJ A Literary Excerpt
1 Do you think it might be difficult to be in love with 5 Find words or expressions in the text that mea
1 terrible and painful (lines 26-32) \.i'•'--:.re~
1
someone who is passionate about their work or l '"

hobby? Why? 2 a place (lines 36-45) V _.~ '-

3 hurried (lines 36-45) "-s,, '<c..\
(';hl 2 MAKING INFERENCES The following sentences
4 connected (lines 50-57) 0.-
I 0 < (
appear in the excerpt. What can we infer from
them? Choose TWO correct answers. Then read 5 took one deep breath in and out (lines 65-68)...J 1 ~\
the excerpt to see if you were right.
6 Choose the correct answer. Pay attention to thE
Breathless with emotion , Van Baerle said, "Will I see words in colour.
you again tomorrow?" 1 T~ars come out of your eyes when you are
Rosa replied coldly, "I'm not sure I can come crying I sleeping.
tomorrow. I've got a lot to do. " 2 If you come to a conclusion , you finish I realise
something.
1 Van Baerle is in love with Rosa.
3 You might be breathless when you feel ~xCit-ed 1
2 Rosa will not visit Van Baerle any more .
4 When you point(something out, you wan t- to/give
3 Rosa is trying to hide her true feelings .
someone a gift I informatirgn.
[] Reading Strategies page 14 8 5 If you deprive someone of food, they will feel
~ ngry I satisfied.
3 Choose the correct answer.
1 Why does Rosa decide not to visit Van Baerle any more? EXPRESSIONS WITH OVER
a She no longer loves him. The word over is used in many English ex pressions.
b She discovers that she is being followed. He heard the clock strike over and over, knowing
c She fears that her father will disapprove. she would not come.
I@ She feels she is not his first priority. (over and over = again and again)
2 Rosa saves the tulip from jacob by .. ..
a planting it in a safe spot in the garden
7 Complete the expressions with over using one '
b hiding it behind a tree the words below.
' c taking it out of the garden moon 1 mad 1 head I backwards I heels I get
d giving him a different tulip 1 Thomas has fallen head over .. . in love with Ann.
3 When he takes Rosa's hand , Van Baerle ex plains .. .. 2 If you want to break up, let's do it now and .. .
a why he is attached to his tulips it over with .
b that he prefe rs her to the tulips 3 She wants to make a commitment, but I'm not rea1
c that he will give her the tulip to prove his love I think I'm in over my ... .
d why he needs both her and the tulips 4 Susan was over the .. . when she heard the good n
5 My brother has gone completely ... over that girl.
4 OPEN QUESTIONS Answer the questions. 6 1 always bend over .. . to give you everything you~
1 Why does Rosa feel that she and Van Baerle might not
be meant for each other?
2 Give two reasons why Van Baerle is too sad to touch
his food .
3 Why does Rosa visit Van Baerle after three days have
passed? Why do you think Rosa insists that they don '
4 What does Rosa want to hear when she says that the speak about the tulip? Do you think she is ri~
tulip "is the thing that worries you most"?

[] Answering Techniques page 150

------- ------------~

~~
~~( The Black Tulip Jl~
'@jjfTG
By Alexandre Dun1as
The Black Tulip takes place in the 17th century, when tulips
were so fashionable in Holland that one flower cost more
than a house. The hero, Cornelius van Baerle, is a successful
tulip grower whose goal in life is to grow the world's first
black tulip. Falsely accused of a serious crime by his jealous
rival, Jacob Boxtel, Van Baerle is arrested. He falls in love
with the jailer 's daughter, Rosa, who helps him continue his
efforts to develop the black tulip. The two soon discover
that Boxtel is trying to steal his precious bulbs.
"If you discover that you' re being followed, and that your
father or Jacob is becoming suspicious about the tulip, then
don't come to see me any more! " Van Baerle instructed
Rosa when she visited him in his cell.
At this point, Rosa's eyes filled with tears. "I see that you
love your tulip more than you love me! " she cried, and ran
away, leaving Van Baerle to a sleepless night of regrets.
Rosa cried all night. She came to the conclusion that Van
Baerle, who was a rich and educated man, could never
really love her, the simple uneducated daughter of a jailer.
''I' m not visiting Comelius any more," she decided.
Van Baerle woke up the next morning more in love with
Rosa than ever. He found himself holding his breath until
the time of her usual visit. He waited until midnight, when
he heard the clock strike over and over, knowing she would
not come.
The next day, Van Baerle was too sad to touch his food.
He realised that Rosa's visits had been everything to him.
In addition, he now saw that the April sun was becoming
warmer, and the day for planting the bulbs was coming
closer. If Rosa didn't come back, the day for planting
would pass. Losing both great loves forever would be an
unbearable fate for him!
Three days later, Rosa returned to his cell with news. "I've
come to tell you that your tulip is well, Cornelius, which
I know is the thing that worries you most," she said.
~~
e>~
"But for a time, it was in great danger! The day after
we spoke, Jacob followed me to the garden, and I
pretended to plant the bulb. Then I found a spot behind
a tree where I could watch him without being seen.
40 Jacob rushed out of his hiding place and turned the
ftowerbed upside down, desperately trying to find it.
I then planted the bulb in a pot in my room. Don't worry,
I'll care for our ' daughter' like a mother! It's only
by becoming her mother that I can stop being
45 her rival!"
Breathless with emotion, Van Baerle said,
''I'm anxious for the daughter, but I'm far more
interested in the mother! Will I see you again
tomorrow?"
50 Rosa replied coldly, ''I'm not sure I can come
tomorrow. I've got a lot to do."
"While I've got only one thing," Van Baerle pointed out.
"What? To love your tulip?" said Rosa.
"No. To love YOU, Rosa!" said Van Baerle. "But why
55 are you so angry that I am attached to my tulips?"
"''m not," said Rosa. ''I'm envious because you love
them more than me!"
Van Baerle took Rosa's hand in his and said, " Oh, my
dear beloved! Listen to my heart beating! It doesn't
60 beat for the black tulip- it beats for you, Rosa my
love. Destroy the black tulip, let there be no more
flowers! Take them all away from me, but don't
deprive me of your voice or the fire of your eyes .
Forgive me, Rosa, because I truly love only you ."
65 Rosa sighed, allowing his lips to touch her hand through
the iron bars. Now that their dispute was over, Rosa
insisted they mustn't speak about the tulip for the next
three days. Van Baerle agreed.

[ LOOKING AT -
LANGUAGE
1 Look at the false friend underlined in the text.
How do you say it in your language?
2 The expression upside down means that the top of an object
is facing the bottom.
He held the box upside down, so everything fell out.
lt can also mean that something has been turned into a total
state of confusion or disorder.
}a cob rushed out of his hiding place and turned the flowerbed
upside down, desperately trying to find it. (lines 40-41)

Listen and repeat the words from the text.

spot /o/ goal /:m!
Match the bolded letters in each word to the correct phonetic
symbol /o/ or /':Ju/. Then listen and check your answers .
spoke I clock I emotion I only I hero I got
Pronunciation Practice
GRAMMAR
D NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
A Read the e-mail and answer the questio ns.
1 In which sentences are there non-defining relative clauses?
2 In what ways is a non-defining relative clause different from
a defining relative clause?
B Read the reply to the e-mail. Which sentence
uses a formal structure? Which uses an
Hi Claudia , informal one?
Do you remember the good-looking guy that I met at
Melanie's party? Well, we went out to a coffee shop-
the one where you and I used to meet after school. lt turns Hi Bonnie,
out that he's amazing! He loves cycling , which is my I'm glad you've finally found someone with whom you have
favourite sport (as you know!) . I've also never met anyone so much in common. But I hope he's the type of person
whose taste in music is so similar to mine. He seems so H who you can rely on. Take my advice and slow down!
kind and intelligent ... I can't wait till Thursday, when we're I"
Love
going out again. I think I'm falling in love!
Claudia
Bonnie
I I l lil e '"' ....

[] Grammar Basics Rules and Basic Practice, age

1 Complete the text with th e relati ve pron o un s 2 In which sentences in Exercise 1 can the relativ
which, who, whose, when and where. pronoun be replaced with that?

3 Complete the story. Match A to Band add a sui1

relative pronoun to form sentences.
TV is full of reality shows, including some about weddings!
The Millionaire Friends
• Each season of The Bachelor begins in a large house, 1· . .. 25 or 30 A
women try to impress a single man. The bachelor gives a rose to every 1 Thursday, 23rd July 2020 was the day
woman he likes, while the women 2 •.. don't get roses are eliminated. 2 He immediately called Joe Feeney,
At the end of the season, 3· . .. only one lucky woman is left, the bachelor
asks her to marry him. There's also a show called The Bachelorette, 3 Back in 1992, the two friends,
4
· • .. has one woman choosing a partner from many men! 4 They promised that if one of them won the lottery,
they would divide the money
• Marriage at First Sight is about total strangers 5· ... first meet at their
own wedding. After the wedding, they begin an eight-week experimental 5 Cook was glad to divide the money with Feeney,
period , 6· . .. they hope to fall in love. Relationship experts try to match 6 Now the men and their wives are planning to trave
up couples 7· . •• personalities seem compatible, but it doesn't always together to places
work! B
a both loved the lottery, had made a promise.
b Thomas Cook won $22 million in the lottery.
c they received.
d they've never been before.
e was his longtime best friend .
f well-being was important to him.

4 In which sentences in
Exercise 3 can the
relative pronoun
be omitted?
 Compl ete the following sentences in the formal 8 The sentences below form an article about
structure. a true event. Combine them using suitable
• The woman who he fell in love with was older than him. relative pronouns.
The woman with .. .. 1 In 1993 , a Croatian man named Stjepan Vokic
2 The song that we are listening to was written by Taylor Swift. adopted a female stork. Her wing had been badly
The song to ... . injured.
3 We called Harry, who we were all waiting for. 2 He named her Malena. This means little in Croatian.
We called Harry, for .. .. 3 He grew fond of Malena. He built a nest for her.
- I recommend this app . I met my girlfriend through it. 4 In 2003 , Vokic noticed a male stork. lt was
spending the summer with Malena.
I recommend this app, through ....
5 The male flew south every winter. The weather
turned cold then.
MMAR IN CONTEXT 6 Every spring for 17 years, the male returned to the
roof. Malena was waiting for him there.
omplete the text with the relative pronouns
7 The love story continued until 2019. The male stork
hich, who, whom, whose, when and where.
died then .
:hen listen and check your answers.

eden is a country t .. . encourages individualism . At the age

= 8, 2· ... young people finish school, most of them move into
all flats, 3· ... they live on their own. This may sound fantastic,
there are many young Swedes for 4· ... this creates a problem:
eliness. This is especially true among people 5· . . . jobs have
en them far from their friends and family.
e solution is Go live flats, 6· .. . are cooperative living units for
ung adults. Before they move in, applicants are matched to a
'llU P of residents 7· .. . have similar habits, interests or values.
e residents' bedrooms are placed around a communal living
rea, in 8· .. . they can eat, relax and form friendships. Will these GRAMMAR IN USE - - - - - - -
;rts become popular in Sweden? Only time will tell.
9

...
Describe a person, object, place or special
) Rewrite the sentences by combining them with the time, using relative pronouns. Ask your partner
relative pronouns in brackets. Make any necessary to guess who or what you are describing.
changes. - ;r---------------~
These are two f amous lovers I
1 I've found a new friend. His interests are similar to mine.
(whose)
..... ____________ ..
,. fa milies hated each other. I
I whose

2 On Valentine's Day, people give each other flowers. ,~ r-------- ..

lt is celebrated in February. I Romeo and Juliet I
(which) 1.-------~ ...
~
3 The teacher went home early. I wanted to talk to her. r---------.,
I It's a fun day when I
(that)
I people buy you gifts. I
4 We met at this cafe. Lots of romances began here.
(where) .., , --------r-----'1
.
5 In 2010, this was a small shop. I started work then .
(when)
' I a birthday I
L---- " ..
6 This is my Italian friend. I love to travel with her.
(whom)
'
VOCABULARY lltii3~11~[d A Lecture
PHRASAL VERBS 3 Which love songs do you really like or feel you c;
relate to?
There are many phrasal verbs which can be used
when talking about relationships . a;} 4 You are going to hear a lecture from a university
The band split up years ago, but their music is course called Music 101. Listen to the first part c
still popular. the lecture. Decide if the following sentences are
(split up = no longer together) true or false.
] Phrasal Verbs List 1 Love songs have a certain style of music.
2 More than 60 per cent of love songs are about
1 Match the phrasal verbs in colour in A to the
splitting up.
definitions in B. 3 Most love songs are sad .
A 4 Listening to sad songs has positive effects.
1 She finally opened up to us and told us what was 5 Annie thinks love songs should always be happy.
bothering her.
2 Why did you turn him down? He was interested in Cohl 5 Listen to the second part of the lecture and
getting to know you . complete the information in the fact file.
3 We are speaking to each other again. We made up
last week.
4 The time has come for us to settle down and start
Name Place Year or Time Who they Additional fa<
thinking of having children. period were
B Sappho 1. 2.
... BCE had 3· .• . Many poets ha
a to confide in someone throughout been 4 • • • by t
b stay together for a long time the ancient
world
c reject
d forgive each other Confucius 5. 6.
. .. BCE was a 8.
.. . love song
philosopher in a book
2 Choose the correct answer for each sentence. with 7· •••
Pay attention to the phrasal verbs in colour. ideas
1 You can really see through her. You always know
where she is I how she's feeling . Solomon 9.
970 BCE
2 I think it's high time you moved on. lt' s been
a month since you broke up 1 met him.
3 I know Sean will help me out. He always thinks of
others I himself
4 Janet dropped by last night and we talked for hours.
lt was a long phone call I visit.
5 I think you're driving him away with your demands I
presents.
6 She led him on , so he thought she really liked I
disliked him .

Then listen and check your answers.

1 / b u'msid;;,ns/ 4 / n;;,uiiJ /
2 / r'm;;,uSn/ · 5 / Ik'spi;;,ri;;,ns/
3 !'tSr;;, j 6 / ernS;;,nt;
Pronunciation Practice
 4
EAKING Reachin a Decision
atch or listen to two students discussing the most important qualities in a friend.
hat aspects of a friendship below do they agree on? What do they disagree on?
a Similar personality b Money doesn 't matter c Accepting you the way you are

Read what two students say and match the sentences in A to the replies in B.
Pay attention to the expressions in colour. The first reply in B matches three of
he sentences in A.
A B
1 Let's talk about this one. a Which one? The first one?
2 I think that would be great. b Yes , we 've reached our decision.
3 lt wouldn't work for me. c Not really. For me, that isn't very important in a friendship .
4 Do you think that's important? d I think so, too. lt would be wonderful to have that in a friend!
5 In my opinion, that's really important. e lt wouldn't work for me either. Absolutely not!
6 How about this one? f You 've got a point! I think it's important too.
7 So what do you think about this one?
8 OK, so we agree. We both think that a sense
of humour is the most important quality.

l ook at the qualities that appeared in a survey about friendship. What phrases (a-g) could you
use when discussing each quality? There may be several correct answers.
a enjoying time together d talking about feelings f understanding each other
b looking good all the time e talking about interesting topics g having a laugh
c having lots of friends

TASK Reach a Decision

With a partner, talk about why each of
the qualities in the survey is important or
unimportant. Then decide which quality you
think is the most important. Use the expressions
and phrases in Exercises 2 and 3 to help you.
lf!u;liil~[fl An Opinion Essay
WORK WITH A MODEL
In an opinion essay, we present our opinion on a topic
or statement and try to convince the reader that our
opinion is correct. We do this by presenting reasons,
facts and examples that support our op inion .

1 Read the opinion essay below.

What issue does it discuss?
Do you agree with the writer's
views?

Alone or Together?
~_emm
_ __g___________[ 1
When young adults leave home, they have to decide whether to live alone or share a flat
with a flatmate . Although living alone may mean more privacy and fewer rows, I believe
Present the issue and that sharing a flat is a better choice.
your opinion
To begin with , rent can be very high , even for a small flat. This is true especially in the
city centre , where most young people want to live. A flatmate will share the cost of rent,
Body
water and electricity. Therefore, you can often afford a better flat than you could alone .
Give reasons, facts and The benefits of having a flatmate are also social. You 'll feel less lonely with another
examples to support your
person in the flat, and you can look after each other if one of you is ill or needs cheering
opinion
up. You might even meet people that you like among your flatmate's friends .

[
Closing To sum up, I believe that young people should share a flat rather than live on their own.
Besides being better for your budget, having a flatmate also means that you are not
Summarise your arguments
completely alone.
a nd restate your opinion,
using different words from
those in paragraph l LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
When discussing a potential
situation, we often use modals
2 In which paragraph of the essay could the write r have written or the Future Simple.
each of the following sentences?
Find examples in the model.
1 There's usually someone at home for a chat at the end of the day.
2 You could even share the cost of food.
3 Most people who live with a flatmate don't regret it.
4 Sooner or later, the time comes to leave home and set off on your own.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The verb always agrees with the subject of the sentence.
If there is a prepositional phrase between the subject and the verb, the verb agrees with the subject.
Flats in the centre of town are expensive.
Neither (one), either (one), each (one) and every (one) are always singular.
Each student lives with a flatmate.
Everyone has a cleaning job to do.
Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time.
Eight hundred euros is a lot for such a small flat.
}1\lffii!.!.Cd!lf!tj r>age 122
 at is the error in each of the following sentences?
eck your answers in the model in Exercise 1 on page 54.
:. The benefits of having a flatmate is also social.
- You can look after each other if one of you are ill or nee d
cheering up .

.....omplete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs

brackets.
::. The cupboards in the kitchen ... painting. (need)
=: Two weeks .. . enough time to look for a new fl at. (be)
_ Everyone .. . flats using mobile phone apps. (find)
- The distance between our flats ... two kilomet res. (be)
either of us ... the lift in ou r building. (use)
Michael's BLOG
Help! My parents want me to go on holiday with them, but
my friends are going at the same time and have invited me as
TASK Write an Opinion Essay
well. What should I do?
rite an opinion essay of 120-150 words on
e following question: SandyB: Yo u' ll enjoy each other's compa ny a lot
s it better to go on holiday with your parents or your friends? more whe n you're all relaxed an d away from home.
You 'll have some great f ami ly memories t hat w ill last
elu de you r opinion as well as reasons , facts and examples
a lifetime.
·o su pport it.
11/9 12:25 I Comment I Like I E-mail

REPARE FOR THE TASK
ead the teen blogger's post and the replies
e received. Which are in favour of travelling
ith parents? Which are in favour of travelling
ith friends?
hich of the following ideas does each
r eply mention?
JoJo: With a bigger budget, yo u're more li ke ly
to stay in a nicer hot el. There 's nothi ng like a hot
shower and a buffet breakfast !
11/9 12:31 I Comment I Like I E-mail
Dezzy: It'l l be a lot more f un. You' re more li kely to
see things the same way and enjoy the sa me th ings,
especially when it comes to nig ht life .
11/9 13:06 I Comment I Like I E-mail

• good accommodation RubyM: You 'l l face the challenge of being

• dealing with things on you r own independent. You' ll have to learn t o manage w it h
• no need to get up early no one older to t ell you how to do th in gs .
• q uality family time 11/9 13:15 I Comment I Like I E-mail

• enjoying entertainment
Paul: Do you li ke to stay out rea lly late and the n
sleep all morning? it's better t rave lli ng with people
DO THE TASK who have the same sched ule as yo u.
11/913:29 1Comment I Like I E-mail
3 Decide your opinion on the question and think
of reasons, facts and examples to support it.
Use the ideas in Prepare for the Task to help you.

Make notes about your ideas and then organise them

into paragraphs according to the model in Exercise 1
on page 54 .
.
) Write your essay. [ ] Writing Guide page 130

CHECK YOUR WORK

• Organisatifn • Grammar
• Spell ing · • Use of connectors
• Punctu ation • Subject-Verb agreeme nt
• Word order
Looking Back
VOCABULARY Review PRACTICAL ENGLISH
Go tot he Glossary on pa'ges 108-116 for help.

WORD BUILDING
1 Complete the chart with the correct forms Explain reasons for an opinion
of the words below. Offer clear and detailed information

~ NOUN ADJECTIVE
commit 1.
committed 5 Student A: You would like to introduce your par
attach attachment 2. to your friend, who is single. You believe they
get along well. Describe the following aspects ~
breathe breath 3.
your friend.
4. forgiveness forgiving I unforgiving
• Physical appearance • Interests and h
5.
envy envious • Personality characteristics • Future goals
6.
rush rushed
Student B: Your partner would like to introduce
2 Complete the sentences with words from the to his 1 her friend, who is single. He 1 She beli
you will get along well. Ask your partner abou t ·
chart above. Which sentences do you agree with?
following aspects about his 1 her friend.
1 it's natural to ... a friend who succeeds more than you.
• Physical appearance • Interests and h :
2 When you ... to being a couple, you don't need friends.
• Personality characteristics • Future goals
3 People under 20 shouldn 't .. . to get into a relationship.
4 You're too ... to someone if you always put their needs
before your own.
5 If a friend asks you for ... , you should always say yes. Transmit information and ideas
6 When you really love someone, you think of them with Request information
every ... you take.

EXPRESSIONS WITH OVER
3 Replace the words in bold with the expressions below.
in over her head I over and over I over the moon
bend over backwards
1 He has apolog ised repeatedly, but she won 't accept it.
2 She was so excited when she got into law school.
3 You try extremely hard to make everyone comfortable.
4 Alice is involved in a situation that is hard to deal with.
6 You are looking to rent a flat with a flatmate.
Respond to the advert below. Then write a for
e-mail providing and requesting further inforrr
• What kind of person are you? (male, female, age,
personality characteristics)
• What kind of person would you like to live with?
(male, female, age, personality characteristics)

PHRASAL VERBS We specialise in helping you find the perfec

flatmate in our student housing complex
4 Complete the mini-dialogues with the particles below. Tell us about yourself, your needs and the
on I by I out I up I down flatmate you hope to live with.
1 A: I can't do this on my own.
B: OK. I will help you ....
2 A: Should we invite Ben and Daisy?
B: No, we can't. They've split ... .
3 A: Let's watch that film together.
B: Why don't you drop ... later?
4 A: Did Leo ask Pally to marry him?
B: Yes, but she turned him .. ..
5 A:. I can't stop thinking about her.
a: I thin k it's time you moved ....
1 Read the sentences in the speech bubbles about being late.
How are they different?
2 Which of the sentences best relates to the situations below?
a arriving late to a job interview
b coming in last in a race
c remembering a friend's birthday the day after
JfJ•Xf4:11Jf!1;f4 Time
1 Read the questionnaire below. Pay attention to the words in colour.
Decide how well the sentences in the questionnaire describe you by
choosing a number from 1 to 3. Then, add up your score and check
your results. Do your results describe you accurately?

You're a very punctual person, but it might be a

idea to relax sometimes.
Qp lC\.~C.
When you 've got a school project, you don't put on·starting it even You 're usually on time, but you 're not obsessive
though it's not db~?~r wo weeks. You do it in stages and hand it in about it. You know when you can relax.
well within the deadline. ~ O.t r r Cl, You 're often late, which might make people see '
You have to meet a friend at 18:30. You leave early since you know as inconsiderate. Try going online for practical ti
there may be delays during rush hour. ~ ~, , . ,
lrc(CJ. /('..J\ \~ 1 ....,._.\ v.~O)
You 're in a hurry to get somewhere, but on the way you run into a
friend you haven 't seen for ages. You keep your conversation brief in
order to arrive on time. ~ 0+' . . . The expressions on time and in time
often used incorrectly.
You get home from school and start your homework immediately.
We use on time to describe somethin
You wish you could relax and have some downtime first, but you 're happens at a particular time, wherea5
worried you 'll get sidetrack~d . ~ is used to mean without being late or
0-1--..:\.. \ \.. v- ClD' later than the des ired time .
You don't like changing plans at short notice. You prefer to keep to a
How do you say these two ex pressior
schedule. ~·
your language?

2 Match the sentences in A to the most logical

continuation in B. Pay attention to the words Are most people your age punctual or not?
in colour. Do you think people become more punctu a
A as they get older? Why or why not?
1 She 's usually prompt.
2 Let's solve one problem at a time . 3 Choose the correct answer to show that you
3 Please be ready at eight o'clock sharp. understand the meaning of the words in bol1
4 Her timing couldn't have been more perfect. 1 I haven't seen her for ages. We last met a few
5 Time just seemed to drag on . years { days ago.
2 He gave the police a brief summary- of what ha1
B
happened. He left out the facts ) details.
a I thought the lecture would never end.
3 I have some downtime, so I' m' busy I available
b I have no idea why she 's late. the ne xt hour.
c She arrived just as the food was being served. 4 Let's do the as"signment in stages instead of
d Wh at should we start with? all at once I gradually.
e We don't want to wait. 5 What is the deadline for the ex am I project?
Complete the sentences with a suitable expression ~1Q%131~[iJ Apologising
from the list below.
at short..notice I keep to ~schedule I due 10 Work with a partner.
in a '!urry I put off I on ; ime ' Student A: Imagine that you have kept your partner
{' (._
1 They won't let you in if you don't arrive r. . . waiting. Apologise and give an excuse.
2 Athletes have to be strict and :•.. . " ' r Student B: Accept your partner's apology. Then
3 The teacher has agreed to ~th~ exam until switch roles.
next week. c , \\-I r----------------,
1 Sorry I'm late! I couldn't help it- 1
4 Why are you ... to leave?
1 I had to look after my little brother. 1
"
5 lt was difficult to organise the party .. . . 5 ' . "
. ,~
., ,.-------------~
6 I'm going to be busy all weekend because my essay r------------~
is ... on Monday. I That's alright, I haven't been I
c»:f
Answer the questions. Pay attention to the words
. ___________ , ..
I waiting long. " I
and expressions in bold. '~
1 What time is rush hour where you live? USEFUL LANGUAGE ______
2 When do you usually get sidetracked? Apologising Accepting an Apology
3 When do you feel it's important to be prompt? I apologise for ... Never mind .
4 When was the last time you experienced a delay? Sorry I'm late. Don 't worry about it.
5 When does time seem to drag on for you? I had to ... lt doesn 't matter.
I couldn't help it. No problem.
What other words do you know that are connected
to time? Think of words that are used to describe That's alright.
measurements of time. No worries.

ji3~11~[1J Monologues
Which of the following people would you mind
waiting for the most I the least?
• a doctor at a clinic
• a singer at a live concert
• a friend at a coffee shop

You are going to hear four people tall< about

celebrities who are always late. Which speaker
(1-4) mentions the following?
A famous person who ....
1 was busy having fun while people were waiting
2 showed disrespect at a sad event
3 was disrespectful to a friend
4 was more punctual for one of his I her visitors·

Listen again and decide if the following

sentences are true or false.
1 Kanye West's fans don't mind his delays.
2 Rihanna was late for a basketball game.
3 Vladimir Putin didn't make the Pope wait.
4 Bill de Blasio blamed the weather when
he was late for a memorial service.

I
I;J:m•li~[IJ An Online Advice Column
1 Do you ever use the Internet for advice? What
are the advantages and disadvantages of getting
advice online?
@ 2 UNDERSI ANDING-.BEFERENCE Read the advice column
and look at the words in bold. What thing, person
or idea does each word refer to?
[] Reading Strategies Qage 148
3 Choose the correct answer.
1 Ben writes that he ....
a deserves his friend ' s anger
b is late less often than in the past
c doesn 't understand his friend ' s anger
d is sure he will never be late again
2 Why is chronic lateness seen as more serious than
other bad habits?
a lt is more common than other bad habits.
b lt disturbs people who are not chronically late .
c lt is a harder habit to break.
d lt is physically programmed into the brain.
3 The planning fallacy happens when we ....
a plan too many different tasks
b do a task we've never done before
c plan accurately based on past ex perience
d come to incorrect conclusions despite past
experience
4 Decide if the following sentences are true or false.
Find evidence in the text to justify your answers.
1 Ben and his friend met for half an hour.
2 Overdoers don 't like to have free time.
3 it's not easy to distract a dreamer.
4 Everyday actions should be part of your time log.
5 Breaking the habit of being late is a long process.
6 The writer's tone at the end is optimistic.
Dear Alice, ~
No matter what I do, I'm never on time. Yesterday my friend wen
after I'd kept him waiting outside the gym for half an hour, and h1
right- I shouldn't have been so late. My friend was fed up and s<
never make plans with me again. I cou ld have met him on time, t
me ages to decide what to wear. Can you give me some~. ~
Ben
Hi Everyone,
Chronic lateness is a common problem . Like biting your nails, it's a
habit, but it can drive other people mad because it affects them din
10 And like any habit, it's hard to break, even with all the willpower in 1
world . That is because it's physically programmed into the brain. Tl
is what happens when we repeat the same behaviour or action timE
time again.
What Type are You?
Psychologist Dr Linda Sapadin has identified several different pers<
15 types that are usually late. For example, you might be an overdoer.
try to plan activities for each moment of the day- so it's not surpri:
you don't have time for everything! Or are you a dreamer? If so, yo
easily sidetracked by a text message or a video game.
You might be a perfectionist. Those are people who can 't leave the
20 house until their room is tidy and their hair is just right, no matter 1
waiting for them . Or maybe you 're a crisis maker. You get an adren
rush from leaving things till the last minute!
The Perception of Time
One of the most common reasons for being late is that most of us :
able to accurately judge how long a task will take. This is known as
25 planning fallacy. We tend to be optimistic, thinking that it will take 11
time than similar tasks in the past. There are also people who sens1
passing more slowly than it does in reality. They often think that thE
have more time than they really do.
 5

5 FINDING SYNONYMS Find words or expressions in

the text that mean:
1 annoyed (lines 1-7)
2 self-discipline (lines 8-13)
3 perfect (lines 14-22)
4 lose hope (lines 36-43)
5 make a mistake (lines 36-43)

[] Answering Techniques page 150

n your Brain
1ith all these reasons for being late, is it hopeless to try and break 6 Complete the sentences with the expressions
1abit? Not at all! Fortunately, the brain is flexible, so new ways of in colour below.
tving can be learned. Here are some strategies you can try: adrenaline rush I take into account I drive me mad
ep a detailed time log. Write down how long it actually takes break the habit I run late
·you to complete tasks, even trivial ones like taking a shower 1 They' re always late . They .. ..
walking to school. Then take these into account when planning
2 We are going to .. . if we don't leave now.
ur timing .
3 I wish I could ... of smoking.
t down on the number of activities in your day. Remember- you
1't be in two places at once. 4 We'll have to ... the price and the location.
ep to your plan . Don't be tempted to do one more thing like 5 All of a sudden, I had a lot of energy because of the ... .
sting pictures because you feel like you 've got time on your hands.
3P a watch or clock in an easily visible place. Then you 'll know EXPRESSIONS ABOUT TIME
ether you 're running late.
There are many expressions in English that include
t despair if you slip up! lt will take time to strengthen and change the word time.
Jay your brain works, but remember- it's never too late!
Look at the following expressions from the text.
I luck! time and time again time on your hands
Which one means ... ?
a free time that you don't know what to do with
b repeatedly
)~g_p.(~J-~G - AT---.--·~"~·. ·· . ·>-'~
LANGUAGE ~
1 Look at the false friend underlined in the text. 7 Choose the correct answer. Pay attention to
How do you say it in your language? the words in colour.
2 The word strengthen (line 42) means 1 Take your time getting ready. We're
make something stronger. in a rush I in no hurry.
How would you form a word that means ... ? 2 I had the time of my life in Majorca.
I really enjoyed I disliked it there.
a make something longer
3 Your time is up . You must make
b make soft
a decision soon I now.
4 We'll stay in this flat for the time being .
We might I won't move out later.
5 He got there in the nick of time .
Listen and repeat the words from the text. He arrived earlier than necessary I
trust I AI hard ; a:; at the last possible moment.
{;hl 4 Which word in each group doesn 't belong?
Listen and check your answers.
I AI rush I pure I judge I other
; a:; party I answer I task I crack
Pronunciation Practice
Read w hat people are saying at
a Zoom meeting and answer the
questions.
Which phrases in bold ... ?
.- OK ... it's 11.0S ... everyone is here except Louise.
1 give a warning
.- She might have forgotten about the meeting.
2 contain modals
3 contain modal perfects .- Oh, I don't think so. She must be running late, that's all.

