Prof.RK.

Bhardwaj- +919870797954

Introduction of Biology
Definition:
It is defined as branch of living which is deals with study of plant and animals.
It is also Known as life science
 Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical
structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological
mechanisms, development and evolution . Despite the complexity of the science, certain unifying
concepts consolidate it into a single, coherent field.
 Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as
the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species. Living organisms are open systems that
survive by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain a stable and vital
condition defined as homeostasis.
 Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the research methods employed and the kind of system
studied: theoretical biology uses mathematical methods to formulate quantitative models
while experimental biology performs empirical experiments to test the validity of proposed theories and
understand the mechanisms underlying life and how it appeared and evolved from non-living matter
about 4 billion years ago through a gradual increase in the complexity of the system.

 Study of plant –Botany

 Study of Animal- Zoology
 The term of Biology was Coined by Lamarck and Treviranus in 1802
 Bios- Life Logous- Study
 Father of Biology – Aristotle
 Father of Zoology- Aristotle
 Father of Botany – Theophrastus
 Prince of Botany- Corolous Linnaeus

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BRANCH OF BIOLOGY
1. Acarology - Study of Mites and ticks
2.Aceology - Study of Therapeutics
3.Actinobiology - Study of radiation effects on organism
4.Aerobiology - Study of flying organism
5.Agrostology - Study of grasses
6.Agrobiology - Quantitative science of plant nutrition
7.Agrology - Soil science related to crop production
8.Agronomy - Crop cultivation study and Farm management
9. Alogology (phycology) - Study of Algae
10.Anatomy - Study of Internal, morphology
11.Andrology - Study of male reproductive organs
12.Anthology - Study of flowers
13.Angiology - Study of blood vascular system including
arteries and veins
14.Anthropology - Study of natural history of man
15.Aphidology - Study of aphids
16.Apiculure - The rearing of honey bees and obtaining honey
17.Aquiculture - The culture of fish and other aquatic animals
18.Araneology - Study of spiders

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19.Arthrology - Study of Joints

20.Autecology - Study of ecology of a species and its population
21.Auxanology - Study of Mental status
22.Bacteriology - Study of Bacteria
23.Batrecology - Study of Frogs
24.Bio-Chemistry - Study of chemical reactions occurring in living
organisms.
25.Bioclimatology - Study of climatic effects on living things
26.Biometrics - Application of statistics for analyzing biological
Problems.
27.Biosystematics - Identification, nomenclature, classification, and
relationship between living beings.
28.Bromatology - Study of food and nutrition
29.Carcinology - Study of crustaceans
30.Cardiology - Study of heart/cardiac
31.Chemotaxonomy - Study of taxonomy based on chemicals in
organisms.
32.Chonodrology - Study of cartilage
33.Chromatology - Study of Pigments
34.Chidology - Study of Coelenterates
35.Conchology - Study of molluscan shells
36.Coprology - Study of Faecal Matter
37.Cryobiology - Study of preservation of organism at low
temperature
38.Craniology - Study of skulls
39.Ctetology - Study of acquired characters of organism
40.Cytology (Cell Biology) - Study of structure function and reproduction
of cell
41.Dendrochronology - Study of age of woody plants
42.Dermatology - Study of skin and its derivatives
43.Desmology - Study of anatomy of ligaments
44.Desteleogy - Doctrine of purposelessness i.e. appearance of
vestigial organs due to evolution
45.Dietetics - Study of nutrition/diet
46.Diploteratology - Study of conjoined twins
47.Dermology - Study of ligaments
48.Dysteology - Study of rudimentary organs
49.Ecobiology - Study of problems of existence of life in the
outer space
50.Edaphology (Pedology) - Study of soil
51.Edeology - Study of genitalia
52.Encephalogy - Study of Brain
53.Entomology - Study of Insects
54.Etiology (Aetiology) - Study of causes of disease
55.Endocrinology - Study of endocrine glands and their hormones
56.Euphenics - Study of correcting genetic disorders after birth

