Covalent bonding

Covalent bonds are strong chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between
atoms.

Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron
configuration, usually by filling their valence shells.

Covalent bonds are relatively strong, requiring energy to break and resulting in
the formation of stable molecules.

Covalent bonds can have multiple bonds, such as double and triple bonds, which
involve the sharing of two or three pairs of electrons, respectively.

Examples of Covalent Bonds:- Methane (CH4), Water (H2O) and Hydrogen(H2)

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are strong attractions between a hydrogen atom and an

electronegative atom in the same or a different molecule.

Hydrogen bonds are formed when a positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a
negatively charged atom. When compared to other intermolecular forces, they are
relatively stronger than other intermolecular forces.

Hydrogen bonds contribute to high boiling and melting points, increased surface
tension, and unique properties of water. They also play a crucial role in
maintaining the structure of proteins and nucleic acids.

Hydrogen bonding competes with other forces and affects the physical and chemical
properties of substances.

Examples of Hydrogen Bonds:- Water(H2o), Ammonia(NH3) and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)