4 refer to the past .- I think we should start without her.

.- We can't do that! She has to show us the reports first.
.- Oh ... I just got a message from her ... she says she won't be able to join us before 11.:
.- That's so annoying. She should have let us know earlier!
.- There's no choice. We'll have to stop the meeting and start again at 11.30 .
.- OK. Something serious must have happened to make her late .
.- She had better arrive at 11.30 or people will be angry.
.. olll • X

1 Complete th e mini-dialogues with the modals below. 3 Write a logical sentence to follow each sentence
1\Will have to I ' Ought to lwm ight I -shouldn 't I ':ean't below. Use a suitable modal perfect and the ver
don't have to 1"-will be able to I \-~must in brackets. r¥'J.) ~\. hC\..(""
1

1 A: We've got plenty of time. You . hurry.

1 I didn't hear my phone ring last night. (be I on silen
B: But I'm afraid we .. miss the train.
2 My back hurts . (not lift1 that heavy bo x) 5'<\ou 1d1 v<J..
3 I' m not sure where lan is . (go I home) ~5~ \'\~' ~
2 A: Help! I . do ten things at once!
4 it's too bad you didn 't ask me for advice .
B: You k try to do so much in one day.
(give I some suggestions) 5\Jo'-'\vl ~ :5'
3 A: We A,.. move our clocks forward ne x t wee k .
5 Jack is a terrible cook . (not make I this delicious qui
B: Great! Then we ?- enjoy another hour of dayl ight. ' ' (!J' r
4 A: She 's been working hard. She ~ be tired. 4 Choose the correct answer.
B: I'm sure she is. She . ~ r est now.

2 Complete th e sentences using the modal perfect Good to be Late

form of the modals belo.w, affirmative o r negative.
could I should (x 2) I -need I might I would
1 The tr~Jfic,was slow because of. rush hour.
1 >.l"J M t at 3.o o-in~tead of at 4 .00.
2 Andy .' ~g6neto the beach. His car is still here .
3 I ~ eA~a~but I couldn 't find
4 Th ey can't co ~e because they have othe r plans.
You .. .rg·~ nth m ~u'C~ short no~ ice. r \
"'•\
5 Thank s, but you :-.. woken me up. I had set m alarm .
6 I wonder why Dana isn't here . She
m es sage .
On the morning of 11th September 2001 , 16-year-old Kim Kalisl
father 1· couldn't have d~/ couldn't drive I can't drive her
to school t5ecause he 2·'fia!J.o)/ must I should go to an importar
meeting. Kim 3· can take I could have taken must have taken
the bus, but she pretended to miss it and told her father, "Now
you 4· ~e to take'/ might take I should have taken me
my keys.
to school! " He took her, but he was furious, sayingj b_at she
5
· might miss) may not have missed I shouldn't have mi5s.IDI.. ,
the bus. At school that day, they announced that the Twin
) f\.1
Towers- the location of her father'yneeting- had been attacke
.~~ ~'1vfd ou~ He 6· would be I may have been I w~ld have been there, but K
had made him late. Kim 's bad behaviour saved her father's life!
 5
~AMMAR IN CONTEXT 6 Complete the sentences. Use had better or should,
affirmative or negative, and the verbs below.
:omplete the passage with the correct form of the
try I wai t I hurry I fi nish I make
tords in brackets. Then listen and check your answers.
1 Our proj ect is due in two wee ks . We ... it on tim e.
2 Everything depend s on us. We ... any mistakes.
3 You're late again . In my opinion , you ... to keep to
a sch edule.
4 I don 't think we ... for Jan et becaus e we might miss
our bus .
5 The doctor won 't see you if you 're late . Yo u ... !

7 Complete the sentences using the words given.

Do not change the original meaning.
1 Would it be possible to borrow your watch?
May .. . ?
-alented guitarist Brian May joined the band Queen in 1974,
2 lt could be that she forgot your bi rthd ay.
vhen he was in the middle of his doctorate in astrophysics.
_eaving university to join the band 1· ... (must I be) a Sh e might ... .
lifficult choice, since he 2· .•• (couldn 't I know) that Queen 3 I don 't believe that his excus e is true .
vould become such a successful band . May's song '39 His excuse can 't ... .
·eflects his interest in astrophysics. In the song , humans 4 You really shouldn 't be late .
· ... (have to I find) a place to live in outer space . A You had better ... .
1roup of explorers volunteers for this mission. When they 5 I regret not taking the time into account .
eturn a year later, 100 years have passed on Earth , so
I should ....
hey 4· . . . (not be able to I reunite) with their loved ones.
-his is based on a true fact: time passes more slowly in a 6 lt wasn 't necessary for you to bring us a present.
ast-travelling spaceship than it does on Earth. You needn't ....
-he explorers in the song feel that they 5· . .. 7 I'm sure you were upset wh en she didn 't re ply.
shouldn't I go) on their mission, but May doesn't feel You mu st ... .
hat he 6· ... (ought I do) anything differently. However,
1e eventually went back to university. He finished his GRAMMAR IN USE - - - - - - - -
loctorate in 2007, over 30 years after he had started it.
8 Speculate about the picture. Use the ideas
below to help you or think of your own ideas.
Tell your partner:
1 what the woman must have don e
2 what she shouldn't have don e
3 what sh e should have done
4 how she must feel
5 what might happen now
6 what she had better do now
- - - - - - - - ~· - - 'I
..__1( She must have overslept. ·•
VOCABULARY l!tii3~11~[~ An Interview
PHRASAL VERBS 3 Do you think time travel may ever be possiblE
If so, what time would you like to travel to?
The re are a number of phrasal verbs that are
commonly used when discussing time. (M 4 You are going to hear an interview with an
Time goesWf'c(tJFt'tl!y when you're having fun. astrophysicist about time travel. Listen to the
(passes) first part of the interview and complete the
v<::)..'·..:e.r
We should get back before evening. (return) scientist's conclusions.
Grammar Appendix ----------------~
Workbook, JJages 89-90 1 Travelling to th ~past could ... past events.
2 The rule of causality ... be broken.
[] Phrasal Verbs List JJage 142
3 Travelling to the past is .. ..
1 Match each phrasal verb in colour in A to its
@ 5 Listen to the second part of the interview and
meaning in B.
the correct answer.
A
s~ 1 Astronauts who live in the International Space St<
1 I didn't hear the alarm -~Cl?ff~o.. r a grow older than they would have at home
2 They decided to call otn he wedding because they
b remain younger than they would have at homE
realised they didn't love each other.
\...-"-~ (
c remain the same age as they would have at ha
3 The doctor can fit you in this afternoon.
·f- ~ CV < < r 2 We cannot travel to the future because ... .
4 Do you know what brought aoout the failure of
the company? a it's impossible according to physics
5 Nobody believed it was possible to make the deadline , b we do not have the technology
but they managed to pull it off. c,, '- v 1 c humans could not survive the required speed
B 3 The Andromeda Galaxy ....
2 a cancel a ex isted only in the distant past
L.r b make something happen b is billions of light years away
.S c make time for someone or something c can be seen without a telescope
A d ring
.5 e succeed

2 Choose the correct answer to complete the

[~ I
LOOKING AT
PRONUNCIATION

sentences. Pay attention to the phrasal verbs

C,hl 1 Listen and repeat the words below from the inte 1
in colour. universe h :/ idea II"'/
/J
1 He was ([Jpset glad because his date had [;hl 2 Match the bolded letters in each word to the con
stood him up. cl~or :;;(c,,tc-cfo phonetic symboi iJ:/ or 1!.,/. Then listen and check
!:'::-1()12.-r ~ I r c'e$.f' I "C I \. C '"\ your answers.
2 Don't wa1t up. I m going to be early I late.!
I further I nearly I years I were
u~~ ;(can I have t~aJe. Earth
3 Something's come
. . ;.qner.z,
4 Don't leave wtthout I watt for me. I'll catch l-IP ·
5 I fell behfrtd-fnCTJ/~vork because there was
Qf ct.<c~
a.---------L Pronunciation Practice age

too much I very little to do.

The Time Machine by H.G. Wells is one of the earlie

novels about time travel. Go online and find the an :
to the following questions :
1 When was the book published7
2 Who or what are the Eloi and Morlocks?
3 What is a "dystopia"?
 5
I:W31~[1J Comparing Pictures
Pictures A and B show people waiting in different situations. Watch or listen to two students
comparing the pictures. Which ideas below do they mention?
1 where the people are 5 how they probably feel
2 how many people there are 6 what they are doing while they wait
3 what the people are waiting for 7 which situation is worse
4 how long they've been waiting

Match I to 11 to form sentences about another situation. Pay attention to the expressions in colour.
I 11
1 The pictures are alike because they both a the people in picture B seem to be very impatient.
2 Another thing that's similar is that b I don't think it helps to shout.
3 The situations are completely different. c have been waiting for a long time. I suppose
4 Another difference is that the people in picture A they're annoyed.
are calm and patient, whereas d are complaining and shouting . They're probably
5 lt looks like the people in picture B each t rying to be first.
6 I think so, too. And I'd imagine that they e the people in both pictu res are in shops.
7 That's true, but f unde r so much pressure!
8 The cashier must feel that she's g show people waiting .
h In picture A, the people are waiting in a queue,
while in picture B, they' re in a big crowd .

Which expressions in colour in Exercise 2 .. . ?

express agreement I disagreement I show similarities I show differences I are used to speculate

TASK Compare Pictures

With a partner, compare and contrast pictures C and D. In your opinion, which situation is more unusual?
Use the expressions in colour in Exercise 2 to help you.

I_
WRITIN G A Summar
WORK WITH A MODEL
A summary is a shortened version of a te xt. lt includes only
the main points of the te xt without details or examples.

1 Read the article and the summary in Exercise 2.

Which of the follo wing ideas from the article are
included in the summary?
a the inventor of time zones
b why time zones were necessary
c the size of each time zone
d the number of time zones
e the difference in t ime from zone to zone
f examples of exceptions to normal time zones
·3
g why Spain's time zone is the same as Germany' s

2 Does the summary give the reader a clear idea

of what the article is about?

History
Until the late 19th century, each town or village set its own clock according to the sun,
so there were thousands of local time zones. However, all this changed when people Summary: Time Zones
began using the railway across long distances. Train schedules were difficult to arrange In the past, each town set its own time,
because each stop was based on a different local time. Therefore, people needed a but a better system was needed when
more efficient way of keeping time. In 1878, Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming invented long-distance train travel became common .
world time zones. These were soon adopted and are still used today. Time zones were invented for this purpose
in 1878 by Sandford Fleming. They divide
How it Works
the globe into 24 zones along longitude
Fleming's system is based on the fact that the Earth rotates 15 degrees of longitude lines, with clocks changing by one hour
every hour. There are 24 times zones, and each one is 15 degrees wide. Time is the when moving into the next zone. There are
same everywhere within each time zone, but crossing to the next time zone changes some exceptions, such as China, which has
the clock by an hour. only one time zone despite its huge size,
Exceptions to the Rule and Spain, which is geographically in the
• Despite the fact that it is a huge country, China has only one time zone. wrong time zone.
Therefore, when it's 7 in the morning in Beijing, it's also 7 am in Kashgar,

[~
5,000 kilometres to the west, even if it's still completely dark there. LOOKING AT
• Although it's less than half a ki lometre wide, the tiny island of Market, LANGUAGE
between Sweden and Finland, has two time zones.
In most cases, summaries include only main ideas
• Geographically, Spain should be in the same time zone as the UK, but
and not examples. However, if part of a text
instead its time zone is the same as European countries far to the east.
consists of a list of examples, you may put some c
This is because the government changed the time during World War 11
these examples into your summary. In the section
in order to make Spanish time the same as German time. Some people
Exceptions to the Rule, how many examples are
believe this is responsible for Spain's habit of late meals and bedtimes.
provided in the model? How many are in the sumn

PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing, or rewriting sentences in your own words, is a useful skill when summarising.
We often paraphrase by shortening or combining sentences . In addition, we can sometimes shorten
sentences by replacing phrases with single words such as connectors.
Some people believe time zones are confusing, despite the fact that the entire world uses this system.
Some people believe time zones are confusing, although the entire world uses this system .

••
 5
Replace the phrases in bold with the words below. Some punctu ation changes may be needed.
therefore I fortunat ely I apparently I obviously I although
1 lt seems that meditation is an excellent way to spend time.
2 Business people fly all over the world , despite the fact that travelling can be exhausting.
3 lt is very lucky that more schools are realising that they should begin the school day later.
4 lt is very clear that spending time waiting in queues is inconvenient and inefficient.
5 People in high positions work many hours. As a result of this , they do not have much family time.

Read the short texts and complete the summaries. Use 1-2 words for each space.
1 We divide our time into work and leisure , assuming that work should be efficient and challenging, while
free time should be relax ing and enjoyable. However, it seems that
people get the most satisfaction when they are productive and involved - in other
words , when they're on the job.
Summary:
... assume that ... time should ... more enjoyable ... work , but apparently, .. .
are happiest when they ... productive work.
2 Life takes place in the present, so why do we waste our precious time worrying
about the future or thinking about the past? We need to step away from these
thoughts and focus on living in the moment.
Summary:
We tend ... our time thinking about the past ... instead of ... the present.

TASK Write a Summary

Write a summary of the advice column on pages 60-61. Use 60-80 words.

PREPARE FOR THE TASK

The points below are from the text on pages 60-61.
Read them and decide which four are relevant for a summary.
1 Chronic lateness is a bad habit which is difficult to break.
2 Ben's friend didn't wait for him because of his chronic lateness .
3 People who tend to be late have got various personality types.
4 lt is a good idea to check the clock to see if you are running late.
5 People may be late because of an inaccurate perception of time.
6 lt is possible to break the habit by using several strategies.

OOTHETASK
Using the points you chose in Prepare for the Task,
decide on a logical order in which to write your ideas.

Organise the ideas into one paragraph. Find ways to paraphrase

the ideas you want to include rather than copy the information.
Shorten sentences or combine them to make your summary concise.

Write your summary. [ ] Writing Guide page 131

CHECK YOUR WORK

• Organisation • Punctuation • Grammar • Paraphrasing
• Spelling • Word order • Use of connectors
Looking Back
PRACTICAL ENGLISH

WORD BUILDING
Present reasons and points of view
1 Complete th e chart with the correct forms
of the word s below. Request and give solutions to practical problems

~ NOUN ADJECTIVE
5 Student A: You have a ticket to see your favou
despair 1.
... I desperation despairing performer, but you arrive a f ew minutes late. ·
delay 2. delayed conce rt hall won't let you in. Explain why you
promptness 3. late. You are only in town for this week.
arrive 4.
Stud ent 8: Yo u w ork at a concert hall and som
apologise 5.
apologetic has arrived late. A ccording to the rules, no on
punctuality 6.
allowed to enter the hall once a concert has bt
Explain this to the person and offer another ti
2 Complete the sentences with words from the to see the concert.
chart above.
1 The plane ' s expected time of ... is 12.45 pm.
2 I accept your .... Let' s forget about what happe ned .
3 Don 't .. .. Everything will be fine. Ex press opinions
4 Sorry, but we can't ... the interview any longer. Ex press reactions
5 Thank you for your ... reply to my lette r.
6 .. . is essential when you are meeting customers. 6 Read t he announcement on your school webs i
and w rite a comment. Include:
EXPRESSIONS ABOUT TIME • your reaction (s) 1 opinion(s) and reasons
• at least one example of why a student might be
3 Complete the mini-d ialogues using a suitable unintentionally late for a class
expression from th e list below. • an alternative punishment for late students
in the nick of time I take our t ime I time is up
had the time of my life I for the t ime being
1 A: Are you moving to a new flat? NOTICE
B: No, I decided to stay he re .... We have noticed an increase in the number of stud er
2 A: Was the child hit by the car? coming to school late. This disrupts lessons, which is
B: No. Luckily, the driver stopped ... . unfair to the other students as well as the teachers. F
3 A: I need to answer one last question in the test ! this reason, we are instituting the following new rule
B: Sorry, but your ... . Students who arrive late three or more times during
4 A: Are we late? term will not be allowed to participate in the annual
class trip. Exceptions will be made for medical or
B: No , we can ....
dental appointments, but students must provide a ne
5 A: That was a fabulous mus ic festival.
from a parent.
B: Yes , I ... !

PHRASAL VERBS
4 Choose the correct answer.
1 A year went by I went off before we saw our f ri end again.
2 We' ll have to meet late r. Something has just come up I
brou ght about.
3 The trip was cancelled . They pulled it off 1 called it off.
4 I' ll try an d cat ch up 1 fall beh ind with everyone late r.
5 They aren 't due to wait up 1 get back unti l tomo rrow night.
 Read the quote. Do you think the advice is realistic?
2 Which of the following aspects of a job are
important to you? Rate them from 1-5.
(1 = unimportant 5 = extremely important)
salary I job status I fun
location I interest
3 Can you think of any other aspects of
a job that would be important to you?
 m•XiM:lll!!';i•l Work and jobs
1 Read some slides from a presentation at a recent careers counselling event.
Pay attent ion to the words in colour. Which job or jobs .. . ?
1 do not require a university education 3 seem the most interesting to you
2 offer good job opportunities 4 seem the most difficult to you

For this pos"Nfil~. youf! ~~ed in-depth knowledge of Copywriters write scripts and slogans for
computer hardware and software as well as excellent advertisements.
problem-solving abilities.
Good communication skills are also necessary as many The ability to be original and thir ns,de e i
of the staff you 'll be working with aren't technical. is important for this creative and challenging jo
You should be good at multitasking , as you 'll t
Startin P'dsTii~s reguire ~O,Ql e(ng a course and working on multiple projects at the same time.
there's also room ffifaHtiancement either by learning r~ n. :\ C• G . .
A bachelor's oegree in nghsh, commun1cat1or
~th ~ o 'U> ~Wgug~ additional courses.
journalism is required . Copywriting is a compe
Every company needs IT, so yo~ in f~ , so there's a better chance a company will
you ~tlifve done an internship. poc:,.u.. ea~
Most copywriters are frala'lfe~t'l t if you we
a company, plan on doing a lot of
Physiotherapists help patients with physical
difficulties using a range of techniques.
What can be more rewarding than a ·ob where you
change people's lives? .:J-o:c\ { ·S: n t... e.
The market for physiotherapists is booming due to the
increasing number of older people in our population.
Qualifications inclu~ ,a._f!1Q[ee in P.'& i ~h.erapy. You
also need great inte'tJJei'sona) ~fits , physical strength
and analytical abilities in order to be a physiotherapist.
Many clinics require working shtfitffi?wages
aren't usually great, but if you're self-employed <l .J<..L\Ga'Jt~- ::-:.
and have a private practice, you can earn a lot more.

[P. LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
. .

Watch out for the following commonly confused words:

course- a series of lessons in a particular subject
degree - a qualification obtained from a university or college
career- a series of jobs a person has in a specific area of
work over a period of time
2 Choose the correct answer to show that you
understand the meaning of the words in bold.
1 A laboratory technician 1 sales assistant needs good
interpersonal skills .
2 Acting 1 Computer programming skills are in high demand .
3 A shop owner I secretary is self-employed.
4 Teachers 1 Hotel receptionists should expect to work shifts.
5 A novelist 1 teacher should be good at multitasking .
3 Complete the sentences with the words ir
range 1 booming I position I internship
staff I overtime I on the job
1 I'd like to apply for the ... of shop supervise
2 Sorry, this entrance is only for the company
3 At our school , you can learn a wide ... of ski
4 They've promised that they'll train me ....
5 Their hairdressing business is ... because tr
advertise a lot.
6 1 did my .. . at an international company.
7 I often have to work ... , but I enjoy it.

· Read the statements and decide if you agree
or d isagree. Pay attention to the words and
expressions in bold.
1 Most academic fields of study lead to a job.
2 Most companies hire people with no experience.
3 Room for advancement can give workers motivation .
4 Most people today find their jobs rewarding.
5 Most creative people think outside the box.
6 An advantage of being a freelancer is that your hours
are flexible.
6
@ 9 Listen to the third speaker and complete the
sentences using 1-2 words.
1 Consumers today want products that do not harm
people or .. ..
2 Ethan works in a company that uses ... , ... and other
natural materials to make cosmetics.
3 Ethan makes sure that their products are not made
by ... .
4 Ethan ' s company does not test its products .. . .
5 Ethan finds his job ....

What other words do you know connected to work

and jobs? Think of people associated with a job. ~1ijf;1,JI~[fl Talking about Work
10 Think of the ideal job you'd like in the future.
#ii3~11~(1J A Radio Programme Working with a partner, ask and answer questions
about the job.
What jobs today did not exist 30 years ago?
What new jobs do you think there are going
to be in the future?
...r-------------
I ______________ ...
I want to be a personal trainer. I
~,

You are going to hear three people talking about r---------------.,

I What qualifications will you need? I
their jobs. Listen to the first speaker and choose
the correct answer. L------------- . . . ......
...
1 Digital assistants .. . . r-------------.,
I I'll need certificates in first aid, 1
a can't answer difficult questions
b should talk a lot ___________
..1 .,CPR, andfitness instruction. .1
c have personalities ,~

2 We know that Greta ... .

a works on her own USEFUL LANGUAGE - - -
b studied at university What qualifications will 1 do you need?
c is worried about business What hours will you have to work?
Would you like to be self-employed?
Listen to the second speaker and decide if the
Will you be able to earn a good salary?
following sentences are true or false.
I'll need a degree 1 certificate in ...
1 Photo managers help people get rid of photos .
I'll have to work from 9 to 5.
2 it's easy for Maya to organise her own photos.
I'll be able to set my own hours.
3 Photo managers need a university degree.
it's a well-paid job.
4 Maya wishes she were more organised.
it's not very lucrative.
5 Maya works as much as she wants.

TEC:HNO TASK
~~
. ---..;.~. ?!~0-~"?\'</
....._.,_.......- I
:>/ >.
I~ I \:=::::--
_)..- ; ; : -• /
/I

/~
I

Record a personal statement about

your dream job, explaining what it is
and why you want to do it.
 I;J:W•ll~[iJ An Article
1 IDENTIFYING THE AUTHOR'S PURPOSE Read the
introduction. What is the purpose of the article?
a to help people search for their first job
b to give companies ideas for innovative recruitment
methods
c to describe various recruitment methods
[] Reading Strategies
Q;} 2 Read the article and check your answer to Exercise 1.
3 Choose the correct answer.
1 On line games can be used to see ....
a how good you are at gaming
b how well you balance danger and opportunity
c how much professional experience you have
d how often you fail
2 How is VR recruitment useful to companies?
a lt helps them assess who will succeed on the job.
b lt measures candidates' abilities.
c lt shows mainly positive aspects of the job.
d lt finds applicants who are likely to stay.
3 Alice assumes that readers would expect a chatbot
to focus on ... .
a how you look
b the way you speak
c what you say
d your movements
4 In both events presented by Ryan Pierce, candidates ... .
a see other candidates
b see company employees
c work towards a goal with other candidates
d are watched by customers
4 Which counsellor says that the idea he or she
presents ... ?
1 is a good way to attract candidates
2 might be difficult for some people
3 has become widely used
4 does not use digital methods
5 can show how well candidates work with others
6 is assumed to be suitable for young people
7 is more efficient than traditional methods
8 gives candidates a realistic idea of the job
[~ :YOUR OUTlOOK
i.
;,.,.:o:. gRITICAL THINKING , .
Which recruitment method would you feel
I most comfortable taking part in? Explain why.
5 FINDING ANTONYMS Find words in the text tha
the opposite of:
1 exciting (text A)
2 succeed (text A)
3 increases (text B)
4 continue, persist (text B)
5 ordinary (text D)
page 148
[] Answering Techniques
6 Choose TWO correct answers. Pay attention t
words in colour.
1 A booth can be used to give information I pract,
sell things.
2 You can engage in a rest I an activity 1 a conver
3 A group that recruits people might be a family 1
a firm.
4 You can witness an incident I a performance I c
5 People are screened when they are candidates f(
applicants at a school 1 customers at a shop.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Compound adjectives are formed when two words
work together to act as an adjective. They can be
written as one word, as two words or with a hypher
Find the following compound adjectives in the t
What nouns do they describe?
decision -making (text A) widespread (text
entry-level (text C)
The hyphen is usually omitted when the adjective
does not come before the noun it describes.
This is an entry-level position.
This position is entry level.
7 Replace the words in bold with a compound adj
below with a similar meaning.
trustworthy I full-time I straightforward
hardworking I first-rate
1 I am looking for a 40-hour-a-week job.
2 Tim is one of our most industrious employees.
3 A jewellery shop needs employees who are hone!
4 Our job application forms are fairly easy to unde
5 I'm sure he'll be a fantastic chef.
 If you're finishing school this year, you may be wondering how you'll get your first job.
Nowadays, companies are using all sorts of innovative ideas to recruit and assess candidates.
Here are a few of them, presented by professional career counsellors.
Alice Addison, Careers Inc.
C~atbot Interviews
3ome companies are turning the dull recruitment process into a Getting interviewed and then assessed by a machine may sound
Jame that you can play on your mobile phone! If you're not very strange, but you 'd better get used to the idea. Chatbot interviews
3xperienced at gaming , this might be scary, but these firms assume allow large companies to screen thousands of entry-level candidates
:hat most of today's generation will be eager to try it out. One at a time, something which would be impossible using human
11ultinational accounting firm assesses candidates using a series of 30 interviewers. The market for chatbot interviews is booming
11 on line games. You get points in the game, but the firm explained and it's now widespread. But how do the interviews work? You
:hat it wasn 't only looking at scores. From the way you play, they have two minutes to answer each question that appears on your
~an analyse your decision-making ability and willingness to take screen, and the entire interview is recorded . But if you think the
~alculated risks. They can also see whether or not you give up after chatbot cares only about the content of your answers, think again.
fOU fail at something. This way, they can build a profile of your 35 Using artificial intelligence, it analyses your facial expressions, body
Jersonality and predict how you might act on the job. language, tone of voice and even grammar.

Taylor Burke, Your Next Step
Virtual Reality
~ompanies in a range of fields are using Virtual Reality (VR) to give
~andidates a realistic idea of what it's like to work with them . At one
ob fair, a German train company offered headsets that let users
1ctually follow train drivers as they worked. Naturally, there was a
~rowd at their booth because everyone wanted to try it! After offering
/R experiences at events in the UK, the British army reported that
ts recruitment applications had risen by 66%. Potential recruits
mgage in virtual missions, such as driving a tank or parachuting.
t's much more authentic than just hearing an explanation. Moreover,
t decreases the probability that new recruits will quit when they
;ee what the job actually involves.
Ryan Pierce, The Right Decision
Competitions and Events
Some companies assess you by seeing how you do tasks in the
physical world. For example, if you want the position of Master Model
Builder at Legoland Discovery Center, you 'll have to compete in a
40 building challenge against other candidates- in front of a big crowd
of children . But the most remarkable idea is at PhoeniX Software.
They lock a group of candidates in an escape room together with
employees, and give them one hour to try and get out. When we
asked why they did this, PhoeniX explained that witnessing your
45 interpersonal skills and ability to think outside the box would help
them decide whether or not to hire you. They promised that they'd
never even ask for a CV!

Look at the false friends underlined in the text.

How do you say them in your language?
The expression get used to means "to become
accustomed to something or someone" .
Which of the following might you have to
get used to?
a a new school c getting up early
GRAMMAR
REPORTEDSPEECH
CA
GR~A~~~3~~---------------------------------------------
~-
Rose: Why do you think
Read the job interview and the that I should hire you?
interviewer's report. Then answer
the questions.
Cindy: Well, I have a lot to
1 In the report, find .... contribute to a company like yours.
a three reported statements
b a reported question Rose: Please tell me about one problem
c a reported order or request that you solved in your last job.
d a reported suggestion
2 How does each sentence change in reported
speech?
3 Which reporting verbs are used in the report?
Rose: Sounds good. You should
come in for a few tests next week.

~digital
REPORT for Ca ndidate: Cindy Harris
When I asked Cindy why she thought that I
should hire her, she replied that she had a lot
to contribute to a company like ours. Then I
If we want to convey the speaker's tone or intention,
asked her to tell me about one problem that she
we can use many reporting verbs . Look at the
had solved in her previous job. She explained examples for different kinds of reported speech .
that she ha d calmed down an angry customer
Statements: admit, announce, explain, deny
while he had been shouting at everyone. When
Questions: wonder, want to know, enquire
I suggested that she come in for a few tests the
following week, she seemed very happy and said Orders: demand, warn, order
that she would be able to come in any day. Requests: ask, beg
Suggestions: advise, recommend, suggest
[JI!!Zmm Can you think of other examples of reporting verbs?

1 Read what some people said at an employment agency.
Complete the sentence s in reported speech, choosing
the correct reporting verb.
1 "No one wants to hire me!" A changes.
Jeff(~mP,Iainedl I admitted that no oneIJ . ~'to hire
2 "Let's look at some of-the-available positions. "
Sam explained I suggested l.~.Ca~ s me of the
available positions .
3 "We've helped hundreds of clients. " 'o ,
\} \2_\.f "- '1..
Sam wondered l (claim~that ... hundreds of clients.
4 "Will I be able to learn on the job?" ~ , rj b~
- ~ \.D()'J
jeff wa ted to know Y predicted whether ... to learn
on the job.
5 "You should do an internship before applying ."
Sam ordered I Clvi ~Jeff .. . an internship before applying.
~J~o o~
2 Write the following sentences in reported sp
using the reporting verbs below. Use each
reporting verb only once. Make any necessa1
J l !f' wondered I promised- ! admitt-e~l- ordere<
recommended I wantettto now
01
1 "I don 't know how to think outside the box, " sa
2 "What's an internship?" asked Lauren. ~~
,; ..--A 3 "I'll help you prepare for your interview, Stacey,
\ '''\.
Nigel. 1:?'0 ·
4 "Did you start your new job yesterday?" Thomas
\g ~
me . wJ.\(;~6.
5 "Don't give anyone information about the comp
said the supervisor. Q.~
6 "I think you should come to the careers fair nex
week ," said Lydia. ~l.l' \
I This is what teenagers in the UK said in a recent GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT
survey about career-s. Write "at least six sentences
reporting the answers. Include negative answers. aJ 5 Complete the passage
with the correct form
22% of teenagers said that they would
of the verbs in
complete an apprenticeship.
brackets. Then
listen and check
Nill you complete an apprenticeship? 22% 78% your answers.

