mgqk

msgq
wxlh
1' mßÉfþoh - ye`Èkaùu
1'1 m¾fhaIK ud;Dldj ye`Èkaùu
1'2 m¾fhaIK .eg¨j ye`Èkaùu
1'3 m¾fhaIKfha mrud¾:
1'3'1 fmdÿ mrud¾:
1'3'2 úfYaI mrud¾:
1'4 m¾fhaIKfha m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu
1'4'1 wdh;khlg we;s jeo.;alu
1'4'2 fiajlhkag we;s jeo.;alu
1'5 m¾fhaIKfha iSud
1'6 wdh;kh ye`Èkaùu
1'6'1 wdh;kfha ±lau
1'6'2 wdh;kfha fufyjr

2' mßÉfþoh - idys;H úu¾Ykh

3' mßÉfþoh - l%ufõoh

3'1 ixl,amShlrKh
3'2 ixl,amksl rduqj$ ixl,amkd;aul rduqj
3'3 WmkHdihka f.dvke.Su
3'4 ld, rduqj
3'5 ix.ykh" kshe`Èh" kshe`È Ys,am l%uh
3'6 o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%u
3'6'1 m%d:ñl o;a;
3'6'2 oaú;shl o;a;
3'7 m%Yakdj,sh
3'7'1 m%Yakdj,sh ilia lsÍu
3'7'2 úYaf,aIKh isÿ lsÍu
4' mßÉfþoh - úYaf,aIKh
4'1 A fldgi - fiajlhkaf.a cSjo;a; f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh
 m%Yak wxl ^1 - 7&
4'1'1 fiajlhkaf.a jhi
4'1'2 fiajlhkaf.a ia;%S mqreI Ndjh
4'1'3 fiajlhkaf.a by<u wOHdmk iqÿiqlï
4'1'4 fiajlhkaf.a újdyl wújdyl nj
4'1'5 fiajlhkaf.a ;k;=re
4'1'6 fiajlhkaf.a jegqm
4'1'7 fiajlhkaf.a fiajd ld,h

4'2 B fldgi - fiajlhkaf.a /lshdj iïnkaO f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh

iajdh;a; úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^8 -32&
4'2'1 l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^8 - 12&
4'2'2 ikaksfõokh ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^13 - 17&
4'2'3 uQ,Huh m%;smdok ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^18 - 22&
4'2'4 ixúOdkuh .egqï ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^23 - 27&
4'2'5 fiajl ÿla.ekú,s ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^28 - 32&

4'3 B fldgi - iyiïnkaOh úYaf,aIKh (Correlation Analysis)

4'4 m%;smdhk úYaf,aIKh (Regression Analysis)
4'5 WmHdi$ l,ams; mßlaIdj (Hypotheses Testing)
4'6 iïuqL idlÉPdj, f;dr;=re
4'6'1 E1 fiajhdf.a woyia
4'6'2 E2 fiajhdf.a woyia
4'6'3 E3 fiajhdf.a woyia
4'6'4 E4 fiajhdf.a woyia

5' mßÉfþoh - ks.ukh yd fhdackd

5'1 ks.uk
 5'2 fhdackd

úu¾Yk .%ka: kdudj,sh

Wm.%ka:

j.= kdudj,sh

j.= wxlh ud;Dldj msgq wxlh

3'4'1 ix.ykh iy ksheÈh

4'2'1'1 l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
4'2'2'1 ikaksfõokh ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
4'2'3'1 uQ,Huh m%;smdok ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
4'2'4'1 ixúOdkuh .egqï ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
4'2'5'1 fiajl ÿla.ekú,s ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
4'3'1 iyiïnkaOh úYaf,aIKh
4'4'1 Model Summary
4'4'2 ANOVA (b)
4'4'3 Coefficients (a)
4'5'1 WmkHdi $ l,ams; mßlaIdj
rEm igyka kdudj,sh

