ICCT Colleges Foundation Inc.

V.V Soliven Avenue II, Cainta Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the ELECTRONICS 1: ELECTRONIC

DEVICES AND CIRCUITS (ECEPRO1) Entitled

FIRE ALARM AND WATER PUMP USING PHOTO DIODE

Presented by:

Lubioso, Karlo Luis A.

Lucis, Juan Miguel G.

Maniego, Christian M.

Mariano, Denmark Vincent G.

Sayde, Jonathan I.

Submitted to the College of Engineering and Digital Technology

Department of Electronics Engineering

Mr. Meiko Rios

Academic Coordinator – Math and Sciences

July 2023

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CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the overview of the topic, Background of the

study, Statement of the problem, objective of the study, Significance of the
study and Scope and Delimitations.

1.2 Background of the Study

The Philippines is a tropical country that is characterized by a
relatively high temperature. It is prevalent to have fires caused by this
uncertain phenomenon. Billions of properties and thousands of lives were
engulfed in these seemingly inescapable fires. As stated by the Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP), A total of 1,984 fire incidents have been recorded so
far in the country from January 1 to March 1, 2023. “Most of the fire incidents
were caused by electrical ignition which is related to the use of appliances
and extension wires as well as poor maintenance of electrical wiring,” BFP
spokesperson Fire Superintendent Annalee Atienza said at a televised public

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briefing.1 This implies the continuous destruction of human habitats and
livelihoods, often caused by negligence and sheer apathy toward human
consequences.

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material (the fuel) in

the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and
various reaction products. At a certain point in the combustion reaction,
called the ignition point, flames are produced. The flame is the visible portion
of the fire. Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide,

water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen. If hot enough, the gases may become
ionized to produce plasma. Depending on the substances alight, and any
impurities outside, the color of the flame and the fire's intensity will be
different.2

Unexpected accidents might happen when enough heat is applied to a

fuel source that is surrounded by oxygen. Fire might happen anywhere,
anytime, and everywhere. Fire has no preference for attacking domiciles or
souls. It could happen in buildings, schools, apartments, markets, and living
spaces. To ensure a secure and safe living environment, our group created a
prototype that somehow helped the people prepare for the possible damages
caused by the fire.

Fire alarm is a standalone device or a complete network of devices,

installed in a building or an area, which gives audible and/or visible warning
of an outbreak of fire in that building or area. A fire alarm system could be
automatic or manual. Fire alarm are mandatory in buildings, offices, living

1
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/862578/nearly-2-000-fire-incidents-recorded-
so-far-in-2023-bfp/story/

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spaces, public areas and some kinds of transports. 3 It is intended to prevent
the possible danger of a fire. Thus, this study will be helpful in preventing
accidents caused by the fire.

This prototype is much effective in warning people of the fire outburst. In

order for all the occupants to escape without so much pressure, an early
alarm should operate before the escape routes become smoke-logged to
such an extent as will cause occupants to have difficulty finding their way
out of the building.

This research will serve as a safety precaution in the event of a

possible fire. The objective of this research is to reduce the possible
damages caused by fire. In today's time, houses are close together,
people are hard-bitten to hear the noise outside, and some barriers can
take their lives during an emergency. In conclusion, this research will help
put out the fire, prevent the spread, and lessen the injuries, casualties,
and properties that will be destroyed.

As a certain amount of heat reaches its desire temperature, the

buzzer alarm will signal and the pump will start to blow out water. The
water pump is one of the key components of our prototype. Its main
function is to circulate water and distribute it to the specified place. As
soon as the fire alarm system is triggered, the pump will automatically
swing to the appropriate area and start the extinguishing work. Since the
water pump starts to extinguish the fire as soon as it is detected, the risk
for the people involved in the extinguishing process is reduced. In
addition, the water mist prevents most of the gases produced by the fire

2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire
3
https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/1084/fire-alarm

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from escaping, so environmental damage can be prevented as much as
possible.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The researchers are intended to understand the possible outcomes of using

the fire alarm and how it would function to extinguish the fire. Specifically, this
research will seek to answer the following questions:

1. How precise is the fire alarm in suppressing the fire?

2. What is the mechanism of the fire alarm and water pump using Photo
diode?

3. What is the detection range of a sensor that can detect fire?

1.3.1 General Problem

The cases of fire incidents in the Philippines continues to rise as

per Bureau of Fire Protection number of fire incidents reports shows the
increase of 8.3% in the first four months of the year 2023 As of May 23,
2023. Electrical ignition has been pointed out as the main electrical arcing

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is when electricity jumps from one connection to another cause of fire
incidents by ‘arcing’, electrical arcing is when electricity jumps from one
connection to another, which is at 681 this time of the year compared to
the 629 cases over the five-month period of 2022. This would increase if
we did not take action to address the problem. Furthermore, without
proper prevention, such as a fire alarm system, the possible growth of fire
case statistics will occur.

1.3.2 Specific Problem

The researchers aimed to determine what problem questions

might arise in situation that may occur such as:

*What will happen if the sensor did not detect fire?

*What will happen if the supply of water is run out during the
emergency?

*Does the prototype work if the fire is in a far distance?

*How will the fire alarm function?

*How will water pump function?

*What will happen if the supply voltage is dropped?

1.4 Objective of the Study

This prototype aims to improve the safety of all people inside the building
or infrastructure. The purpose of a fire alarm system is to enable the early
detection of a fire so that anyone in danger can be rendered safe by either
fleeing the fire or having it put out, as well as to minimize substantial property
damage.

1.4.1 General Objective

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The main objective of this study was to design a fire alarm and
water pump using photo diode that gives alert to fire-fighting facilities,
authorities and building occupants to possibly prevent fire occurrences
or reduce the probable damages it may cause. It also focuses on putting
out the fire while waiting for the firefighters to rescue and totally
vanquish it.

1.4.2 Specific Objective

Specifically, this study focuses on the following:

1. To detect the fire in the areas.

2. Notify building occupants to take evasive action to escape

the dangers of a hostile fire.

3. To suppress the fire using water pump.

4. Initiate automatic fire control and suppression systems and

to sound alarm.

5. To ensure the safety and security of the people.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study aims to reduce the probability of substantial property

damage. The researchers are conducting this study because it may help to
prevent the fire outburst. This study will be beneficial to the following:

Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP).

This study is significant to the BFP because it will help them quickly respond
to the fire emergency. As the fire alarm system temporarily suppresses the
fire, BFP will respond as soon as possible.

Community.

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This study is significant to the community because it will make them feel
secure because this prototype serves as an alternative while waiting for the
firefighters.

Government.
This study will give them an idea of how to implement this prototype for the
benefit of their citizens.

Students and Future Researchers.

This will be a useful reference for the researchers who plan to make any
related study, specifically the fire alarm and water pump using photo diode.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

1.6.1 Scope

This study only focuses on Fire Alarm and Water Pump using Photo Diode.

Providing Safety and Awareness

The main focus of this study is to ensure the security of the people inside
the building. Moreover, when the house personnel are outside, rest assured that
the alarm sensor will work automatically.

Loss of Damage
This prototype helps to lessen the damage and prevent the spread of fire.
This will also serve as prevention to avoid loss of property.

Fire sensor and water pump

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Once the photo diode detects and reaches a certain temperature, the
buzzer will work. At the same time, the water pumps will function to supply water
to the designated area. As the fire was not detected by the photo diode, the fire
alarm will stop functioning.

1.6.2 Limitations

Fire Alarm Life Span

This will have a certain amount of water supply and the battery supply.
Once used, the system is required to change the water and the supply voltage.

Fire Range Limit

This prototype has a certain range limit to detect fire enable to workout.
The photo diode will not detect the fire if it is in a far distance. However, the
prototype will function if the fire is 3 inches away from the photo diode.

