Examples of chromosomal disorders

Some of the most common chromosomal abnormalities include:

 Down's syndrome or trisomy 21

 Edward's syndrome or trisomy 18

 Patau syndrome or trisomy 13

 Cri du chat syndrome or 5p minus syndrome (partial deletion of short arm of chromosome 5)
 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome or deletion 4p syndrome

 Jacobsen syndrome or 11q deletion disorder

 Klinefelter's syndrome or presence of additional X chromosome in males


 Turner syndrome or presence of only a single X chromosome in females

 XYY syndrome and XXX syndrome

Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas
plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and
other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas
animal cells do not.

Common Plant Names with Their Scientific Names

Apple Malus domestica

Maize Zea mays

Onion Allium cepa

Pineapple Ananas comosus

Potato Solanum tuberosum

Tomato Solanum lycopersicum

 Common Animals Names with Their Scientific Names

Bird Aves

Cat Felis catus

Dog Canis lupus familiaris

Hen Gallus gallus domesticus

Housefly Musca domestica

fish Vertebrata

milkfish Chanos Chanos

ich·thy·ol·o·gy

noun
1. the branch of zoology that deals with fishes.
Biology is the study of life. Biology is such a large field that there are many branches of
biology in order to focus on those certain branches and to further study and learn about them.

 Oswald Avery: This biologist discovered that DNA caries hereditary information and it is
passed down from generation to generation.
 Rachel Carson: This biologist made a discovery in the environmental branch of biology
and discovered the effect that chemicals have on the environment and the food we eat.
 Marie Curie: This biologist made a discovery related to the elements that we now see on
the periodic table, and she was one of the first biologists to experiment with radiation
and the treatment of tumors. Today, this experiment is widely used in the treatment of
cancers and tumors, and we can appreciate the value of this discovery.
 Charles Darwin: This biologist studied the concept of evolution in species and studied
the origins of species.
 William Harvey: This biologist discovered that the blood leaves the heart, travels around
the body, and comes back to the heart, forming a circuit.

Branches of biology
 Branches of biology
n., singular: branch of biology
[ˈbɹɑːntʃɪz ɔv baɪˈɒlədʒɪ]
Definition: the diverse fields of biology

Branches of Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life. It includes several relevant branches. Below is a list
of major branches of biology with a brief description of each:

1. Agriculture – the science and practice of producing crops and livestock from
the natural resources of the earth
2. Anatomy – the study of the animal forms, such as the human body
 Anatomy is the study of biological structures. Image prepared by Maria Victoria
Gonzaga of Biology Online

3. Astrobiology – the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space
on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life.
4. Biochemistry – the study of the structure and function of cellular components,
such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules,
and of their functions and transformations during life processes.
Tutorial: Chemical Composition of the Body
5. Bioclimatology – a science concerned with the influence of climates
on organisms, for instance, the effects of climate on the development and
distribution of plants, animals, and humans
6. Bioengineering – or biological engineering, is a broad-based engineering
discipline that deals with bio-molecular and molecular processes, product design,
sustainability, and analysis of biological systems.
7. Biogeography – a science that attempts to describe the changing distributions
and geographic patterns of living and fossil species of plants and animals.
Tutorial: New Zealand’s Unique Geographical History
8. Bioinformatics – information technology as applied to the life sciences,
especially the technology used for the collection, storage, and retrieval
of genomic data
9. Biomathematics – mathematical biology or biomathematics is an
interdisciplinary field of academic study which aims at modeling natural,
 biological processes using mathematical techniques and tools. It has both
practical and theoretical applications in biological research.
10. Biophysics – or biological physics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the
theories and methods of physical sciences to questions of biology
11. Biotechnology – applied science that is concerned with biological systems,
living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes
for specific use
12. Botany – the scientific study of plants
Tutorial: Plant Biology
13. Cell biology – the study of cells at the microscopic or the molecular level. It
includes studying the cells’ physiological properties, structures, organelles,
interactions with their environment, life cycle, division, and apoptosis.
Tutorial: Biological Cell Introduction
14. Chronobiology – a science that studies time-related phenomena in living
organisms
15. Conservation Biology – concerned with the studies and schemes
of habitat preservation and species protection for the purpose of
alleviating extinction crisis and conserving biodiversity
16. Cryobiology – the study of the effects of low temperatures on living organisms
17. Developmental Biology – the study of the processes by which
an organism develops from a zygote to its full structure.
Tutorial: Developmental Biology
18. Ecology – the scientific study of the relationships between plants, animals, and
their environment.
19. Ethnobiology – a study of the past and present human interactions with the
environment, for instance, the use of diverse flora and fauna by indigenous
societies
20. Evolutionary Biology – a subfield concerned with the origin and descent of
species, as well as their change over time, i.e. their evolution
21. Freshwater Biology – a science concerned with the life and ecosystems
of freshwater habitats.
Tutorial: Freshwater Ecology
22. Genetics – the science that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of
hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among
similar or related organisms.
Tutorial: Genetics and Evolution
23. Geobiology – a science that combines geology and biology to study
the interactions of organisms with their environment
24. Immunobiology – a study of the structure and function of the immune system,
innate and acquired immunity, the bodily distinction of self from nonself, and
laboratory techniques involving the interaction of antigens with specific antibodies
25. Marine Biology – the study of ocean and sea (marine) plants and animals and
their ecological relationships
26. Medicine – the science which relates to the prevention, cure, or alleviation
of disease
27. Microbiology – the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their
effects on other living organisms
28. Molecular Biology – the branch of biology that deals with
the formation, structure, and function of macromolecules essential to life, such as
nucleic acids and proteins, and especially with their role in cell replication and the
transmission of genetic information
29. Mycology – the study of fungi
30. Neurobiology – the branch of biology that deals with
the anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system
31. Paleobiology – the study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic
times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms
32. Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitism
33. Pathology – the study of the nature, causes, processes, development, and
consequences of diseases
34. Pharmacology – the study of the preparation and use of drugs and synthetic
medicines
35. Physiology – the biological study of the functions of living organisms and their
parts
Tutorial: The Human Physiology
36. Protistology – the study of protists
37. Psychobiology – the study of mental functioning and behavior in relation to
other biological processes
38. Toxicology – the study of how natural or man-made poisons cause undesirable
effects in living organisms
39. Virology – the study of viruses
40. Zoology – The branch of biology that deals with animals and animal life,
including the study of the structure, physiology, development,
and classification of animals
o Ethology – the study of animal behavior
o Entomology – the scientific study of insects
o Ichthyology – the study of fishes
o Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians
o Ornithology – the study of birds
o Mammalogy – the study of mammals
o Primatology – the science that deals with primates