rEm igyka wxlh ud;Dldj msgq

wxlh

1'1'1 jD;a;Sh iñ;s" l<ukdlÍ;ajh iy rch w;r wka;¾ /`Èhdj

2'1 fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh ms<sn`o wdlD;sh
2'2 p¾hdj yd m%;sM,fha tl;=j yd ld¾hM, yd iïu;h w;r we;s
iïnkaO;djh
2'3 ld¾hM, we.hSï idlÉPdfõ m%Odk mshjrhka
4'1'1 fiajlhkaf.a jhi y`ÿkd .ekSu
4'1'2 fiajlhkaf.a ia;%S mqreI nj y`ÿkd .ekSu
4'1'3 fiajlhkaf.a by<u wOHdmk iqÿiqlï y`ÿkd .ekSu
4'1'4 fiajlhkaf.a újdyl wújdyl nj y`ÿkd .ekSu
4'1'5 fiajlhkaf.a ;k;=re y`ÿkd .ekSu
4'1'6 fiajlhskaf.a jegqma y`ÿkd .ekSu
4'1'7 fiajlhskaf.a fiajd ld,h y`ÿkd .ekSu
ia;+;sh

úfYaIfhkau fuu jHdmD;sh ilia lsÍfï isg wjidkh olajdu ud yg kshudldrfhka lreKq wjfndaO lr ud
fufyh jQ udf.a wëlaIl rcs; is,ajd uy;dg;a"

fuu mejereu i`oyd fjk;a f;dr;=re yd mßYs,kh fidhd foñka Woõ Wmldr l, ish¨ fokdg;a"

wOHk mejreu mß>kl .; lsÍug iyhÿka ish¨ fokdg;a"

m%YaKdj,sh i`oyd wod< f;dr;=re ,ndfoñka th iïmQ¾K lr oSfuka iyfhda.h ,nd ÿka ish¨
fokdg;a"

jHdmD;shg isÿ lrk wod< wdh;kfha udkj iïm;a yd ú.Kk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ uxcq, uy;d yd m
%nqoaêld fukúhg;a"

udf.a mjqf,a idudcslhkag;a"

fuu wOHk mejreu id¾:lj wjika lsÍug kka whqßka iyfhda.h ,nd ÿka ish¨u fokdg;a"

ud yDohdx.u ia;+;sh mqo lrñ'

úOdhl ixCIsma;h

±jeka; uQ,Huh jákdlulg ysñlï lshk ,o A B C wdh;kh jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñlrf.k isà'
wdh;ksl jYfhka ld¾hM,h by< uÜgulg /f.k hkafka flfia o yd ta i`oyd fiajH fiajl in`o;dj bjy,a
lr .kafka flfia o hkak ms<sn`oj lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu fuu jHdmD;sh ilia lsÍfï udf.a wruqK fõ' ud
f;dard.;a ud;Dldj ld¾hM,h yd fiajH fiajl in`o;d w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;djhhs' fï i`oyd A B C kï
wdh;kh ud fhdod .ksñ'

fuu wOHkfha mrud¾: f,i fiajH fiajl in`o;d wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h i`oyd n,mdkafka ±hs
y`ÿkd .ekSu" fiajH fiajl in`o;d ;=,ska wdh;kfha ld¾hM, j¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu"
wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h my; jeàug fya;= y`ÿkd .ekSu" jvd;a iqÿiq fiajH fiajl in`o;d l%ufõohka
y`ÿkd .ekSu fõ' fuu jHdmD;sfha ud mßlaId lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk WmkHdihka f,i
l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am" ikaksfõokh" uQ,Huh m%;smdok" ixúOdk .egqï" fiajl ÿla.ekú,s hk
idOl yd ld¾HM,h w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh ms<sn`ojhs'

