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(PLANE TABLE SURVEYING)

Plane surface surveying is a pure and simple drafting method in which surveying (Surveying)
and mapping (Mapping) bothIt becomes true only through justice. The deformity of the plane is
1570 ADAnd since then till today it is considered to be the most popular and useful instrument
of survey. It is mainly used for field survey of small areas and for filling out the details through
Yodolite.
Plane survey equipment (Instruments Required for Plane Table Surveying):-
Plane Table SurveyingThe following instruments are required in survey:
1. flat surfaceAnd Foot Tud (Plane table and tripod)
2. tenKeeper or Allyday (Allidade),
3. Rat Lovell (Spirit level).
4. saLa and Chamta (Plumb-bob and fork).
5. ten mistakes (Trough Compass)
6. Zarib or FTa (Chain or Tape).
7. alln dad (Ranging rod)
Apart from these, printing, printing, printing paper, storage material etc. are
also required.
1. flat surfaceand foot (Plane Table and tripod)It is the main tool of this
survey. It consists of:drawing hoard) andfart (tripod) bothRemain equal.
There are three types of textures:
(i) Ordinary plane surface,Simple Plane Table – Scale with small scaleIn the mela
drawing done for the field, a simple plane form is often used to mark the relative
details in the natural map and to make military-oriented lines. Its drawing is well
modified (Seasoned)gone pine wood (Pine wood is made of wood.thickness approx.
It is
2.5 cm. According to the diagramThe earth is shaped like 40×30 cm, 75×60 cm, 45×45
cm and 60×60 cm etc. To strengthen the leaf, its lower surface is made of teak wood (
Teak woodIt costs two paisa. To protect the flat surface from the effects of seasonal
elements (especially temperature), grooves are provided on the lower surface of the
draft andSlotted) DhaIt is made of a chariot. There is a circular thread made of
aluminum or brass attached towards the center of the chariot, which is called Dherua
thread (Pivot plate) is called
fart1.5 meter longThe bass is made up of three legs made of teak wood with double
pegs at the upper head of which there is a nut (fly-nuts)All are made from a single piece
of brass or aluminium, which is called a branch-piece (Tribranch plate) is calledOn the
lower head of the leg, there is a metal well-shaped piece or shell attached to it, which
prevents the foot from cropping on the ground and also keeps it in place.
2 Dasharखक or एिलडे (Alidade- flat surfaceThis very important tool of survey
It happens. With the help of this the deotan is placed in the center (Line of SightDasha miangs are
kept on paper or karanas are spent. From the point of view of structure, there are three types of
Eliades.

1.V aliday (Plain or Sight Alidade)- This strong wood (teak and Mercy
Metal (copper etc.) with straight and parallel edges.40 sec 5 sec 0 lB is a
track. One edge of it is fitted with a zero scale. It has two faces fixed to it with
hinges at both ends. With the help of this lever, these panels can be lifted
vertically. One panel is placed vertically, like a thin spring, with a round shape
or observation hole on its head and in the middle.Eye holes)
The same observation panel (Sight vane) is called whenA spring is cut from the
head into the blade of the salmon like a pavu blade, in which a fine thread or wire is
tied vertically.Object vane) says.This instrument is used to determine the phase
of the surface rhythm by tracing it on a drawing paper kept on a flat surface.
 (ii) (Telescopic Alidade)-
Radash Eliade (Telescopic Alidade)- on flat surfaceIn survey accuracy andsimp
survey, direction alides are used. This is the result of simple alides.
A compass compass is added. In this instrument three compasses and protractors
are mounted side by side. There is no possibility of any contradiction in this.
The vertical angle, slope or height can be measured easily.

(Self-Indexing Alidade)
Self-Indexing Alidade- This combinationof America EarthbhaItk is a newly
developed aliday by the survey department. Its shape is similar to that of its opposite aliday. It

has a pendulum (Pendulum) which remains fixed on a planeIt accurately captures the intensity

of vertical precipitation even though it is not completely flat.

