REVIEWER IN READING & WRITING

LESSON 1: TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE

Text – a communicative occurrence which meets the standards of textuality.

STANDARDS OF TEXTUALITY:
1. Cohesion – concerns the ways in which the components of the surface text (actual words we hear
and see are connected within a sequence.
2. Coherence – concerns the ways in which the components of the textual world. (it is the outcome of
cognitive processes among text.
3. Intentionality – the text producer’s attitude that the set of occurrences should constitute a cohesive
and coherent text instrumental in fulfilling the producer’s intention.

DISCOURSE
- It is a language above the sentences
- it is a language in use
- it is a form of social practice in which language plays a central role

PURPOSE
● To inform ● To persuade ● To entertain

FACTORS
● Culture ● Social Environment ● Experiences

WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE?

1. ACTION
Public signs, product labels, and instructions, recipe, maps, TV – guides, bills, menus, telephone
directories
2. SOCIAL CONTACT
Letters, postcards, greeting cards
3. INFORMATION
Newspaper, magazines, non-fiction books, textbooks, advertisements, reports, guidebooks
4. ENTERTAINMENT
Light magazine, fiction books, poetry, drama, film subtitles, games

LESSON 2: TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING & ORGANIZING INFORMATION

➢ BRAINSTORMING LIST
➢ GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
➢ TOPIC OUTLINE
➢ SENTENCE OUTLINE

BRAINSTORMING - Process for generating creative ideas and solutions through intensive group
discussion. Every participant is encouraged to think aloud and suggest as many as possible
(evaluation sessions begins).
BRAINSTORMING LIST:

➔ Figuring Storming – you aim to do or think about how someone who might handle the
situation
➔ Online Brainstorming (Brain – Netting) – Ideas can be tossed back and forth through email
➔ Rapid Ideation – time limitation can help generate ideas quickly because you don’t have to
filter or overthink each one.
➔ Round Robin Brainstorming – once the topic was shared, go around the circle one-by-one.
➔ Starbusting – focuses on forming questions rather than answers (WH words).
➔ Stepladder Technique – encourages every member to contribute individually before being
influenced by everyone else.

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER – (concept map, entity relation charts, mind maps) Pictorial way of
constructing knowledge and organizing information.

USES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

Construct writing projects, to help in problem solving, decision making, studying, planning, &
brainstorming.

TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

➔ Star – If the topic involves investigating attributes associated with a single topic. (finding
methods, taking notes, reading, doing homework, memorizing etc.)
➔ Spider – Associated with a single topic and obtaining more details on each of these ideas.
➔ Fish Bone – Involves investigating multiple cause and effect factors associated with complex
topics and how they interrelate.
➔ Cloud/ Cluster – Use in generating web or ideas based on a stimulus topic. Best used for
brainstorming.
➔ Tree – If the topic involves a chain of events with a beginning and multiple outcomes at each
mode.
➔ Chain of Events – Involves a linear chain of events with definite beginning, middle and end.
➔ Continuum/ Timeline – If topic has definite beginning and ending points and number or
divisions or sequences in between
➔ Clock – If topic involves clock like cycle (recording events in school, story clock to summarize
story)
➔ Cycle of Events – Involves recurring cycle of events with no beginning and no end.
➔ Flowchart – Topic involves a chain of instructions to follow with a beginning and multiple
possible outcomes at some mode and rules.
➔ Venn Diagram – If the task involves examining the similarities and differences between 2 or 3
items.
➔ Chart/ Matrix – Involves condensing and organizing data about traits of many items (key
inventions – who invented, where, when etc.)

TOPIC & SENTENCE OUTLINE

TOPIC – is a particular issue or idea that serves as the subject of a paragraph, essay, report, or
speech.
 ❖ A formal outline is a kind of graphic scheme of the logic of your paper. Two main types of
outlines are used: 1) The topic outline, and 2) the sentence outline. The advantage of the
topic outline, besides its brevity, is that its parallel structure reveals the logic you will follow in
your paper. The advantage of a sentence outline is that it helps you make sure you become
sufficiently specific about your subject, rather than simply generalizing.