\re you planning to get a university degree? 53 % 47%

sa rewarding job more important than a high-paying job? 71 % 29%

)o you know what type of career you want? 57% 43%

~as your school helped you decide on a career? 46% 54%
;an young people find work in the career of their choice? 52% 48%
~ A reporter interviewed two people about working
at home. Read what they said. Then complete the
questions and answers in reported speech.
Reporter: What do you think of working at home?
1zy: I was much happier working in an office. If I can find an office job,
I'll take it. I need to interact with others in order to be creative.
Some bosses are now reading workers' minds! Newspapers
recently reported that several businesses were using a brain sensor,
worn all day inside hats and helmets, which 1· • • • (monitor) the
emotions of their employees . They claimed that the device 2· . ..
(enable) employers to reduce pressure on tired or angry workers
by giving them a break or an easier task. They added that it 3· . ..
(already I improve) efficiency and productivity. However, human
rights activists protested that these thought-reading devices 4· . ••
(not respect) the privacy qf workers. In 2018, Amazon reported
that it was developing a watch which 5· ... (can I track) the hands
of employees col lecting items for customers' orders. They claimed
that they 6· ... (start) using it soon , in order to help workers find the
items they needed. However, employees predicted that the company
7· . .. (use) it to see if they 8· ... (waste) time on the job.

lan: I've been working at home since last Ap ri l, and I love it. I've saved
lots of money on petrol and I am enjoying the flexible hours. 6 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech us ing
the words in bracket s.
1 "You must work faster," Arlene told me. (had)
The reporter asked two people what L . . . working at
home. Suzy said that 2 · . .. much happier working in an 2 "Why don't you apply for a summer job here?"
office. She added that if she 3· . . . an office job, she 4 · . . . it. my best friend asked. (suggested)
She explained that she 5· . . . in order to be creative. 3 "Have you recruited any new employees?"
Ian mentioned that 6· ... since the previous April, and the reporter asked us. (wanted)
added that 7· • . • it. He pointed out that 8 · ..• on petrol. 4 "Don't inte rrupt the boss when she is on the phone!"
He also said that 9· . . . the flexible hours. my friend warned me. (not)
5 "Will these jobs be in high demand next year?"
I asked the counsellor. (whether)
6 "If I fin ish the report today, I'll give it to Sam,"
said Joe . (would)

GRAMMAR IN USE - - - - - - -
7 Ask your partner question s. T hen re port hi s 1
her answers to another student.
Ask about:
• things your partner did yesterday
• things your partner has done recently

--·
• things your partner will do in future
r-----------.,
A lba said she had gone to 1
I _________
. ,the,_ gym the day before. . I
,,
VOCABULARY
VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS
Remember: Some verbs are usually followed by
a specific preposition.
He was presented with an award for his hard work.
How did she react to your comments?
] Verbs + Prepositions List
1 Complete the sentences with the correct
preposition below. Pay attention to the words in
colour. One preposition can be used twice.
with I to I in I for I of
1 She made a good impression which resulted ...
her getting the job.
2 We're aiming ... a booming sales season .
3 I can't work tonight. Can you substitute .. . me?
4 it' s not easy to cater ... some of our customers .
5 She ' s having trouble coping ... all the pressures of
her job.
6 You remind me ... someone I used to work with.
2 Match A to B and add a preposition to form
sentences. Use in, for (x 2), to, from or on.
A
1 I'm thinking of specialising
2 Your supervisor won't object
3 I'd like to congratulate you
4 How much do they charge
5 People tried to discourage me
6 Kim's teachers have always praised her
B
a doing an apprenticeship.
b criminal law.
c helping other students.
d that course?
e you taking a short holiday.
f your promotion at work .
l!~ji~~~~~[it Monologues and Dial4
3 What are some advantages of a job that invo
working with people? What are some disadvi
CM 4 You are going to hear people talking in five 1
situations. Listen and choose the correct ans
1 You hear a man talking about his job. What doe
dislike about it?
page 143
a He doesn't get enough holiday time.
b His holidays are not at the right time .
c it' s difficult to deal with the people.
2 You hear an artist talking about his childhood.
What helped him in his career?
a being encouraged by his parents
b inheriting his father's talent
c being exposed to art at an early age
3 You hear part of a conversation with an engine€
What is she doing?
a promoting an event
b describing her job
c persuading people to become engineers
4 You hear two people talking. What do they agre
a it's boring to look after a younger sister.
b it's unfair not to let employees keep their jot
c lt would be wrong for the woman to apply fo 1
5 You hear a woman talking about a new job. Hov
she feeling?
a confident
b disappointed
c nervous
LOOKING AT .
PRONUNCIATION
(fa) 1 Listen and repeat the words below from
the monologues and dialogues.
job / d3/ year / j /
@ 2 Match the bolded letters in each word
to the correct phonetic symbol / d3 / or
/j / . Then listen and check your answers .
I used I jump
Pronunciation Practice
 6
4@31~(iJ A Job Interview
Complete the excerpt from a job interview. Use the phrases and questions below.
I think I'd make a really good I Why do you want to work for us I What are the working hours
Do you have any questions about the job I Why do you think we should hire you I When would you like to start
A: So, you 'd like a job. 1 . .. ? A: Maybe there are things you'd like to know. 4 · . .. ?
B: I think this would be a great place to develop as B: Yes, I do. 5· . . . ?
a lighting technician. A: Well, that depends on when we have performances ,
A: Tell us more about yourself. 2· .• . ? of course. 6 · . . . ?
B: Well, 3 · .. . employee. I work well under pressure, B: As soon as possible - I' m not working at the moment.
and I'm good at lighting .

• Look at the phrases below. Decide who would say each of them, an interviewer (I)
or an applicant (A).
1 May I ask how much you pay? 3 Sounds fair.
2 We'll keep you in mind. 4 Have you had any previous experience?

Read the advert for tutors. Which of the following

TUTORS NEEDED
qualities do you think you would need for the job?
Looking for excellent tutors age 16 and up
work well with children I good at multitasking to teach younger children
patience I physically fit I work well under pressu re
Specific school subjects, study methods, help
team player I able to explain things clearly
with homework and enrichment
interpersonal skills I trustworthy
One-on-one lessons, online or in person
teenswhotutor@zma i l.org

~ Watch or listen to a job interview. Why is I is n't A lfie

suitable for the job? Do you think he should be hired?

TASK A Job Interview

In pairs, choose one of the following adverts and role-play
a job interview. Student A is the interviewer and Student B
is the applicant. Then switch roles using the other advert.
Use the expressions in colour in Exercises 1 and 2 and
the words and phrases in Exercise 3 to help you.

Applicants must be:

• Organised
• Responsible and trustworthy
• Able to carry heavy loads and walk long
distances
• Able to deal with the public in a friendly way
• Prepared to work in all sorts of weather -
the public depends on you!
lftfJ;liil~[iJ A Job Application
WORK WITH A MODEL
The purpose of a job application is to formally
apply for a job or position. An applicant usually
gives details of any relevant experience they
have, and asks for a response. it's important to
use formal language in a job application.

1 Read the advert and th e model e-mail

below. Do you think the w riter is a
suitable applicant for the position?

Topic of e-mail
Details
Person who will receive
the application
Greeting
Dear Sir I Madam,
Opening
Regarding your advert, I would like to apply for the position of presenter at your television
State the purpose
network.
of thee-mail
I believe that I would be very suitable for the job. I have always been active in communications and
broadcasting. I have completed my A-levels in media studies, which has given me a strong
Body
background. My practical experience includes being a presenter for our school You Tube channel ,
Explain why you are where as part of my job I presented local stories, school news and sports events.
suitable for the job;
include relevant experience Your advert mentions needing an effective communicator. I have been praised for my ability to
and personal qualities speak clearly, and to explain events and stories in an interesting way. News media is where I see
my future, and I am eager to use my talents and experience professionally.
I hope that you will consider hiring me for this position. I would be happy to attend an interview at
Closing a time that is convenient for you.
Request a response
I look forward to your reply.

Signing off and contact

details
Yours faithfully,
Brandon Walker [~ LOOKING AT
LANGUAGE
Tel. 607755848 When we write a forma l letter of
brandwalk85509@gmail .com application, we often use the Present
Perfect Simple to describe our education
2 In which part of thee-mail could the writer have written and experience . Find examples in the
each of the following sentences? model in Exercise 1.
1 If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
2 I am a team player with strong interpersonal skills.
3 My job also involved interviewing people .
4 I believe that I am also good at showing the different sides of a story.

FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE

A formal letter ore-mail is usually written to a person you don't know. Therefore,
the tone should be polite rather than friendly. For example, we don't use slang or
contractions, and we often use indirect rather than direct questions.
Do you want me to come for an interview? )(
Please let me know if you would like me to come for an interview. .,/
In addition , there are certain phrases commonly used in formal letters. For example,
we use Dear Ms )ohnson or Dear Mr Turner if we know the name of the person we
are writi ng to , and Dear Sir 1 Madam or To Whom it May Concern if we do not.
 Find the formal way of writing the following sentences in the model in Exercise 1 on page 78.
1 I'm answering your advert. · 3 I really hope you hire me . 5 Bye for now.
2 I think I'd be great for the job. 4 Please answer me soon!

· Complete the formal letter below with one of the expressions in each pair.
1 a Dear Nancy 4 a I'm sure I'll do well
b To Whom it May Concern b I am confident that I will be a positive addition to your staff
2 a I want to work as a 5 a I am available for an interview at your convenience
b I would like to apply for the position of b I can come for an interview whenever you want
3 a I have previous experience in this type of work 6 a Yours faithfully
b I've done this kind of work before b See you

I.

2 3
· .. • sales assistant at your shop. · ••• , so I feel I would be suitable for the job. In addition,

I have good customer service skills and am very trustworthy and responsible. 4 · ••••
5.

I look forward to your reply.

6.

Bemice Anderson

TASK Write a Job Application

Write a job application of 120-150 words. • Basketball referee at
youth games for Years 3-5

PREPARE FOR THE TASK Responsibilities:

• Ensure that the rules of the game are
followed by all players
Read the job adverts. In a letter of application, which statements below • Enforce safety rules
would be suitable for each job? Some statements may apply to both jobs. • Ensure proper use of equipment and
1 As a member of our school team for many years, I am very familiar with the game. facilities
2 My excellent interpersonal skills enable me to work well with young people. Qualifications:
3 I am punctual and organised , and have no problem doing several things at once. • Basketball experience
• Ability to work with groups of children
4 You'll find that I am a natural leader. • Leadership and authority
5 I am reliable, responsible and hardworking. • Must attend required training course

DO THE TASK
~ Decide what job you are going to apply for. You can
apply for one of the jobs in the adverts, or think of
another job. Supermarket Picker- the first step on
the journey from click to customer!
Decide what information you want to include. Use Job Description: locating and packing
the ideas in the model and in Prepare for the Task items to fill orders
to help you. You should be able to:
• select items accurately
~ Organise your ideas into paragraphs according • work quickly
to the model in Exercise 1 on page 78. • multitask to fu lfil several orders at
the same time
I Write your job application. [ ] Writing Guide page 132 • walk, stand and bend continuously

CHECK YOUR WORK

• Organisation • Word order • Use of connectors
• Spelling • Grammar • Use of formal language
• Punctuation
Looking Back
l!le!lt!1:111!!1;\'l Review PRACTICAL
·-- -··-
ENGLISH
-
·-~--- -
Go to the Glcis sary o~n pa ges 108 ~116 for help.

WORD BUILDING

1 Complete the chart with the correct forms Request detailed information
of the words below. Resolve problems satisfactorily
NOUN ADJECTIVE
advance 1.
advanced 5 Student A: You want to sign up for two of the cour
fai l 2. below. Tell the secretary which courses you want
3. and the dates you prefer, and respond to his or he
reward reward
4.

remark
recruit I recruitment
remark 5.
Student
comments.B: You are the ,~=~====~
community centre secretary.
congratulate 6. congratulatory The first class the student
requests is still available.
2 Complete the sentences with words from the chart The second class is full, so
above. Make any necessary changes. explain and suggest an
1 His were very insulting .
00 .
alternative date.
2 I' m sure that it will be a very job. 00 .

3 His business was a because he didn't advertise .

00.

4 A week later, I got a note saying that I'd been

00 .

accepted .
5 The ten that passed the test were interviewed
00 .

the next day.

Time Management
6 Hopefully, I will to the next level.
oo .

Exploring Apprenticeships

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Writing Workshop: Cover Letters 5-7 pm

Discussion Group: Gap Year Options
3 Complete the sentences with a suitable
compound adjective below.
trustworthy I widespread I full~time
straightforward I first-rate
1 He is unable to find work because of unemployment. 00. Provide details
2 The work he did was We were very pleased.
00 • • Expand on relevant information
3 As a assistant, she spends an entire day at the shop.
000

4 She's very ... , so we can rely on her.

5 The instructions are You shouldn 't have any
00 ••
6 You are applying to the summer programme belo
difficulties understanding them.
BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR
VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS 1st-30th July Ages: 15-18
In this intensive full-time four-week programme, you'll learn the
4 Choose the correct preposition and complete each basics of adverti sing, marketing, management, financial planning
sentence with a logical item from the list. and much more.
my staying out late I a high mark in the exam If you think outside the box, are a problem solver and hope to be
repairing my phone I someone I know I multitasking self-employed, this programme is for you.
1 You should aim on I for 00 ••

Write a cover letter of 80-100 words describing

2 My parents object to I in ....
yourself and explaining why you want to
3 it's difficult for me to cope for 1 with . 00 •

participate in the programme.

4 You remind me of I about . oo •

5 I thi nk they've charged me too much for 1 on 00 • •

Install an antivirus app on your phone. 1t can ensure your safety,
so it's worth the extra cost.

Avoid posting personal details on social media sites. Make yourself

familiar with the privacy settings on your favourite social media-
and use them.

School Trip to Rome (June 6-9)

Years 11 and 12

Arrive at Rome Fiumicino International Airport

Bus to Rialto Hotel
 1 LIFE SKILLS

UNDERSTANDING A TRAVEL ITINERARY

Understanding Information
1 The purpose of a travel itinerary is to present
the destination and its highlights in the order
in which they'll be visited. Look at the travel
itinerary. Who is the trip aimed at and what is
the destination?
inform
2 Read the itinerary. What types of information
School Trip to Rome (June 6-9)
can you find in it?
1 activities planned for each day Years 11 and 12
2 time that each activity begins and ends 3 nights 14 days in Rome
3 accommodation Unless mentioned otherwise, all meals at hotels
Transport provided to all sites by air-conditioned bus
4 date of trip
5 what transport is provided Day 1
6 what food is provided at lunch Morning Arrive at Rome Fiumicino International Airport
Bus to Rialto Hotel
3 Answer the questions about the information Afternoon Lunch and introduction
in the itinerary.
1 What historical sites are included? Evening Bus tour of downtown Rome
2 Which parts of the tour include modern culture Day2
in Rome?
3 Which activities are optional?
Picnic breakfast
4 When will people in the group be able to do what Morning Guided walking tour of the Colosseum and the Ro
they want? Forum: Feel what life was like in ancient Rome
5 Which meals will not be eaten at the hotel? Afternoon Optional activity* OR Free time for sightseeing
6 What is the last day you can register?
Evening Pizza-making lesson and meal

Problem Solving Day3

@ 4 Listen to Brett and Diana discussing the
itinerary and answer the questions.
1 What problem does each of them have with
the itinerary?
2 How do they decide to solve the two problems?
Day4
Picnic breakfast
Morning Explore Vatican City and the Sistine Chapel:
Experience the magnificent home of the Catholic
rel igion
Afternoon I Evening Optional activity* * OR Free time for sightseeing
Morning 1Afternoon Graffiti Tour: See the work of today's street artist~
a part of the city unknown to most tourists
Evening Bus to Rome Fiumicino International Airport

* Gladiator lessons: Learn the techniques of ancient Roman fighters and t

part in a friendly duel.
** Discover Rome from a different point of view: A two-hour bike trip arour
the city!
•
•
2 LIFE SKILLS

AVING SAFE ONLINE

llowing Instructions
Li sten to Dave and Marie's conversation about an app
called Find My Device. What is Dave's problem and
what solution does Marie suggest? Does Dave agree?

Listen again. What can Find My Device do?

a Show where your phone is on a map d Lock your phone
b Make your phone ring e Delete your data
c Answer your phone f Back up your data

itical Thinking
Read the Do's and Don'ts of phone safety below.
How many of them do you generally follow?

Install an antivirus app on your phone. lt can ensure your safety,

so it's worth the extra cost.

Avoid posting personal details on social media sites. Make yourself

familiar with the privacy settings on your favourite social media-
and use them .

People who steal your phone can hack it to get information about
you . Your phone should have a code or finger ID. If your phone is
lost or stolen , go to the nearest PC. Log into your Google account
and search for Find Device. This can h

Avoid using public Wi-Fi networks because you don't know who
can connect to them . If you do use on e, do not provide personal
details or order on line.

Which of the people below are taking the right actions?

Explain why, using the information in Exercise 3.
1 I've lost my phone , but never mind. lt was an old phone anyway.
2 This antivirus app uses up a lot of battery and slows down my phone ,
so I'm going to uninstall it.
3 I need to log on t o this cafe's Wi-F i, but I'm just going to use it to find
some information about the train timetable.
4 This game isn 't in my app store, but it looks great and it's free! I' m going to
download it .
5 I've made my Ti kTok profile private . Now only my followers can see my videos.
 3 LIFE SKILLS

MAKING A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

Classifying Information
1 Read the list of tips. Which of the tips fit under each of the following headings?
An Image Is Worth a Thousand Words I Keep lt Short I No Need to Read Aloud I Large and Clear

Tips for a Successful PowerPoint Presentation

1 Choose a classic font that's easy to read .
2 When you speak, don't say what's already written on the slides - explain it or add to it.
3 Include pictures and graph ics. Humour is always welcome!
4 The font should be large enough for those at the back of the room to read it.
5 The font should contrast with the background colour of your slide.
6 Write your slides in point form -avoid full sentences.
7 For numbers and stat ist ics , use graphs.
8 There should be no more than 4 or 5 points on a slide .

Applying Information
2 look at the slides. Discuss their good and bad aspects according to the tips.

(hl 3 Listen to Peter and Amy discussing their presentation and

answer the questions.
1 What information do Peter and Amy decide to begin with? Why?
2 How does Amy feel about speaking?
3 Doe s Peter want to use cue cards? Why or why not?
ALYSING SURVEYS
llysing Data
rhe results of surveys are often presented in charts and graphs. Look at the data below.
~hat is the topic of the survey? What issues do each of the charts deal with?

My Expectations of Friends
D Reply to fJ Include me 11 Tag me
messages in groups in memes

=
Orange not important at all =
Pink not im portant
=
Blue important =
Green v ery im po rtant

.nswer the following questions about the survey results.

In the bar chart, which platform is the most popular? Which is the least popular?
In the bar chart , the percentages add up to more than 100%. This is becaus e ... .
a more than 100 people we re asked
b many people use more than one platform
In th e pie charts , which of the ex pectations is th e most important to the greatest
percentage of teens? Which is t he least important?

ing Notes
isten to Jeff and Carol responding to the survey questions. Take notes and
nswer the questions.
What platform does Jeff use the most?
What platform is missing from the survey, according to Carol?
How important is it to Carol that fri ends reply to her message s?
How important is it to Jeff?
 UNDERSTANDING TIMETABLES
Following Timetables LONDON St Pancras > PARIS Gare du Nord
1 Look at the online train
timetable. What cities does
the train run between?
What types of information
does the timetable provide?

2 Use the timetable to answer the questions.

1 What time does the 12 :01 train from London arrive in Paris?
2 Which train from Paris arrives in London at 19:00?
3 When is the first train to leave Paris after 18:00 on Saturday?
4 Which t rains to Paris are not direct from London?

(ID 3 listen to Elaine and Travis arranging a train trip. Decide if the
following sentences are true or false. Correct the false sentences.
1 Elaine is going to Paris on business. 4 She can meet Lorraine at 10:30 .
2 She's going to return home the same day. 5 She wants to get home early.
3 She's going to meet Lorraine at the Louvre. 6 Travis makes a mistake reading the timetable .

Collaborating
5 LIFE SKILLS
ALVSINGACV
ntifying Content
Listen to Cathy helping Mike write his CV.
Nhich of the following details does she say
should be included in a CV?
name and contact details I date of birth
photo I personal profile statement
.vork experience I hobbies
~ducation and qualifications I languages
sports experience I computer skills
salary requirements I volunteer experience
Look at Mike's CV. Did he include all of
the details that Cathy recommended?
<\nswer the questions about Mike's CV.
1 Which of the following jobs do you think Mike
might be applyi ng for?
• Computer maintenance
• Computer programming
• Secondary school teacher
• Guitarist in a band
2 Do you think that Mike ' s volunteering
experience will help him get a job?
3 What shows that Mike is probably a good
student?
sonalising Information
Write a CV about yourself, following Mike's
example in Exercise 2. Re member to include
a personal profile statement.
Mike Braxton
24 Oak Avenue, Greenville PE3 86P
mbrax27 @gmail.com
Mobile: 607755848
Personal Profile Statement
I am in my fi nal year of secondary school. I have experience
in coding and can also maintai n PCs. As head of my school
computer club and as a youth worker at the youth club, I have
been able to develop my computer ski lls and interpersonal
skills, as well as my organising and leadership abilities.
Work Experience 2020-today
·Youth worker, Greenvi lie Youth Club
• Teaching maths and computer skills
• Organising club activities
Education and Qualifications 2018-2021
Greenville Secondary
• A-levels: maths, computer science, physics
Nine GCSEs including three sciences
Volunteering Experience 2019-2021
Volunteer at school computer lab
• Updating and maintaining computers
Computer Skills
• General: M icrosoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint
• Graphics: Photoshop
• Programming: Visual Basic
Languages
• English: mother tongue
• German: good level written and spoken
Hobbies
· Guitar
• Basketball

1]
IFF
1 Answer the questions.
1 How long have people lived in the Cardiff area?
2 When was most of Cardiff built?
3 What is the national musical instrument?
4 What is noticeable on all the streets in Cardiff?
5 Why was the Millennium Stadium built?
.-I
2 Decide if the following sentences are true or false.
Correct the false sentences.
1 Cardiff Castle was first built in the 15th century.
2 You can go shopping in Cardiff Bay.
3 Special materials from around the world were used to buil o
the Wales Millennium Centre.
4 The Millennium Stadium is used only for important sports !
5 You can go surfing indoors in Cardiff.

3 What languages do people speak in your area of the

country? Do you think preserving a historic language
should be a government's responsibility? Give reason
your answers.

@ 4 Read the text about a well-known author

born in Cardiff. What place in Cardiff did he
especially love as a child? How did it
influence his work?

ROALDDAHL
What does the story of Charlie and
the Chocolate Factory have to do with
Cardiff? One of the world's most loved
authors, Roald Dahl, was born and brought Cardiff has a dialect of its own .
it' s a hybrid of English and Welsh ,
up in Cardiff. The city takes great pride in its famous
jokingly called "Wenglish ".
resident and has even named an important plaza after him -
the one where the Wales Millennium Centre is located. You tidy- something good
You 've done a tidy job on that.
can tour around Cardiff looking at the places where Dahl
lived and went to church and school, each one marked chopsy - cheeky or rude
My sister' s chopsy, so she gets
with a blue plaque. Most importantly, you can see the
into a lot of trouble.
sweetshop that was the centre of his life as a young boy,
and may have inspired the idea for the chocolate factory tamping -very angry
I "'!as tamping when he took my ph
in his famous story.
where to's it? - where is it?
Whe re to's the shop you got that fr
 [2
.OS ANGELES
)ecide if the following sentences are true or false.
:orrect the false sentences.
Spanish is still an important language in Los Angeles.
Venice Beach is a popular small beach.
The creative industries employ many people in Los Angeles.
The Academy Awards is another name for the Oscars.
Los Angeles has more museums than any other city in the world.
UCLA is the most popular university in the United States .

•nswer the questions.

What is the connection between Spain and Los Angeles?
Why are the beaches popular in Los Angeles?
What is special about Universal Studios?
What can you see at the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

os Angeles is warm and sunny most of the year.

fould you prefer to live in a climate like Los Angeles
r somewhere where each season is different? Why?

ead the text about a famous area in Los Angeles. How did it get its name?

Venice
tear, millions of tourists from around the world come to enjoy the promenade
; Venice Beach. That's where street performers , fortune-tellers, vendors and
ans gather. Only a few streets away from the crowds is Venice , a quiet residential
here the streets are canals . With its beautiful bridges and charming homes, many
1eir own boat, Venice is a lovely place to explore. The district was originally built Slang in Southern California
5 by developer Abbot Kinney. He wanted to recreate the atmosphere of Venice, is influenced by the weather,
nd even brought over real gondolas and gondoliers! Unfortunately, many of the traffic, the entertainment industry
tl canals no longer exist, but those that remain can still be enjoyed. (Hollywood) and surfing , amongst
other things.
a grip - a lot of
I just made a grip of cash!
stoked - excited
I'm really stoked about the party
on Saturday.
he/la- very
Your dog is hella cute!
bomb - excellent
Did you enjoy the movie? I thought
it was bomb!
yadadamean?- Do you know
what I mean?
Winter is so depressing -
yadadamean?
 3]
HONG KONG-- =-~
1 Complete the sentences.
1 Britain ruled Hong Kong for over ....
2 Hong Kong has two official ... .
3 Hong Kong has the largest number of ... in the world.
4 Some of the traditional shops only sell ... .
5 People aren't allowed to .. . outside.

2 Answer the questions.

1 Why do students from so many countries study at
Hong Kong universities?
2 Why are there lion statues outside some banks?
3 Why do athletes come to Hong Kong in the summer?
4 What kind of cinema was once unique to Hong Kong?
5 What takes place every evening by the harbour?

3 Hong Kong is a city where "old meets new".

What are some historical building s and places in your
city or town? What is special about them?

G;} 4 Read the text about a delicious food called dim sum. When did people LOCAL LANGUAGE
eat dim sum in the past? Where do people often eat it today?
English is an official language
in Hong Kong. lt is used in
Dim9um
Dim sum are delicate, bite-sized treats made from rice flour that come in all
government and business, as well
as in academic circles. Many people
speak "Hong Kong English", a mix
sorts of interesting shapes, filled with meat or seafood and vegetables. This
of English and Cantonese.
tasty dish is now eaten all over the world, but it originated in Canton, the region
where Hong Kong is located. Centuries ago, merchants travelling along the Silk Here are some typical directions in
Road would stop at tea houses for rest and relaxation. These tea houses began Hong Kong English:
serving small snacks called dim sum to go with the tea. Eventually, dim sum Walk along the praya and you'll
became a central part of an entertaining custom still practised today, called see a small cha chaan teng where
yum cha. That's when family and friends sit around a table for hours, telling you can have one of the best cakes
stories, drinking tea and eating dim sum. But in Hong Kong, you don't have to and yin yeung in Hong Kong. To
take part in yum cha to eat dim sum. it's a popular street food as well! get there, you'll have to cross the
nullah , then turn right at the car
park. The restaurant is right across
from the shroff.
praya - a waterfront promenade
cha chaan teng - cafe or
restaurant
yin yeung - a drink made of tea
anp coffee
nullah - a stream or covered drai 1
shroff - a ticket booth
LIVERPOOL
I Decide if the following sentences are true or false.
Correct the false sentences.
1 Liverpool is on the east coast.
2 People live at Albert Dock.
3 The Beatles sang about places in Liverpool.
4 The two famous cathedrals in Liverpool are
similar to one another.
5 There's not much nightlife in Liverpool.

~ Answer the questions.

1 Why was Liverpool important in the 18th and 19th centuries?
2 What is the connection between the Titanic and Liverpool?
3 What is the Cavern Club famous for?
4 What do you think "dead chuffed" means?

Scouse is a traditional Liverpool dish of meat and vegetables. What

are some of the traditional dishes in your area? Do you like them?

--
Which traditional dish would you serve a visitor from England?

.
Read the text about music in Liverpool. How did
records from the US reach Liverpool?

·late 1950s and early 1960s, a new genre of music developed in Liverpool. it
s own name- Merseybeat, named after the city's River Mersey, and the music's
J beat, influenced by American rock and roll, rhythm and blues and soul. But why
10ol? At the time, it wasn't easy to obtain American music records in the UK, but
•ool was special. Cruise ships regularly sailed between Liverpool and New York,
e young Liverpudlians who worked on these ships went mad over the music in
;_They brought home hundreds of records and introduced them to Liverpool,
Scouse is a term t hat refe rs to t he
musicians created their own interpretations. it was in this vibrant music scene
people, the food and also the local
e Beatles would form , going on to make Mersey's beat world famous.
dialect of Liverpool. Here are som e
classic Scouse ex pressi ons :
boss- good, great
Your new jacket is just boss!
g'wed - go ahead 1 well done
I heard you got your driving
licence. G'wed!
soft lad - a fool, idiot
I can 't believe you lost you r
phone again , you soft lad!
sittin' off - staying home
I don't fe el like going out tonight.
I th ink I'll ju st sit off with my mum.
 5]
NEW YORK CI1Y
Decide if the following sentences are true or false.
Correct the false sentences.
1 New York City is bigger than the capital city of the USA.
2 The Guggenheim is on Broadway.
3 One World Trade Center* is the tallest building in the world.
4 Central Park is over a hundred years old.
5 You can reach all five boroughs by subway.

2 Answer the questions.

1 How many people live in New York?
2 What is special about Museum Mile?
3 Why do so many people recognise Central Park?
4 What do the Eiffel Tower and the Statue of Liberty have in common?
5 Why is Grand Central Station more than just a train station?

3 What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages

of living in a skyscraper? Would you like to live in one?
Give reasons for your answers.

@ 4 Read the text about a famous New York City street.

What two facts do we learn about the street's history?

Broadway
Broadway, one of New York City's most famous streets, is also the New York City slang is heavily
longest street in the city. Difficult as it is to imagine, it was originally a influenced by hip-hop culture
path cut through the forests by the Native Americans, long before the and combines African, Latino <
Europeans settled there in 1624. Of course, Broadway is known mainly Caribbean cultural influences.
for its Theater * District, which is the centre of the American theatre griff - to stare at someone
industry. The Theater District was named the Great White Way in the Her dad grilled me the whole t
1890s, when Broadway became one of the first streets in the United I was there.
States to be lit with electric lights. This name remains relevant today kid I son - a close friend
because millions of lights on theatres and advertisements light up the Hey kid, do you want to go ou
night sky, giving the area an atmosphere of excitement
and adventure. guap I cake I cheese - monE
He gets a lot of cake in thatjo

brick - really cold, freezing

Take a coat, the weather is bri
tonight.
pie - pizza
That place sells the best pie
in town.
 AUC D
1 Decide if the follow ing sentences are true or false.
Correct the false sentences.
1 Auckland is the only city built on an active volcanic field.
2 There are two harbours in Auckland.
3 The All Blacks are dancers.
4 Eden Park is a stadium.
5 The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit were
filmed in Auckland.

2 Answer the question s.

1 Why aren't people in Auckland worried about
the volcanoes?
2 What extreme sport can you do at the Sky Tower?
3 Who are the Maoris?
4 What is another name for Auckland?

3 There are 48 volcanoes in Au ckl and.

Would you be prepared to live there?
Why or why not?

b) 4 Read the text about extreme sport in Auckland.