ud fuf;la ,nd .;a ±kqu" wjfndaOh fukau udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK mßphka yd tajdfha m
%dfhda.sl l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn`oj úYaf,aIKh fldg ilia lrk ,o fuu jHdmD;sh u`.ska wmj
kHdhd;aulj mßlaId lsÍula isÿjk w;r ixúOdkj, miqìu yd mj;sk wdldrh ms<sn`o ±kqu ,nd §ula
fõ' ud úiska ,nd.;a i;H o;a; wdY%fhka fuu jHdmD;sh ud úiskau ilia lrk ,oaols'
 ksrka;rfhka fjkia jk jHdmdßl mßirhg wkqrEmS fjñka NdKav yd fiajd iemhqïlrKh isÿ
lrñka fj<`om, ;=, r`od mej;Su yd ,dNdodhS;ajh yd ;sridrl;ajh ;yjqre lr .ekSu yd ixúOdk
fufyhùug kï fiajlhkaf.ka M,odhs fiajdjka ,nd .; hq;=hs' fï i`oyd fiajlhkaf.a ;;ajh Wiia lsÍï" .eg¨
úi`§ï" fÉ;k ,nd§ï" ksjerÈ wNsfm%arKh" iqNidOkh" ÿla.ekú,s úi`§ï i`oyd ukd jq l%shdj,shla
ilia l, hq;=hs' wdh;khg wjYH kj l%ufõohka y`ÿkajd §u jeks foa isÿ lsÍug ud n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjñ'

tia'jhs'tï't,a'ã'mS' nKavdr

1 mßÉfÊoh - ye`oskaùu

1'1 m¾fhaIK ud;Dldj ye`oskaùu

udkj" uQ,H" hka;%K iy øjHuh iïm;a M,odhs f,i Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka b,lal ;eîfï yd
imqrd .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha oS ie,iqï lsÍu" ixúOdkh lsÍu" kdhl;ajh ,nd oSu" ixúOdkfha iïm;a
md,kh lsÍu ;=,ska M,odhs iy ld¾hlaIu whqßka ixúOdkfha b,lal imqrd .ekSu isÿfõ' fï l
%shdj,sfha oS udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh b;du jeo.;a lafIa;%hla f,i ye`oskaúh yelsh' udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh hkq zzixúOdkfha mrud¾: iy fiajdodhlhkaf.a ;Dma;sh yd ixj¾Okh hk oaú;ajhu bgq
lr .ekSug udkj iïm;a j, iM, Wmfhdackh i,ik ish¨u ixúOdkj, Y%s;h fõZZ (Glueck, 1979, p.,6)

jHdmdrhl id¾:l;ajh mj;ajd .ekSu i`oyd udkj iïm; jeo.;a jkafkah hk úYajdih mokï
fldg.;a mqoa.,hska l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï o¾Ykh meyeos,sju ks¾jpkh fldg we;s mrud¾:hka
imqrd .ekSu i`oyd mqoa.,hkaf.a úfYaI{;djh iy lemùu ,nd .ksñka yd Tjqka iM,j Wmfhda.S
lr .ksñka hï ixúOdkhka ;r`.ldÍ jdis ,nd .kS' udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh olaI" kuHYS,S" lemjq
mqoa.,hka n`ojd f.k l<ukdlrKh lsÍu iy Tjqkaf.a ld¾hM,hkag m%odkhka ,ndoSu iy m%Odk
ksmqK;djka ixj¾Okh lsÍu udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha wruqK fõ' tlS wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr .ekSu
i`oyd udkj iïm;a l%shdj,sh b;du;a jeo.;a fõ' tkï" jkaos l<ukdlrKh" ks,h mejÍu mqyqKqj yd
ixj¾Okh" f;dard .ekSu yd n`ojd .ekSu" udkj iïm;a ie<iqï lsÍu" udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh" ld¾HM,
l<ukdlrKh" fiajl iqNidOkh fiajd" fiajl in`o;d" fiajl uKav, mámdá yd mßpka ilia lsÍu" fi!LH yd
iqrlaIs;djh" ÿla.ekú,s úi`oSu jYfhka y`ÿkajd osh yelsh'

l=uk wd¾Ólhl jqj o wd¾Ól yd iudc Ôú;fha m%Odk idOlhla jkafka fõ;khhs' fõ;k
mßyrKfha wruqK jkafka ksmqK fiajlhka wdl¾Ykh jk" wNsfm%arKh jk yd r|jd .ekSug yels
jkakd jQ idOdrK fohls' fiajd odhlhdf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh Rcqju ;SrKh lsÍug fõ;k n,mdk w;r th fiajd
fhdaclhdf.a wruqKq idOkh lsÍug o Rcqju n,mdhs' fõ;k mßYS,kfha wruqKq jkqfha fõ;k
w;Dma;shla we;s fkdjk wdldrhg th isÿ lsÍuhs'

