Name: Lan Zhou

Student number: 1120191985 Homework 2022.3.19

Problem 2.3
Find a metric space and two balls in it s.t. the smaller ball contains the bigger ball properly. What is
the minimal number of points in such a space? Show that the largest radius in such a space is at most
twice the smaller radius.

Proof: a = 0, b = 1, c = 2.
Consider the smaller ball centered at b denoted as (-0.1,2.1), the bigger ball centered at c
denoted as (0.5,3.5). Such a space has three elements at most, it can be easily verified that
we can not find such balls when there are fewer elements.
In the above topological space, if the larger ball reaches the maximum radius and just does
not contain one of the points, the maximum radius is 2. Considering the limit state of the
radius of the smaller ball, when it just contains the left and right two points, the ratio of the
two is 2.

Problem 2.4
Show that the segment with endpoints a,b ∈ Rn can be described as

{x ∈ Rn : ρ(a, x) + ρ(b, x) = ρ(a, b)}

under the Euclidean metric. How does the above set look if ρ = ρ(1) orρ = ρ(∞) ?

Proof: x = (x1 , x2 , ...xn ), y = (y1 , y2 , ...yn ), z = (z1 , z2 , ...zn ).

case 1:ρ = ρ(1) .
n n n
{z ∈ Rn :
P P P
|xi − zi | + |yi − zi | = |xi − yi |}.
i=1 i=1 i=1
case 2:ρ = ρ(∞) .
{z ∈ Rn : max|xi − zi | + max|yi − zi | = max|xi − yi |}.

Problem 2.6
Let H = {x ∈ Rn : x ≥ 1} ∪ {+∞}. The metrics ρ(p) defined for ρ ∈ H are equivalent.

Proof:
n 1
1) lim ( |xi |p ) p = max |xi |.
P
p→∞ i=1 1≤i≤n
|ai | p |ai | p
Let ka1 k≥kai k,∀i = 1, 2...n.then lim ( |a 1|
) = 1, when |ai | = |a1 |. lim ( |a1|
) = 0, when |ai | =
6 |a1 |. So
p→∞ p→∞
n n 1 n 1 n 1 1
|ai | p
P P p p
P |ai | p p P |ai | p p
∃M ≥ 0, s.t. ( |a 1|
) ≤ M . lim ( |xi | ) = lim (|a1 |
p (( |a1 | ) ) = lim |a1 |( (( |a 1 | ) ) =|a1 | lim (m(p)) p
i=1 p→∞ i=1 p→∞ i=1 p→∞ i=1 p→∞
= |a1 |(0<m(p)≤M ).
n 1
2)∀a = (a1 , ..., an )T ∈ Rn , f (x) = ( |ai |x ) x , (x>0) is monotonically decreasing.
P
i=1
n 0
1 a1 x lna1 +...+an x lnan
Assuming that ai ≥ 0, (i = 1, 2, ...n). lnf = x1 ln( ai x ). ff = − x12 ln(a1 x + ... + an x ) +
P
x a1 x +...+an x
i=1
n 0
0
1 f
ai (xlnai −ln(a1 +...+an )),ln(a1 x +...+an x )>lnai x = xlnai , we can get
x x x
P
= n
P f <0, f >0, f <0,f(x)
x2 ai x
i=1
i=1
is monotonically decreasing.
1 1
3)kxkp ≤ kxkq n p − q ,∀q>p>0
n
P q n
P
q
xi p xi q n q n q q
xi ) p n1− p ,
i=1 i=1
P P
Let g(x) = x (q>p>0), ∀{xn } ⊂ [0, +∞),
p
n ≥( n )p , xi p ≥ (
i=1 i=1
n q 1 n 1 1 1 1 n 1 n 1 1 1
xi ) p n q − p . Let yi = (xi ) p ∈ [0, +∞), ( yi q ) q ≥ ( yi P ) p n q − p .
P P P P
( xi p ) q ≥ (
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
1 1
kykp ≤ kykq n p − q ,∀q>p>0. q = ∞ is also right.
1 1
So we have kxkq ≤ kxkp ≤ kxkq n p − q ,∀0<p ≤ q ≤ ∞

1
Name: Lan Zhou
Student number: 1120191985 Homework 2022.3.19

Problem 2.7
d
Let d be a metric on a set X. Then the function 1+d is a metric and it is equivalent to d.

d 1
Proof: f = 1+d = 1 − 1+d , we can see that f (d) = 0 if an only if d = 0, and f is increasing when
d ≥ 0. f (d1 + d2 ) = 1+(d1 +d2 ) = 1+(dd11+d2 ) + 1+(dd12+d2 ) ≤ 1+d
d1 +d2 d1
1
d2
+ 1+d 2
= f (d1 ) + f (d1 ). f is subadditive,
d
so f(d) is a metric. 1+d ≤ d,The topological space induced by f(d) is coarser than that induced
by d. It suffices to recast a typical ball of the form B(x, r) = {z ∈ X : d(x, z)<r},
r r
B1 (x, 1+r ) = {z ∈ X : d(x, z)< 1+r }, B1 = B2 ,The topological space induced by d is coarser than
that induced by f(d).So the two metrics are equivalent.

Problem 3.2.1
If a function f: R → R is continuous, then so is the graph map

Γf

:R → R2

x7−→ (x, f (x)).

Proof: We need to prove that the function Γf is continuous at every point. According to the equivalence
of norm, we choose the metric induced by infinite norm. Denote Γf (x0 ) = (x0 , f (x0 )) = y0 , a neighborhood
of y0 : B2 : {y ∈ R2 , max{|x − x0 |, |f (x) − f (x0 )|}<} ⇒ B1 : {x ∈ R, max{|x − x0 |}<} is a neighborhood
of x0 . So Γf is continuous.

Problem 3.2.2
What is the difference between the terms ”homomorphism” and ”homeomorphism” in mathematics?

Proof: Homomorphism is learned in abstract algebra, which refers to the one-to-one mapping between
algebraic objects that maintain the algebraic structure. Homeomorphism refers to the one-to-one mapping
of topological structures between topological spaces in topology.

Problem 3.4
Is a discrete space embeddable in an indiscrete space? How about vice versa?

Proof:
No. Assuming that the discrete space X can be embedded into the indiscrete space Y, there is635 a continuous
injective f between a subset of X and Y. it is easy to know that f is the homeomorphism between the definition
domain X and the image set f (X) denoted as P. f −1 is continuous.Take an arbitrary single point z belongs
to discrete space and {z} is an open set, f −1 (P ) = z, which is in contradiction with the injective property
of f −1 .
On the contrary, we can consider the continuity of f and prove that the proposition in the opposite direction
is not tenable. Here, both discrete topological space and non discrete topological space we consider contain
no less than two elements.