It has a sumadash (MicroscopeBy this, all the horizontal, vertical and angular directions
of the next Tichen are read simultaneously.
(Spirit Level)
rote level (spiritL level)-sum of rut level level surface
This is usually done to10 to 15 minutesbay and2 to 3 cm thick
a rectangular wooden or metal shell with a flat shape.8 to 10 minutesB glass has
a smell. It is filled with rut or alcohol. But a little bit of water remains, in which
air bubbles remain. With the help of this bubble, the bottom of the glass is
leveled. It is becoming liquid in the pipe. When the air bubble comes into this
floating part then the plane is considered to be flat.
 (Plumb-bob and Fork)

SaLapad and Chamta (Plumb-bob and Fork)- SaThe combination of lid and tongs is
done at the center of the plane surface due to which a bank is projected on the paper and
surface. The lid is a conical runner pad which is used by a thread.U shapedThe center of the
ladle is pierced. This ladle has a pointed tip. The pointed smaller side of the ladle is placed
at the center of the flat plate and placed on top of the flat plate in such a way that the tip of
the ladle is pierced with the press of the ladle. Let it come to a vertical position just above
the surface of the ground.

(Trough Compass)
Ten mistakes (Trough Compass)-Daschukiya is used to generate magnetic
field. It is a rectangular metal box. It has a needle attached to the lever on the
other side. On one side of the needle 'N'uThe mark remains to stop.
There is an arch on both the heads of the drum which remains unperturbed. In the middle0° and apart-

The edge remains the same. Again, the apples remain fresh from the lid of the glass. There is a slot

outside the box, with the help of which the needle is molded or tightened. At the time of this yoga,

there should not be any object having magnetic attraction nearby.

3. A This equipment(Other Instrument)- flat surfaceThe survey equipment also

requiresadditional string or string, string, arrows, storage material, rain paper etc.
yes

Before starting flat stone surveying, the following points should be given special
attention:-
(1) all After seeing the area properly, a blueprint should be prepared keeping the knowledge
inmind and a suitable base should be selected.

2) all equipment We should investigate, he is from here and is working.

( (3) A. B, C, D, and The survey corresponded to Tischen's drawing
onpaper. a, b, c, d. Come Marked by.
(4) Now The number of sub-survey points is also determined keeping in mind
theextent of the area and the details to be marked.
(5) L The object should appear flat and tight and its leveling and contraction
shouldbe correct.
(6) LThis view should be measured with the tweezer measured at the time of day on the measuring
paper.

(7) On drawing Only the absence of Orientation)just in time to find out

Must be rotated, otherwise the bun remains intact throughout the serving.

Shape of plane ( Plane Table):-

After preparing the outline of the whole area, we will put the drawing
sheet tightly on the base, flatten it and measure the height equal to the
chest at the end of the base. while achieving flat surface
The following equation has to be done-

(Levelling)
flat (Levelling)- The process of making the plane surface exactly level with the
help of a level is called leveling. In a normal plane plane, the draft is leveledby
raising and lowering the legs of the footer. For this
Place the root level between the two legs of the first foot and move it up and down until the root
level of the air bubble is exactly the same.
Is mixed in water. Again put the third leg of the level and put it in one of the first
legs and then only the third leg.
After adjusting the mixture, the mixture is mixed in the mixture. This process is continued
until the mixture becomes completely flat.
At the time of leveling, it should be kept in mind that the bubble of the right level always
moves in the opposite direction. If we
If you lower the legs of the plane, it moves upwards and if you raise them, it moves downwards.
The draft of the Johnson plane is leveled by moving the hand, while in the coastal survey form,
the plane is leveled by rotating the plane from the tip of the plane. what is to be done