What activities does it mention? New Zealand has three offici al
langu ages - English, Maori and
A CITY OF THRILLS New Zealand sign language . Here
are some words and ex pression s
New Zealand is known as a paradise for extreme used in New Zealand :
sport lovers, and Auckland is no exception . At 328
metres , the city's iconic Sky Tower is the tallest snag- sausage
building in the Southern Hemisphere. You'll get barbie - barbecue
an amazing view f rom the observation deck, but
those who truly want to feel the height will love the gutted - disappointed
Skyjump, whe re you bungee jump from the tower! ta - thanks
For another thrilling experience, go skydiving from
a moving plane, or climb the Auckland Harbour No worries - lt's OK.
Bridge and then bungee jump from that into the sammie - sandwich
ocean below. Auckland is also a great place to
Can you "translate" the following
start off on full-day adventure tours which take you
conversation into standard Engl ish?
rappelling and rafting in incredible underground
caves or stunning canyons . All you have to do is Leo: Pass me a snag or two from
choose! the barbie.
Ollie: There's none left, sorry!
Leo: No worries, mate.
Ollie: Here's a sammie instead.
GETTING STARTED
PRESENT SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS
FORM FORM
base fo rm of verb I verb + -s I -es was I were + verb + -ing
USES USES
1 an action that happens regularly 1 an incomplete action in progress at a specific ti ,
We study maths twice a week. in the past
2 a general truth or scientific fact At 10.30, they were swimming at the beach.
The sun doesn't set before 9 pm in the summer. 2 an incomplete action in progress interrupted by
3 a thought, feeling or expectation (a stative verb) another action
Do you want to leave now? I was waiting in the queue when the man grabbed
my bag.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY I TIME EXPRESSIONS 3 two incomplete actions in progress at the same
always, usually, generally, regularly, often, frequently, time in the past
sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never While I was trying to study, my brother was listen
every day 1 week, on Mondays, once a month, at night, to loud music.
at 1.00, in the morning , How often ... ?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, page 86 last night I week I year, at 3.00, when, while, as
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, Rag
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORM
am I is I are + verb + -ing
1 Complete the sentences with the correct time
expression below.
USES whtre 1 last n~ht 1 a few minutes ago I at mid
1 an action happening now th~ I usually
They are taking an exam now. 1 I didn't go to sleep late ... .
2 a temporary action 2 They were still watching TV .. ..
He isn't playing football this year.
3 Were you listening .. . she was explaining the lessc
3 a definite plan for the near future
4 First we ate dinner and .. . we met friends .
Are you meeting friends tomorrow?
5 I ... go out at weekends but this weekend ,
TIME EXPRESSIONS l''m staying home.
now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, 6 They were just here but left ....
today, these days, this evening, this month, tonight,
tomorrow, next Sunday I week I year
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form c
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, page 86 the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple,
Present Continuous, Past Simple or Past Contin
PAST SIMPLE 1 Our school ... (open) in 1988.
FORM 2 Now I ... (understand) what you mean .
verb + -ed I irregular verbs 3 lt was early morning. The birds .. . (sing).
USES 4 I called her, but she .. . (not answer).
1 a completed action in the past 5 I can't wait! My favourite singer ... (perform) tonigl
They finished school last year. 6 What ... you .. . (think) about my idea for a party?
2 consecutive past actions 7 Darren lost his glasses while he ... (hike) in the
I woke up and got dressed. mountains.
TIME EXPRESSIONS 8 She looked upset, so I ... (ask) her what was wron£
yesterday, last week I year, two days ago, in 2004,
in the 1970s, in the 15th century, when, then
[] Grammar Appendix
[] Irregular Verbs list
ting Started GRAMMAR BASICS

'RESENT PERFECT SIMPLE 4 Complete the sentences using the verbs in

=ORM brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple,
?ave I has + past participle Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple.
1 I see that four people ... (comment) on my post so far.
JSES
an action that started in the past and continues to 2 We went to the shops because we ... (run out of)
the present milk and cheese.
We have been friends since childhood. 3 I ... (leave) my phone at home. Can I borrow yours?
We have lived in Spain for seven years. 4 We ... (be) friends for years before we fell in love.
an action that took place at an unspecified time in 5 I couldn't see how much the jeans cost because
the past and is relevant to the present the price tag ... (fall off).
Chris has already bought his books. 6 We're finally on our way. I ... (want) to go skiing
riME EXPRESSIONS my whole life.
1ever, ever, already, just, yet, recently, lately, always, 7 Her~ you are! How long .. . you .. . (be) here?
;o far, in recent years, for, since, How long ... ? 8 We ... (arrive) late because we had missed our bus .
[] Grammar Appendix
5 Complete the mini-dialogues with a suitable word.
AST PERFECT SIMPLE
1 A: When L .. . you last see John?
B: I 2 ... not seen him 3 · ... weeks.
=ORM
4
?ad+ past participle A: So what · ... you decided to do?
B: I don't know. I haven't made a decision 5·
JSE
m action that took place before a specific moment or A: He passed his driving test.
mother action in the past B: That's great. How many lessons 6 · .. . he taken before
had eaten before everyone arrived. he passed?
riME EXPRESSIONS
tlready, by the time, after, before, until, never, just 6 Correct the errors.
1 We left after we checked all the locks.
[] Grammar Appendix
2 The last time I have seen her was a year ago.
3 This is delicious. it's the first time I had eaten
Choosethecorrectanswe~ a vegan cake.
1 I still ... my project. 4 What time had you gone out last night?
a didn't finish 5 Let's watch something else. I had already seen
b haven't finished that film.
2 Please forgive me. I ... several times. 6 I read this book so many times.
a have apologised
b had apologised
3 There you are! Where ... all day?
a have you been
b had you been
4 John couldn't log in. He ... the password.
a has forgotten
b had forgotten
5 I had gone to sleep before my friends .. . .
a arrived
b had arrived
Getting Started GRAMMAR BASICS

FUTURE SIMPLE 7 Complete the dialogues with the correct form o

FORM the verbs in brackets. Use the Future Simple or
will+ base form of verb be going to.
1 A: What are you r plans fo r the wee ke nd?
USES
1 a prediction B: I ... (shop around) fo r a new phon e.
He 's a great teacher. I'm sure you'll enjoy his class. 2 A: You broke my favourite cup.
2 future events in a timetable I schedule B: I' m sorry. I ... (buy) you a new one.
The shop will open at 9.00. 3 A: Do you th ink Emily will be at the party?
3 a spontaneous decision B: She probably ... (not come). She's very shy.
I just saw a great clip. I'll send it to you. 4 A: The floor is wet .
TIME EXPRESSIONS B: Be careful! You ... (slip).
in the future, one day, at 2.30 5 A: it's an ex citing game .
[] Grammar Appendix B: Who do you think ... (win)?

BE GOING TO 8 Choose the correct continuation.

FORM 1 We can meet after 8.00.
am I is I are + going to + base form of verb a I' ll be doing my homework then .
USES b I' ll have done my homework by then .
1 a future plan 2 Let's chat tomorrow afternoon.
I'm going to work on my essay tomorrow. a Sorry. I' ll have studied all afternoon .
2 an action that is about to happen b Sorry. I' ll be studying all afternoon .
Don't run! You are going to fall! 3 Please send Amy my regards on Thursday.
TIME EXPRESSIONS a I can 't. I won't be seeing her.
tomorrow, this evening, in an hour, at 7 o' clock, later, · b I can 't. I won't have seen her.
next week I month, soon, in a few minutes, in the future, 4 Will he tell us his decision at tomorrow's meeting?
on 3rd June
a He won 't have made a decision by then.
[] Grammar Appendix
b He won 't be making a decision by then .
FUTURE CONTINUOUS 5 I'd like to have dinner in an hour.
a Will you be returning home by then?
FORM
will+ be + verb + -ing b Will you have return ed home by then?

USES 9 Complete the mini-dialogues with the verbs

1 an action in progress at a specific time in the future below. Use the Future Perfect Simple or
At this time next year, they'll be attending university. Future Continuous.
2 a future plan stay I not make I find I watch I save I use
I will be meeting him on Tuesday. 1 A: Can you pick me up at 8 pm?
TIME EXPRESSIONS B: No, I ... the match until 9.30.
at this time tomorrow, soon, next ... , on Monday, 2 A: I've told the guests to come at 5 pm.
in the next decade
B: That ' s too early. I ... all the food before they cor
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, Rage 88
3 A: We 're going to Amsterdam next month.

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE B: Really? .. . you ... at an Airbnb?

4 A: When will you be able to buy a car?
FORM
B: I hope I ... enough money by January.
will+ have + past participle
5 A: I think virtu al learning will increase in the future
USE
B: Yes , schools ... online technolog ies more and m
an action completed by a specific time in the future
6 A: University starts on 1st September.
At the end of this year, I will have turned 18.
B: ... you ... a fl at by then?
TIM E EXPRESSIONS
by thi s t ime next week, by 2 o'clock, by the end of ... ,
by th en, by July, in five months, by 2050
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, 12age 88
 GRAMMAR BASICS

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 2 Choose the correct answer. Pay attention to the
FORM verbs in bold.
have I has + been + verb + -ing 1 We have been planning our trip for ages .
USE it was I will be an amazing trip.
an action that started and is still goi ng on at the 2 I had been hiking for hou rs.
present moment or whose result s are still apparent I need I needed to take a break.
We have been listening to the tour guide for over 3 Tom hasn't been feeling well all week.
an hour.
His heiid hurts I hurt.
TIME EXPRESSIONS 4 I hadn't been looking forward to the lecture .
for a month I year, sin ce 2004, al l night I morning I I am I was glad they cancelled it.
day I week, How long ... ?
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, page 89 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Simple or Present Perfect Continuous.
FORM 1 I .. . (not tell) anyone about the party yet.
had+ been + verb + -ing 2 I .. . (talk) all day, but nobody understands my accent .
USE 3 We ... (not forget) the values our parents taught us.
an action that continued for some time up to 4 How long ... you ... (wait) outside my house?
another action in the past 5 ... you .. . (ever I notice) that Americans speak louder
We had been driving in the mountains for three hours than Brits?
before we saw a village.
TIME EXPRESSIONS 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use
for hours, since last March, wh en, until, before , the Past Perfect Sjmple or Past Perfect Continuous.
all night I morning I day I week look forJ ard I le,ve I wc{rk I wa,it I overcome
[ ]lrif!,J.@IJU.!§,[.jfl Work~o~k Rage 8~ 1 We were ex hausted because we ... at the fair all day.
2 By the time he arrived, the train ... .
Choose the correct answer. 3 After a year, our French was fluent. We : .. the languag e
barrier.
1 What ... all day? You haven't left your room fo r hours.
4 I was thrilled to be at the fest ival. I ... to it for month s.
a have you been doing 5 You looked annoyed. How long .. . you ... for them?
b had you been doing
2 She didn 't rea lise that he ... he r fo r years. 5 Complete the passage by choosing the correct
a has been looking for answer.
b had been looking for Two Hungarian Gifts
3 We ... for hours and they sti ll haven't arrived. In 1699, the Turks left Hungary after they L had ruled I
had been ruling the country for 150 years . During the ir
a have been wait ing
stay, they introduced the Hungarians to chillis and since
b had been waiting then , Hungarians 2· have made I have been making
4 The In cas .. . potatoes f or thousand s of years before pap rika from chil lis . Paprika is used in a meat dish call ed
the Spaniards discovered t hem. goulash . Goulash was fi rst invented by farmworkers
a has been growing who needed something easy to prepare while working
in the fields. The farmworkers 3 · have been preparing 1
b' had been growing
had been preparing their goulash with pepper for
5 My phone ... all week . That' s why I can't call anyone. centuries , but with paprika, it tasted even better. The
a hasn't been working dish became popular and people from all over the
b hadn't been work ing world 4 · have been cooking 1 had been cooking it
ever since. However, there ' s nothing like the goulash
made in Hungary. I know because I 5· have visited 1
have been visiting friends in Budapest for the past week
and they 6 · have been taking I had been taking me to
goulash restaurants al l over the city.
2] GRAMMAR BASICS

ZERO CONDITIONAL 1 Choose the correct answer.

FORM 1 Don't eat so fast! You choke I would choke I w
unless you slow down.
condition result
2 That man was lucky. If the bear would have atta
If I When I Unless + Present Simple I modal had attacked 1 attacked, it would have killed hir
+ Present Simple + base form of verb
3 That looks heavy. I wouldn't try to lift it if I had t
were I am you .
USE
4 Don't worry. I will call you the moment I arrive I
a general truth or fact will arrive I arrived.
If you leave meat out of the fridge, it becomes unsafe to eat.
5 That's dangerous. Heaters would catch I caugh1
, fire if you leave clothes on them.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FORM 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form
condition result verbs in brackets.
I +
If I Unless Present Simple I+ will I modal + 1 Dan could go into the water if he ... (know) how t
base form of verb I 2 Your burn ... (stop) hurting as soon as you putt~
imperative on it.
3 My dog won't bite if you ... (not frighten) her.
USE
future possibility 4 You ... (not have) the accident if your phone hadr
distracted you.
If the hurricane gets stronger, we will leave town.
5 lt might rain . If you go camping, ... (check) the
advice or suggestion in the form of a command
weather first.
If you ride your bicycle, wear a helmet.
6 The ice here gets thin when it ... (begin) to melt.
SECOND CONDITIONAL WISH CLAUSES
FORM FORM
condition result I wish 1 If only+ Past Simple
l1f I Unless + Past Simple I + would I could 1 might+ I wish I If only+ would I could + base form of vert:
base form of verb
USE
USE a situation the speaker is unhappy about in the pre~
an imaginary or hypothetical situation I wish I If only I had more money.
If we had a car seat, we could drive our baby niece home. I wish I If only we could find a way to clean up spa1
If I were I was you, I wouldn't go alone. I wish I If only people wouldn't hack satellites.

THIRD CONDITIONAL FORM

I wish I If only+ Past Perfect Simple
FORM
condition result USE
IIf+ Past Perfect Simple I+ would have I could have I regret about a past action or situation
might have + past participle I wish 1 If only they had evacuated the city!
USE [] Grammar Appendix Workbook Ra£
an impossible or unfulfilled situation in the past
He wouldn't have slipped if the floor had been dry. 3 Choose the correct answer.
1 I wish I could go I would go I had gone scuba<
TIME CLAUSES but I'm too frightened.
2 There ' s no GPS here. If only we brought I would
USES had brought a map!
Time clauses are often used in Zero and First Conditional
3 This climb is too difficult. I wish you warned I
sentences, where they replace the if clause. Words and
had warned I could warn me.
expressions like when, as soon as, the moment (that), etc.,
are followed by the Present Simple. 4 I wish you would try I had tried I tried bungee.
I'm sure you'll love it!
He will/et me know he's safe the moment he arrives.
When satellites collide, they create space debris. 5 I'm enjoying the hike, but I wish "it weren't I WOL
hadn't been so hot.
[] Grammar Appendix
6 I'd like to visit you. If only you won't live I don't
didn't live so far away!
~]
"HE PASSIVE "'.
FORM
I
.
They've found a new coach. (active)
+
<\ new coach has been found. (passJve)
.
~ resent Simple: am I is I are+ past participle
IIJew players are chosen every year.
>ast Simple: was I were+ past participle
The gold medal was won by a French skater.
=uture Simple: will be+ past participle
!\ new gym will be opened here next month.
Vlodals: modal + be + past participle
'(oga classes should be taught by a professional.
Vlodal Perfects: modal + have been + past participle
The rules might have been changed.
'resent Continuous: am I is I are + being + past participle
The victory is being celebrated all over the world.
'ast Continuous: was I were + being + past participle
That photo was taken just as the ball was being thrown
nto the basket.
•resent Perfect Simple: have I has+ been+ past participle
rhat gymnast has never been defeated.
•ast Perfect Simple: had been+ past participle
.Ye discovered that some equipment had been stolen.
JSE
Ve use the passive when we want to focus on the action
tnd when the agent is obvious or unknown.
[] Grammar Appendix Workbookd~ages
PECIAL FORMS
;ome verbs (say, think, believe, know, report, consider,
!Xpect) can be written in two ways in the passive.
\CTIVE:
'eople know that rugby is more dangerous than football.
'ASSIVE:
t is known that rugby is more dangerous than football.
lug by is known to be more dangerous than football.
:ommon verbs that can be written in two ways are say,
hink, believe, know, report, consider and expect.
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, Rage 93
HE CAUSATIVE ": }"
'ORM
•ave I get+ object + participle
Ve will have I will get the match filmed by a photographer.
·he coach had 1 got team members examined by a doctor.
lSE
le use the causative when we refer to an action that is
one for us by somebody else. There is no difference
etween have and get, but get is more informal.
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, g_age 93
GRAMMAR BASICS
1 Choose the correct answer.
1 Were you left I Did you leave I Were you leaving
your towel at the gym last night?
2 All violent spectators will be removed I will remove I
have removed from the stadium immediately.
3 Pilates and yoga believe to be I are believed to be I
are believed healthy forms of exercise.
4 The children didn't give I weren't giving I
weren't given unhealthy snacks by the organisers.
5 My teammates work out I are worked out I
are working out every morning.
6 The final match wasn't held I hasn't held I
hasn't been held yet.
Z Complete the sentences. Use the active or passive
form of the verbs in brackets.
1 They were unaware that hundreds of fake tickets ...
(already I sell).
2 My mum came in while we ... (practise).
3 The gym ... (renovate) next year.
4 We were glad that we ... (defeat) the other team .
5 Her score ... (calculate) by the judges at this moment.
6 In judo, you ... (might I throw) to the ground by
your opponent.
3 Read the first sentences about sports stars. Then
complete the second sentences using the causative.
1 She doesn't arrange her interviews. She ... them ...
by her agent.
2 He won 't drive his limousine tonight. He ... it ...
by his chauffeur.
92-93
3 They don't do their own shopping. They .. . it ...
by their personal assistant.
4 She didn't fly her private plane. She ... it ...
by her pilot.
5 He isn 't going to plant his own flowers. He ... them ...
by a gardener.
4 Complete the passage by choosing the correct answer.
Red Cards, Yellow Cards
English football referee Ken Aston was upset by a problem
that he L had experienced 1 had been experienced at the
1962 World Cup. Because players spoke various languages,
they couldn't understand what they 2 · were telling I
were being told when a referee spoke to them during the
matches. Then one day as he was driving, Aston 3· noticed I
was noticed a set of traffic lights and realised that its colours
4 · should adopt I should be adopted in football- yellow as a
warning and red as a signal to stop. After he told FIFA about
it, the organisation 5· had red and yellow cards printed I
printed red and yellow cards for the 1970 World Cup.
The experiment 6 · was considered I considered to be
successful and tens of thousands of red and yellow cards
7 · have used I have been used since then in football -
cards that 8 · can understand I can be understood
by everyone, no matter what language they speak.
I
4]
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
who I that (people)
Have you met the girl who I that lives across the street?
which I that (objects, animals)
I've just heard a rumour which I that is hard to believe.
when (time)
Summer is the season when we go on holiday.
where (place)
Verona is the city where Romeo and )uliet lived.
whose (possession)
That's the student whose name I can't remember.
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook Rage 94
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
A relative clause modifies a noun and is introduced by a
relative pronoun.
A relative clause follows the noun it modifies.
A defining relative clause provides information that is
essential to identifying the noun described.
I know a nice place where we can have dinner.
A non-defining relative clause provides information that
is not essential to identifying the noun described . We use
commas to separate a non-defining relative clause from
the main clause. We do not use the re lative pronoun that
in non-defining relative clauses.
First Dates, which is one of my favourite shows,
began in 2016.
NOTE: In defining relative clauses, we can omit the relative
pronouns who, which, that and when if they are not the
subject of the clause.
I don't know the people (that) he invited to his party.
That's the year (when) I was born.
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook Rage 94
1 Complete the passage by choosing the correct
answe r.
A Friendly App
I felt quite lonely after moving to London, L when I
where I which I didn 't know anyone. I missed having
friends 2 · that I which I where I could share time and
activities with. That's why I decided to use an app called
Bumble BFF (Best Friends Forever), 3· who I which I where
was created just for this purpose. On Bumble BFF, you post
photos showing what activities you like, and they'll send
you a list of people 4 · whose 1 that 1 who preferences are
similar to yours. You "swipe" your finger to the right if
you see someone 5· which I whose I that you like. If they
swipe too, you arrange a time 6 · when I where I who you
can meet. That's how I met Amy, 7 · who I that I which
has actually become my BFF! I'm no longer lonely, so this
is an app 8 · who I that I whose I can truly recommend!
GRAMMAR BASICS
2 Which FOUR relative pronouns can be omitted fr()
t he passage in Exercise 1?
3 Complet e the sentences with suitable relative
pronoun s and the phrases below.
he left her on the phone I she met her best friend
girlfriend has broken up with him I the lesson end
like to gossip and spread rumours
1 Colin is a boy ... .
2 Katherine probably won 't listen to the message ....
3 I'll meet you later, ....
4 She loved her old school , ... .
5 I don't want to be friends with people ... .
4 T he sentences below form an article about the
singe r Ade le. Combine them using the relative
pronoun s in brackets.
1 lt' s rare to fin d a singer. Her voice is as beautiful as
Adele ' s. (whose)
2 Adele often writes about her own life . She is known <
the queen of break-up songs. (who)
3 Her first album was inspi red by a break-up. lt is full
of sad songs. (which)
4 She had just broken up with a boyfriend . His name
has never been revealed . (whose)
5 She wrote her hit Someone Like You in 2011. That yE
she found out her ex-boyfriend had married someon
else. (when)
6 She currently lives in Los Angeles . We hope she 'll fin
happiness the re. (where)
FORMALANDINFORMALSTRUCTURES
There are two ways to form a relative clause when the
verb in the relative clause is followed by a preposition.
In the formal structure, the preposition comes before
the relative pronoun and we use the relative pronoun
whom instead of who.
The man to whom you introduced me was quite
interesting. (formal) ·
In the informal structure, the pre position comes at thE
end of the relative clause.
The man (who) you introduced me to was quite
interesting. (i nformal)
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, Rage ~
5 Rewrite the following sentences using the formal
structure.
1 The song which we are listening to was written by A<
2 The envelope which he put the letter into had her
address on it.
3 Thomas, who I am ~ oing camping with, is an old frie
4 The people who I stayed wit h were very kind.
5 Romance is a subject wh ich I know very little about.
] GRAMMAR BASICS
IODALS
:oR M
1odal + base form of verb
ISES
an (ability, request, poss ibility, perm ission , offer)
le can fix yoUt! watch.
~n you close/ the window?
'ou can find j he answer on the Internet.
an't (inabilitv, strong d isbe lief, prohibition)
·hat can't ~e your mum. She looks so young!
'ou can't go in tfere. lt's not allowed.
'e able to/ (ability, possibility)
le was aple to break the habit.
1ust (ne,t essity, obligation, st rong bel ief)
veryon~ must arrive on time.
"he children must be hungry. They've been outside
'Jr ages.
1ustn't (prohibition)
'ou mustn't feed the animals.
ave to I need to (nece ssity I obligation)
Ve have to finish before the deadline.
on't have to 1 don't need to 1 need n't (l ack of
ecessity I obligation)
11 be late. You needn't wait for me.
hould I ought to (advice)
le should get back before dark.
1ay 1 might (possibility)
hey may put off the meeting. They'll/et us know.
1ay (polite request, permissi on , offe r)
fay I ask a question?
ould (past ability, poss ibility, po lite request)
couldn't read the small letters.
ou could wear those jeans to the party tonight.
:ould you send me the address?
rould (formal request, offer)
Vould you like anything to drink?
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, ~ges 95-96
Choose ONE or TWO correct answers.
1 Could I Can I May you tell me what t ime it is?
2 You are able to I may I ought to keep a clock
near you. Then you'll know if you're late .
3 You mustn't I needn't I don't have t o d rive
me to school. I don't mind walkin g.
4 Liam doesn't look very happy. He mu st I
has to I can be upset about something.
5 it's Saturday! You mustn't I don't have t o I
can't get up early.
6 You might not I mustn't I shouldn't call Fred
in New York now. lt's 2 am over there!
MODAL PERFECTS
FORM
modal + have + past participle
USES
should have I ought to have (criticism or regret after a past event)
You should have tried harder.
shouldn't have (criticism or regret after a past event)
You shouldn't have taken Paul's /aptop.
could have (possibility to have done something, but in fact did not)
He could have shown up, but he decided to stay home.
can't I couldn't have (certainty that something was impossible)
They couldn't have missed their flight. They left three hours early.
may I might have (possibility that something was true)
She may have decided not to wait.
must have (certainty that something was true)
lt must have felt great to catch up with your old friend.
wou ld have (willingness to have done something, but in fact
did not)
I would have come to the party, but I had to study.
needn't have (unnecessary past action)
You needn't have worried. Everything is fine.
[] Grammar Appendix
2 Complete the sentences using the modal perfect form of the
modals below. Look at the uses in brackets to help you.
7 ' ~ ~
''-might I -cou ld I ~<Sh ould not I could not I would
,_--sho o ld I -must .
1 Wendy ~rashed into a tree. She '? driven so fast. (criticism)
2 I don't know where Trish is. She~. gone shopping. (possibility)
3 Brian 7-,. baked a cake , but he de~ided not to. (an ability unused)
4 What a mess! Jeff':\ . been in a hurry whe n he left. (certainty)
5 The weather was terrible. They G. cancelled the hike. (criticism)
6 IS called , but my phone wasn't working. (willingness)
7 That manY.. travelled to the past. it's impossible. (certainty)
HAD BETTER
FORM
had better (not) + base form of verb
USE
had better (strong warn ing)
You'd better hurry or you'll be late for your job interview.
You'd better not arrive late.
[] Grammar Appendix Workbook, page 97
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of had better
and the verbs in brackets.
1 You .. . (enter) that cave without a torch.
2 You .. . (go) to bed earl ier. You don't get enough sleep.
3 You must concentrate . You .. . (look) at your phone so much.
6]
REPORTED SPEECH
RULES
STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS
1 In reported statements and questions, we move
the verb one tense back when the reporting verb
is in the past.
"I will send you an invitation to a Zoom meeting,"
said Debbie.
Debbie said that she would send me an invitation
to a Zoom meeting.
2 In reported statements, we often add the word that.
"I've started a new job, " Ethan said.
Ethan said that he had started a new job.
3 In reported statements and questions, we usually
change personal pronouns and time and place
expressions as well as demonstrative and possessive
adjectives and pronouns.
'They designed this website last month," explained
Melissa.
Melissa explained that they had designed that website
the month before.
4 In Yes 1 No and Wh- questions, the reported question
is transformed into an affirmative sentence, so there
is no subject-verb inversion.
"When can you come in for an interview?" asked Steve.
Steve asked me when I could come in for an interview.
5 In Yes 1 No questions, we begin the reported question
with the words if or whether.
"Is this employee reliable?" asked the manager.
The manager asked if I whether that employee was
reliable.
NOTE: We can keep the Present Simple tense when reporting
a fact or permanent situation.
"Most employees go home at 5.00 pm," explained Ruth.
Ruth explained that most employees go home at 5.00 pm.
ORDERS AND REQUESTS
6 In reported orders and requests, we use the infinitive.
"Be more patient with the customers," ordered my boss.
My boss ordered me to be more patient with the
customers.
7 In negative reported orders, we use not+ infinitive.
"Don't put your computer here," said Jan.
)an asked 1 told me not to put my computer there.
SUGGESTIONS
8 In reported suggestions, the reporting verb can be
followed by a gerund or that+ subject+ base form.
"Let's look at job adverts," suggested Mike.
Mike suggested looking 1 that we look at job adverts.
[ ]lriiW!jlfillijb.I§MfiJYorkbook, P.ages 98-99
GRAMMAR BASICS
1 Choose the correct answer.
1 "When is the project due?"
My colleague wanted to know when
the project was due I was the project due.
2 "You won't have to work overtime here."
The employer promised that I didn't I wouldn'
have to work overtime here I there.
3 "Don't recruit any new workers next week."
My boss ordered me to not I not to recruit anv
new workers the following week I the week b
4 "Let's call off this meeting."
Tom suggested calling 1 to call off that I this
5 "Did you come in late yesterday?"
My supervisor asked me whether had I come I
I had come in late the day before I the next d
2 Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1 "I packed all of these boxes yesterday."
Chris claimed that he ... all of .. . boxes the ... d
2 "Can I work the morning shift next Monday?"
Jack asked whether ... the morning shift ... Mor
3 "Don't talk on the phone now!"
My colleague warned me ... on the phone ... .
4 "Why do you prefer to be a freelancer?"
Dianne wondered ... I ... to be a freelancer.
5 "You should show them your portfolio."
The counsellor recommended ... them ... portf<
6 "Please translate this letter today."
I asked my friend ... that letter ... .
3 Complete the sentences with a suitable repo
verb below.
promised 1 admitted I complained I denied
1 The manager ... that people were coming to wo
2 The shop assistant ... that I would not be charg
for delivery.
3 The woman in the shop .. . that she had ever
stolen anything.
4 I ... that I had made a mistake and apologised.
5 The guard ... me to wait in the queue.
4 Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1 "I've always found this type of work rewarding.'
Beth pointed out ....
2 "Please make an appointment, Sir."
The secretary asked ....
3 "I'm still looking for a job."
Andrew admitted that ... .
4 "What were you doing last night?"
My supervisor wanted to know ....
5 "You should fill in all these forms."
The manager suggested ... .
 PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
- -...... ....... ... ~ ~- ~

, ..,.,, [1] Q;) 5 Which word in each group does not contain the
vowel sound shown by the phonetic symbol?
Listen and check your answers.
PHONETIC ALPHABET 1 / 3:/ unheard early perk wear
--1 Listen and repeat the sounds and words in 2 ; e; steady fetch paid heavy
the pronunciation table below.

a: far, past u foot, good n nose

VOWEL SOUND: hi
a! cat, band u: food,you p pink
a1 kite, fiv e u;;> pure, cure r red
@ 6 In which of the words below is 1 are the letter/sin
colour pronounced /::~/?
au m ouse, town 3: w ord, h eard s seven 1 appropriate 3 heritage 5 culture
e bed, h ead A but, cup tall 2 mann ers 4 attempt 6 tremble
er play, page ;:, afraid, mother v very
e::~ chair,' bear b bed w window
. . TIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
in, tip d door z zebra The sound /::~ / is called "schwa" and is the most
i: m e, tea f father S shop common sound in spoken English. It never appears
happy g girl 3 television in the stressed syllable of a word.
r::~ n ear, deer h hat lJ sing
o n ot, stop j yes tS children lll~lil [2]
::~u phon e, boat k king e think
;,: door, four long 6 the
;,r toy, enjoy m mouse d3 job
VOWEL SOUNDS: / re/ / a:/

~ 1 Listen and repeat the words below, paying attention

-" 2 Listen and choose the correct phonetic symbol to the vowel sounds in colour. Which word contains
for the sounds in colour. Then listen again the /re/ sound? Which contains the /a:/ sound?
and repeat. 1 car 2 ha nd
1 heritage / d3/ / j / 5 part / D/ ; a:;
2 roots ; u:; / U/ 6 misconception 131 !SI @ 2 Copy the chart into your notebook and write the
words in the correct column. Then listen and
3 fetch 131 ; tJ; 7 straightforward / ei/ / D/ check your answers.

- -
4 tribal / I/ / aJ/ 8 cold / 'J:j ; ::~u; crash I attack I lifeg uard I park I gra b I charge

-" 3 Read the following phonetic symbols and write

the words. Then listen and check your answers.
1 /'ma!n::J/ 4 ;::~uv::~'welmJD/
2 /'sAtl/ 5 !'S::~u of! CONSONANT SOUNDS: / t/ / d/
3 / n'zentful; 6 /'va!lju:z/ @ 3 Which of the words below contain the /t/ sound?
Listen and check your answers.
VOWEL SOUNDS: I 3:/ I e/ 1 important 2 quality 3 education 4 blocked

-, 4 listen and repeat the words below. Pay attention to ® 4 Which of the words below contain the /d/ sound?
the letters in colour. Listen and check your answers.
1 word /3:/ 2 head / e/ 1 fond 2 shocked 3 protected 4 debris

. . TIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
The sound /e/ is usually spelled e, but sometimes ea,
ie, a or ai.
bread 1 friend 1 many 1 said
. . TIP_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._
The sound ltl is usually spelled t or tt.
It is sometimes spelled ed in past tenses.
stopped 1 kicked
Some names start with th, but are pronounced /t/.
Thomas 1 Thailand
 unlil [3] 111~111 [4)

CONSONANT SOUNDS: / k/ I g/ VOWEL SOUNDS: / o/ / ~u/

@ 1 Listen and repeat the words below, paying ~ 1 listen and repeat the words below, paying
attention to the letters in colour. attention to the letters in colour.
1 traffi c ; k; 2 games ; g; 1 bel onging / D/ 2 expose ; ~u;

aJ 2 Which word in each group does not contain @ 2 Which word in each group does not contain th1
the sound shown by the phonetic symbol? vowel sound shown by the phonetic symbol?
listen and check your answers. listen and check your answers.
1 lkl sacred I setback I championship I ran k s 1 / D/ option wh at income honest
2 lgl bargain I g irls I against I ring 2 / ~U/ over purpose host goal

@ 3 Listen and choose the word you hear. ..TIP ................... .

1 good I could 3 rag I rack /o/ is usually spelled o and sometimes a.
2 gain I cane 4 pig 1 pick bottle I want

. . TIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
The letter k is silent in some words. PHONETIC PRACTICE
know knife
The sounds /ks/ and /gz/ are sometimes spelled ~ 3 Read the following phonetic symbols and writ4
with an x. words. Then listen and check your answers.
taxi I siK I eKam I eKactly 1 /'swol;;,u; 4 /'kApl/
2 /'tin/ 5 /'tJI;;> Ap/
3 /';;,uv;;,/ 6 / fert/
VOWEL SOUNDS: 1 ~1 I A/

{ID 4 listen to the vowel sounds in the words below.