SAMPLE:

Thesis: The abuse of alcohol and drugs can affect a person economically, psychologically, and
physically.

Topic Outline:

I. Economical effects (Main idea)

A. Alcohol (Sub-idea)
1. Cost of alcohol purchases (Detail of A)
2. Cost of DUIs (Detail of A)
B. Drugs (Sub-point)
1. Cost of drug purchases (Detail of B)
2. Cost of drug arrest (Detail of B)

II. Psychological effects

A. Alcohol
1. Mental impairment
2. Mental addiction
B. Drugs
1. Mental impairment
2. Mental addiction

III. Physical effects

A. Alcohol
1. Liver disease
2. Alcohol poisoning
B. Drugs
1. Brain damage
2. Drug overdose

Sentence Outline:

I. Alcohol and drug abuse can affect one economically.

A. The cost of alcohol abuse is high and getting higher.
1. The costs of DUIs can be enormous.
2. Alcohol costs are always rising because of rising production costs as well
as state and local taxes.
B. The cost of drug abuse can be high.
1. Even the arrest for the possession of a minute amount of drugs can result
in high bail and court cost.
2. The cost of drugs fluctuates drastically according to the type of drug, its availability, and the
amount.
II. Alcohol and drug abuse can have severe psychological effects.
A. Alcohol abuse can damage a person psychologically.
1. Alcohol is a depressant and can alter the personality of anyone.
2. The abuse of alcohol can lead to the psychological addiction to alcohol.
B. Drug abuse can be detrimental to one psychologically.
1. Drugs impair one's ability to function normally because of the
hallucinations or numbness of "getting high."
2. Drugs can become a psychological addiction.

III. Alcohol and drug abuse can affect one physically.

A. Alcohol and drug abuse can cause physical problems.
1. The most common disease among alcoholics is cirrhosis of the liver.
2. The massive consumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning and
death.
B. Drug abuse has many physical implications.
1. Drug abuse has been linked to the damage of brain tissue.
2. The unpredictability of drugs can lead to an overdose and death.

LESSON 3: PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

PATTERNS – Pattern is a repeated form or design especially that is used to decorate something. If
something happens in a regular and repeated way, there is a pattern.
When beginning to write, it is helpful to determine the patterns of development that are most effective
for your purpose and audience. Some general patterns of development are:

1. Cause and Effect – details why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects and how
it is related to something else.
2. Compare and Contrast – tells how something is like other things or how something is different
from other things.
3. Description – details what something looks like and its characteristics.
4. Exemplification – provides typical cases or examples of something.
5. Narration – describes what, when, and where something happened.

Other patterns of development are:

6. Problem & Solution – essay presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects of the
problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to the problem. The solutions may be presented
in various ways and you have to think about which way would be the most appropriate for the
particular problem you are discussing.

The following transitional devices can also help you develop your text.
● Introduction: Nowadays, It is a common trend that, Society is becoming increasingly
concerned about
● Body: For instance, Such as/like, Namely
● Conclusion: In conclusion, To conclude, To sum up

7. Persuasive – text can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review or

even an advertisement. In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first state the issue.
This will serve as a background information about the topic. Then, it should be followed by a clear,
strong and specific argument.
 An argument is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue
previously stated. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched evidences,
which will give details on how and why it supports the argument. Evidences can be
factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in nature. It can also explain counter-arguments
not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or right but to enlighten
the readers about other positions.

Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the text.
This will be your final statement to persuade your readers.

8. Classification – is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects to groups or
categories based on their common and shared characteristics.

Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective classification paragraphs:

classified as, one kind, the last group, another kind, another, final type, the first category, are
categorized as, the next part.

9. Process can also be thought of as “how-to” instruction. Technical writing includes a lot of process
analysis, for instance. Academic writing can incorporate process analysis to show how an existing
problem came to be, or how it might be solved, by following a clear series of steps.

LESSON 4: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

1. ORGANIZATION

Organization in writing means that the writer must consciously arrange and classify ideas in
order to achieve logical order and clarity in writing. Organization entails that the ideas in writing must
be interconnected with one another.