(Centering)
(Centering)- on the groundDrawing of drawings on paperwith
the help of pliers.
The method of marking is called a center. For this purpose, use a mortar and pestle
Place the tip of the spoon and move it here and there on the drawing paper in such a way that
the tip of the sal pad hanging on the presser comes exactly above the center of the survey. To do
this, the pencil is drawn by the tip of the spoon on the drawing paper. Mark it and paste it on it.
With the help of this support, the ellipses are placed on the top of the base base and the drill is
drawn to mark the other details of the base. After the completion of the work on the top of the
base base, lift the flat plate and fix it on the top of the base base. The drawing which is being
placed is already marked on the paper. Hence the question here-

By keeping the tip of the spoon on the pre-marked point, the thin plane plate is focused by
moving it here and there. In this process, there may be a difference in the horizontal direction of
the drawing sheet, hence after focusing the drawing sheet should be leveled again. .

(Orientation)-
ASteam orientation-Alignment of the surface of the base drawn on
drawing paper with the surface of the base (alignment)Or is called absence.
For this, we place a ball on the surface of the first base plate. After that, the alyade has to be
drawn on the support of the base plate and after molding the outline, it has to be rotated
until the thread of the rhythm plate and the rhythm bar come in a straight line when seen
from the central face. With the help of a pitch, make a flat plate. Tighten it and with the help
of a magnetic clamp, make a mark in one corner of the paper.
This is how Aadhar Rakhe continues all the Two members nominated for campaign on
way.
(Orion by roughs):-This is a saratKill
In this method, a plane surface has to be observed on the survey station. The above
mentioned north-west direction on the paper is made by fitting the graph on the foot on
the station and doubling it. With the help of this reference, the magnet After placing the
degausser, the magnet pointed by the needle is rotated towards the north until the magnet
comes to the zero point of the needle of the degaussing arc. In this position, the arcuate
string is completely tightened on the foot. This slaughter is appropriate only when there is
an iron mine nearby, etc., and there is no need for iron attraction. The feeling cannot be
fixed when the charm is recited.
2
Fifth note of musical scale steam the leaves (Orientation by back sighting)-
In this method, a flat surface is obtained by placing both ends of the pre-determined base
plate on the drawing paper in the direction of the corresponding surface survey Tischen.

For example, on the groundA and B are twoThere are nine tuschens among whichAB
I will base it on paperfrom abhas been shown nowBTo obtain a flat
surface on TichenALet's drop a rhythm on Tishen and tighten the mold
on the drawing boardBLeveling and centering the plane surface on
Tichen.ba by placing the support on the rackto this
car ghumut heck rhythm board coilAPut the gear on the tensioner and
make it straight to the point. They tighten it completely. travel chart
Ko Ghamuat Semay Eliade Bana Hal Delu Bea kept in placeIt remains the same. If there is any
kind of difference in the leveling or focus of the arc surface during the descent, then it is lifted
and the correctness of the arc is checked with the help of magnetic deceleration. B

What can be done on the train to recognize this feeling? Also called
r
recorication Karan Khecha (Drawing of Rays):-on a plane On the basis of
Eliade's plane, focus and obscuration ,of arotating around the rhythm of a and
The children are seen moving clockwise respectively. for this worka
Put an overlay on it and while writing a description, Ellis Day's work
The wife keeps this attachment to the shore. On its basis, the name of that
particular place like tree, electricity pole, first corner of the house etc. should be
marked with pencil.
If the survey radiation mode (Radial method) is being done right now .on ake karan
Along with writing the description of the rhythm, also write its sequence of actions in pencil.
Give it. By assuming a suitable parameter, the need-solver finds its cause. If
survey day slaughter [Intersection method) is being done If so then
only the base plate has to be made according to the scale and of a After
drawing the surface, place it on a flat surface (bb) transfer to and a
Like elsewhere, here also there is a leveling point and a vanishing point. With the help of

Eliade with the help of heat B, Karan spends time aligning all the people. This method a
The same rhythm is actualized where it gives rise to a cause drawn
from

Methods of flat surface survey Methods of Plane Table Surveying):

There are four written methods of serving a flat surface:

Of plan
(1)Wakaran slaughter (Radiation Method)
(2)immediate slaughter (Intersection Method)
(3) Malar k hen Kill (Traversing Method)
(4) scheduled slaughter (Resection Method)
1.