fiajHhd ^l<ukdlß;ajh& iy fiajlhd ^fiajl lKavdhï $jD;a;sh iñ;s& tlsfkld flf¾ yeisfrk
wdldrh fyda Tjqka tlsfkld w;r wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajh" fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuh
iqyo" iyfhda.S fyda .egqïldÍ úh yelshs' fiajH fiajl in`o;d md¾Yj folg muKla fkdj uq`M m
%cdjf.au hym;g n,mdhs' rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i`oyd Y%ñl in`o;d ke;sju neßh' fjk;a jpk j,ska
lsjfyd;a" hym;a Y%ñl in`o;d u`.ska ld¾ñl wdrjq,a j<ld,Sug yelsh' fiajl ÿla.ekú,s úi|Su
wksjd¾fhkau isÿ l< hq;=hs' zzwdh;khl we;s jk fiajl ÿla.ekú,a,la wkd.; ld¾ñl wdrjq,lg m%n,
fya;=jla úh yelsh'ZZ(Mathis & Jackson, 1988, P., 593)

zzY%ñl in`o;d moaO;sh md¾Yj ;=klska iukaú; fõ' fuu tla tla md¾Yjh úiska Y%ñl
in`o;d j,oS jeo.;a N+ñldjla bgq lrkq we;' iEu md¾Yjhla w;ru wfkHdakH /oshdjla we;' iEu
md¾Yjhlau wka md¾Yjh u; r`od mj;S' Tjqka jkafka fiajlhka iy Tjqkaf.a ksfhdacs; ixúOdk
^jD;a;Sh iñ;s&" fiajdfhdaclhka iy Tjqkaf.a ksfhdacs;hka yd rch fõ' (OPatha. 2013, p.,447)

rEm igyka 1'1'1

uQ,dY%h ( jD;a;Sh iñ;s" l<ukdldß;ajh iy rch w;r wka;¾ /`oshdj (OPatha, 2013, p.,448)

whym;a fiajH fiajl in`o;d j,ska wys;lr m%;súmdl we;s úh yelsh'wvq M,odhs;djh"
iïm;a kdia;sh" ÿ¾j, úksYaphka yd krl ;SrK" m%jdis;djh" m%;s,dN my< hdï" ld¾HCIu;djh
wvqùu" foam<j,g ydks isÿùu" wk;=re isÿùu" Ñ;a; ffO¾hh wvqùu" jefvys fhoSu wvq ùu jeks
oE we;s úh yelsh'

ld¾HM,h hkqfjka ye`oskafjkafka zzwdh;ksl wruqKq idlaId;a lr.kq msKsi fiajl

p¾hdfõ yd m%;sM, j, fjkila we;s lr mqoa.,hka fyda lKavdhï fufyhùu;a" kv;a;= lsÍula
jYfhks'ZZ (Devendra, 2015, p.,13) hym;a ld¾h idOkhla ;sîu ixúOdkuh id¾:l;ajh ;yjqre lsÍug
fya;= fõ' fuh wdh;kfhka wdh;khg mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg o fjkia fõ' fï ksid ld¾hM,h by<
kxjd .ekSug kï fiajlhkag ±Íug yelsjk whqßka wruqKq yd mrud¾: ,nd Èh hq;=hs' wdh;khla
bÈßhg .uka lsÍug kï w;HjYfhkau ld¾hM, iM,;ajh b;du jqjukdh' l<ukdldÍ;ajfha fukau
fiajlhkaf.a o ld¾hM,h w;HjYHhs' fuhska woyia jkafka wdh;ksl iM,;ajh i`oyd fiajH fiajl
fomd¾Yjfhau wemlemùu wjYH njhs'