Which words have got an /~/ sound? Which have
got an I A/ sound? Which have neither sound?
1 under 3 family 5 balance 7 water
2 j ump 4 home 6 come 8 touch

@ 5 Listen and choose the word you hear.

1 cup I cap 3 hang I hung
2 butter I batter 4 some I Sam

. . TIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
I A/ is usually spelled u, but can also be spelled o
and ou.
sun I son I rough
 PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE

IIU!il [5] IIU!II [6]

VOWEL SOUNDS: I A/ / a:/ CONSONANT CLUSTERS

~ 1 Listen to the vowel sounds in the words below. @ 1 Copy the words below into your notebook and
Which has got an 1A/ sound? Which has got underline the consonant cluster/sin each one.
an /a:/ sound? Then listen and repeat the words.
1 brother 2 apart 1 track 5 skill
2 break 6 catch
~ 2 Copy the chart into you r notebook and write 3 crowd 7 spill
the words in the correct column below. 4 thinks 8 clock
Then listen and check your answers.
rush I mother I pathways I wo rry I party

--
last I j udge I overco me THE SOUNDS:/ d3/ / j /

aJ 2 Listen and repeat the words below.

1 j ealous ; d3/ 2 university / j /

VOWEL SOUNDS: /3:/ / rg/ @ 3 Which word in each group does not contain the
sound shown by the phonetic symbol? Listen and
~ 3 Listen to the vowel sounds in the words below. check your answers.
Which word has got an 13:1 sound? Which has got
1 / d3/ engage di g ital deg ree ran ge j ob
an frg/ sound?
2 /j / trustworthy young un usual newspaper
1 early 2 near

. . TIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . TIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
/d3/ is usually spelled j, g, ge or dge.
There's always an r in the spelling of the !I~/ sound. job I magical I large I edge
It is not usually pronounced in British English, but
most Americans, Scots and Irish people pronounce
the rsound.

~ 4 Listen and choose the word you hear.

1 fur I fear
2 her I hear
3 pearl I pier
4 girl I gear
GLOSSARY
The words in this glossary are translated according
to their context in this book.
A at last /~t 'lo:st/ al I por fin
A-level /'eilevll prueba de acceso a la universidad
accounting /~'kauntn)/ contabilidad
accurately /'rekj~r~tli/ con exactitud 1 precision
accuse of /~'kju:z ov/ acusar de
acquire /~'kwai~/ adquirir
add to !'red t~/ desarrollar, ampliar
addition /~'dJJnl incorporaci6n
adrenaline rush /~'dren~lm rAJ! descarga I subid6n de
adrenalina
advance (n) /~d'vo:ns/ avance, progreso (in~ : con antelaci6n)
advance (v) /~d'vo:ns/ pasar, avanzar
advanced /~dvo:nst/ avanzadoja, superior
advancement /~d'vo:nsm~nt/ ascenso
advertise /'redv~tmz/ hacer publicidad, anunciar(se)
advice /~d'vais/ consejo
afraid of /~'fre1d ov/ asustado/a de (be~ : tener miedo de)
ages l'eid3~z/ siglos, una eternidad (for I in ~ : (desde hace)
siglos I una eternidad, (durante) mucho tiempo)
(get I stay) ahead of the game /get/ste1 ~hed ~v o~ 'genn/
(llevar) ventaja I la delantera
aim for /'e1m b:/ aspirar a, tener como objetivo
alike /~'!add parecido/a (look~ : parecerse)
allow /~'Iau/ permitir I dejar (a)
allowable /~'lau~bl/ permitido/a
allowance /~'lau~ns/ paga, retribuci6n
ancient /'emJ~nt/ antiguo/a (~ times: la antiguedad)
anxiety /reiJ'zai~ti/ preocupaci6n, inquietud; ansiedad
anxious /'reiJkJ~s/ preocupado/a, inquieto/a
apologetic /~pol~'d3etdd de disculpa
application /reph'keiJnl solicitud
apprenticeship /~'prentiJip/ (periodo de) formaci6n 1
aprendizaje
appropriate /~'pr~upri~t/ apropiado/a, adecuado/a
appropriateness /~'pr~upri~tn~s/ conveniencia
arrangements /~'remd3m~nts/ preparativos, planes
arrival /~'raiVIJ llegada
arrive /~'rmv/ llegar
assess /~'ses/ evaluar, valorar
asset /'reset/ ventaja
assum e /~'sju:Jn/ suponer, dar por hecho
astound /~'staund/ asombrar I dejar estupefacto/a a
ded /~'staundidl estupefacto/a, at6nito/a
astounding /~'staundiiJ/ asombroso/a, increible
at a time /~t ~ 'tarm/ cada 1 a la vez (a day~ : dia a dia ,
poco a poco; one~: de uno/a en uno/a)
at once /~t 'wAns/ a la vez, al mismo tiempo (a//~: de gol ,
at one's own risk /~t wAnZ ~un 'nskl bajo su propia
responsabilidad, por su cuenta y riesgo
at short notice /~t J;,:t 'n~ut1s/ a ultima hora, con poca antE
attach /~ 'tretJ/ poner, colocar; sujetar; adjuntar
attached /~'tretJtl apegado/a, unido/a (be~ to: tener cariii
querer a)
attachment /~'tretJm~nt/ vinculo
attempt to /~'tempt tu:/ tratar de, intentar
avoid /~ ' v;,Idl evitar, eludir
award /~ 'w;,:d/ premia, trofeo
aware of /~'we~ ov/ consciente de (grow~ : tomar concien<
awkward /';,:kw~d/ complicado/a, poco practico/a; inc6mo
B
bachelor /'bretJ~I~/ soltero
bachelorette /bretJ~I~'ret/ soltera
back up !'brek Ap/ hacer una copia de seguridad (de)
bad for /'bred b:/ malo/a I perjudicial para
balance (n) /'brel~ns/ equilibrio
balance (v) /'brel~ns/ mantener I buscar el equilibrio (entre
ban on /'bren on/ prohibici6n de
be on one's way to /bi: on wAnz 'we1 tu:/ ir de camino/ rum
be short of money /bi: J;,:t ov 'rnAlli/ andar apuradoja I
escaso/a de dinero
beat /bi:t/latir
beloved !bi'IAVld/ amado/a
bend /bend/ agacharse
bend over backwards /bend ~uv~ 'brekw~dz/ hacer lo imposi
desvivirse
bite-sized /'baitsaizdl que se puede corner de un bocado
boom /bu:rn/ (estar) en auge, tener mucha demanda
booth /bu:o/ estand, caseta (ticket~ : ventanilla, taquilla)
borough !' bAr~/ distrito
bother !' boo~/ molestar(se), preocu par(se)
bravery /'breiv~ri/ valentia, valor
break someone's trust /bretk SAmWAllZ 'trAstl traicionar la
confianza de alguien
break the habit /bretk o~ 'hrebitl perder la (mala) costumbre
romper con el (mal) habito
breath /bre8/ respiraci6n; aliento (with every~ you take: ea•
vez que respiras)
breathe /bri:o/ respirar
breathless /' bre8l~s/ sin aire I aliento
brief /bri:f/ breve

ring about /'bn.IJ ;}baut/ provocar, ocasionar
ring over / 'brUJ ;)UV;}/ traer
ring together /'bniJ t;}geo;}/ unir, juntar
roadcasting /'br::>:dko:striJ/ radiodifus ion
rowse /brauz/ navegar (por)
udget /'bAd3rt/ presupuesto
urn /b3:nl quemadura
urn down / 'b3:n daunl quemarse, incendiarse
y mistake /bm mr'steik! por error I equivocacion
all off / 'b:l of/ suspender, cancelar
:~ 11 on /'b:l on/ pasar(se) aver I visitar a
:tlm down /'ko:m daunl calmar I tranquilizar a
ury out /'kreri aut/ llevar a cabo, realizar
:itch a cold /kretJ;} 'buld/ coger un resfriado, resfriarse
atch (someone) by surprise /kretJ sAmwAn bar S;}'prmz/
coger I pillar (a alguien) por sorpresa
:~tch fire /kretJ 'far;}/ prender fuego, empezar a arder
:~tch sight of /kretJ 'sart ;}V/ ver I avistar (a)
:~tch someone's eye /kretJ sAmwAnz 'ar! llamar la atencion
de alguien
:itCh up (with) /kretJ 1Ap wro/ alcanzar (a) ; ponerse al dfa (con)
:~ter to /'kert;} tu:/ atender I satisfacer (las necesidades de)
:~utious /'b:J;}s/ prudente, cauteloso/a
ell /sell celda
ertain / 's3:tnl cierto/a; seguro/a
ertainty /' s3:tnti/ certeza, seguridad
hallenge / 'tJrelmd3f reto, desaffo
hampionship /'tJrempi;}nJrp/ campeonato
harge for /'tJo:d3 f::>:/ cobrar por
harming /'tJo:mriJ/ con encanto
heeky / 'tJi:kil descarado/a, insolente
eer up /'tJr;} Ap/ levantar el animo 1 animar (a); animarse
hoke !tJ;}uk/ atragantarse
hoking l'tJ;}ukriJ/ atragantamiento
lose call /'kl;}us b:l/ por Ios pelos (be a - : salvarse por Ios
pelos)
oach /k;}utJ/ entrenador/a
olleague l'koli:g/ compafieroja de trabajo
ollide /k;}'lard/ chocar; colisionar
ollision /k;}'h3;}n/ colision, choque
:>me in / 'kAm m/ llegar; venir
ome off /'kAm of/ quitarse
ome to a conclusion /kAm tu: ;} bn'klu:3nl llegar a una
conclusion
ome up /'kAm Ap/ surgir
oming /'kAmUJ/ proximo/a
oming-of-age /'kAmt1J;)Verd3f (llegada a la) mayorfa de edad
GLOSSARY
comment on /'koment on! comentar, hacer comentarios
sob re
commit /k;}'mrt/ comprometerse
commitment /k;}'mrtm;}nt/ compromiso
committed /k;}'mrtrd/ comprometido/a
common sense /kom;}n 'sens/ sentido comun
compose /k;}m 1p;}uz/ componer
concerned /k;}n's3:nd/ preocupado/a
congratulate (on) /k;}n'grretJ;}lert on/ felicitar I dar la
enhorabuena (por)
congratulations /k;}ngrretJ;}'lerJ;}nz/ felicidades
congratulatory /k;}ngrretJ;}' lert;}ri/ de felicitacion I
enhorabuena
convey /k;}n'ver/ expresar, transmitir
cope with /'bup w ro/ hacer frente a, sobrellevar
copywriter /'kopirart;}/ red actor I a pub Iicitario I a
costly / 'kostli/ cos to so I a, caro I a
counsellor /'kauns;}l;}/ consejero/a, orientador/a
couple /'kApl/ pareja (a- of: un par de)
cover letter /'kAv;} let;}/ carta de presentacion
crash (n) !krreJ/ accidente
crash (v) !krreJ/ chocar(se), estrellar(se)
·
crawl /kr::>:l/ arrastrarse
cue card /'kju: ko:d/ tarjeta
culture gap /'kAltf;} grep/ brecha cultural
curious about / 'kju;}n ;}S ;}baut/ curioso/a I interesado/a por
(be- : sentir curiosidad I tener interes po r)
cut costs /kAt 'kosts/ reducir (Ios) costes I gastos
cut down on /kAt 'daun on/ reducir
D
danger /'demd3;}/ peligro, riesgo
dangerous /'demd3f;}S/ peligroso/a
daredevil /'de;}devl/ temerario/a, atrevido/a
dash /dreJ! raya
dead chuffed /'ded tJAftl muy contento/a I satisfechoja
deadline /'dedlmnl fecha lfmite, plazo
debris /' derbri:/ restos , residuos
deceive /dr'si:v/ engafiar I embaucar (a)
deceptive /dr'septiv/ engafioso/a
decision-making /dr 'sr3nmerkriJ/ toma de decisiones (- ability:
capacidad para tomar decisiones)
decline /dr'klarnl entrar en decadencia I decl ive
decrease /dr 'kri:s/ disminuir, reducir
deep trouble /'di:p trAbll serios problemas
defeat /dr'fi:t/ derrotar I veneer (a)
defunct /dr'fAIJktl en desuso, que ha dejado de func io nar
degree /dr'gri:/ grado (bachelor's - : licenciatura); titulo
(universitario)
delay (n) /dr 'ler/ retenci6n, atasco; retraso enforce hn'f::J:s/ hacer cum pli r, ap licar
delay (v) /dr 'ler/ retrasar engage in /m 'ger d3 rn/ part ici par en; entab lar (conversaci<
delayed /dr 'lerd/ retrasado/a ; atrasado:..:.f..:a:___ _ _ _ _ _ __ enjoyable /rn'd3::Jr;:Jbl/ dive rti do/a
delete /dr 'li:t/ borrar, eliminar ~ nsu re /rn 'Ju;:J/ garan tizar ; asegurar(se)
demand (n) /dr'ma:nd/ exigencia entrepreneur /ontr;:Jpr;:J'll3:/ emprended or/a, empresario/a
demand (v) /dr'ma:nd/ exigir entry-level /'entril evl/ de nivel basi co
deprive of /dr 'prarv .:;:J.:...
v/:.....!:
p.:..:
ri.:._
v:::a:....
r .:::d::::e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ envelope /'env;:J I;:Jup/ so~
deserve /dr'z3:v/ merecer(se) envious l'envr;:Js/ envidioso/ a, ce los o /a (be-: tener envid
despair (n) /dr 'spe;:J/ desesperaci6n __
celos):...._
despair (v) /dr 'spe;:J/ desesperar(se), perder la esperanza envy (n) /'envi/ envid ia, celo s
despairing /dt'spe;:Jnl)/ desesperado/a, de desesperaci6n____ envy (v) /'envi/ envi d iar a, t ener celos de
desperation /desp;:J'rerJn/ desesperaci6_n_ _ _ _ __ equ ality /i 'kwoiGti/ ig ual ~
developer /dr 'vei;:Jp;:J/ promotor/a inmobiliario/a exchange /rks'tJernd3/ ca mbiar
devote /dr 'v;:Jut/ dedicar ex hausting !rg'z::J:striJ/ agotador/a
discourage (someone) from /drs' kAnd3 sAJnwAn frAm/ disuadir exploit !rk'spbrt/ aprovech arse (de) __
(a alguien) de
disruptive /drs' rAptiV/ molesto/a, perturbador/a F
distract /drs'trrekt/ distraer (a) (be -ed: distraerse) fail /fe r!/ fracasar, fallar; suspender
distracted /drs'trrekt1d/ distrafdo/a failure /'feiljG/ f racaso ; quiebra
distracting /dts'trrekttl)/ que distrae, molesto.:...f.::.
a _ _ _ _ __ fair play /'feG pier/ juego limpio
distraction /dr s'trrekJ;:Jn/ d is:...:
:..: t....:
ra::..:c:...:c....:io::..:
' n_ _ _ _ _ _ __ fall asleep /hi G1sli:p/ qued arse dormido/a, dormi rse
disturb /dr 'st3:b/ molestar fall behind /f::J: I br'harnd/ retrasarse, rezagarse
do 1 try one's best /du:/trar w Anz 'best/ hacer (todo) lo posible fall ill /f::J:I 'rll caer I ponerse enferm o /a, enfermar
downtime /'dauntatm/ tiempo libre I de des:...:c..:a::..:
n.:.s.:.
o _ _ __ fall in love /h i m 'IAv/ enam orarse
downtown /'dauntaun/ centro (de ciudad)
- ---
fall out /h i 'aut/ enfadarse ; caerse
drag on /'drreg on/ eternizarse fall out of favou r /hi aut GV 'ferv;:J/ perder (la) aceptaci6n
drain /dretn/ sumidero, desague familiar with /fg'mr!i ;:J wro/ familiarizado/a con
dreadlocks /'dredloks/ rastas fashionable !'freJn;:Jbl/ a la I de m oda
~~-------
dress up /'dres Ap/ vestirse de forma elegante, engalanarse__ fate /fert/ destino
drive away l'drarv ;:Jw ei! ahuyentar I asust:..:a::.:..r.-.:<..:
a):..___ __ faulty l'h lti/ defe ctuoso I a
drive someone mad /drarv sAmwAn 'mred/ sacar a alguien de feat /fi:t/ logro , hazafia
sus cas illas
feature l'fi :tf?/ con tar con , inclui r
drop by /'drop bar/ pasarse (por) _ _ _ _ __
fed up !'fed Ap/ h a rto ~
drop out of !'drop aut ;:Jv/ abandonar I dejar (Ios estudios)
drown /draun/ ahogarse -feellike /'fi: l lark/ t ener la sensaci6n de ; apetecer
-- -
field /fi: ld/ campo , secto r
(be) due /bi: 'dju:/ tener que entregarse I llegar; estar
previsto/a fill in /'frl m/ rell enar (i m preso o documento)
dull /dAI! aburrido/a first-rate /f3:st'rert/ de primera (categorfa), ex celente
fit in /'frt rn/ encaj ar, adaptarse ; hacer hueco a
E flowerbed l'flauGbed/ parterre, arr iate
fond of /' fond ov/ aficion ado / a a (be-: gustar mucho,
eager l'i:g;:J/ entusiasmado/a; impaciente , ansioso_La _ __
encantar; grow-: cog er le carifio a)
eagerness /'i:g;:Jngs/ entusiasmo ; impaci..:::e.:.:
n.:.c:.:
ia:..__ _ _ _ __
food supply /'fu:d s;:Jplar/ sumi ni stro de alimentos
educated /'ed3ukertrd/ cu:..:.lt: o
::..:.f..:a:___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
for the time being /f;:J OG 'tarm bi:riJ/ de momento , por aho
electric grid !r' lektrrk gnd/ red electric:...:
a_ __ _______
foreign /'form! ext rafi o/ a; extranjero/a
empl oy !rm 'pbr/ emplear, contratar
forgive /f;:J'g rv/ perdon ar (a)
enabl e !r'nerbl/ permitir (a)
forgiveness /fg'g rvnGs/ perd 6n
encourage /rn'kAnd3/ animar I alentar a; fomentar
forgiving /fg'g rv riJ/ co mpa·sivo/a, indulgente
e dan ger /m'demc!3;:J/ poner en peligro
fortune-teller /' htJu:ntei;:J/ adi v ino/ ~ dente
_ _....;g=..e_red /rn 'dernc!3;:Jd/ en peligro de extinci.::
6.:..:n_ __

elancer l'fri:la:ns;:,/ trabajador/a aut6nomo/a I por cuenta
ropia
fil /ful'fii/ efectuar, realizar
1-time /'fultairnl (a) tiempo complete I jornada completa
1ding /'fAndiiJ/ financiaci6n, fondos
~z /fAz/ pelusa
p year /'g<ep j1::J/ aiio sabatico
t around /get ;:,'raund/ moverse, desplazarse
·==~------------
t back /get 'b<ekl volver, regresar
----
t going /get 'g;:,uiiJ/ moverse, ponerse en marcha
t I have got butterflies in one's stomach /get/h;:,v got
lAt::Jflmz m wAnz stAm::Jkl sentir mariposas en el est6mago,
star nervioso/a
t it over with /get It ';:,uv;:, wio/ acabar con algo de una vez,
uitarse algo de encima
t rid of /get 'nd ;:,v/ deshacerse I librarse de
-----------
t to know /get t;:, 'n;:,u/ (llegar a) conocer (a)
'ted /'giftJd/ con talento
tmorous /'gl<em;:,r;:,s/ glamuroso/a, sofisticado/a
by /g;:,u 'ba1/ pasar, transcurrir
mad over /g;:,u 'm<ed ;:,uv;:,/ perder la cabeza I volverse
Jco/a por
off /g;:,u 'of/ sonar
od at /'gud <et/ bueno/a en I para (be-: tener facilidad
'ara, darsele (a alguien) bien)
----
'ssip /'gosip/ cotillear, contar chismes
ab /gr<eb/ coger, agarrar
ound /graund/ obligar a permanecer en tierra
ow to love /' gr;:,u t;:, IAv/ llegar a encantar
ower /'gr;:,u;:,/ floricultor I a
.nd in /'h<end m/ entregar
.ndle /'h<endl/ encargarse de, gestionar; afrontar
ng out /'h<eiJ aut/ pasar I echar el rato
ng up /'h<eiJ Ap/ colgar
.rbour !'ha:b;:,/ puerto
rdworking /ha:d'w3:kii)/ trabajador I a
~---'-------
.rm /ha:rn/ ser perjudicial para, hacer daiio a
.rmful l'ha:mfl/ perjudicial, daiiino/a
.rsh /ha:J/ duro/a
trshness !'ha:Jms/ dureza
tve the time of one's life /h<ev 6;:, 'ta1m ov wAnz laif/
>asarselo mejor que nunca _____
tzardous /'h<ez;:,d;:,s/ peligroso/a, arriesgado/a
~ ad over heels !'hed ;:,uv;:, hi:l z/ perdidamente , locamente
!adset /'hedset/ auriculares
--------------------------
GLOSSARY
heat up /'hi:t Ap/ calentarse
heavy drinker /'hevi drii)b/ bebedor/a empedernido/a
helmet /'helmit/ casco
help desk !'help desk/ atenci6n al cliente
help out !'help aut/ ayudar I echar una mano (a)
heritage l'hent1d3/ patrimonio I legado cultural
hiding place /'haidiiJ pleis/ escondite
high-paying /'haipeniJ/ bien remunerado/a
hiker /'haJb/ excursionista
hire !'hai;:,/ contratar (a)
hold one's breath /'h;:,uld wAnz bre8/ contener la respiraci6n
hopeless /'h;:,upl;:,s/ imposible
host /h;:,ust/ anfitri6n I on a
iconic /m'komk/ emblematico/a
illegal !I'li:gl/ ilegal
in a hurry /rn;:, 'hAri! con prisa (be-: ir con I tener prisa)
in future /m 'fju:tf;:,/ de ahora en adelante, a partir de ahora
in good shape /m gud 'Je1p/ en buena forma (ffsica)
in high demand /m hm d1'ma:nd/ muy demandado/a I
solicitado/a
in over one's head /m ;:,uv;:, wAnz lhed/ sobrepasado/a;
metido/a en un lfo
in person /m 'p3:sn/ en persona
in safe hands /m se1f 'h<endz/ en buenas manos, a salvo
in stages /m 'steic!3Iz/ paso a paso, por etapas I fases
in the lead /m 6;:, 'li:d/ a la I en cabeza (be -: llevar la
delantera)
in the nick of time /m 6;:, 'mk ov ta1m/ justo a tiempo
in time /m 'ta1rn/ a tiempo
in-depth !'mdep8/ exhaustive/a
inaccurate /m'<ekj;:,r;:,t/ err6neo/a, equivocado/a
inactive /m'<ektJv/ inactive/a
inappropriate /m;:,'pr;:,upri;:,t/ inapropiado/a, poco adecuado/a
industrious /m'dAstri;:,s/ trabajador I a
inherit /m'hent/ heredar
injure /'md3;:,/ herir; lesionar
injury /' md3;:,ri/ lesion
insensitive /m'sensitiv/ insensible
insensitivity /msens;:,'tiv;:,ti/ falta de sensibilidad I delicadeza
install /m'st::d/ instalar
institute h nstitju:t/ establecer, implantar
instruct /m'strAkt/ dar instrucciones a
internship /'rnt3:nJip/ (periodo de) practicas
interpersonal skills !'mt;:,p3:s;:,nl sla lz/ habilidades
interpersonales
involve /m'volv/ implicar, conllevar
involved /m'volvd/ involucradola, implicadola (become - in : look down on /luk 'daun on/ mirar por encima del hom t
participar en) menospreciar a
irresponsible /m 'spons:}bl/ irresponsable lose count /lu:z 'kaunt/ perder la cuenta
----- ---
it' s about I high time fits :} 1baut/'har tam11 ya es I era hora de lose one ' s patience /lu:z wAnz 'perJ:}ns/ perder la pacien·
que lose one's way /lu:z WAnz 'wer/ extraviarse, perderse
lose sight of /lu:z 'sart ov/ perder de vista (a)
J lose sleep over /lu:z 'sli:p :}UV:}/ perder el suefio 1
jailer /'d3eii:}/ carcelerola preocuparse por
-------------------------------
jokingly /'d3:}ukri]lil en broma lose touch with /lu:z 'tAtf w ro/ perde r el contacto con
jump the gun /d3Amp 0:} 'gAnl precipitarse , adelantarse loss /Ios/ perdida
just right /'d3Ast rart/ perfectola loud and clear !' laud rend kJI:}/ alto y claro , perfectamen
juvenile delinquency /d3u:vrnarl dr 'lriJkW:}nsi/ delincuencia
juvenil M
make a commitment /merk:} b'mitm:}nt/ comprometers•
K make it /'merk It/ triunfar, llegar a lo mas alto; (consegL
keep fit /ki:p 'f rt/ mantenerse en forma llegar
keep it short /ki:p rt 'J:J:t/ ser concisola I breve make of /'merk ov/ pensar de I sobre
keep one's head above water /ki:p wAnz hed :}bAv 'w:J:t:}/ make up /merk 1Ap/ hacer las paces , reconciliarse
dar abasto, salir adelante manage /'mrenrd3/ arreglarselas
keep safe /ki:p 'serf/ mantener a salvo management /'mrerud3m:}nt/ gesti6n, administraci6n
keep time /ki:p 'tarrnl medir el tiempo mane /mem/ melena
keep to a schedule /ki:p tu: :} 'Jedju:l/ cumplir (con) un horario manners l'mrenn/ modales , educaci6n (bad -: de mala
keep track of /ki:p 'track :}V/ ir con la atenci6n puesta en educaci6n)
knock over /nok 1
:}UV:}/ tirar; atropellar mass (n) /mres/ cantidad
1
know one's way around /n:}U wAnz wer :} raund/ conocer bien mass (v) /mres/ concentrar(se)
(lugar) massive /'mresrv/ gran cantidad de; enorme
match up /'mretJ Ap/ emparejar
L mate /mert/ compafierola ; amigo/a
language barrier / 'lreiJgwrctJ brerr:}/ barrera lingufstica meant for each other / 'ment [:} i:tf AO:}/ hechoslas elll a L
para ellla otrola
lantern /'lrent:}n/ farolillo
measure /'me3:}/ medida
large /la:dy grande
megastar l'meg:}sta:/ gran estrella, superestrella
lateness /'lertn:}s/ impuntualidad
memorial service /m:} 1m:J:ri:}l s3:vrs/ fune ral
lead on /'li:d on/ dar falsas esperanzas 1 engatusar (a)
merchant /'m3:tJ:}nt/ comerciante , mercader/a
leap /li:p/ saltar
mess /mes/ desorden, desastre
learn the ropes /13:n O:} 'r:}ups/ aprender a hacer el trabajo
messy /'mesi/ despeinadola, desarregladol a
leave out /'Ii:v aut/ omitir
misbehave /misbi'herv/ po rtarse I comportarse mal
left out / 'left aut/ excluidola, rechazadola
misconception hm sbn' sepJ:}n/ idea equivocada, concept·
leisure / 'le3:}/ ocio
err6neo
let in /'let rn/ dejar pasar I entrar
~-------------------------- mislead /mis' li:d/ engafiar I confundir a
lifeguard /'larfga:d/ socorrista
m isunderstand /mJsAnd:}'strend/ malinterpretar, entende r
light up /'la1t Ap/ iluminar
monitoring / 'moru t:}nl)/ observaci6n
live on the edge /lrv on oi: 'ed3/ vivir al lfmite
move on /'mu:v 011! pasar pagina, seguir adel ante
load /):}ud/ carga, peso
move the goalposts /mu:v 0:} 'g:}u)p:}usts/ cambiar las reg
lobby !'lobi/ vestfbulo del juego; subir el list6n
lock /lok/ encerrar; bloquear multitasking I'IDAltita:skiiJ/ realizaci6n de vari as tareas al
log /log/ reg istro mismo tiempo
log on / 'log on/ conectarse mysterious /mi 'sti:}fi:}s/ misteriosola
lon eline ss / 'bunlm:}s/ soledad
g for l' loiJ h / desear, anhelar

\J
ame a_!ter /'nenn a:ft;;,/ poner un nombre I nombrar (a) por
arrow-minded /mer;;,u'mamdid/ cerrado/a de mente,
intolerante
etwork /' netw3:k/ cadena (de television); red
ovice /'novis/ principiante, novato/a
) picker /'prb/ preparador/a de pedidos
•bey /;;,'bei/ cumpl ir; obedecer
·bject to /;;,b'd3ekt tu:/ oponerse a
•bservation deck /obz;;,'veiJ;;,n dek/ mirador
•n one's mind /on wAnz 'mamd/ en la mente I cabeza
--- -----
none's own /on wAnz ';;,un/ solo/a
n purpose /on 1p3:p;;,s/ a prop6sito I sabiendas, adrede
n the ball /on o;;, 'b::d/ al tanto
n the ground /on o;;, 'graund/ sobre el terreno
•n the job /on o;;, 'd3ob/ en el trabajo, trabajando
•n time /on 'ta1m/ a tiempo I la hora, puntual ____________
•ne-on-one /wAnon'wAn! individual, privado/a
pen up /';;,up;;,n Ap/ hablar abiertamente, sincerarse_ __
pen-minded /;;,up;;,n'mamdid/ abierto/a de mente (be- : no
tener prejuicios):.,__ ____
pponent /;;,'p;;,un;;,nt/ adversario/a, contrinca_n_t_e_______
ppose /;;,'p;;,uz/ oponerse a
pposed /;;,'p;;,uzd/ opuesto/a, contrario/a
•pposed to /;;,'p;;,uzd tu:/ contrario/a a (be-: estar en contra
de, oponerse a)
-------
<pposite /'op;;,zit/ opuesto/a, contrar_
io...:../_a_____
pposition /op;;,'ziJ;;,nl oposici6n
rdinary /':>:dnri/ normal, corriente
ther than !'Ao;;, o;;,n/ que no sea(n), a excepci6n de
- ---
ut of bounds /aut ;;,v 'baundz/ prohibido/a, no permitido/a
ut of danger /aut ;;,v 'demc!3;;,/ fuera de peligro
---
ut of place /aut ;;,v 'ple1s/ fuera de lugar, inc6modo/a
ut of the question /aut ov o;;, 'kwestJ;;,nl imposible,
impensable
•utlook /'autluk/ perspectiva; actitud
ver and over /;;,uv;;, ;;,nd ';;,uv;;,/ una y otra vez , repetidas
veces
ver the moon /;;,uv;;, o;;, 'mu:n/ exultante, loco/a de
contento/a
-----------
verdo it /;;,uv;;,' du: It/ pasarse (con)
verdoer /;;,uv;;, 'du:;;,/ persona muy energica I activa
verdraft huv;;,dra:ft/ descubierto
versleep /;;,uv;;,'sli:p/ quedarse dormido/a, no despertar(se)
a tiempo
vertime /';;,uv;;,tmrn/ horas extra(s)
verwhelming /;;,uv;;,'welmiiJ/ abrumador/a
--------------
GLOSSARY
p
paint chip /'pemt tJip/ trozo de pintura
par for the course /pa: f;;, o;;, 'b:s/ lo norm~_de esperar
pedestrian /p;;,' destri;;,n/ peat6n/ on a
perceive l [>;;,'si:v/ percibir, ver
physician lfi'ziJ;;,nl medica~
pick ~ p /'p1k Ap/ aprender; recoger
plan on /'phen on/ contar con
play a prank on /ple1 ;;, 'pneiJk on/ .2_astar una broma a
point out /'p:>mt aut/ seiialar, indicar_ _
political office /p;;,' hti ~l of1s/ cargo politico
position /p;;,'ziJn! puesto (de trabajo); posic i6n
pot /pot/ maceta, tiesto
praise for /'pre1z f:>:/ alabar I elogiar por
precious /'preJ;;,s/ preciado/a; precioso/a
present with /pn'zent wio/ entregar .. . a, hacer entrega de ... a
pret~ d /pn 'tend/ fingir
priest /pri:st/ sacerdote/isa
private practice /'pra1 v;;,t prrekt1s/ consulta I clinica privad a
problem solver /'probl;;,m solv;;,/ persona resolutiva __
promenade /prom;;,'na:d/ paseo ma_r_ft_im
__o_____________
prompt /prompt/ puntual ; rapido/a
promptness /'promptn;;,s/ puntualidad; rapidez
proper /'prop;;,/ adecuado/_a_ _
protected from /pr;;,'tektid f rom/ protegido/a de
P_l;! ll off /'pul of/ lograr, conseguir
punctual l'pAIJktJu;;,l/ puntual
punctuality /pAI]ktJu'rel;;,ti/ pu ntual id ad
punish /'pAmJ/ castigar
purchase /'pe:tJ;;,s/ comprar, adqu~r _
put down /'put daun/ soltar, dejar (sobre un~ uperficie )
put in danger /put m 'demd3;;,/ poner en peligro
put off /'put of/ aplazar, posponer
put on /'put on/ ponerse (ropa) _
Q
qualification lkwohfi'keiJn! titulaci6n ; requisito
quit !kwit/ renunciar, abandonar
R
range /remd3/ variedad (a - of diferentes)
rank /rreiJk! ocupar un lugar (en una competici6n), clasificar
rate /re1t/ valora r
----- -- -
react to /ri 'rekt tu:/ reaccionar a I ante
------------
-- -
rebuild /ri:'biid/ reconstruir; rehacer
record /n'b:d/ grabar
upgrade /Ap'greid/ renovar
Upside down /ApSaid 'daun/ bocabajo, al reves (turn-: poner
patas arriba)
use up /ju:z 'Ap/ consumir, gastar

V
valuable /'vcelju;;~bl/ valiosola, de valor
value /'vcelju:/ valor
venue /'venju:/ recinto; local
vibrant /'vaibr;;~nt/ animadola, alegre

w
wages /' weiQ)Iz/ sueldo, salario
wait up /' we1t Ap/ esperar levantadola I despiertola_
_.:.. _____
wa lk around /w:J:k ;;~'raund/ deambular 1 dar una vuelta (por)
warning /'w:J:miJ/ aviso, advertencia
watch one's step /wotJ wAnz 'step/ ir I caminar con cuidado
waterfront /'w:J:t;;~frAnt/ puerto, muelle
·~~---------------
we ll-being /'welbi:IIJ/ bienestar
------------------
widespread /'waidspred/ extendidola, generalizadola
' - - - - - --
will ingness /'wiiiiJn;;~s/ disposici6n, voluntad
- - - -- - - - -
willpower /'wilpau;;~/ fuerza de voluntad - - - - - - - ------ -
win hands down /wm hcendz 'daun/ ganar de forma aplastante I
con facilidad
wiring /' wai;;~niJ/ cableado
w itness /'witn;;~s/ ser testigo de, presenciar; ver
~---------
wonder /'wAnd;;~/ preguntarse
work one's way up /'w3:k wAnz we1 Ap/ ascender, subir I
escalar puestos
work out /'w3:k aut/ solucionar(se); hacer ejercicio, entrenar
workshop /'w3:kJop/ taller
worldwide (adj) /'w3:ldwmd/ mundial
worldwide (adv) /'w3:ldwaid/ en todo el mundo
-----------
wrest ling /'resh!]/ lucha
 FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE
•
NCTIONAL LANGUAGE
1' t.·,£<J-"~' ' ' .. iL1 -·:.!."'';"~ , - • l.