We karan slaughter (Radiation Method)- This Slaughter limits and level areas
Yoga is used for the purpose of survey. Thermal radiation is the essence of a single
beam. In this method, by selecting a beam approximately in the middle of the
survey area and absorbing it on a flat surface, with the help of an alidade. Karan
spends the rhythm. Along with this, by measuring the distance of the target from
the center, according to the ruler, we determine the period of the target on the
paper placed on the plane .A,B,C,D,E,F are a plane and an open This area will be
surveyed by radiation method.
2
Hen and there (Intersection Method-Tadan means to act with both
senses. In this way, under the flat surface survey method ab
By sending rays from the surface ray to the surface and again by sending rays from the
same ray towards the upper ray, we get the corresponding ray of both. This same Tadane Ba
is the source of the actual surface rhythm. In this way, one rhythm is drawn from two bars in
Tadane Vadha. Both of these are based on ( Baseline)There are many. In this way, if a day-
to-day survey is to be conducted in any distributed area, then first of all the base line should
be selected in that area. The following points should be kept in mind while selecting the
Aadhar card:
(i) The base line should be selected approximately in the middle of the area to be
surveyed.
(ii) As per the basis And should be chosen on a level surface free from obstacles so that it

Temperature can be easily measured accurately with the help of a ruler or a ruler.

(iii) Both sides of the base Sir, it should be visible for the sake of respect.

(iv) Aadhaar Rekha The direction should be determined in such a way that most of the
surface level should not be parallel to the base line but should be in parallel or close to
it. After selecting the base line, the eligible person determines the level of the line by
simply dragging the reeds to the top (b) of the base line and then moving the reeds
towards the top respectively and then determining the level of the reed.
 3. Versing Method
Versing Method- this Garland for slaughter (traverse line) of
plane of survey
Taxes spend the money for the next survey and mark it according to the scale.
The parts adjacent to the garland are marked with radiation and the parts
adjacent to the garland are marked with the same. The garland may be open
or closed but the length of the thread is the same in both the cases.
This method is very useful for surveying roads, canals, rivers etc.

4. Resection
Hold Direction)- Pavu Determining point with the help of a compass
on a continuous map.or marking a plane line on any
This step is called mapping. Only after mapping the new details of the
area can be marked in the map.
(iii) b time (Two-point problem)- this Vadh yoga is used in the case where the
points of the map are found on the surface of the two sides of the axis. This
slaughter is also called Ba Samaya. Since this method is complex and long in nature,
hence this method is generally used in cases where it is not possible to determine by
jab or other method. Suppose on the table a and bcorre sponding to b
on the surface of A and B are with the help of people C new The distance has to be marked on
the map. Justice has to be done considering it.
(1) I am C's near a suitable assistant select Dwhere
no And B's Can be accelerated by Elide.
(2) flat surface ToD's After receiving it, level it and center it. The device of flat
paper from thermos magnetism error or guesswork is done in this manner.
a bB of the surface of A B Be parallel to. Let us give five cases to the plane
surface.
(3) aby placing ali day on bA'srotating towards you
Let's spend. similarlybby placing aliday on bB'sLet's spend a second
time counting the first timedThe beam cuts exactly on the plane.
It has not been planned that:db map D'sThe center represents almost
zero.
(4) dBy placing the Adelaide on the support of BC'sKaran spends time rhythmically
on which c'sA to estimate'c' Let us tell by marking it. C'sK
To mark the estimated mark on the groundWhat is the distance between D and C?Ri can be
measured.