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(Medical Engineering)
57.Euthenics - Study of improvements of human race through
better environments
58.Entomolgy - Study of insects
59.Ethnology - Study of mankind
60.Ethology - Study of behavior of animals
61. Eugenics - Study of improvement of human race through
laws of heredity
62. Forensic medicine - Medical juriprudence
63.Forensic Science - Fingerprinting and blood typing to detect crime
64.Gastroenterology - Study of stomach and intestine
65.Genealogy - Study of pedigrees
66.Geneology - Study of development of an individual or race
67.Genecology - study of genetical make up of species
68.Gerontology - Study of growing old
69.Glossology - Study of tongue
70.Gnolobiotics - Study of germ free life or culture
71.Gynaecology - Study of Female reproductive organs
72.Geromomorphism - The condition of appearing aged while still
young
73.Haematology - Study of blood
74.Helminthology - Study of parasitic worms
75.Hepatology - Study of liver
76.Herpatology - Study of reptiles
77.Hexicology - Study of Bionomics
78.Hyonolgy - Study of sleep
79.Hypnotherapy - Treatments through hypnotism
80.Ichnology - Study of fossil foot prints
81.Ichthyology - Study of fishes
82.Immunology - Study of immunity to diseases
83.Kalology - Study of human beauty
84.Karyology - Study of nucleus, particularly chromosomes
85.Kinesiology - Study of movements(active and passive)
and structure involved with it
86.Lepidopteriology - Study of butterflies and moths
87.Lichenology - Study of lichen.
88.Lymphatology - Study of lymphatic system
89.Lemology - Study of epidemic diseases
90.Limnology - Study of fresh water ecology
91.Malacology - Study of molluses
92.Mammology - Study of mammals
93.Melanology - Study of pigments
94.Microbiology - Study of microorganisms
95.Monerology - Study of monera
96.Morphogenesis - Study of changes occurring during
development and differentiation

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97.Mymecology - Study of ant

98.Myology - Study of muscles
99.Nematology - Study of nematodes
100.Napiology - Study of new born
101.Neonatology - Study of new born up to the age of two months
102.Neontology - Science dealing with the life of recent organism,
Just reverse to Palaeontology
103.Nephrology - Study of Kidney
104.Neurology - Study of nervous system including brain
105.Nidology - Study of nests of birds
106.Nosology - Study of classification of diseases
107.Odonatology - Study of dragon flies and damsel flies
108.Odontology - Study of teeth and gums
109.Olfactology - Study of smell
110.Oncology - Study of tumours
111.Oology - Study of eggs of birds
112.Ophiology - Study of snakes
113.Ophthalmology - Study of eyes and its diseases
114.Omithology - Study of birds
115.Orrhology - Study of blood serum
116.Osteology - Study of bones
117.Otology - Study of ear and hearing devices
118.Palaeontology - Study of fossils
119.Parasitology - Study of parasites
120.Parazoology - Study of sponges
121.Pharmacognosy - Use of plants and their parts in drug industry
122. Pharmacology - Study of synthesis and effect of medicines on
organism
123.Phonology - Study of speech and pronunciation
124.Phenology - Study of bird migration
125.Photobiology - Study of effect of light on organisms
126.Phycology (Algology) - Study of algae
127.Physiology - Study of functions and processes of life
128.Pisciculture - Study of rearing of fishes in ponds
129.Pomology - Study of fruits and fruit yielding plants
130.Proetology - Study of hindgut (rectum and anus)
131.Protistology - Study of Protista
132.Pteridology (Petrology) - Study of pteridophytes
133.Psychology - Study of human mind and behavior
134.Radiobiology - Effects of radiations on living beings
135.Radiology - X-rays and other imaging techniques for medical
diagnosis
136.Radiotherapy - Treatment of diseases with X-rays and
radioactive substances
137.Rhinology - Study of nose and olfactory organs
138.Reflexology - Study of reflexes

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139.Sarcology - Study of muscles