[il [1] 111~111 [2]

_KING ABOUT CULTURE DISCUSSING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
very common here to ... !Its veri 'koman h1a tu:/ lt bothers me that ... !It 'booaz m i: o.:et/ Me molesta q ue ...
muy comun aquf. ..
Have you ever noticed ... ? /h.:ev ju: eva 'naut1sd/ {.Aig una vez
hard for people to get used to ... !Its 'ho:d fa pi:pl te has fijado en I has notado .. .?
Jet ju:st tu:/ A la gente le cuesta 1 resulta diffcil
it's really dangerous because ... fits 'nali dernd3aras b1bz/
)Stumbrarse a ...
Es muy peligrosola porque ...
have to watch out for ... /ju: h.:ev ta 'wotJ aut h /
The police I The authorities should .. . loa pa'li:s/oi: a'8:>:ratiz
~nesque tener cuidado con ...
Judl La po lida I Las autoridades deberia(n) ...
light be new to you. /mait bi: 'nu: ta ju:/ ... podria(n) - ------
1 think we need .. . /m '8I!Jk w i: ni:d/ Creo que necesitamos ...
· nuevola(s) para ti.

to be open-minded about ... /tra1 ta bi: aupan 'mamd1d

SPECULATING ABOUT A PICTURE
tut/ lntenta no tener prejuicios sobre ...
You can tell that ... /j u: bn 'tel o.:et/ Se nota I ve que .. .

\IIPARING PICTURES The chances are ... loa 'tJo:nsiz a :/ Lo m as probable es que ...

pictures are alike because ... loa pdctJas a: a' lmk bikaz/ . .. obviously ... /'obviasli/ ... obviamente I claramente ...
; fotografias son parecidas I se parecen porque ...
He must be ... /hi: 'mAst bi:/ El de be de ser I estar ...
Jre A shows ... , while picture B shows ... /piktJa 'e1 Jauz
You can see that .. . /j u: b n 'si: o<et/ Se puede ve r que .. .
wail pdctJa 'bi: Jauz/ La fotografia A muestra ... , mientras
2 la fotografia B muestra ... ... most likely ... /maust 'laikli/ ... muy probablemente .. .

te background I foreground, you can see .. . / m oa He might ... /hi: 'mmt/ Puede que el I Podria ...
:kgraund/'6:graund ju: bn si:/ AI fondo I En primer piano ,
puede(n) ver ...
ems to me that ... /rt si:mz ta 'mi: o.:et/ Me parece I Creo
::! •••

onally, ... / 'p3:sanali/ Personalmente, ...

he left 1 right of the photo, there is I are ... Ion oa 'left!

t DV oa fautau oea Izlo:/ A la izquierda I derecha de la
o, hay .. .
ther difference is ... /a 'llAoa d1frans Iz! Otra diferencia

r both show ... /oe1 'bau8 Jau/ Ambas muestran ...

Jth pictures, ... /m 'bau8 piktJas/ En ambas fotografias ...
1cture A, we see .... In picture B, we see ... /rn piktJa
wi: si: .. . m piktJa 'bi: wi: si:/ En la fotografia A, vemos.. .
la fotografia B, vemos ...
u ask me, .. . !If ju: 'o:sk mi:/ Para mi I En mi opinion , .. .
I that .. . /a1 'fi:l o.:et/ Creo I Tengo la sensacion de que .. .
y opinion, ... /m ma1 a'pmjan/ En mi opinion, .. .
lil~lil [3] IINIII [4]
EXPRESSING PREFERENCES DISCUSSING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCI
I prefer ... /ar pn'f3:/ Prefiero ... My friend ... , while I ... /mm 'frend . .. wail ar/ Mi amigc
mientras que yo ...
I'd rather ... l ard 'ra:o;)/ Prefiero 1 Preferirfa ...
--------------------
Personally, ... !'p3:S;)n;)li/ Personalmente, ...
Both of us ... f'bgu8 ov As/ Ambos/as I Nosotros/as do:
--------- We're both .. . /wrg 'bgu8/ Los/as dos somas I estamos.
1 think I don't think ... far '8nJkl1d;)unt 8rl)kl Creo que I
Creo que no ... Neither of us is ... !'ni:O;) ov AS rz/ Ninguno/a de nosotr
es 1 esta ...
For me, .. . /[;) 'mi:/ Para mf, .. .
We all ... /wi: ':>:1/ Todoslas (nosotroslas) ...
AGREEING AND DISAGREEING Some I Most of us ... , but others ... /'sAIIli'm;)ust ov AS
bAt AO;)z/ Algunoslas 1 La mayorfa de nosotroslas ... , r
I completely agree. /ar bm'pli:tli ;)gri:/ Estoy totalmente I
otroslas ...
completamente de acuerdo.
----- We sometimes disagree about ... /wi: sAmtarmz 'drs;)gri:
Absolutely! !'c:ebs;)lu:tli/ iDesde luego!, iPor supuesto!
Algunas veces no estamos de acuerdo sabre ...
I suppose you're right. /m sg'pguz ju;) rart/ Supongo que
tienes raz6n.
REACHING A DECISION
You've got a point. /ju:v got;) 'p:)[nt/ En eso I Ahf te doy la
Let's talk about this one. /lets t:>:k gbaut 'ors wAn!
raz6n.
Hablemos de I sabre estela.
Maybe you're right. /'merbi jug rmt/ Tal vez I Quiza(s) tengas
I think that would be great. /ar 8II)k oc:et wud bi: 'grert/
raz6n.
Creo que eso serfa genial 1 estupendo.
I see what you mean. /ar si: wot ju: 'mi:n! Entiendo lo que
lt wouldn't work for me. /rt 'wudnt w3:k [;) mi:/ No me
quieres decir., Te entiendo.
funcionarfa I servirfa.
I see your point, but ... /m si: j:>: 'p:>mt bAt/ Te entiendo I
Veo lo que dices, pero ...
Do you think ... ? /du: ju: '8Il)kl [Crees I Te parece (que)
In my opinion, that's really .. . /rn 'mar gpmj;)n oc:ets n;)li/
That's not how I see it. /oc:ets 'not hau m si: rt/ No es asf como
En mi opinion, eso es realmente 1 muy .. .
yo lo veo.

No way. /n;)u 'we1/ Ni hablar., Para nada.

How about this one? /hau ;)baut 'o1s wAn! [Que tal estel<
So what do you think about this one? /sgu wot du: ju: 8r
Not necessarily. /not nes;)'sgrgli/ No necesariamente.
;)baut 'ors wAn! Entonces, [que opinas sabre 1 te pareo
That's true, but ... /oc:ets 'tru: bAt! Eso es cierto I verdad, estela?
pero ...
OK, so we agree. We both think ... /auke1 sgu wi: a'gri:
I don't agree at all. /ar dgunt ;) 1gri: c:et :>:1/ No estoy de acuerdo wi: 'b;)u8 8rl)kl Muy bien, asf que estamos de acuerdo.
en absoluto., No estoy para nada de acuerdo. Loslas dos creemos I A Ios I as dos nos parece .. .

For me, that isn't ... /fa 'mi: oc:et rznt/ Para mf, eso no es
est<i...

I think so , too. /ar '8riJk sau tu:/ Yo tambien lo creo.

Absolutely not! !'c:ebsalu:tli not/ iDe ninguna manera!,

iPor supuesto que no!
You've got a point! /ju:v got;) 'p:>mt/ iEn eso I Ahf te do•
la raz6n!

miiJ [S]
!\POLOGISING
apologise for ... /m ;:> polgd3a1z fg/ Pi do disculpas I perd6n
1
por ...
iorry I'm late. /'sori aun leit/ Siento llegar tarde.
had to ... /m 'ha:d tu:/ Tuve I Tenfa que ...
couldn't help it. /m 'kudnt help It! No pude I he podido
evitarlo .
!\CCEPTING AN APOLOGY
'lever mind. l'nev;:> mamd/ No importa., No pasa nada.
)on't worry about it. /d;:>unt 'wAri ;:>baut It/ No te preocupes
por eso.
t doesn't matter. /rt dAznt 'ma:tg/ No importa., No ti ene
importancia.
'-Jo problem. /n;:>u 'probl;:>m/ No hay problema., No te
preocupes.
!hat's alright. /oa:ts ;,:l'rait/ Esta bien., No pasa nada.
'-Jo worries . /n;:>u 'wAn z/ Note preocupes., No pasa nada.
:OMPARING PICTURES
lhe pictures are alike because ... /5;:> piktJgs a: g' laik b1bz/
Las fotograffas son parecidas I se parecen porque ...
\nother thing that's similar is that ... /;:> 1DAO;:> 811) O<:ets SIITI;:>[g IZ
oa:t/ Otra cosa que es similar I parecida es que ...
lhe situations are completely different. /og sitJueiJnz a:
bmpli:tli 'difr;:>nt/ Las situaciones son completamente I
totalmente diferentes.
n picture A, ... while in picture B, ... /m piktJ;:> 'e1 ... wa d m
piktJ;:> 'bi:/ En la fotograffa A, ... mientras que en la fotograffa
B, ....
\nother difference is that ... , whereas ... /;:> 1IlAO;:> difr;:>nS IZ O<:et
.. . we<Jra:z/ Otra diferencia es que ... , mientras (que) .. .
.. seem to be ... /'si:m t;:> bi:/ ... parece(n) ser I estar .. .
t looks like .. . ht 'luks la1k/ Parece que .. .
lhey're probably .. . /oe;:> 'prob<Jbli/ Probablemente son I sean I
estan 1 esten ...
think so, too. /m '8IIJk ~u tu:/ Yo tambien lo creo.
'd imag ine ... /md r'ma:d3m/ Dirfa I lmagino ...
suppose ... /m s;:>'p;:>uz/ Supongo que ...
!hat's true, but ... /oa:ts 'tru: bAt/ Eso es cierto 1 ve rdad, pero ...
lhe ... must feel .. . fog ' ... mAst fi:l/ El I La I Los I Las ...
debe(n) de sentir(se) ...
FUNCTIONAl lANGUAGE
lll~lil [6]
TALKING ABOUT WORK
What qualifications will I do you need7 /wot kwolifi'keiJnz \\'d
du: ju: ni:d/ (Que titulaciones necesitaras I necesitas?
What hours will you have to work7 /wot 'au;,z wd ju: ha:v t<J
w3:k/ (Que horario de trabajo tendras7
Would you like to be self-employed? /wud ju: lmk t;:> bi:
selfnn'pb1:d/ (Te gustarfa ser aut6nomola?
Will you be able to earn a good salary7 /wll ju: bi: eibl tu: 3:n g
gud 'sa: l;:>ri/ (Podras ganar un buen sueldo7
I'll need a degree I certificate in ... /ad 'ni:d ;:> digri:/s;:>tifibt m
Necesitare un titulo (universitario) I diploma en ...
I'll have to work from 9 to 5. /ad ha:v t;, 'w3:k fr;:>m nam t;, fa1v
Tendre que trabajar de 9:00 a 17:00.
I'll be able to set my own hours. /ail bi: e1bl t;:> set ma1 ;:>on
'au;:>z/ Podre fijar mi propio horario.
it's a well-paid job. !Its g 'welpe1d d3ob/ Es un trabajo bien
remunerado I pagado.
it ' s not very lucrative. !Its not veri 'Ju:kr;:>tiv/ No es muy
Iucrativo I a.
A JOB INTERVIEW
Why do you want to work for us? /wai du: ju: wont tg 'w3:k h
ASI (Por que quiere trabajar con nosotroslas?
Why do you think we should hire you7 /wa1 du: ju: 8IIJk wi: Jud
'hai;:> ju:/ (Por que cree que deberfamos contratarlola?
I think I'd make a really good ... /m 8IIJk md me1k ;:> 'n;:>li gud/
Creo que serfa unla ... muy buenola.
Do you have any questions about the job7 /du: ju: ha:v eni
'kwestJ;:>nz gbaut O;:> d3ob/ (Tiene alguna pregunta sobre el
trabajo7
What are the working hours7 /wot g og 'w3:k iiJ au;:>z/
(Cual es el horario !aboral 1 de trabajo7
When would you like to start? /wen wud ju: la1k tg 'sta:t/
(Cuando le gustarfa empezar?
May I ask how much you pay7 /me1 a1 a:sk hau mAtS ju: 'pe1/
(Puedo preguntar cuanto se cobra?
We'll keep you in mind. /wi:l 'ki:p ju: m mamd/
Le tendremos en cuenta I considerac i6n.
Sounds fair. /saundz 'feg/ Me parece justo.
Have you had any previous experience? /hgv ju: ha:d eni
pri:vi::Js Ik'spi<Jri;:>ns/ (Tiene experiencia previa?
WRITING GUIDE
WRITING SKILLS
WORD ORDER
Word order is very important in English. The usual order is: subject + verb + object + additions

Note
1 If a sentence has both a direct and indirect object, there are often two possibilities:
He showed me his new car . ./
He showed his new car to me . ./
2 Many time expressions can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence:
Yesterday , I found someone's wallet . ./
I found someone's wallet yesterday . ./
3 Never separate the verb from its object(s). We cannot say:
I found yesterday someone's wallet. X
4 Adverbs of manner can come in several positions, but not between the verb and object.
Slowly, she began her speech . ./ She began her speech slowly . ./
She slowly began her speech . ./ She began slowly her speech . X
5 Some adverbs of frequency can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence, or before the main verb.
Sometimes we celebrate Christmas together. ./ We sometimes celebrate Christmas together. ./
We celebrate Christmas together sometimes . ./ We celebrate sometimes Christmas together. X

Notes:
If the main verb is to be, the adverb of frequency follows it.
They are often in touch on Facebook . ./
Always and never cannot begin or end a sentence. We cannot say:
Always we give each other presents. X
We forget to take a photo never. X

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The verb is singular or plural, depending on the subject.
He lives in London. (singular) I They live in London . (plural)

Note
1 Singular nouns that refer to groups can have either singular or plural verbs.
The crew was I were glad to get home.
2 Amounts and measurements have often got singular verbs.
One hundred dollars is the final price.
Twenty kilometres seems like a long way to walk .
3 Words like anyone, everybody and nobody have got singular verbs.
Does anyone know that man?
I think everybody agrees with me.
Nobody likes my cooking .
4 Uncountable nouns have got singular verbs, even if they end in s.
Physics is considered a difficult subject.
The news sounds good.
5 Some nouns are always plural.
Brand-name clothes are expensive.
These binoculars don't work very well.

.122
 WRITING GUIDE

SE OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives come before nouns ~nd after ce rtain verbs (to be or stative verbs).
a large house ./ a house large X They seem lovely . ./
The adjective form for singular and plural nouns is the same.
a magnificent painting 1 magnificent paintings ./ magnificents paintings X
Adjectives follow a specific order: opinion + size or age + shape + colour + origin + material.
an uncomfortable , old , wooden chair./ an uncomfortable, wooden , old chai r X

lNNECTORS
:onnectors are linking words which join ideas and show how those ideas are related to one another.
felt a bit shy because I didn 't know anyone. (to give a reason)
he wa s wearing a coat despite the heat. (to express a contrast)
le w as ex hausted, so he went to bed early. (to describe a result)
·hey also help us to organise our writing and make it easy for the reader to follow.
1 contrast to countri es like Spain and France , in Britain the weather is often quite unpredictable, with sudden rain
t any time of the year. For this reason , the weather is one of the most popular topics of conversation among
rits . If you ' re vi siting Britain, you should always carry an umbrella so as not to get caught in an unexpected
hower. Even though they often complain about the weather, most Brits realise that their country is lovely and
ree n because of th e frequent rain .
t udy the chart of connectors and phrases below.

Examples
d points on the same topic and I in addition I furthermore I moreover I what's more I besides /also I too 1 as well as
press a contrast but I however I nevertheless I yet I still I although I even if I even though 1 in spite of 1
despite I while
scribe a cause or reason because (of) I since I due to I as I as a result of I one/another reason for ... is ...
scribe a result so I therefore I consequently I thus I as a result I as a consequence I for this reason 1
that is why
ow purpose in order (not) to I so as (not) to I so that I to
scribe similarity similarly I likewise 1 in the same way
press personal opinions in my opinion I I (strongly) believe (that) I I think/feel (that) I in my view I it seems to me (that) 1
personally I as I see it
roduce facts in fact I as a matter of fact I actually 1 the truth is (that)
tke general statements in general I generally I as a rule I on the whole
t points to begin/start with I in the first place I first of all I for one thing I firstly, secondly, thirdly 1
finally I lastly
re examples for example I for instance I such as I like I particularly I in particular 1 especially 1
(more) specifically
roduce opposing points on the one hand I on the other hand I in contrast I contrary to I it can also be argued that 1
but there are people who say /think (that)
ow sequence first I at first I in the beginning I before I next I then I soon I meanwhile 1 later 1 after that 1
afterwards I at last I eventually I finally I in the end I during I when I after a while
ow time when I while I before I after I until I as soon as I by the time
nclude in conclusion I to sum up 1 in short I all in all
WRITING A PARAGRAPH
A paragraph consists of several sentences about a certain topic. lt has the following parts:
1 a topic sentence which gives the main idea of the paragraph
2 supporting sentences which add reasons, details and examples
3 a concluding sentence which leads on to the next paragraph or summarises the main idea

Topic sentence
Universities in the UK, which were free in the past, started charging fees in the late
1990s. Recently, the fees have increased significantly. In my opinion, this is a mistake.
Supporting
sentences First of all, it means that higher education will not be accessible to young people from
low-income families. In addition, students who are not helped financially by their
parents will be forced to work in order to make ends meet. As a result, it will be more
Concluding difficult for them to compete academically. In short, I believe that getting an education
sentence
should not depend on how much money you have got.

The parts of a paragraph should flow logically. The paragraph must be easy to understand.
You can accompl ish this by:
1 using pronouns to refer back to the nouns in the text
2 using connectors to show the connections between ideas (see the chart on page 123)

WRITING AN ESSAY
An essay consists of several paragraphs about a topic. There are many different kinds of essays, but they all have
the same basic plan :

1 THE OPENING
The open ing is a general presentation of the topic. Try to start your essay with an opening that will catch your
reader's interest. Here are some ideas :
a Begin with a question.
Remember how embarrassing it used to be to fall asleep in class? Well, at Kennedy School it's perfectly all right.
This historic school has been converted into a hotel.
b Begin with a short anecdote about real or imaginary events.
Jill Massena walked into her old third-grade classroom, remembering her school days years ago. She drew a
picture on the blackboard, took off her shoes and relaxed on the king-sized bed. This may sound strange, but
the school where Jill studied is now a hotel.
c Begin with a surprising fact.
There's a hotel in Portland, Oregon, that has blackboards in the guest rooms and a pub called Detention Bar.
If you can't think how to begin , don't worry. Go on to the body of the essay. You can always write the opening
later. The important thing is to keep going.

2 THE BODY
The body has got one or more paragraphs which develop the topic. When you prepare to write, you brainstorm for
ideas (see page 125). Then you choose ideas to use and put these ideas into groups in a logical order. Use these
groups of ideas to write the body of the essay. Each group of ideas will become a separate paragraph.

3 THE CLOSING
The closing is a paragraph which summarises the main idea or presents a conclusion . lt should not bring in new
ideas. In some cases, the closing may be similar to the opening, but presented in different words. lt should always
leave the reader with a strong impression .
In short, the Kennedy School Hotel is a unique and enjoyable place to stay. I recommend giving it a try the next
•me you ' re in Portland.

124
 WRITING GUIDE

lE WRITING PROCESS

STEP1
TOPIC: CreditCards- The BestW!:fij tvShop?
BRAINSTORM FOR IDEAS
• Write down all the ideas you can think of. @ convenient- no need to worr'1 about how much
• Don't worry about whether all the ideas
cash ljOu've got
are relevant.
• Don't worry about grammar or spelling. @ safe - no danger of cash stolen
• You can write in your own language.
@ somehmes a high fee is charged

@)can be reported and cancelled if stolen_ ------t

STEP2
({)1<Bp9m J<iB/p bj9H ,k8Bp f¥R~fs~l46tiJ9fj _ _
ORGANISE YOUR IDEAS
• Decide which ideas to keep and @ can be used to b_!ttj_online
cross out the others .
@ number can be stolen from a receipt, over the
• Group similar ideas together.
• Organise the groups according phone or from a website
to a writing plan.
@ can encourage ljE_U to spend more than lj_OU have
@ '19ft 66m' tsBB ,/qew I9Ht6h bj9~t 'l'8 spBJqfr9r J9el4l 19W6."1
STEP3
bf91t ' vB fj9fr IB ft
WRITE A FIRST DRAFT
• Write your first draft on the computer _@ ljOU somehmes get speci.E_I discounts
or by hand. If you are writ ing by hand,
use a pencil. Leave wide margins for notes. @ can le!!_d_to uncontrolled spen~
• Leave space between lines for additions Group A - advantages
and corrections.
• Write quickly. Don 't worry about neatness Group B -disadvantages
or accuracy.
• If you can't think of a word in English,
write it in your own language. Look up
the word in a dictionary later.
• If you can't spell a word, write it any
way you can. Then check the word in
a dictionary or use a spellcheck when
you have finished.

Today, most people use

credit cards instead of cash
to pay for things. Using a
credit card means you do
not need to worry about '\;:$
STEP4 Todalj.J credit cards are used btj almostevertjone.
convenient
CHECK YOUR WORK Credit cards are ver11 etmt<enc it:Li:.._ because ~ ljOU
• Use the Writer's Checklist to
improve your work. don 't have to worrlj about how much cash ljOU

__lz_ave got. If tjOU noh'ce that ljOUr card 19owe_fj~ -

been stolelb ljOU can t&.. ca/Land cancel it so that

no one can use it. This is impossible i[someone

WRITER'S CHECKLIST
Orqanisahon
./ I organised mlj work according to a plan .
./ Each paragraph has one topic.
./ Mtj paragraphs are clearltj indicated.
./ MtjJdeas are in a logical order.
Lanquaqe
./ Mtj grammar is correct.
./ Mtjspelling is correct.
./ Mtj word order is correct.
./ Mtj punctuah'on is correct.
./ I used capita/letters correcHtj .
./ I used adjech'ves correcHtj.
~
----------~----------------------~· -----
Content
./ Mtj worl< is interesh'ng and original.
./ I began with a suitable opening sentence.
./ I presented mlj ideas clearltj.
./ I included onltj relevant 1deas .
./ I supported mtjJdeas with details and examples
(opinion for and against essatj) .
./ I ended with a suitable closing sentence.
./ I used connectors to /in/< mtjJdeas .

STEPS

WRITE A FINAL DRAFT

• If you are writing by hand: copy your corrected work
neatly onto a clean sheet of paper.
• If you are using a computer: print out a copy of your
essay. it's easier to find mistakes on a printed copy.
• Use a pen and leave a margin on the left-hand side.
• Make sure your paragraphs are clearly indicated.

Note
You can indicate the beginning of a paragraph by:
1 indenting (moving the first word of the paragraph
to the right).
2 skipping a line before beginning a new paragraph.
Each paragraph begins at the left-hand margin.
Both styles are correct, but be consistent in your writing.
 WRITING GUIDE

MODELS

An Informative Essay

An informative essay contains factual and objective information about a topic,

such as its history, how it developed and what makes it special. Look at the topic
below. Then study the plan and read the model.

TOPIC
Write an informative essay about an invention.

Plan
Plastic - Friend and Enemy
Opening it's hard to imagine modern life without plastic. We depend on this amazing
Introduce material for almost everything we use, from toys to telephones , cars and
the topic and computers. However, in recent decades, people have become aware that plastic
basic facts
has a dark side as well.

Bakelite, the first completely synthetic plastic, was invented by Leo Baekeland in
1907. Durable, strong and light, this revolutionary product could be moulded into
Body
any shape. lt was also very inexpensive, since it did not depend on limited
Develop the
supplies of natural resources.
topic with
facts and Since then, plastic technology has enabled the invention of countless innovative
details
products and made them affordable to the average consumer. Nevertheless,
today we know that plastic is extremely destructive to the environment, piling up
in landfills and in the oceans.

Closing In conclusion, although plastic is critical to our way of life, it is also one of the
Summarise biggest threats to life on our planet. Hopefully, in the near future, scientists will
the main find environmentally friendly solutions that will enable us to continue enjoying
points plastic products without harming planet Earth.
· For Practice, see Workbook Skills Practice Writing,

USEFUL LANGUAGE - - - - •
This company 1 product 1 item is special I
important I invaluable I unusual because ...
. . . was invented I founded I started by ...
We depend on ...
lt all began when ...
revolutionary product .. .
. . . has enabled ...
Hopefully, ...
In the near future, ...
In conclusion, ...
In short, ...
To sum up, ...
A Formal E-mail

The usual purpose of a formal e-m ail is to apply for a job, request information or make a complaint.
When writing a formal e-mail, we should state our purpose clearly, provide all necessary information
and use formal, polite language. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.

TOPIC
You are p lanning a holiday. Write a formal e-mail to a hotel asking for information.

Help

Plan To )I holidayhotel@info.com
~=su=biec=t~J I Request for Information
Greeting
Dear Sir I Madam,
Opening My friend and I are planning to spend a week in Paphos. I came across
remarks
your website online and was impressed by the appearance of your hotel
Give reason and the positive reviews . However, before making a reservation, I would
for writing
like to ask a few questions.

First of all, I would like to know whether the hotel is within walking distance
of the beach, and whether there are shops and restaurants nearby. I was
also wondering what transport is available to and from the airport. In
Body addition , could you please tell me whether all your rooms have balconies?
Requests for
information We are interested in renting bicycles and touring around the island, as well
as doing some snorkelling. Is it possible to find these services at or near
the hotel? Finally, would you be able to send me detailed information about
good routes to bike on? I would appreciate it very much.
Closing remarks
I look forward to your reply.
Signing off
Yours faithfully,

Chris Thompson

USEFUL LANGUAGE . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Greetings Useful Expressions Closing Remarks
Dear Mr I Ms ... , I would like to ask .. . I look forward to your reply.
To whom it may concern, I would like to know .. . Thank you for your time and atter
Dear Sir I Madam, I was also wondering .. . Signing Off
Opening Remarks Is it possible .. . ? Yours faithfully,
I am writing in reply to ... Would you be able to ... ? Yours sincerely,
I came across your ... I would appreciate it very much.
 WRITING GUIDE

For and Against Essay

or and against essay presents both sides of an issue.

ften concludes by supporting one of the sides. Look at
topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.

DPIC
r it e a fo r an d agai nst essay abou t th e advantages and disadvantages
' spending one year st udying at a un iversi ty abroad.

lan
Studying Abroad
ning More and more UK students are considering the option of doing part of their
reduction university studies abroad . Living and studying in another country sounds
.he topic wonderful , but it has drawbacks as well as benefits .
y On the one hand , studying abroad can open your mind to new experiences.
uments for You 'll be able to truly understand the culture of another country by living there
side of the and joining the local students in classes and activities. In addition , it's an
1e, with
porting excellent chance to become independent because you 'll have to manage on
:J.ils and your own in a new place, far from your family.
mples
On the other hand, even though it may be temporary, moving far from home has
1ments for
its problems. lt often takes a long time to get used to a new culture, and it could
other side
he issue, be difficult to make friends with people who have a different mentality to your
1 supporting own . Moreover, studying in another language, although it will help you become
tils and proficient, may be more frustrating than you thought.
nples

~
nary of
te and
[ In my opinion , students should study overseas if they get the opportunity.
However, although it can be a fantastic experience, it's up to each person to
decide if they're able to deal with the challenges involved.
;er's opinion · For Practice, see Workbook Skills Practice Writing,

USEFUL LANGUAGE - - - •
More and more ...
lt has drawbacks as well as benefits.
On the one hand, I On the other hand, ...
In addition, .. .
Moreover, .. .
Although .. .
To sum up, ...

a • ..
An Opinion Essay

An opinion essay states an opinion and tries to convince the reader that
this opinion is correct by supporting it with reasons, facts and examples.
Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.

TOPIC
Write an opinion essay on the following topic:
Building new motorways or improving public transport - which is better?

Plan
Building New Roads - a Good Idea?
Opening The government in our area is spending millions of euros on constructing
Presentation several new motorways. In my opinion, this is a mistake. I believe that the
of issue and money should be spent instead on improving public transport.
opinion
First of all , improving motorways may reduce traffic for a short time, but this will
only encourage more people to buy cars. This will lead to worse traffic jams,
more pollution and global warming. Secondly, building more roads harms the
Reasons, facts landscape, since the natural habitats of plants and animals are destroyed and
and examples covered by huge areas of asphalt.
to support
opinion Making public transport an attractive alternative to private vehicles would
prevent this damage. More people would use trains and metros, so that there
would be fewer cars in and around the city. This would reduce noise and carbon
monoxide levels, resulting in a cleaner and more pleasant environment.