fuh ksjerÈ f,i isÿ fkdjqkfyd;a wdh;kh ;=, W!K ld¾hM, we;s fõ' fuh t;rï fyd`o ;;a;ajhla
fkdfõ' fï i`oyd hï lreKq n,mE yel' tkï fkd.e<fmk jev $ rdcldÍ ,nd §u" idOdrK m%odkhka ,nd
fkd§u" ms<s.ekSï ,nd fkd§u" ld¾hM,h jeä jk mßirhla fkdue;s ùu jeks idOl y`ÿkd.; yelsh'
fuu ;;a;ajhka u`. yeÍu i`oyd wksjd¾hfhkau wdh;k lghq;= l, hq;=h' tkï ld¾hM,h jeä jk whqßka
fiajlhka tlsfkld fjkia f,i oelSu" m%.;shla we;s lsÍu" ms<s.ekSula ,ndoSu" iïnkaO;d kej;
f.dvke.Su" idOdrK m%odkhka ,nd oSu" kdhl;aj ixj¾Okh" Wiiaùï ,ndoSu" m%ido
oSukd ,ndoSu" wNsfm%arKh isÿ lsÍu ;=<ska W!K ld¾hM,h wju lr.; yelshs' ld¾hM,h by<
kexùug wjYH mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh ,ndoSu" wjYH ls%hdud¾. i|yd iïm;a m%;smdokh lsÍu"
WmfoaYkh ,nd oSu yd ud¾f.damfoaYkh ,ndoSu ;=<ska mej;s ;;a;ajh tkï W!K ld¾hM,h wju
lr.; yelsh'

1'2 m¾fhaIK .eg¨j ye`oskaùu

fuu wdh;kh ;=< j¾;udkh jk úg úúO .eg¨ rdYshlg uqyqK mEug isÿ ù we;' fï ksid
wdodhu o wvq uÜgul mj;S' tfukau úYd, iïm;a kdia;shla o isÿ ù we;' fuu wdh;kh ;=< fiajl
ÿla.ekú,s úi|Su id¾:l wdldrhg isÿ fkdfõ' tkï fiajlhka ;=< wdh;kh flfrys lsisÿ meyeoSula we;s
fkdjk wdldrhg fuh n,md we;' tkï Wiia lsÍug iqÿiqlï ke;s tfukau wdh;kfha Wiia lsÍfï m
%;sm;a;shg wkql+, fkdjk wdldrhg hï mqoa.,hkaj Wiia lsÍu ksid fiajlhka ;=< wdh;kh ms<sn|j
w;Dma;shla we;s ù ;sfí' tla fiajdodhlfhla ;=< mj;sk w;Dma;shla fiajl lKavdhul w;Dma;shla
olajd úldYkh ùug yelsh' fujeks ;;ajhlg m;aùu ksid fiajl ld¾ñl wdrjq,a wdrïN fõ' oekg fuu
wdh;kh ;=< l<ukdldÍ;ajh .ek fiajlhka ;=< úfrdaO wdl,am we;s ù we;' zzixúOdkh mqrd we;s
l<ukdlrejka Tjqkaf.a j.lSu ^fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka ms<sn`o& ms<sfkd.;fyd;a fiajd
uKav, l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka w¾O jYfhka muKla bgq úh yelsh' ke;fyd;a fldfy;au bgq fkdúh
yelsh'ZZ ^Werther & Davis, 1989, P.,13)

wdh;kh ;=< oekg mj;sk .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka we;s ù ;sfnkafka /lshdj ksjeros f,i yels
whqßka isÿ lsÍug m%udKj;a mqyqKqjla ,nd fkdoSu" fiajlhdf.a oekqug yd l=i,;dj,g fkd.e,fmk
wdldrfha rdcldÍ ,ndoSu" fiajlhdf.a /lshd úia;rfha i|yka rdcldßhg mgyeks oE ,nd oSu" fiajlhka
tl`. jQ /lshd ld,h fjkia lsÍu" úfYaIfhkau rdcldßh bgq lsÍug wjYH WmlrK øjH wdh;kh ;=<
fkdue;s ùu" wdikak;u ks,Odßhdf.a yeisÍfï ls%hd l,dmh t;rï iqN fkdùu" iqmÍlaIlrejka iu`.
hym;a in|lula fkdue;s ùu jeks idOl fuu wdh;kfha fiajl ÿla.ekú,s we;s ùug fya;= ù ;sfí'