TOP VIEW OF OUR PROTOTYPE

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SIDE VIEW OF OUR PROTOTYPE

FRONT VIEW OF OUR PROTOTYPE

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Circuit Description

Our prototype is entitled "Fire Alarm and Water Pump Using Photo
Diode." This circuit mainly focuses on how to prevent the fire from
spreading and minimize substantial damage. It also avoids getting worse
and prevents it as early as possible. Probably maintain the safety and
security of the people inside the building. This circuit explains the flow of
our prototype, how it will function, and its usage. We put the circuit in the
small case to visualize the sample scenario that happens in the actual fire.
The materials that we used to accomplish this project are plywood, PCB
board, a water tank, a tube, a lighter, glue sticks, nails, and the
components of a fire alarm system. This circuit will function if the
photodiode detects heat from the fire, and the buzzer will work as well as
the water pump. However, when no more heat can be detected by the
photodiode, this circuit will stop working.

“ Schematic Diagram

9 VOLTS DC
BATTERY

C
IR
SENSOR 2N2222
B
E

LED
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R1
BUZZER 12V
R2
WATER
PUMP
GROUND
Schematic Description

A photodiode is a light-dependent resistor that has high resistance.

As the photodiode detects the heat from the fire, its resistance will drop,
and the battery will supply voltage to the transistor. The Collector of a
transistor is connected to the supply voltage, which provides transistor
current towards the load. The base of the transistor is connected to the 1K
ohm resistor to control the current from emitter to base. While the emitter
of the transistor supplies the current to the LED, the buzzer and water
pump enable them to function. In conclusion, when the photodiode is
activated, the current will flow through the LED, buzzer, and water pump.

PCB Board Pattern Layout

(2x2 PCB board)

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Construction of Research

RESEARCH PAPER MAKING PROCESS

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF OUR PROTOTYPE

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SOLDERING OF THE COMPONENTS

CONSTRUCTION OF PROJECT CONTAINER

Components and Parts Specifications

 9 volts Battery is used in this prototype to supply a certain amount

of voltage to the circuit. 9 volts is the accurate voltage because if
the voltage is lower, the circuit will probably not work. However, if
the supply voltage is greater than 9 volts, some of the components
will explode.

 120-ohm resistor It is a relatively low-value resistor and is used in

this circuit to allow the current to pass through the LED, buzzer,
and water pump. It is necessary to use this kind of value to allow
the flow of current in this circuit.

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 1k ohm resistor We used this value to reduce the flow of electric
current in the base of the transistor. This is also used to limit the
current in the circuit and protect other components from damage.

 NPN 2N2222 transistor the polarity of this transistor is NPN. It has

three pins, which are the collector, base, and emitter. The collector
is connected to a 9-volt battery, while the emitter supplies the
output voltage of the circuit that is connected to the ground. This
NPN transistor blocks the current until the photodiode activates it.

 Photo diode is a form of light sensor that converts light energy into
electrical energy. The reason for their use is the linear response of
photodiode to a light illumination. When more amount of light falls
on the sensor, it produces high amount of current.

 Light emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. It is used in

this prototype to give sign if the circuit is functioning.

 12 volts Water Pump is used in this prototype to suppress the fire.

Its motor is connected to the water tank while the water outlet will
serve as the channel of the water towards the fire.

 SFM-27 DC 3-24V 95DB Electronic Buzzer this component allows

people to give signals when the fire is detected by the photo diode.\

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Model No. : SFM-27;
Sound-making Type : Intermittent Sound;
Alarm Height: 15mm
Alarm Diameter: 29mm
Alarm Height: 15mm
2 Mounting Holes distance: 40mm
2 Wires length: 105mm
Rated Voltage: 12V
Operating Voltage: 3-24V
Rated Current(MAX): 20mA
Min Sound Output at 10 cm: 95 DB
Resonant Frequency: 3100±500
Operating Temperature: -20 to +80 (Degrees Celsius)
Color: White