Deductive way of organizing ideas for writing starts with the

general idea branching out to the specific details.
Inductive way of organizing ideas means the writer must start with the
particular ideas leading to the general idea.

Other example showing how you organize a thought:

a. Outline
b. Graphic Organizer

2. COHERENCE & COHESION

Coherence – refers to the interconnection between and among ideas in the text. It refers to
how the ideas are logically arranged. Where there is a smooth flow of meaning and continuity of
thoughts within a sentence and from one sentence to the next.

To ensure coherence you need to observe

● Parallelism
● Repetition
 Cohesion – refers to the smooth transition among the ideas represented in the sentences and
paragraphs, facilitated by the grammatically correct connections within and among sentences.

Cohesive devices are words or phrases that show the relationship between paragraphs or
sections of a text or speech. They are sometimes called linking words, linkers, connectors, or
conjunctions, discourse markers, or transitional words.

Substitution - One way of promoting cohesion is via substitution. The use of pronouns as substitutes
for key nouns in your paragraph aids you in presenting a clear flow of ideas. Substituting nouns with
pronouns will avoid repetition and confusion in your paragraph.

Example:
People are curious; they ask questions.
Twenty minutes into looking for my car keys, I finally found them.
Betty worked hard to perfect her writing.

Connectives - Through the correct use of connectives or conjunctions, writers can connect ideas
logically.

3. LANGUAGE USE

How can the right choice of words avoid problems?

The right choice of words in writing can help us become effective communicators. It pertains primarily
to diction and synonyms and antonyms, which refers to choosing the right word for the specific
context.

Formal Writing: Academic Business and Official texts

Informal Writing: Used in writing for oneself or in writing to family friends and colleagues
4. MECHANICS

Refer to grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and other surface features or details that
contribute to the development of one’s written work. Writing mechanics can help writers avoid
miscommunication and achieve clarity of writing.

Grammar – refers to the set of rules on how we organize words into sentences, and it also refers to
choosing the right form of words.
Punctuations – are marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences,
clauses, and phrases.

LESSON 5: EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS IN A TEXT

Claim – A claim is a logical conclusion based on information, evidence, and reasoning

that we know and have observed. Claims in texts are significant in supporting
propositions or arguments.

Explicit claim – is clearly and directly stated in the text which means that you can
easily point out the information in the passage.

Implicit Claim – is indirectly expressed but are being suggested or implied to be the
meaning of the text.

Example:

"Miles does not like dogs." (Explicit)

"Miles moved away from the dog.” (Implicit)

TYPES OF CLAIMS

1. CLAIM OF FACT – A claim of fact asserts that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist. It
presents the argument that the claim is true or specifies a specific term.

Examples:
● Studying for a test is one of the ways to get a good score.
● Reading newspapers gives a debater an advantage in supporting a claim on current events.

2. CLAIMS OF VALUE – A claim of value is arguable since it is based on one's subjective opinion,
judgment, appraisals, and evaluations. It can be shown explicitly or implicitly. The value or worth of
something is dependent on the standards utilized in assessing the value of a claim. You have made a
claim of value if you develop a position in which you say something is good, bad, or that one thing is
superior to another.

Example:
● Studying abroad is better than studying at a local university.
3. CLAIMS OF POLICY – A claim of policy is a claim that suggests a course of action that ought to be
followed in order to address a specific issue. It suggests a precise course of action that should be
taken.

Examples:
● The government should create an effective plan to address the traffic.
● To address the problem in the country, the government should support education further.

EXAMPLES FOR THESE CLAIMS:

1. The basic keys to success are perseverance and discipline.

- CLAIM OF VALUE

2. Parents should not only be aware of how their children are using social media, but
also understand the potential positive and negative impacts of social media use.
- CLAIM OF POLICY

3. COVID-19 is primarily spread from person to person. You can become infected by
coming into close contact with a person who has COVID-19.
- CLAIM OF FACT

4. Global warming will impact future generations and eventually ruin the environment.
- CLAIM OF FACT

5. It is better to be feared than to be loved.

- CLAIM OF VALUE