Closing In short, I believe that improving public transport is much better than building
Summing up and more motorways. If people could rely on an efficient transport system, there
restatement of would be less congestion , less destruction of nature and a decrease in noise
opinion and pollution.
· For Practice, see Workbook Skills Practice Writing, page 81

USEFUL LANGUAGE _______

In my opinion, ... . .. since ...
This is a mistake. . .. so that ...
I believe that ... .. . resulting in ...
First of all, .. . As I see it, ...
Secondly, .. . In short, ...
This will lead ·to ... In conclusion, ...
... because ...
 WRITING GUIDE

iummary
1mmary provides the reade r with t he main idea of an article in as few words as possible. it includes
important points , but not examples or details , and often contains language similar to, but not
ttical to , the article . Look at the topic below. Then read the original article and the model summary.

lPIC
·ite a summary of an article, using 60-80 words.

Vinyl Records Make a Comeback

Today, young people listen to music on their mobile phones, music players and computers. However, if they
asked their parents and grandparents how they listened to music when they were younger, the answer would
be unanimous -they purchased vinyl records and played them on their record players. For the last 20 years ,
records have been available only in second-hand and speciality shops. However, these vinyl treasures are
currently making a comeback.

Digital compact discs (COs) were introduced into the market in 1982. By 1985, their success was so great
that it led to a crisis in the vinyl record industry. With the rise of the CD, replacement parts for record players
became unavailable as records gathered dust in people's basements. In fact, by the end of that decade, vinyl
records were considered obsolete.

Contrary to expectations, some music lovers were dissatisfied with the new digital technology. Even today,
Adam Johnson, a New York music dealer, says, "If I evaluate the sound quality of various formats, no digital
format sounds as warm and alive as an old record does." Karen Scott, a music collector, adds, "Records are
just like books in the sense that when you buy one, you own an original copy. Digital technology ruins that. "

In recent years , more and more consumers appear to share Johnson's and Scott's view. Vinyl record sales
have gone up for several years in a row, with a 30 to 40 per cent gain over the last few years . Not only are
records being produced again in greater numbers, but record players are also being manufactured and sold
by the leading electronics companies. Is this the end of COs and music players? Probably not. Unlike digital
formats , records can only be played at home. Yet one thing is for sure: Records are back in a big way.

Model Summary

an Vinyl Records Make a Comeback

cohesive r Vinyl records, which were the only type of music format available in previous generations, were
I
tgraph made obsolete in the 1980s by the rise of COs. However, they are now becoming popular again .
~h i ncludes
r importa nt
Some music lovers claim that the sound of a vinyl record is superior to digital sound . Others add
•rmat i on that only records can provide the satisfaction of owning an original copy. Consequently, in the
L.- 11 past few years , the sales of both vinyl records and record players have increased dramatically.
~- .. ,---~---·
- ~ ~ .... !~•• i~'-!""1 .,.. __ .. _n'-'=-·""'·1..,1...~....·=-~--=--""'".- = -~!'.!i.)!!"''~

L
~o~:~r~.~ LANGUAG.~ has increased dramatically. Clearly, ...
Some ... claim that ... Moreover, .. . Although .. .
In the past few years, .. . Apparently, .. . Consequently, ...
An E-mail for a Job Application

When applying for a job, it is common to write a cover letter that is sent with your CV. it's important to follow the
correct format and to use appropriate language . Read the advert below. Then study the plan and read the model.

TOPIC

LIFEGUARDS NEEDED NOW!

Summerfields Country Club is looking for full-time lifeguards. To qualify you must be:
• At least 18 years old
• In possession of a nationally recognised lifeguard qualification
• Hardworking, dedicated and reliable
APPLY TO: The Personnel Manager, Summerfields Country Club,
Crest Lane, Norfolk PE38 9PP or personnelsummerfields@bighat.com

Plan
Writer's address and 24 Kenton Road
date (Not required
when writing an e-mail) Kings Lynn PE3 1JK
30th May, 2022
Details The Personnel Manager
Summerfields Country Club
Person who wDl
receive the Crest Lane
application Norfolk PE38 9PP
Greeting
Dear Sir I Madam,

I am writing in response to your advert posted on the JobSeekers site on 28th May.
Reason for writing [
I would like to apply for the position of full-time lifeguard.

I am 18 years old and have a National Pool Lifeguard Qualification (NPLQ), which
I did in June last year. In addition, I recently completed a first-aid course with the
St John Ambulance organisation . My work experience includes accompanying the
Body
Falmouth Scouts on their summer camp , where I was responsible for the pool safety
Relevant personal of the 10- to 12-year-olds, as well as working for two months at the Sandy Bay
details and
municipal pool. I have included copies of references from both these places of work.
qualifications
In addition to the above, I am a hard-working , reliable person and I take my
responsibilities very seriously.

I hope you will consider my application favourably. I would be happy to attend

Closing remarks [ an interview at any time that is convenient.
~

I look forward to hearing from you .

Signing off Yours faithfully,

Karim Blakely

USEFUL LANGUAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Dear Sir I Madam, My work experience includes ...
Dear Mr I Mrs I Ms ... , I hope you will consider my application favou
I am writing in response to ... I look forward to hearing from you.
I would like to apply for ...
 WRITING GUIDE

:urriculum Vitae

n applying for a job, you w ill often have to supply the employer with your
;onal details, as well as your educational qualifications and work experience.
re are a number of different ways to present a CV, but whichever format you use,
:e sure your information is presented clearly and accurately. Below is an example
CV which can be used as a model for your own.

=- ~(e)tJ~
i'

PERSONAL INFORMATION li
'
Name Be/en Rodrfguez Martin
Address C/ Ronda de Valencia, 224, Alicante
Telephone no. 607755848
E-mail elenbe85@gmail.com
Nationality Spanish
Date of birth 4th May, 2004

WORK EXPERIENCE
Dates 2020-2027 :
Name of employer Biblioteca Migue/ de Cervantes
Occupation or position held Library worker (part-time)
Main activities and responsibilities Help people find information, organise '·
books and file documents
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Dates 2079-2027
!
Name of school IES Gran Capit6n ti
Principal subjects covered English language, history, literature r
Title of qualification awarded Secondary School Graduate - Bachillerato

SKILLS AND PERSONAL ABILITIES

::
Languages i

Mother tongue Spanish

Other languages English (good level written and spoken)
French (fluent) •

COMPUTER SKILLS
General Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint
Graphics or multimedia Photoshop, lnDesign
.,
Programming Visual Basic
'
OTHER SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE 2078-2079: photo editing
DRIVING LICENCE Licence for 725cc motorbike

,.~,:r:.:.=:..=:o.---· ~~!. _...cl'ln ., .....-:...,,,_.:.,,-,._._

~-"ffl"-...._ _:...;;. ' 0 '""""--'-' •I--'~' ,,, OOM••o -·· 0 oo ~ , . ""~ ...
A Narrative

A narrative tells a story. lt describes a series of events and the feelings of the
people involved. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.

TOPIC
Write a narrative about an adventure.

Plan
Alone in the Mountains
Opening lt was a cloudy autumn day, and the tourist jeep had left us at the top of the
Set the scene mountain . Our plan was to hike all the way down. All around us there was
and introduce thick forest, with no other people in sight.
characters
After finding the path , we began to descend slowly, as it was far rockier and
more slippery than we had imagined. Then suddenly, Keith slipped on a rock
and fell. He tried to get up, but his leg hurt too much . With no phone
Tell events reception , we had no idea how to get help.
in the story
and how the Luckily, a few minutes later some other hikers came along. They promised to
characters felt notify the rescue services as soon as they reached the village , and then they
were gone. As the hours passed , we began to wonder if they had forgotten .
We were all frightened and poor Keith was in pain, but at least the injury didn't
seem serious.

Ol.osing Finally, a helicopter came to rescue us. After Keith had been checked at the
Tell the ending clinic, we got back to our hotel exhausted . Once we were safe, it all began to
of the story feel like an exciting adventure! I wish I could find those hikers to thank them
for keeping their promise.
· For Practice, see Workbook Skills Practice Writing, page 83

USEFUL LANGUAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Time Expressions and Useful Expressions
Connectors of Sequence I I We began to wonder if ...
at first now that Suddenly, ...
before while Luckily, I Fortunately, 1 Unfortun;
after during To my surprise, .. .
next meanwhile I felt ...
later eventually lt turned out to be ...
when a few minutes later
until as the hours passed
as soon as finally
 WRITING GUIDE

\n Informal Letter orE-mail

!\n informal letter ore-mail is usually sent between peop le who know each other. The language in
1n informal letter ore-mail is similar to the language used in conversations . Look at the topi c bel ow.
rhen study the plan and read the model.

TOPIC
Write an e-mail to a friend asking them for advice and I or information.

Plan
[El Send lij B IB Options ... I® Help
-~::;;. ~,!-.::...:;_:: ~-:'.:..:_ - ;:-J;~.'',_l;,_-:_·a.,~.:j ":;;:::..;o.;.~ ·..:":l .'i,: :.;...,.·;·::£: '\;~~~,.~~tt_::'i'I.f.'i''!':o::.;,;::-;!

[ To ll leonwx:t@s~eedmail.com I
r Subject Jl What's new? I
reeting
Hi Leon!
pening How are you doing? Sorry I haven 't written fo r so long, but I've been busy
emarka
with exams for the last month or so. Are you still helping out at the surfi ng
.easons for school? Beth tol d me she saw you at the beach a while ago and that the
-riting I
two of you had a long chat.
ot writ ing
ooner I'm nearl y finished with school , and now the summer holidays are coming up.
I don't real ly have plans to go anywhere, so I was thi nking of voluntee rin g at
our local ambulance service. I'd like to study medicine one day, so maybe
:ody
this will give me some experience that will help me get accepted!
r ovide
.etails, ask I remember you telli ng me that you had volunteered at the ambulance
or advice a nd service last year, and I was wondering exactly what you did there .
nformation Did you actua lly go with the paramedics when they drove to emergencies?
What sort of tra ining did they give you? And the main question - was it
enjoyable and worthwhi le?
losing remarks
Thanks so much . Waiting to hear from you!
ligning oft
Take care ,

Brandon

I I I!@ • lnlernet ...

USEFUL LANGUAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Greetings Opening Remarks Closing Remark s Signing Off
Dear .. . , How are you doing? Thanks so much. Take care,
Hi .. . , Sorry I haven't written for so long. Waiting to hear from you! Bye for now,
Thanks for your e-mail I letter. Write back soon. Love,
lt was great to hear from you. That's all for now. All the best,
Did you get my e-mail 1 letter? Keep in touch.
I haven't heard from you for .. .
I'm writing to tell I ask you .. .
What's new?
A Report

A report usually describes a place , facility, service or event. lt contains factual

information and lists advantage s or disadvantages, as well as suggestions for
improvement. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.

TOPIC
A large new park has been built in your town. Students in your school have
been asked to write a report on the park, saying how it benefits res idents and
suggesting improvements. The best reports will be put on the town website.

Plan
Green Park
Opening Green Park is a large recreation area that was opened in our town six months
I ntroduce t he ago. I would like to report on the facilities there and make some suggestions
topic and t ell for improvement.
your pu rpose
Since its opening , the park has become a favourite place for people of all
ages. Families enjoy the playground and picnic tables , while people doing
Body sport make use of the walking paths, bicycle paths and fitness equipment.
Provide factual The lovely duck pond adds to the atmosphere of relaxation and the
infor mation amphitheatre is an excellent venue for outdoor concerts .
and
su ggest i ons fo r There are, however, a few things that could be improved . First of all , adding
i mprovement a skate park would make Green Park more attractive to young people,
especially since there are few skate parks in our town . In addition , the park
is impossible to enjoy on hot summer days because there is very little shade.
More shade trees should be planted and canvas shades should be erected in
the picnic area .

Closing To sum up , Green Park is an essential addition to our town and is very
Summa r ise t he beneficial to residents . With a few changes , it could be made even better.
repor t
· For Practice, see Workbook Skills Practice Writing,

USEFUL LANGUAGE __________

I would like to report on ...
.. . make use of ...
I would like to suggest some improvements.
There are, however, a few things that could be imp1
First of all, .. .
In addition, .. .
.. . would make it more attractive to ...
To sum up, .. .
This is convenient I inconvenient I beneficial ...
OMMON ERRORS
SILV CONFUSED WORDS
~reare many words in English t hat are easily confused because either they look or sound similar or
y have similar meanings. Below is a list of some commonly confused words.

MEANINGS EXAMPLES
me (adj) without company He is alone, there is no one with him.
(adj) on one's own Only he alone can make the decision.
(adv) on one's own He lives alone in a big house.
1ely (adj) sad as a result of being without company He doesn't have friends, so he is lonely.

'r vous (adj) worried or anxious I'm nervous about starting a new job.
cited (adj) enthusiastic The children were excited about their holiday.
n (adj) enjoyable We had a fun day at Luna Park.
nny (adj) causing amusement My little sister is really funny: she makes me laugh all the time.
pendable (adj) trustworthy and reliable I gave the job to Jack as he's dependable.
pendent (adj) needing support The kitten is completely dependent on its mother.
rare of (adj) know or have knowledge of Are you aware of the problem?
ware of (v) to be cautious of Beware of the dog!

timistic (adj) hopeful and confident about something
timist (n) a person who is generally positive and
hopeful about the future
mage (n)harm
~ (n) damage done to a person's or animal's body
mnd (n) a cut or hole in the flesh of a living thing,
usually caused by a weapon
event (v) to stop something from happening
li'I1 (v) to tell someone about a possible future
danger or unpleasant situation
ade (n) darkness or coolness created by blocking
the sun's rays
adow (n) a dark area or shape caused by a body
coming between the light and a surface
dience (n) people that come to watch a play, film or
concert
M'd (n) a large group of people gathered together
~ators (n) people that come to watch an event
e) public (n) ordinary people; the community
nind (v) to cause someone to remember something
(v) to cause someone to think of someone or
something because of a physical resemblance
nember (v) to bring an event or person from the past
into your mind
:ord (v) to write down, photograph or film
information for future reference
(n) a souvenir or reminder of something
I'm not very optimistic about his chances.
Dave is an optimist: he always thinks things will be OK.
The storm caused a lot of damage.
She suffered severe injuries in the car accident.
The nurse bandaged the wound on the soldier's arm.
He closed the window to prevent the cat from getting out.
Meteorologists warned people about the storm.
It's hot -let's stand in the shade.
I saw a man's shadow move on the wall.
The audience really loved his last song.
There was a huge crowd at the shops last night.
How many spectators were at the match?
This library is open to the public.
He reminded me to buy Beth a present.
He reminds me of my brother.
Do you remember your first teacher?
Did they record the baby's first steps?
He bought the book as a record of his time in Vienna.

11
WORDS MEANINGS EXAMPLES
sane (adj) mentally healthy; not crazy During the war, it was hard for him to stay sane.
healthy (adj) in good physical or mental condition Fortunately, I'm a very healthy person.
enable (v) to help make something possible His support enabled me to go to university.
let (v) to give permission My mother won't let me stay out late.
attend (v) to be present at an event Did you attend the president's party?
assist (v)tohelp Dr Jones needs someone to assist him during the operation.
expect (v) to believe something is likely to happen I expect it will rain tomorrow.
(v) to believe someone will arrive I'm expecting him at 7.00.
hope (v) to want or desire something to happen I hope you can come to the party!
wait for (v) to delay an action until a certain time He left and didn't wait for me.
lesson (n) a set amount of time when students are taught This is my last history lesson for the year.
subject (n) an area of knowledge taught at school I I think maths is my favourite subject.
university
latest (adj) the most up-to-date or recent Have you heard Beyonce's latest song? It's fantastic!
last (adj) final This was the band's last album before they split up.
journey (n) the act of travelling from one place to another She went on a long journey across Europe.
trip (n) an outing to a particular place Gerry is going to Paris on a three-day trip.
travel (v) to go from one place to another My grandmother doesn't like travelling by plane.
earn (v) to get money in return for work I earn $5 an hour working at the cafe.
win (v) to acquire as a result of a competition or bet I hope I win first prize - a holiday for two!
lend (v) to allow someone to use something that will Can you lend me your jacket for the party?
later be returned
borrow (v) to take and use something with the intention of I didn't have enough money, so I borrowed some from Judy.
returning it to the owner
between (prep) in the space separating two or more people The shop is between the library and the bank.
or things
among(st) (prep) in the middle of a group of people, items etc. She lives in a small house among(st) some tall buildings.
like (prep) in the same way as Why don't you live in a flat like your brother?
as (prep) used to show that somebody has a particular As your friend, I would say it's better to wait.
role or function
discussion (n) a serious but generally polite conversation My friends and I had a long discussion about our future plam
argument (n) a conversation in which people strongly When I came home late, I had a huge argument with my parE
disagree
partner (n) someone you are in a relationship with My partner is a doctor.
couple (n) both people in a relationship They make a nice couple.
pair (n) two things of the same type I bought a new pair of shoes.
beside (prep) close to, next to We live beside a park.
besides (prep) in addition to, apart from Besides Andy, everyone came to the party.
breath (n) the air either inhaled or exhaled during Take a deep breath before you go underwater.
breathing
breathe (v) to inhale and expel air from the lungs It's hard to breathe under water.
compliment (v) to give praise He complimented me on a job well done.
complement (v) to enhance something else This necklace complements that dress nicely.
everyday (adv)daily I walk past the cinema every day on my way to school.
everyday (adj) frequent Accidents are an everyday occurrence on this road.
 COMMON ERRORS

~ MEANINGS EXAMPLES
igh (adj) used to measure distance from the ground This area has a lot of high mountains.
ill (adj) used to show the height of people He's a very tall man.

t/at (prep) My dad is in hospital with an infection.

t/ at the (prep + definite article) I'm in the hospital visiting my mother.

~re (adj) not recorded They're showing a live concert on TV tonight.

ive (adj) living Steve was in a bad car accident - he's lucky to be alive.
fe (n) the state of living My grandparents had a very difficult life.

se (v) to be unable to find something Put your phone in a safe place or you'lllose it.
ose (adj) not tight, fixed or tied These clothes are loose - they're too big for me.

otice (n) a piece of information There's a notice in the school office about the end-of-year trip.
ews (n) current events in general The news about the plane crash is terrible.
ewsitem (n) a specific current events story There's a news item about the robbery on the front page.

ill (adj) not moving Sit still, please!

.tiet (adj) not noisy Please be quiet.

dse (v) to move upwards Raise your hand if you know the answer.
se (v) to ascend from a lower position to a higher Smoke was rising from the factory chimneys.
position

ationary (adj) not moving The traffic on the motorway is stationary this morning.
ationery (n) materials for writing, e.g. paper, pens, etc. We need to order more stationery for the office.

tend (v) to use money or time for a particular How much money do you want to spend on a
purpose new tablet?
aste (v) not to use money or time well Don't waste your money on that expensive coat.

Lre (adj) confident that something is right I'm sure I locked the door when I left the house.
~e (adj) impossible to penetrate It's OK to give your personal details on a secure website.
fe (adj) not dangerous Is it safe to cross the road here?

lil (n) a mixture of sand and organic material in The soil in our garden is very fertile and plants
which plants grow grow easily there.

nd (n) the part of Earth that is not covered by water After being on the ocean for two weeks, they
eventually spotted land.

uth (n) the name of our planet; earth is a synonym The Earth is very far from the sun.
for soil

ream (n) a high-pitched sound, associated with fear or She let out a loud scream when she saw the bear.
panic

lOUt (n) a raised voice, used to speak very loudly I heard a loud shou t just before the building collapsed.
FALSE FRIENDS

English and Spanish share a lot of words with Latin roots, so there are many words th at look similar
and have the same or similar meanings. However, other words may look or sound si milar but have
different meanings. These words are called false friends and can cau se confu sion and lead to mistakes.

ENGLISH SPANISH TRANSLATION SPANISH ENGLISH TRANSLATION

actual real actual current
actually de hecho; en realidad actualmente nowadays
advert anuncia advertencia warning
advertise anunciar advertir warn
advice consejo aviso warning
advise aconsejar, recomendar avisar warn
ancient antiguo/a anciano/a old
army ejercito armada navy
assess . evaluar, valorar asesorar advise
attend asistir I ir a a tender pay attention
billion mil millones billon trillion
bomber (avi6n) bombardero bombero/a firefighter
camp campamento campo field
career carrera I trayectoria profesional carrera (universitaria) degree
carpet moqueta, alfombra carpeta folder
casual informal; ocasional casual coincidental
commodity articulo comodidad comfort
comprehensive exhaustive/a comprensivo/a understanding
compromise acuerdo compromise commitment; engagement
conductor director /a de orquesta conductor/a driver
confident seguro/a, confiado/a confidente confidant
constipated estreflido/a constipado/a have a cold
deception engaflo decepci6n disappointment
demanding dificil; exigente demandante claimant
design diseflar designar designate
dessert postre desierto desert
diversion desvio diversion fun
embarrassed avergonzado/a embarazada pregnant
escalator escalera mecanica escalador/a climber
eventually finalmente, con el tiempo eventualmente by chance, fortuitously
exit salida exito success
fabric tejido fabrica factory
facility instalaci6n; servicio facilidad ease
gracious amable gracioso/a funny
gripe c6lico; queja gripe flu
idiom modismo, frase hecha idioma · language
influenza gripe influencia influence
 COMMON ERRORS

I GUSH SPANISH TRANSLATION SPANISH ENGLISH TRANSLATION

I

ttend pretender, tener la intenci6n de intentar try

rge gran de largo/a long
dure conferencia lectura reading
brary biblioteca libreria bookshop
-----
lXUIY lujo lujuria lust
------ ...----.. --

'lies letra (de canci6n) lirico/a lyrical

tayor alcalde/sa mayor elder
·-----
otice aviso; letrero noticia news
:rrade des file parada stop
:rrents padres parientes relatives
·-
Jlicy politica, normas policia police
- -
retend fingir, aparentar pretender intend
rofessor catedratico/a, profesor /a universitario/a profesor/a teacher
~-----

uiet tranquilo/a quieto/a still

- - -
!alise darse cuenta de realizar make, carry out
. ---
!cipient receptor/a, destinatario/a recipiente container
!cord grabar recordar remember
!move quitar, eliminar remover stir
!Sume reanudar resumir summarise
-.
me cuerdo/a sano/a healthy
msible sensate/a sensible sensitive
~·- - ·- --

1burb zona residencial periferica suburbio slum

1ccess exito suceso event
rrnpathetic comprensivo/a simpatico/a friendly
--
trget objetivo tarjeta card
!rrifiC fantastico/a, genial terrorifico/a terrifying
>pie tema t6pico cliche
--- --
·a mp vagabundo/a trampa trap
ltimately en ultima instancia Ultimamente lately
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are verbs that are followed by one or more prepositions or particles. The meaning of a phrasal V·
is different from the meaning of the verb itself. There are hundreds of phrasal verbs in English and they are u5
in both spoken and written language.
ask out: invi tar a salir go out with: salir con see off: despedirse de
back up: hacer una copia de seguridad (de)
------------------------
go over: repasar see through: calar I ver venir (a)
'-------
break up: romper I cortar I dejar (una relaci6n) hand down: pasar, de jar en herencia; set off: irse, marcharse
bring about: provocar, ocasionar transmitir set up: crear
--------- hand in: entregar ---------
bring over: traer settle down: echar raices, sentar la cabez
bring together: unir, juntar hand over: transferir, dar shop around: ir de tienda en tienda
----------- hang out: pasar I echar el rata (comparando precios)
burn down: quemarse, incendiarse
call off: suspender, cancelar
------ hang up: colgar show off: exhibir, hacer alarde de
-------- -------
call on: pasar(se) a ver I visitar a heat up: calentarse show up: aparecer, venir
calm down: calmar I tranquilizar ~ ______ help out: ayudar I echar una mano (a) shut down: apagar(se); cortar
----------
carry out: llevar a cabo, realizar knock over: tirar; atropellar sign up: apuntarse
catch up: alcanzar a; ponerse a! dia lead on: dar falsas esperanzas I engatusar (a) slip up: equivocarse, meter la pata
cheer up: levantar el animo I animar (a); leave out: omitir slow down: ir mas despacio; ralentizar
--------
animarse let in: dejar pasar I entrar speak up: expresar la opinion, decir lo qu
light up: iluminar piensa
clean up: limpiar -------
split up: separarse, romper (una relaci6n)
come between: interponerse entre _ __ log on: conectarse
come in: llegar; venir long for: desear, anhelar stand around: pasar el rato (de pie)
come off: quitarse look after: cuidar a, ocuparse de stand for: significar, representar
~:.__-

come up: surgir look down on: mirar par encima del stand out: destacar
come up with: proponer, ocurrirse hombro I menospreciar a stand up: dejar plantadol a I dar plant6n ;
count someone in: contar con alguien look forward to: tener muchas ganas de, stand up for: defender
esperar (con ilusi6n) start off: iniciarse
cut down: talar
look out for: cuidar (a) stay behind: quedarse
cut down on: reducir
look up: buscar (informaci6n sabre) stay out: estar fuera (de casa)
drag on: eternizarse
make for: ir I dirigirse hacia I a stay up: quedarse despiertola I levantadc
dress down: vestirse informalmente
make of: pensar_d::..e:_l:._:_
so::..b:..:r...::e_ _ _ __ step away: alejarse
dress up: vestirse de forma elegante,
engalanarse make up: hacer !as paces, reconciliarse stick to: aferrarse a; seguir_co_n_ _ __
drive away: ahuyentar I asustar ___
_ __.:..._:___
(a) match up: emparejar
~-----
miss out on: dejar pasar, perder
strike down: arrollar, atropellar
--=------
drop by: pasarse (par) -------- take away: llevarse, apartar
---------------
drop out of: abandonar I dejar (Ios estudios) move on: pasar pagina, seguir adelante take off: empezar a tener exito, ponerse c
end up: acabar, terminar name after: poner un nombre I nombrar (a) take out: qui tar, sacar -
fall behind: retrasarse, rezagarse par tell off: regaflar (a)
-=----- open up: hablar abiertamente, sincerarse --------
fall for: picar, tragarse; dejarse engaflar par
fall out: enfadarse; caerse
pick on: meterse con ~ ..:..:.... __ think over: pensar, considerar
think up: ocurrirse
--- pick out: elegir, escoger
fill in: rellenar (impreso o documento) throw away: tirar, deshacerse de
pick up: aprender; recoger ----
try for: tratar de I intentar conseguir
find out: descubrir, averiguar
plan on: con tar con ----- ----
fit in: encajar, adaptarse; hacer hueco a try out: probar
point out: seflalar, indicar ------
get along with: llevarse bien con
------
----- try out for (Am. Eng.): intentar pasar !as I
pour down: caer con fuerza; resbalar par de I para
get around: moverse, desplazarse
get back: volver, regresar
- ---- pull off: lograr, conseguir turn down: rechazar (a)
put down: soltar, dejar (sabre una turn into: convertir(se) en
get by: arreglarselas, apaflarselas superficie)
------- turn out: resultar
get off: bajar(se) de put off: aplazar, posponer -------
get over: olvidarse de put on: ponerse (ropa)
------------ use up: consumir, gastar
------
give up: dejar de; renunciar a; rendirse, wait up: esperar levantadola I despiertol;
put up with: tolerar, aguantar
abandonar - - ----- wake up: despertar(se)
- - - -------- - - run away: salir corriendo
go ahead: seguir adelante watch out for: tener cuidado con
- - ---- run for: presentarse coma candidatola a
go away: desaparece_r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ wear off: desaparecer
run out of: quedarse sin
go by: pasar, transcurrir ------- wipe out: acabar con, exterminar
rush out: salir corriendo
go off: sonar work out: solucionar(se); hacer ejercicio, E

EPOSITIONS
ne nouns, verbs and adjectiv~s are followed by a specific preposition. In some cases there is more than
! possibility, but this changes the meaning.
RBS + PREPOSITIONS
ISe of: acusar de
to: desarrollar, ampliar
lire (someone) for: admirar a (alguien) por
!e on: estar de acuerdo en
!e to: acceder a
!e with: estar de acuerdo con
at: estar I ir dirigido/a a
for: aspirar a, tener como objetivo
logise for: pedir disculpas I perd6n por
logise to: pedir disculpas I perd6n a
ly for: presentar una solicitud para,
icitar
1e about: discutir I reftir por
ve at: llegar a (un lugar)
mpt to: tratar de, intentar
eve in: creer en, ser partidario/a de
efit from: beneficiarse de
;t about: presumir I alardear de
~ about: preocuparse I interesarse por
~ for: cuidar de
·r to: atender I satisfacer (las necesidades de)
:ge for: cobrar por
!r on: animar (con entusiasmo) a
ment on: comentar, hacer comentarios
•re
pare with: comparar con
plain about: quejarse de
UNS + PREPOSITIONS
on: prohibici6n de
lk from: descanso I escape de
:e of: causa de
tee of: probabilidad I posibilidad de
of: gasto I coste de
::t on: efecto I influencia sobre
JECTIVES + PREPOSITIONS
id of: asustado/a de
re of: consciente de
for: malo/a I perjudicial para
~ficial for I to: beneficioso/a para
r with: ocupado/a con
:>us about: curioso/a I interesado/a por
iliar with: familiarizado/a con
lUS for: famoso/a por
l of: aficionado/a a
:>f: lleno/a de
l at: bueno/a en I para
conceive of: imaginarse
congratulate on: felicitar I dar la
enhorabuena por
consist of: consistir en, componerse de
cope with: hacer frente a, sobrellevar
crash into: chocar(se) I estrellar(se) con
deal with: ocuparse de; hacer frente a; tratar con
depend on: con tar con; depender de
--------
deprive of: privar de
disapprove of: desaprobar, estar en contra de
discourage (someone) from: disuadir
(a alguien) de
engage in: participar en; entablar (conversaci6n)
gaze at: mirar fijamente a
glance at: echar un v1stazo a
hear about: enterarse de
hear from: conocer la opinion de
impose on: molestar, abusar de la confianza de
laugh at: reirse I burlarse de
lead to: llevar I conducir a
object to: oponerse a
participate in: participar en
praise for: alabar I elogiar por
prepare for: preparar(se) para
present with: entregar. .. a, hac er entrega de ... a
prevent from: impedir I evitar que
react to: reaccionar a I ante
example of: ejemplo de
form of: forma de
increase in: aumento I incremento de
interest in: in teres en I por
lack of: falta I escasez de
immune to: inmune a
indifferent to: indiferente a
interested in: interesado/a en I por
kind to: amable I atento/a con
(be) late for: (llegar) tarde a
opposed to: contrario/a a
(be) prone to: ser propenso/a I tener
tendencia a
protected from: protegido/a de
responsible for: responsable de
safe from: a salvo de
COMMON ERRORS
refrain from: abstenerse de
relate to: identificarse I sentirse
identificado/a con
rely on: contar con; confiar en, fiarse de
remind (someone) of: recordar (alguien) a
resign from: dimitir de, renunciar a
result in: llevar a, tener como resultado
run into: entrar corriendo a
rush by: pasar a toda velocidad
search for: buscar
see to: encargarse I ocuparse de
share with: compartir con
specialise in: especializarse I estar
_e:::s::!p::e::c:::ia::l:::iz=a::d::o::./=a..:e:.:.n::._________
stare at: mirar fijamente a
substitute for: sustituir a
succeed in: tener exito con; triunfar en;
conseguir
tend to: tender (a), soler
think about: pensar en
think of: pensar en, idear
trip over: tropezar con
walk around: deambular I dar una
vuelta (por)
wonder at: maravillarse de
work on: trabajar en
worry about: preocuparse por
need to: necesidad de
reaction to: reacci6n ante I a
relationship with: relaci6n con
solution to: soluci6n a I para
use of: uso de
shocked by: estupefacto/a I at6nito/a
por
shy about: timido/a para
similar to: similar I parecido/a a
successful at: exitoso/a en
suitable for: apropiado/a I apto/a para
terrible at: malisimo/a para I en
tired of: cansado/a I harto/a de
unheard of: inaudito/a, ins6lito/a;
desconocido/a
IRREGULAR VERB FORMS Many verbs in English have i rregular forms. lt's important to memorise these irregula1