(5) flat surface Tobetween C but by doing so its leveling and angle
Do it. its leaves c'd. roam around D's But they commit sins and become
disillusioned and tighten their grip on life.
(6) aBy placing the lid on B with the help of palan A's
KaranAa kept c'Bites on the b.
(7) c'By placing the Adelaide on the support of BB'srhyme toCBThe reason is expenditure. if
D'sBut if the experiment had started at all then it would have gone here through the
channel of Karan. ChunukD's But the development was done with an estimate, hencec'B
Karanb'S instead of killing the fire, dh kept the fire b'which cuts across
the mapB'sA reveals newness. ABri to map
vattuḥ kept abIt cuts :C's What is the value of the error in the device?
Will be equal to 'bab'.
(8) This To cancel the mistake ab 'kept ka straight line Select P Let's
singa rhythm.
(9) Place the ellipsoid on the ab rack and draw it.so much troubleP's
But let the pain be felt (bisect)The morning draft is re-tightened.

(10) Now aBy placing the ellipse on the base with the help ofA'sand
bBy placing the Adelaide on the support of BB'syavat karan to rhythm
Let's spend. The product of these factors is B (intersecting point) same valuech m
C'sLooks at the body

. Three point problem Pavu The process of arriving at a

new bank map with the help of three banks marked in the Savat chart
is called Ba Samaya.
BaselSlaughter
BaselSlaughter - of any area in the morningA,B,C areon parent platform
Sanganti Ta Masha,b,cIt has been shown by B.O kThe distance has to
be determined on the map. It can be determined by this Baseline
method.
(i) allAfter obtaining the first plane surface from the surface, its leveling and angle
do andThe function of the alyde with the help of ca. keeping the edge of the groundA's
The draft paper is tightened after cleaning it. By placing the alidade on its base, it will reach
the ground.B's Spend one day trying to kill someone.
(ii) On drawingby molding Place the LED on the AC rack and rotate it until it
reaches . till the surface C's The fall will not be visible. He tightens his lips again.
Heata Place the lid on the ground with B's support. B's The second ray is
spentwhile burning the first ray on the surface.
(iii) Now place the ellipsoid on the bd rack and draw it .cast to the groundB's
Let's tighten it by rhythm.aBy placing the alidade on the ground with the help of
ALet's rhyme and c By placing the alidade on the ground with the help of
C K was pushed forward while moving towards itse lf. db
Cuts the line at 0 B. This 0 B' marks the center of the surface.
angellion and bear slaughter (Trial andE rror Method)- ThisThis is a simple and
quick method of determination. In this, by measuring the plane at any desired point by
error or estimation, placing the aliday respectively on the support of three rods marked
on the map, and measuring the congruency of these three rods on the ground. Pages
are spent. In the case of pure irradiation, a single point is found in the diffraction
pattern, which indicates the plane path. This is an ideal, but usually these radiations
form an arm, which is called a straight arm.triangle of error)
She says. When determining the actual value, this right side is eliminated. That's why it
butt slaughter (Triangle of error method) is also called,
The main Lehman rules are-
(1) Point sought Same book from Ta Teen Karan (Proportional)This
happens because when we rotate the axis, all the raysrotate together. But
the longest particles rotate the most and the smallest particles rotate the
least.
(2) valueThe maximum absorbed point is on the right or left side of the
quadrilateral. Lehmann's law is used in two expressions.
first stage
When the outer edge of the flat sideIn ABCIt is found that due to the
elimination of the left side, its three sides are labeled with the union of
P This is achieved by taking into account Malheman's first law which states that
theprojected curve is closest to the smallest resolution and just greater than the
smallest resolution. Now Flatten by placing the alidade on the support of pa
It is molded and rotated until the surface A'sIt should not be seen, now
wespend money and tighten the draft paper.b and cplacing alidade on b
of the surfaceof B and CIt is spent again and again. If it forms arms
again then he again tries to eliminate it by killing. If these rays meet on
a ball then they will meet on the surface of the ball. pB is the source of

when the outer edge of the flat surfaceIf it is outside ABC then it is like this In this condition,
the affected leg is found on the outside of the upper arm. It is found either on theright or
left side of the leg by three factors. These factors surround the lower arm.6 bD