140.Saurology - Study of lizards
141.Sericulture - Rearing of silk worms and obtaining silk
142.Serology - Study of serum and antigen antibody
Interactions in blood
143.Spelaeology - Study of caves and their dwellers
144.Splanchnology - Study of body viscera
145.Syndesmology - Study of ligaments and articulations
146.Splanchology - Study of visceral organs
147.Systematics - Taxonomy and phylogeny of organism
(Biosystematics)
148.Syndesmology - Study of bony joints and ligaments
149.Syneology - Study of environment group of organisms
Such as communities
150.Texidermatology - Study of skin and stuffing
151.Teratology - The study of plant and animal abnormalities
(teratomos)
152.Tecology - Study of child delivery
153.Texicology - Study of toxic effects of drug and harmful
compounds
154.Traumatology - Study of wounds
155.Terpedology - Study of skates and rays
156.Therology (Mammalogy)- Study of mammals
157.Tricology - Study of hair
158.Trophology - Study of nutrition
159.Urology - Study of urine and its diseases
160.Venereology - Study of venereal diseases
161.Virology - Study of viruses and viral diseases
162.Xylotomy - Study of xylem vessels (anatomy of wood)
163.Zoogeny - Study of origin and development of animals
164.Zoonosology - Study of handicapped animals
165.Zoophytology - Study of drifting organisms such as diatoms
166.Zootechny - Study of breeding and domestication of animals
167.Zymology - Study of fermentation.

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Core concept of Biology

Biosphere / Universe

Ecosystem

community

population

organism Biological

organ system Science

tissue

cell

protoplasm

complex molecule

Molecule
Physical

Atom Science

Electron, proton,neutron

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Cell or Cyte :
It is defined as fundamental Structural and Function unit of Life.
It was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 while working on thin slice of Cork cambium and detail described i
in his book Micrographia.The word cell is derived from Latin word cellula which means little room.
Cytology: It is branch of biology which deals with study of Structure and Function of cell.
Cell Biology: It is branch of biology which deals with study of Structure, Function and reproduction of cell.
Protoplasm is the living part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane.it was first discovered by Dujardin
and named it sarcode and later it is renamed as protoplasm by perkinje .
Tisssue;[Histous]
It is defined as group of cell which are similar in origin, structure and function of cells. Study of Tissue is called
Histology.The term tissue was coined by Mayer.
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble
of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function.
Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.
The English word "tissue" derives from the French word "tissue", meaning that something that is "woven", from
the verb tisse, "to weave".
Organ :
It is a self-contained group of tissues that performs a specific function in the body. The heart, liver, and stomach
are examples of organs in humans. The word organ comes from the Latin organum, which means “instrument.
Organ system:
It is a group of organs that work together to perform specific Physiology. Most animals and plants have organs,
which are self-contained groups of tissues such as the heart that work together to perform one function. Humans
and other mammals have many organ system.
Organism or Individual : It is defined as interaction between Genotype and Environment. In biology,
an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that embodies the properties of
life. It is a synonym for "life form".
Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and fungi;
or unicellular microorganisms such as protists, bacteria, and archaea.All types of organisms are capable
of reproduction, growth and development, maintenance, and some degree of response
to stimuli. Humans, squids, mushrooms, and vascular plants are examples of multicellular organisms
that differentiate specialized tissues and organs during development.
An organism may be either a prokaryote or a eukaryote.
Population: It is defiend as froup of organism living in particular at specific time with active interbreeding.
Study of population is called Biology
In biology, a population is a number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a
particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding. The area of a sexual population is the area
where inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with
individuals from other areas.

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Community:It is defiend as froup of population living in particular at specific time with active interbreeding.
In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying
the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis. The term community has a variety of
uses. In its simplest form it refers to groups of organisms in a specific place or time ,
Ecosystem: It is Defined as interaction Between abiotic Factor with physical environment.
Eco- Environment, system – Interaction It is a community of living organisms in conjunction with
the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.
These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
Biosphere or Universe: It is three dimension space where life can exist at any cost.
Study of Universe is called Cosmology.

Nature: It consist matter and energy and In Nature flow of Energy and recycling of Matter takes place.
Three Law that Govern Universe
Law of Conservation of Energy: It is defined as energy neither be Created nor be destroyed it can be change
from one form to another form.
Law of Direction Of flow of energy: It is Defined as energy Flow from Higher potential to lower Potential and
during transformation maximum amount of Energy ie 90 % energy utlised and only 10% present energy is
transfer to next trophic level.
Law of Entropy: It is defined as measurement of degree of defect.

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Types of Organism Present in living world.

Organism

Sub-cellular Cellular
. Prions Prokaryotic
Virus Eukaryotic
Viroid

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