Charles Darwin
Louis Pasteur
French Chemist And Microbiologist
Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical
microbiology. Pasteur’s contributions to science, technology, and medicine are nearly without precedent....

Alfred Russel Wallace

British Naturalist
Alfred Russel Wallace, British humanist, naturalist, geographer, and social critic. He became a public
figure in England during the second half of the 19th century, known for his courageous views on
scientific,...

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
French Biologist
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, pioneering French biologist who is best known for his idea that acquired
characters are inheritable, an idea known as Lamarckism, which is controverted by modern genetics and
evolutionary...
Marcello Malpighi
Italian Scientist
Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician and biologist who, in developing experimental methods to study
living things, founded the science of microscopic anatomy. After Malpighi’s researches, microscopic
anatomy...

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch Scientist
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. His
researches on lower animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations helped...

Andreas Vesalius
Belgian Physician
Andreas Vesalius, Renaissance physician who revolutionized the study of biology and the practice of
medicine by his careful description of the anatomy of the human body. Basing his observations on
dissections...
James Watson
American Geneticist And Biophysicist
James Watson, American geneticist and biophysicist who played a crucial role in the discovery of the
molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the substance that is the basis of heredity. For...
Carl Woese
American Microbiologist
Carl Woese, American microbiologist who discovered the group of single-cell prokaryotic organisms
known as archaea, which constitute a third domain of life. Woese attended Amherst College in
Massachusetts,...
James Thomson
American Biologist
James Thomson, American biologist who was among the first to isolate human embryonic stem cells and
the first to transform human skin cells into stem cells. Thomson grew up in the Chicago suburb of Oak...
Oswald Avery 1877 – 1955.
Discovered that DNA passes heredity instructions through successive generations of organisms
– it carries the chemical code of life, as revealed by the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.
Erwin Chargaff 1905 – 2002.
Chargaff’s rules paved the way to the discovery of DNA’s structure.
Francis Crick 1916 – 2004.
Codiscovered DNA’s structure and replication mechanism; established the Sequence Hypothesis
and the Central Dogma; discovered that DNA uses a triplet code to control the formation of
proteins from amino acids.
Alexander Fleming 1881 – 1955.
Discovered that treating wounds and infections with antiseptic agents caused more deaths than
if no action were taken. Discovered penicillin and predicted the rise of antibiotic resistant
bacteria.
Rosalind Franklin 1920 – 1958.
Provided much of the experimental data used to establish the structure of DNA; discovered that
DNA can exist in two forms.
Robert Hooke 1635 – 1703.
Discovered cells and wrote one of the most significant books in scientific history, Micrographia,
revealing the microscopic world for the first time.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632 – 1723.
The father of microbiology, he used remarkable self-made lenses to discover single-celled
animals and plants, bacteria, and spermatozoa.
 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778.
Organized our view of the natural world with the two-part naming system we use to classify all
lifeforms; named and classified about 13,000 lifeforms; broke with tradition by classifying
humans in the same way as other lifeforms.
Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884.
Founded the science of genetics; identified many of the rules of heredity; identified recessive
and dominant traits, and that traits are passed from parents to offspring in a mathematically
predictable way.
Louis Pasteur 1822 – 1895.
The father of modern microbiology; transformed chemistry and biology with his discovery of mirror-
image molecules; discovered anaerobic bacteria; established the germ theory of disease; invented
food preservation by pasteurization.

Linus Pauling 1901 – 1994.

Maverick giant of chemistry; formulated valence bond theory and electronegativity; founded the
fields of quantum chemistry, molecular biology, and molecular genetics. Discovered the alpha-helix
structure of proteins; proved that sickle-cell anemia is a molecular disease.

Theodor Schwann 1810 – 1882.

Established that the cell is the basic unit of all living things; his classification of cells is the
foundation of modern histology; discovered the enzyme pepsin; identified the role
microorganisms play in alcohol fermentation.

Andreas Vesalius 1514 – 1564.

Founded modern anatomy, overthrowing misconceptions about the body that had persisted for over
a thousand years.

Rudolf Virchow 1821 – 1902.

A founder of both pathology and social medicine, Virchow correctly identified that diseases are
caused by malfunctioning cells. He named leukemia and was the first to catalog and name
conditions such embolism, thrombosis, chordoma, and ochronosis.

Carl Woese 1916 – 2004.

Discovered a third basic form of life, the Archaea; redrew the tree of life; revolutionized biology
using genetic analysis, allowing all forms of life to be included in the study of evolution.