REVIEWER IN BIO 3

Microbiology: The study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and
protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell
biology, ecology, evolution, and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response
to these agents.
Parasitology: The study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. It involves
techniques from fields such as cell biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology,
immunology, genetics, evolution, and ecology.
Bacteriology: A branch of microbiology dealing with the identification, study, and cultivation of
bacteria and with their applications in medicine, agriculture, industry, and biotechnology.
Mycology: The study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their
taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine (e.g., penicillin), food (e.g.,
beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms), and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as
poisoning or infection.
Virology: The study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained
in a protein coat – and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their
structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for
reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they
cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy.
Epidemiology: The study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and
determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is a cornerstone of
public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk
factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.
Cell Theory: States that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic
structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Germ Theory: The scientific theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body
by microorganisms.
Biogenesis: The production of new living organisms or organelles. The law of biogenesis,
attributed to Louis Pasteur, is the observation that living things come only from other living
things, by reproduction (e.g., a spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders).
Abiogenesis: The original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate
substances.
Pasteurization: The process of heat processing a liquid or a food to kill pathogenic bacteria to
make the product safe to eat.
Chemotherapy: The treatment of disease using chemical substances, especially the treatment
of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs.
Mutation: The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be
transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or
the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
Helminthology: The study of parasitic worms (helminths), and the diseases they cause.
Cytology: The study of cells at the microscopic level. It includes studying the structure, function,
and chemistry of cells.
Genetics: The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
Scientists: Pasteur, Hooke, Koch, Virchow, Erlich, Schwann, Schleiden contributed significantly to
the field of microbiology and cell theory.
Scientists:
Pasteur: Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist renowned for his
discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.
Hooke: Robert Hooke was an English scientist, best known for his law of elasticity (Hooke's law)
and for being the first to view a microorganism under a microscope.
Koch: Robert Koch was a German physician and microbiologist. He identified the specific
causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.
Virchow: Rudolf Virchow was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian,
biologist, writer, editor, and politician. He is known for his advancement of public health.
Ehrlich: Paul Ehrlich was a Nobel prize-winning German-Jewish physician and scientist who
worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Schwann: Theodor Schwann was a German physiologist who defined the cell as the basic unit of
animal structure.
Schleiden: Matthias Jakob Schleiden was a German botanist and co-founder of cell theory,
along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.
Microscopy: The technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that
cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopy:
Mounting: This involves preparing a sample for observation under a microscope. For instance, if
you're observing bread mold, you'd place a sample on a glass slide and cover it with a cover slip.
Using Coarse and Fine Adjustments: These knobs on a microscope help you focus on your
specimen. The coarse adjustment knob moves the stage up and down for major focusing, while
the fine adjustment knob makes small movements for fine-tuning your focus.
Using LPO, HPO: LPO (Low Power Objective) and HPO (High Power Objective) refer to the
microscope's lenses. LPO typically magnifies 10x, while HPO magnifies 40x or more.
Tilting The Microscope: Some microscopes allow you to tilt the head (where the eyepiece and
objectives are located) for comfortable viewing.
The Fungal Body Re: Rhizopus Nigricans: This is commonly known as black bread mold. It has a
structure consisting of sporangia (which produce spores), sporangiophores (stalks that hold up
the sporangia), and rhizoids (root-like structures).
Sporangium: A single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, especially
in fungi and algae.
Sporangiophore: A specialized hypha that bears sporangia.
Spores: A unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for
survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions.
Rhizoids: A root-like subterranean stem, commonly found in fungi and algae.

Kingdoms: The five-kingdom system classifies living organisms into five categories namely:
Protist, Fungi, Plant, Animal, and Moneran
Examples of the 5 Kingdom Scheme:
Protist: Single-celled organisms like Amoeba and Paramecium.
Fungi: Mushrooms, yeast, and molds.
Plant: Trees, flowers, and grasses.
Animal: Humans, dogs, cats, and birds.
Moneran: Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)