(Sectors)Construction is going on. Inmas Khed1 and volumeD4They are on the

left and right sides of the cause respectively. Hence1 or bD4 mWill happen. Now
to conclude that the charge disintegrates1 or 4 mThat is, the paper is turned
slightly to one side, say to the right, and a,b and cbus semeshA,B
And C surface level Three new charges are incurred after colliding. If this time the lower arm
becomes shorter than before, then the effect is almost in the same direction, i.e.

◌्stand4 mAnd if the lower arm becomes relatively larger then the expected
on the left i.es.tand1 m Will happen. Now again by absorbing the flat surface in that
direction and defeating the above mentioned process p k That's it.
Subsidiary rules as determined by the above rules (Auxiliary rules)
May also want to pay attention.

(i) yThe outer edge of the two plane sides (ABC)दर ह टे टो टू ट भूजु क क त
send me tooabc'sThe rate will be and the amount to be fixed will bep tooThe leg will be
inside the arm.
(ii) The outer edge of the plane and the outer edge of the outer circle are folded to the right side.
As per the amount spent and the remainder, the two items are sold respectively ( d)That is the

direction in which life is directed (p) a It will happen.

iii) On the plane, outside the outer side, there is no edge inside the outer circle.
(Segment) M Therefore, by dissolving the intermediate beam, the direction of
thespent beam will be opposite to that in which the remaining two beams will
rotate.
(P) K It will be
(iv) If the point of the plane is on the circumference of the outer circle, then its point in the map is
ungrounded (Indeterminate) will be Because in such a situation, the exchange may not happen

onthe same number but on more than one number, even though it is on the same number.
In this way, in fixation, the fixation is more inclined if the flat surface is inside or outside
the outer arm, less inclined if it is near the outer arm and lower if it is on the periphery
of the outer arm.
1- Merits-
(1) flat surface the survey is more accurate and simple.

(2) The survey and mapping work is completed simultaneously in the field.
(3) Its the species surveyed are generally less well known. Even if there is a
mistake, only that part is removed.
(4) All this (To make Field book)hence there is no need
Bears that die while filling their nests automatically escape.
(5) All this loan has the facility that the survey work can be done as per requirement at any time.

(Stage)Motion is made and to accomplish it Saredon can also act.

(6) This Especially Chebukey (Magnetic areas)It is especially useful for

(7) All this Due to drawing by looking at the head, the drawing of Samo Rha
andirregular shaped rhythm starts.
(8) The correctness of the survey is tested by subsequent and subsequent determination.

(1) Plane survey is very useful for creating short maps.

(10)Yodolite survey (Theodolite survey) and Prism hring
compass survey. Taluna is less successful.
(11) Its New details can be easily marked in the given map.

(12) Flat surface The instruments used, their use and survey method
areall very simple, hence survey does not require much technical skill.

1- Demerits-
(1) flat surface Survey requires relatively more equipment. There is
difficultyin gathering and lanning all the equipment.
(2) Its Yog Vatatri is not useful for measurement of longitude and
rightangles.
(3) This Yoga Khalu Heoti (Open areas)Can be done only for
Mikar Yoga cannot be done here.
(4) IIn case, where the visibility is reduced due to rain and snowfall, fog, mist etc.
(Visibility) is reduced,It is difficult to conduct a uniform survey.
(5) This Day is not useful for the situation. Its usefulness is especially
fortropical areas. If the plane is not made of weather-conditioned
wood then it becomes ash.
(6) itsIt is relatively difficult to recreate a map made on scale.
(7) Isam Hydrolyte or other minerals do not last as long.