BASE FORM (Vl) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) CASTELLANO
be / bi:/ was I were / woz/ wJ:/ been / bi:n/ ser, estar
beat / bi:t/ beat / bi:t/ beaten / 'bi:tn/ golpear
become/ br'kAm/ became / br'kerm/ become / br'kAm/ llegar a ser, convertirse
begin / br'gm/ began / br'ga::n/ begun / br'gAn/ empezar
bend / bend/ bent / bent/ bent / bent/ doblar(se)
bet / bet/ bet / bet/ bet / bet/ apostar
bite / bart/ bit / brt/ bitten / 'brtn/ morder
bleed / bli:d/ bled / bled/ bled / bled/ sangrar
blow / bl;;>u/ blew / blu:/ blown / bl;;>un/ soplar
break / brerk/ broke / br;;>uk/ broken / 'br;;>ukn/ romper
bring / bnu/ brought / br:>:t/ brought / bn:t/ traer
build / b!ld/ built / brit/ built / brit/ construir
burn / bJ:n/ burnt I burned / bJ:nt/ bJ:nd/ burnt I burned / bJ:nt/ bJ:nd/ quemar
burst / bJ:st/ burst / bJ:st/ burst / bJ:st/ reventar, estallar
buy / bar/ bought / b:n / bought / bJ:t/ comprar
catch / ka::tfl caught / k:>:t/ caught / b:t/ coger, agarrar
choose / tfu:z/ chose I tf ;;>uz/ chosen / 'tf;;>uzn/ elegir
come / kAm/ came / kerm/ come / kAm/ venir
cost / kost/ cost / kost/ cost / kost/ costar
cut / kAt/ cut / kAt/ cut / kAt/ cortar
deal / di:l/ dealt / delt/ dealt I delt/ comerciar, tratar
dig / drg/ dug / dAg/ dug / dAg/ cavar
do / du:/ did / drd/ done / dAn/ hac er
draw / drJ:/ drew / dru:/ drawn I dr:>:n/ dibujar
dream I dri:m/ dreamt I dreamed / dremt/ dri:md/ dreamt I dreamed / dremt/ dri:md/ sonar
drink I dnuk/ drank I dra::uk/ drunk I drA!Jk/ beber
drive I draiVI drove I dr;;>uvI driven / 'driVn/ conducir
eat / i:t/ ate / ert/ eaten / 'i:tn/ corner
fall / bl/ fell / fell fallen / 'bin/ eaer(se)
feed / fi:d / fed / fed / fed / fed/ alimentar
feel / fi:l/ felt / felt/ felt / felt/ sentir(se)
fight / fart/ fought / b:t/ fought / fJ:t/ luchar, pelear
find / farnd / found / faund / found / faund/ encontrar
fly / flar / flew / flu:/ flown / fl;;>un/ volar
forbid / f;;>'brd/ forbade / f;;>'berd/ forbidden / f;;> 'brdn/ prohibir
forget / f;;>'get/ forgot / f;;>'got/ forgotten / f;;>'gotn/ olvidar
forgive / f;;>'giV/ forgave / f;;>'geiV/ forgiven / f;;> 'giVn/ perdonar
freeze I fri:z / froze / fr;;>uz/ frozen / 'fr;;>uzn/ congelar(se)
get / get/ got / got/ got / got/ conseguir; llegar
give / giV/ gave / geiV/ given / 'giVn/ dar
go / g;;>u/ went / went/ gone / gon/ ir
grow / gr;;>u/ grew / gru:/ grown I gr;;>un/ crecer; cultivar
hang / ha::u/ hung I hanged / hA!J/ ha::ud/ hung I hanged / hA!J/ h<e!Jd/ colgar
have / ha::v/ had / ha::d/ had / ha::d/ tener; haber
hear / hr;;> / heard / hJ:d/ heard / hJ:d/ oir
hide / hard/ hid / hrd/ hidden /'hrdn/ esconder(se)
hit / hrt/ hit / hrt/ hit / hrt/ golpear, pegar
hold / h;;>uld/ held / held/ held / held/ sujetar
hurt / hJ:t/ hurt / hJ:t/ hurt / hJ:t/ herir, hacer dano; doler
keep / ki:p/ kept / kept/ kept / kept/ guardar, mantener
know / n;;>u/ knew / nju:/ known / n;;>un/ saber, conocer
lay / !er/ laid / lerd/ laid / lerd/ poner; extender
lead / li:d/ led / led/ led / led/ guiar, conducir
learn / b:n/ learnt I learned / b:nt/ b:n~l/ · learnt I learned / b:nt/ b:nd/ aprender
left / left/ left / left/ dejar; irse, salir
lent / lent/ lent / lent/ prestar
 COMMON ERRORS

SE FORM (Vl) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) CASTELLANO

/ let/ let / let/ let / let/ permitir, dejar
/ lai/ lay / lei/ . lain / !em/ tumbarse, echarse
/ lai/ (regular verb) lied / laid/ lied / laid/ mentir
lt / lait/ lit / ht/ lit / ht/ encender
~ / lu:z/
- -- lost / lost/ lost / lost/ perder
ke / meik/ made / meid/ made / meid/ hacer, fabricar
an / mi:n/ - - meant / ment/ meant / ment/ significar, querer decir
et / mi:t/ met / met/ met / met/ conocer a; quedar con
!rcome / ;)U\Id'kAm/ overcame / ;)UV;)'keim/ overcome / ;)UV;)'kAm/ superar
r / pei/ paid / peid/ paid / pe1d/ pagar
·-
: / put/ -- put / put/ put / put/ poner
t / kwit/ quit I quitted / kwn/ 'kwmd/ quit I quitted / kwit/'kwitid/ dejar (de)
-----
d / ri:d/ -~-
read / red/ read / red/ leer
::! / raid/ --·~----
rode / r;)ud/ ridden / 'ndn/ montar
g / nu/ ----- rang / ra:u/ rung / rA!J/ llamar (por telefono)
! / raiz/ rose / r;)uz/ risen / 'nzn/ elevarse, alzarse
l / rAn/
-- .- -
ran / ra:n/ run / rAn/ correr
--- --
· / sei/ said / sed/ said / sed/ decir
- -----·
/ si:/ - - -- saw / s:x/ seen / si:n/ ver
. / se!/ sold 1S;)uld/ sold / s;)uld/ vender
--- - - -
enviar
td / send/ -- ~-J
sent / sent/ sent / sent/
/ set/ ---
set / set/ ·- -
set / set/ colocar
T / S;)U/
----
sewed I s;)ud/ sewn / s;)un/ coser
tke ; Jeik/ --------
shook / fuk/ shaken / 'bkn/ agitar
ne ; Jam/ ~---
shone / fon / shone / fon / brillar
10t / fu:t/ shot / Jot/ shot ; Jot/ disparar
1W ; J;)u/
--- -· showed / f;)ud/ shown I f;)un/ mostrar, ensei\.ar
- -.
lt / fAt/ shut / fAt/ shut / fAt/ cerrar
----
g / SI!)/ --- --
sang / sa:u/ sung / sAD/ cantar
k / SI!Jk/ sank I sa:uk/ sunk / sAnk/ hundirse
/ sit/ sat / s<et/ sat / s<et/ sentarse
~p / sli:p/ slept / slept/ slept / slept/ dormir
ell / smell -- smelt I smelled / smelt/ smeld/ smelt I smelled / smelt/ smeld/ oler
ak / spi:k/ spoke / sp;)uk/ spoken / 'sp;)ukn/ hablar
U / spell - spelt I spelled / spelt/ speld/ spelt I spelled / spelt/ speld/ deletrear
nd / spend/ -~-
spent I spent/ spent / spent/ gastar; pasar (tiempo)
ll / spill spilt I spilled / spdt/ spdd/ spilt I spilled / spdt/ spdd/ derramar(se)
oil / spJII/ spoilt I spoiled / spJilt/ spJiid/ spoilt I spoiled / spJilt/ spJild/ arruinar, estropear
ead / spred/ - - - spread /spred/ spread / spred/ untar; difundir(se)
ing / spnu/ sprang / spra:u/ sprung / sprA!J/ saltar
nd / st<end/ - - - - stood I stud/ stood / stud/ estardepie
al / sti:l/ . - .. stole /st;)ul/ stolen / 'st;)uln/ robar
:k / snk/ stuck / stAk/ stuck / stAk/ pegar
-
1g / sou/ stung I stAu/ stung /stA!J/ picar (insecto)
--
~ar / swe;)/
- swore I swJ:/ sworn / sWJ:n/ jurar
~ep / swi:p/ swept / swept/ swept / swept/ barrer
----
im / sWim/ -----
swam I swa:m/ swum / swAm/ nadar
.e / teik/ ----
took / tuk/ taken / 'teikn/ coger; llevar
eh / ti:tf/ -·--·--- taught / tJ:t/ taught / tJ:t/ ensei\.ar
r / te;)/ tore / tJ:/ tom / tJ:n/ rompe~desgarrar
. / tell
- - -- told I t;)uld/ told / t;)u!d/ decir, contar
~ - -- -
nk / 8qJk/ thought / 8J:t/ thought / 8J:t/ pensar
ow ; er;)u/
- - -- thrown ; er;)un/ tirar; lanzar
threw / 8ru:/
:lerstand I Ande'st<end/ understood I Ande'stud/ understood I Ande'stud/ comprender, entender
ke up / 'weik Ap/ woke up / 'w;)uk Ap/ woken up /'Wdukn Ap/ despertar(se)
ar / we;)/ wore / WJ:/ worn / WJ:n/ llevar puesto; ponerse
l / Win/ won / wAn/ won / wAn/ ganar
ite / rait/ wrote I r;)ut/ written / 'ntn/ escribir
'

READING STRATEGIES
Using a variety of reading strategies can help you understand a text. This is a review of the
reading strategies you have already learned . When you do your exams, try to use as many
different reading strategies as you can.

PREDICTING CONTENT
Before you read a te xt, read the title and look at the photographs. This will help you
predict the content of the te xt .

IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA

Reading the first, and sometimes the last, sentence of a paragraph can help you identify
the main idea. This will make it easier to understand the text.

IDENTIFYING FACT AND OPINION

Most texts include facts as well as the writer's personal opinion. Facts are statements that
can be proved or shown to be true, while opinions describe the writer's beliefs, feelings
or thoughts. Sometimes, writers present their opinions as facts in order to influence or
change the reader's own views . Look for clue words such as feel, believe, always, best,
most, never and none.

IDENTIFYING THE AUTHOR'S PURPOSE

Texts are usually written for one of four purposes : to describe (descriptions of places
or people), to entertain (narratives), to explain (instructions or informative texts) or to
persuade (opinion essays or for and against essays). Knowing the author's purpose can
help you understand the text.

SCANNING FOR INFORMATION

Scanning helps you locate specific information in a text. Pay attention to the type of
information you are searching for (dates, places, names). Looking for capital letters and
numbers can help.

MAKING INFERENCES
Making inferences (or reading between the lines) helps you understand things that aren't
actually written in the te xt. By looking for certain hints in the text, such as the way a
person reacts or says something, you can draw your own conclusions.

UNDERSTANDING REFERENCE
Texts usually contain pronouns and possessive adjectives which refer to something or
someone already mentioned. You can usually find what is being referred to in the first part
of the sentence or in the previous sentence.

GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

When you don't know the meaning of a word, try to guess . First, try to identify the part of
speech by looking at the word's place in the sentence and its ending . Then, look for other
words in the sentence which might give you clues to the meaning .
 EXAM PRACTICE GUIDE
NSWERINCi TECHNIQUES
...
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
. .
Multiple-choice questions follow the order of the te xt , so look for the part of the te xt that each question refers to .
Read each answer option carefully. Don't choose an answer just because the same words appear in the te xt and
the option . Think of synonyms for words in the options and choose the answer that is closest in meaning .
Example : 1. Why did Kenneth Good extend his stay with the Yanomami?
a He wanted them to learn about Western civilisation .
b He felt very comfortable with them.
c He wanted to marry a tribal woman.
d He had not completed his project.
The keywords are Why, Kenneth Good and extend his stay, so we have to find the reason why Kenneth extended
his stay. In the second paragraph , the writer states : As he learned more about them (the Yanomami), he grew to
love their way of life, which emphasised cooperation, sharing and humour. (page 12, lines 12-14) So answer b is
correct. Although answers c and d contain the distractors tribal woman and project , they are incorrect. Answer a
is also wrong because the writer does not say that Kenneth Good intended to teach the Yanomami about his own
culture.

MULTIPLE MATCHING
Read the entire text on page 2 5 to get the general idea of the information given in each section . Then , read the
questions in Exercise 2 on page 24 and scan for the information you need.
Note that the questions do not follow the chronological order of the te xt. Some questions relate to the speaker' s
attitude or feelings, so look for words that relate to emotions. Then , find a paraphrase or synonym in the text.
Example: Which writer mentions reducing existing damage ?

B Ron Stevens, Space Engineer

Everyone worries about air and ocean pollution, but I'm also concerned about the massive pollution in space .
Close to 200 million pieces of space rubbish, from paint chips to defunct satellites, are flying around our
planet. They're travelling so fast that even the slightest piece of debris crashing into a satellite can cause
catastrophic damage .
In 2009, an old Russian satellite collided with a US communications satellite, destroying both of them and
creating thousands of new pieces of debris . Incidents like these make the situation even more critical.
I wish there were an efficient way to clean up space junk, but there isn't yet . My team at the European Space
Agency is working on a four-armed robot which will grab items one at a time. But if we want to ensure effective
solutions, we'll need international cooperation .

The keywords are reducing, existing and damage. In Post B, Ron ex presses his concern about cleaning up space
junk and discusses the four-armed robot his team are working on .

SENTENCE COMPLETION
Read the part of the sentence that you have been given and identify keywords and connectors.
Use the keywords and their synonyms to locate the relevant part of the te xt.
Read the part of the text and decide what information is needed to complete the sentence.
Complete the sentence. Use the words in the text, but remember to make the necessary
grammatical changes.
Example : Unless there is worldwide cooperation, ... .
• The keywords in the sentence are Unless and worldwide cooperation.
• The word unless introduces a statement using the First Conditional.
• The relevant part of the text on page 25 is lines 23 -24. Here we read that without international cooperation,
there will be no effective solutions.
• The answer requires the use of the First Conditional.
Answer: Unless there is worldwide cooperation, there will be no effective solutions.
 TRUE I FALSE STATEMENTS
Make sure you understand the meaning of the statement.
Find the relevant parts of the te xt by looking for keywords, synonyms and opposites.
Compare the statement with the te xt and decide if it's true or false.
Just ify your answer by quoting the relevant part of the text.
Example: Most sumo matches are long.
• The keywords in the sentence are sumo matches and long.
• In lines 9-10 on page 36, we read that: This usually takes only a few seconds.
Answer: False

OPEN QUESTIONS
Read the question carefully and determine what type of information you have to provide
(a reason, a place, a name , etc.).
Use the keywords or their synonyms to locate the relevant parts of the text.
Look at the tense used in the question -your answer will usually be written in the same tense.
Write the answer in your own words whenever possible. Do not add unnecessary information
or give your opinion , unless you are asked.
Example: Why does Rosa feel that she and Van Baerle might not be meant for each other?
• The keywords are Why and not meant for each other- you are asked the reason she feels
this way about Van Baerle and herself.
• The answer is given in lines 17-19 on page 49.
Answer: She feels that way because he is a rich and educated man who could never love
a simple, uneducated girl.

FINDING SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

Identify the part of speech. Use prefixes and suffixes to help you .
Find a word that is the same part of speech, or an ex pression which has a similar 1 opposite
meaning in the te xt.
When looking for a synonym or antonym, make sure the sentence makes sense when you
substitute the word or ex pression in the passage with the synonym or antonym.
Example: Find a word in the text that means the opposite of increases.
• The word increases is a verb , indicated by the-sending.
• In Te xt B on page 73, the writer uses a verb to describe the chances that recruits will quit
when they see what the job really involves .
Answer: decreases

:tso
I
EXAM PRACTICE GUIDE
TIPS FOR LISTENING
BEFORE YOU LISTEN:.
• Before listening to the recording, read the title and the comprehension questions ,
as they can help you to predict the topic and content of the te xt .
• When you read the questions , identify keywords and underline them.
• Make sure you know the type of information you are listening for (pl ace, tim e, person ,
reason , etc.).

WHILE YOU LISTEN:

• As you listen, pay attention to keywords and their synonyms or antonyms to recognise
the part of the recording related to each question.
• Remember- you don 't have to understand every word to comprehend the main ideas
and answer questions.
• Some English words can sound very similar. Try to recognise the word from its conte xt .

WHILE ANSWERING:
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
• Read the choice of answers carefully and listen for the correct answer expressed in
a slightly different way.
• Be aware of words that appear in the recording , but which are used as di stracters in Need more help?
the questions . For more practice, go to
Workbook pages 67-74

SENTENCE COMPLETION
• Read the sentences , focusing on the clues before and I or after each space, so you know
what information to listen for.
• Pay attention to the number of words you may use to complete the sentence .
• If you have to use a number, write it in figures so you don 't m ake any spelling
mistakes.

MULTIPLE MATCHING
• Don't choose an answer until you have heard the entire ex tract .
• When you read each statement, think of other ways of saying it. This will help you
identify the correct speaker.
TIPS FOR SPEAKING
BEFORE YOU SPEAK:
• Make sure that you understand the task and the questions you are given.
• If you are allowed some preparation time, organise what you are going to say and use
simple notes.
• Don't try to communicate ideas that are too complicated. lt's better to use simple
sentences.
• Don't worry if you don't know a particular word or expression in English. Think of an
alternative and use the words you know to express the same idea.

WHILE YOU SPEAK:

• Don't speak too quickly or too slowly. Try to speak clearly.
• Don't worry about making errors - it's preferable to make a few errors than to remain
silent and not say anything at all.
• If you make a mistake, stay calm, correct yourself and carry on speaking.

WHILE: Need more help

Functional Language
RESPONDING TO INTERVIEW QUESTIONS pages 117-119
• Don't just answer "yes" or "no", but give reasons and include personal details. For more practice, go
Workbook pages 75-Bo

COMPARING PICTURES AND SPECULATING

• Point out the similarities and differences between the photographs.
• Say what you think based on your own ideas and experiences.

MAKING A DECISION AND EXPRESSING OPINIONS

• The first part of this task is the most important, so make sure you take time to talk about
each of the ideas in the diagram.
• Interact with your partner as you discuss each idea or option. Respond to your partner's
comments by agreeing, disagreeing or making another suggestion.
• When stating your opinion on something, try to include reasons for your views.
• Take turns with your partner- don't dominate the conversation.

HAVING A DISCUSSION
• Respond to your partner's comments by agreeing, disagreeing or making suggestions.
• Take turns with your partner- don't dominate the conversation.
• Don't interrupt your partner while he I she is talking.
• There is no correct or incorrect answer. You will be assessed on your use of language, not
your ideas.
 EXAM PRACTICE GUIDE
XAM PRACTICE
cam Practice 1
ead the text and answer the questions that follow.

HISTORICAL UNTRUTHS
For many of us, our knowledge of most historical fig ures ca n be sum med up in one or two simple facts.
George Washington? He wore a wig with w hite curly hair. Marie Antoinette? She famously declared, "Let
them eat cake" . The truth is. however, that these facts about Was hi ngton and Marie Antoinette aren't facts
at all, and that many of the things w e claim to know about peopl e in hi st ory may actu ally be entirely false.
Take Marie Antoinette's famous quote, for example. In 1789, th e French roya l fami ly had become very
unpopular, and among them , Marie Antoinette. Consequent ly, w hen the sto ry spread that she had
responded to the people's lack of bread by sarcastically suggestin g that th ey eat cake instead, people had
an easy time believing it . However, Marie Anto inette's offic ial bi ograp her argued that this uncarin g response
would have been completely out of character for her. What's more, a st ory already existed of a pri ncess
named Marie-Therese who said nearly the same thing , years before Mari e Antoi nette was even born .
Several facts relating to the accomplishments of hi storical fi gures have also been falsified. Christopher
Columbus, for instance, was credited with making the revolution ary di scove ry in 1492 th at t he Earth was
round . In actuality, though, people knew about the Earth's circ ul ar shape long before Co lumbus' time. In
fact. the ancient Greeks had already spent centuries calculating th e size of Earth's sp here.
Even seemingly trivial facts , like the height of renown ed hi storica l fi gure Napoleon , have been proven
unreliable. The French emperor is remembered for having been in credibly short. but th is may not ha ve been
the case . During Napoleon's time, the French and the Engli sh both used in ches to measure height, but the
French inch was slightly longer. So a man measured to be 62 in ches tall, like Napoleon , cou ld have been as
short as 1.58 metres or as tall as 1.7 metres . it's th erefore quite poss ibl e t hat Napoleon's height w as
actually that of an average Frenchman .
Although it can be tempting to simply accept the fa cts we hear about hi story's prominent figures, w e
should remember to do our own research before beli eving thing s t o be tru e. Ot herw ise, we're no better
than the people who spread these "facts " in the first place.

Choose the correct answer. 3 Complete the sentence.

1 Christopher Columbus .. ..
a never actually said that the Earth was round
b wasn't the first to discover the Earth's true shape
c continued the work of the ancient Greeks
2 According to the text, Napoleon may have been .. . .
a even shorter than originally thought
b taller than most men in France
c 1. 7 metres tall
Z Decide if the following sentences are true (T)
or false (F). Find evidence in the text to justify
your answers.
1 George Washington didn't actually wear a wig.
2 Marie Antoinette was well-liked before she said,
"Let them eat cake."
3 Today, Napoleon isn't known for his height.
For centuries before Columbus ' discovery, ....
4 An swer the questions.
1 Why is the story of Marie-Therese mentioned in the text?
2 What advice does the writer give us?
5 Fi nd words or expressions in the text that mean:
1 completely (paragraph I)
2 became known by many people (paragraph If)
3 not able to be trusted (paragraph IV)
4 typical (paragraph IV)
5 originally or to begin wi t h (paragraph V)
6 Write a composition of about 100-150 words.
Choose ONE option.
1 If you could have a conversation with any histo ri cal
figure , who would it be and why?
2 "Learning history is a waste of time ." Do you ag ree
with this statement? Why or why not?
 Exam Practice 2
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.

THE PLANTS FOUND ON NATIONAL FLAGS

Fl ags are more than just co lourfu l pieces of cloth . A country's flag can represent its history, its values, or
even what the country is best known for. Even though most flags accomplish this using generic shapes and
religious symbo ls, a few countries do something different - their flags display plants, or parts of plants, with
important mean in gs.
11 A class ic exa mpl e is Canada's maple leaf. Although it only first appeared on the country's national flag in
1965, the maple leaf had been the national symbo l of Canada for many years before - and reasonably so.
Canada's maple trees are world-famous for their beautifully coloured leaves in the autumn, as wel l as for
their sap, which is processed into del icious maple syrup. it's no wonder that 60% of Canadians voted to
in clud e the maple leaf when the current national flag was being designed.
Ill Mexico has also got an interesting story beh ind the plant on its flag. At the centre of the f lag , there is an
eagle eating a snake perched on a prickly-pear cactus plant. Accord in g to legend, the Aztecs were told by the
gods that this exact image would appear where they were to build their new city. Sure enough , they spotted
the eag le on an island in the middle of a lake, and the Aztecs built their city there. Today, this city lies in the
heart of Mexico's capital. it's hardly surprising that the prickly-pear cactus lives on in Mexico's national flag,
as it is an impo rtant piece of the country's history.
IV Some flag s even go beyond sma ll plants and include whole trees, such as the national flag of Leba non. In
the centre of Lebanon's f lag, there is a single cedar tree. The cedar tree grows in parts of the Mediterranean
region, but the forests of Lebanon were once famous for their abundance of them. There were even poets
who, after visiting Lebanon, wrote about the beauty and serenity of the trees. Today, the cedar tree is
co nsid ered to be a symbo l of peace in Lebanon.
V Clearly, the plants appearing on these national flags are anything but random choices. They do a wonderful
job of representing their cou ntries, while also maintaining a connection w ith nature!

1 Choose the correct answer. 4 Complete the sentences.

1 The maple leaf ....
a has been on Canada's flag for over a hundred years
b replaced Canada' s national symbol in 1965
c was a known symbol in Canada even before it
appeared on the flag
2 Which sentence is true about the Aztecs?
a They never saw the image the gods described.
b They built their city on an island.
c They believed that an eagle eating a snake was
a bad sign.
2 Decide if the following sentences are true (T)
or false (F). Find evidence in the text to support
your answers.
1 Most Canadians disliked the idea of having a maple
leaf on their flag.
2 Cedar trees aren't only found in Lebanon.
3 Rewrite the sentence without changing the
original meaning.
Canada's maple trees are famous for their colours,
as well as for their sap.
ot only ....
1 The Aztecs' city is now ....
2 In the past, Lebanese forests .. ..
5 Find words or expressions in the text that mean:
1 show (paragraph I)
2 existing now (paragraph 11)
3 not very (paragraph Ill)
4 continues to exist (paragraph Ill)
5 individual or one (paragraph IV)
6 Write a composition of about 100-150 words.
Choose ONE option.
1 Many national flags have designs that are hundred
years old . Do you think countries should update th
national flags? Why or why not?
2 Write an informal letter ore-mail to a foreign
penpal who has asked about your country . Describ
something your country is famous for. Explain wh\
is famous and give your opinion about it.
 EXAM PRACTICE GUIDE

::xam Practice 3
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.

ADVERTISING IN TODAY'S WORLD

The advertising industry is in the middle of a serious tran sform ation. As newspapers, radio and te levision beco me
more and more obsolete, advertisers are forced to come up with new ways of reaching potential customers.
Perhaps not surprisingly, this has led advertisers to focus all their attention on socia l media and its many
advertising opportunities.
One approach to using social media for advertising invo lves influencers. Influencers are people w ith thousands, or
even millions. of followers on social media who can be paid to talk or write about products w hich they su pposedly
like or use. This way of advertising has proven very successful, though lesser-known, "ord in ary" influencers have been
found to be more effective in convincing people to buy products than ce lebrities. As it turns out. being relatable in
advertising may be more important than being famous .
With that thought in mind, many advertisers have started creating relatable short videos for their ads . One advertising
campaign, looking to advertise a new kind of food, had great success with this t echniqu e. The fo od was a pizza-like
product. but it didn't look like a typical pizza. Based on the product's "weird" nature, the company designed its ads
around the idea that being weird is actually a good thing . Their video ads displayed teenagers with non-typical
interests and strange outfits, followed by the message, "What a time to be weird". Considering that many people
today believe in being different. the ads became an instant hit.
Trying to be relatable doesn't always work for advertisers, thou gh. One fast-food chain attempted to attract audiences
by focusing on the current trend of healthy and organic eating. Through socia l media, the cha in advertised its use of
fresh, high-quality ingredients. Soon. however, it was obvious that the advertising campaign had been a mistake.
Social media users attacked the campaign, saying that fast fo od isn't eaten for its healthy ingredients. and that th e
chain didn't serve anything close to high-quality food. Eventu ally, the campaign was deemed a complete failure.
In some ways, advertising today is much more challenging than it used to be. Still, the industry can't afford to fall
behind. so it has no choice but to adapt to this new reality.

1 Choose the correct answer.
1 The purpose of the first paragraph is to .. . .
a explain why social media is good for advertising
b show how advertising is changing
c compare social media to television
2 Using influencers to advertise products ....
a only works when the influencers are celebrities
b hasn't been very effective for advertisers
c is more successful with lesser-known influencers
3 The ads for the pizza-like product were successful
because ....
a they included people of all ages
b they had a message that people could relate to
c they explained the benefits of the product
~ Decide if the following sentences are true (T)
or false (F). Find evidence in the text to support
your answers.
1 At first, the ads for the pizza-like product
weren't successful.
2 People didn't respond well to the fast-food chain's
new ads.
3 Rewrite the sentences without changing the
original meaning.
1 Influencers are paid by advertisers to talk about
products that they like or use.
Advertisers ... .
2 Advertising today is much more challenging than it
used to be.
In the past, advertising ....
4 Answer the question.
In what ways were the people in the ads for the
pizza-like product different or weird?
5 Find words or expressions in the text that mean:
1 think of (paragraph I)
2 tried (paragraph IV)
3 popular behaviour (paragraph IV)
4 allow itself (paragraph V)
6 Write a composition of about 100-150 words.
Choose ONE option.
1 "The best ads are informative. They sho
you need to know about a prod uct.&
Do you agree with this statement? t::
2 Write a formal e-mail to a sho
complaining about an ite
with the item and say
 Exam Practice 6
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.

THE UNLUCKY NUMBER?

On 13th September 1881, in room 13 of a New York restaurant. 12 men sat around a table decorated with
13 candles. Th ey were waiting for one more guest to show up. When an hour had passed and the last guest
had still not arrived, the din ner's host William Fowler grabbed a nervous wa iter and told him to sit down and
ta ke th e 13th place at the tab le. Luckily for the waiter, the 13th guest fina lly arrived and the men began to
eat. The inaugural meeting of the Thirteen Club had begun.
11 In Fowler's t ime, the notion that 13 was an unlucky number was nearly universal in the English-speaking
wo rld. So too was the belief that if 13 people sat at a table, one of them would die within the year. lt was
precisely supe rstiti ons like these that Fowler and his companions had decided to debunk. Howeve r, not
everyone was im pressed by their efforts. According to a report in The New York Times, "Th e club has shown
that it is as ignorant of the nature of ill-luck as it is reckless in playing with it."
Ill Fast forward to th e 21st century, and one wou ld expect such superstitions to have vanished into history.
Instead, we see most hotels omitting the 13th floor, airports missing gate 13 and restaurants with no table
13. Moreover, the dread of 13 is commonly combined with the idea of Friday as an unlucky day, with the
phobia of Frid ay th e 13th affecting 20 million peop le in the United States alone . Research reveals a loss of
$800-900 million eac h time it occurs, due to cancelled appointments, a reduction in property sa les and
shopp in g purchases, and absenteeism from work.
IV Iron ica ll y, a Dutch study has revealed that fewer traffic accidents, fires and thefts occur on Friday the 13th
than on othe r Frid ays, as people tend to be more cautious. And for those who have the w herewith al to take
advantage of the situation, there are bargains to be found. Nearly a third of Bri tish buyers say they would
avoid purchasing homes and properties with the number 13, thereby driving the ir prices down- good news
if you' re a brave home hunter not bothered by superstitions I

1 Choose the correct answer. 3 Answer the questions.

1 The New York Times' response indicates their belief
that ....
a the number 13 was unlucky
b superstitious people were ignorant
c the club should have a more serious purpose
2 The examples of hotels, airports and restaurants
show that the superstition .. . .
a has almost disappeared
b is still prevalent
c has been proven correct
3 What do we learn about the effect of Friday the 13th
on the economy?
a People make more purchases.
b There is less activity in the financial market.
c The effect is minor.
2 Decide if the following sentences are true (T)
or false (F). Find evidence in the text to support
your answers.
1 In the 19th century, most people in the English-
speaking world believed that 13 was an unlucky
number.
2 Most British home buyers avoid buying number 13
homes .
3 Friday the 13th is actually safer than other days.
1 Why was the waiter nervous?
2 Did the Thirteen Club succeed in its efforts?
4 Rewrite the sentences without changing the origi1
meaning.
1 The Thirteen Club didn 't impress a writer at
The New York Times.
A writer ....
2 it's a pity you 're superstitious . You can get bargai1
on Friday the 13th.
If you ....
5 Find words or expressions in the text that mear
1 arrive (paragraph I)
2 prove untrue (paragraph 11)
3 disappeared (paragraph Ill)
4 ability (paragraph IV)
6 Write a composition of about 100-150 words.
Choose ONE option.
1 Describe a club or group that you participate in 1 •
like to participate in . Include its location, member
activities, and say what you like about it.
2 Should we believe in things that can't be proven b
science? Write a for and against essay on this topi1
arguments for both sides and give your personal <