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CURRICULUM VITAE

JONATHAN IRINCO SAYDE

Upper Manalite 1 phase 3, Antipolo Rizal
Cellphone Number: 09518211586
Email address: jonathansayde26@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION___________________________________
Nickname: Lewis
Section: LFCA233N048
Birthday: May 26, 2002
Birthplace: Laoang Northern Samar
Age: 21
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Jonar A. Sayde
Mother’s Name: Analyn I. Sayde

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND______________________________
Senior High School: COLEGIO DE SANTA TERESITA DE LAOANG,
INC.
2019-2021
Junior High School: LAOANG NATIONAL TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
2015-2019
Elementary: LAOANG I CENTRAL ELEMETARY SCHOOL
2010-2015
Contribution:
-Contributes to the accomplishment of the research paper.
-Contributes to creating the schematic diagram of the circuit.

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-Contributes to building the final output of the prototype.

CURRICULUM VITAE

LUIS KARLO LUBIOSO

32 B.Mariano St. Sta.ana Sanmateo Rizal
Cellphone Number: 09953043689
Email address: luiskarlolubioso@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION____________________________________
Nickname: Karlo
Section: LFCA233N048
Birthday: December 16, 2002
Birthplace: San Mateo Rizal
Age: 20
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Joel Lubioso
Mother’s Name: Mary Jane Aulestia

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND________________________________
Senior High School: Eastern Star Academy
2019-2021
Junior High School: Ampid National Highschool
2015-2019
Elementary: Justice Vicente Santiago Elementary School (JVSES)
2010-2015
Contribution:
-Gives an idea on the functions and specifications of the components.
-Paints a small container

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-Contributes in fixing our prototype.

CURRICULUM VITAE
CHRISTIAN MATURAN MANIEGO
Blk. 67 Floodway A Sitio Panghulo Taytay RIzal
Cellphone Number: 09165340023
Email address: christianmaniego15@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION____________________________________
Nickname: Chan
Section: LFCA233N048
Birthday: July 26, 2001
Birthplace: Pasay City
Age: 22
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Richard M. Maniego
Mother’s Name: Lope M. Maniego
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND_______________________________
Senior High School: AMA Computer Learning Center
2017-2019
Junior High School: Manuel Ignacio Santos Memorial National High
School
2013-2016
Elementary: San Juan Elementary School
2013-2017
Contribution:
-Contributes in making the circuit
-Gives an idea on the chapter 1 of this research

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-Helps in making the project container

CURRICULUM VITAE
JUAN MIGUEL LUCIS
103 MARTINES ST. SAN ROQUE ANTIPOLO CITY
Cellphone Number: 09659833929
Email address: juanmiguellucisx@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION____________________________________
Nickname: Miguel
Section: LFCA233N048
Birthday: August 8, 2002
Birthplace: Brgy. Bukal Buenavista Quezon
Age: 20
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Jeric Lucis
Mother’s Name: Annalyn Gulfo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND________________________________
Senior High School: Hagonghong Integrated High School
2019-2021
Junior High School: St. Lawrence Academy Foundation
2015-2019
Elementary: Bukal Elementary School
2010-2015
Contribution:
-Gives an idea about the water pump

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-Contributes in building the schematic diagram

CURRICULUM VITAE
DENMARK VINCENT G. MARIANO
697 National Road Calumpang Binangonan Rizal
Cellphone Number: 09282121270
Email address: denmarkmariano76@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION____________________________________
Nickname: Macmac
Section: LFCA233N048
Birthday: August 12, 2002
Birthplace: Taytay Rizal
Age: 20
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Victor Mariano
Mother’s Name: Cristina Mariano

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND________________________________
Senior High School: Saint John Bosco Institute of Arts and Sciences
Junior High School
2019-2021
Junior High School: Taytay National High School
2015-2019
Elementary: Rosario Ocampo Elementary School
2009-2015
Contribution:
-Contributes to function our prototype
-Gives an idea to the research paper

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-Creates the design of our project container

REFERENCES

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/862578/nearly-2-000-fire-incidents-
recorded-so-far-in-2023-bfp/story/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire

https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/1084/fire-alarm

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