ENGLISH

MODALS AND SEMI-MODALS

ABILITY (PRESENT, FUTURE) CAN, BE ABLE TO

INABILITY (PRESENT, FUTURE) CAN’T, NOT BE ABLE TO

ABILITY (PAST) COULD, WAS ABLE TO

INABILITY (PAST) COULDN’T, WASN’T/WEREN'T

ABLE TO

ADVICE AND SUGGESTIONS SHOULD, SHOULDN’T, OUGHT

PERMISSION AND REQUESTS CAN, COULD, MAY

NECESSITY AND OBLIGATION MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO

PROHIBITION MUSTN’T

LACK OF OBLIGATION DON’T HAVE TO, NEEDN’T

CERTAINTY MUST

IMPOSSIBILITY CAN’T

POSSIBILITY COULD, MAY, MIGHT

PERFECT MODALS

CERTAINTY ABOUT THE PAST, MUST HAVE, CAN’T HAVE,

PAST IMPOSSIBILITY COULDN’T HAVE

LACK OF OBLIGATION IN THE NEEDN’T HAVE

 PAST

CRITICISM OF PAST ACTIONS SHOULD HAVE, SHOULDN’T

HAVE

ABILITY ABOUT THE PAST COULD HAVE, WOULD HAVE

ACTIONS THAT DIDN’T
HAPPEN

PAST POSSIBILITY COULD HAVE, MAY HAVE,

MIGHT HAVE

COLLOCATIONS

GO: INTO PARTNERSHIP, BANKRUPT

DO: BUSINESS, MY BEST
MAKE: PROGRESS, A PROFIT
TAKE: CHANCES, MY PLACE

go into partnership, go bankrupt

do business, do my best
make progress, make a profit
take chances, take my place
go into partnership, go bankrupt
do my best, do business
make progress, make a profit
take my place, take chances

EXPRESSIONS
WORKED HIS SOCKS OFF
Means to work very hard
I’ve worked my socks off to pass the school year
SET HIS SIGHTS ON
Means to have a target that you wanna achieve
I’ve set my sights on being a good at drawing and I achieve that
SET THE WORLD ON FIRE
Means to do something successful
She has set the world on fire with her music
UP AND COMING
Means to start showing signs of being successful
They are up and coming in the music industry
THROW IN THE TOWEL
Means to give up
I’m ready to throw in the towel of life

ENGLISH 2

Past perfect
HAD + VERB IN THE 3RD COLUMN
Focus on the result
Past perfect continuous
HAD + BEEN + VERB/ING
Focus on the process
Questions tags
We use affirmative question tags when the sentence is in
negative
We use negative question tags when the sentence is
affirmative
AFFIRMATIVE: She didn’t enjoy the party, did she?
NEGATIVE: She has gone there before, hasn't she?

Pronouns
REFLEXIVE pronouns when the subject and the object of
the verb are the same: everybody, anybody, nobody
POSSESSIVE pronouns to show who or what something
belong to: his, hers, ours, theirs, mine
INDEFINITE: pronouns to refer to people or things
without saying exactly who or what they are: himself,
herself, ourselves, themselve

Phrasal verb
SET OFF: Start a journey (We set off to New York today)
DIG UP: Remove something from the ground that was
buried (We are going to dig up to look for a treasure)
SET UP: Prepare equipment for use (I’m going to set up
the computers)
TAKE OVER: Begin to have control of or responsibility for
something (Someone will have to take over the problem)
PUT OFF: Desalentar (Don’t put me off, i’m trying my
best to be the best)
DIE OUT: Become extinct or disappear (People are saying
that pandas are going to die out forever, hope it’s not
true!)

Word building

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE

Theorise Theory Theoretical

Analyse Analysis Analytical

Repeat Repetition Repetitive

Prove Proof Proven

Conclude Conclusion Conclusive

Satisfy Satisfaction Satisfactory

Theorise-theory-theoretical
Analyse-analysis-analytical
Repeat-repetition-repetitive
Prove-proof-proven
Conclude-conclusion-conclusive
Satisfy-satisfaction-satisfactory
Theorise-theory-theoretical
Prove-proof-proven
Conclude-conclusion-conclusive
Analyse-analysis-analytical
Satisfy-satisfaction-satisfactory
repeat-repetition-repetitive

UNIT 7
Gerund
Gerunds are form with verbs and the ing ending
We use gerunds as nouns (Drinking too much coffee is
bad for you)
We use gerunds after prepositions (I’m bored of waiting)

Infinitive
To explain purpose
After adjectives such as afraid, scared, happy, glad,
pleased, sad
After the words too and enough
After certain verbs such as refuse, allow, expect, decide
BARE INFINITIVE
Modal verbs
With Had Better to give advice
Would rather to talk about preferences