tfukau fuu wdh;kfha fiajlhka mjikafka hï hï .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka l<ukdldÍ;ajh úiska isÿlr
we;s njhs' tkï iq¿ jeroaol oS jqjo fiajlfhl=g úkh lvlsÍfï oS oeä ls%hdud¾.hka wkq.ukh lsÍu"
iduQysl .súiqfï fldkafoais W,a,x>kh lsßu" l<ukdldÍ;aj j.lSï meyer yeÍu jeks oE fuys isÿ ù we;'
zzfiajdodhlhkag n,mdk ;SrK .ekSfï oS ish¨u fiajdodhlhkag ;SrK .ekSug m%:u ish woyia"
fhdackd yd u; bosßm;a lsÍug bv m%ia;dj ;sîu /lshd cSú;fha .=Kd;aul Ndjh hkafkys o<
woyihs'ZZ (Schuler &Youngblood, 1986, P.,455)

l%uj;a mqyqKq yd ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,shka ia:dms; lr fkd;sîu" fiajHhka yd fiajlhla w;r

ikaksfõokh ÿ¾j, uÜgul mej;Su" ÿla.ekú,s ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd ksis l%ufõohka ia:dms; lr
fkd;sîu" fiajH fiajl in|;d j, we;s ÿrianj" fiajlhkaf.a ld¾hM, we.hSfï oS ksis l%ufõohka fkdue;s
ùu jeks lreKq n,md we;' ld¾hM,h we.hSu hkq" zzfiajdodhlhd úiska ish /lshdj M,odhs f,i bgq
flfrkakd jq m%udKh ixúOdkh úiska ksYaph lrkq ,eîfï fiajl l<ukdlrK ld¾hls'ZZ (Glueck,
1979, P.,201)

fiajlhka hkq fiajHkaf.a fyd`ou wdfhdackh jk neúka fiajH fiajl in`o;d flfrys úfYaI
ie,ls,a,la wksjd¾fhkau fhduq l< hq;=hs hkak udf.a woyihs' ld¾hM,h by< kexùu i`oyd ,nd
fokq ,nk jegqma" w;sld< §ukd" mqyqKq yd ixj¾Okh" mdßf;daIslh muKla n, fkdmdk nj udf.a
woyihs' fï i`oyd fiajH fiajl in`o;d Yla;su;a úh hq;=hs' fïjdfha we;s .eg¨ iy.; ;;ajhka
ÿrelr,Su ;=,ska id¾:l;ajh lrd .uka l, yel' tfukau fiajl ÿla.ekú,s bosßm;a lsÍug;a" mÍlaId fldg
úNd. lsÍu;a ta iïnkaO iyk ie,iSug;a yels jk idOdrK ÿla.ekú,s ls%hdmámdáhla we;s lsÍu
w;HjYH jkafkah'
fuu wOHkh i`oyd f;dard.;af;a zzABC wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h i`oyd fiajH fiajl in`o;d
fldf;la ÿrg n,mdkq ,nkafka o hkakhs'ZZ fï i`oyd wOHkh lsßug f;dard .kq ,enqfõ fuu wdh;kfha
YdLdjka folla jk w;r Woa.; ù we;s ;;ajh yd Bg fya;= ù we;s lreKq fudkjdo hkak ms<sn`o
ksÍlaIKh lr úYaf,aIKhla bÈßm;a lsÍug ud woyia lrñ'

1'3 m¾fhaIKfha mrud¾:

1'3'1 fmdÿ mrud¾:

 fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h i`oyd n,mdkafka oehs y`ÿkd .ekSu'
 fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d ;=<ska wdh;kfha ld¾hM, j¾Okhg fhdackd bosßm;a lsÍu'

1'3'2 úfYaIs; mrud¾:

 wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h my; jeàug fya;= y`ÿkd .ekSu'

 jvd;a iqÿiq fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d l%ufõohka y`ÿkd .ekSu'

1'4 m¾fhaIKfha m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu

fiajH fiajl in|;d j, mj;skakd jQ hï wvqmdvq /ila ms<sn|j wdh;khg yd wdh;ksl fiajlhkag
wjfndaO lr .ekSug fuu m¾fhaIK jHdmD;sh isÿ lsÍu ;=<ska ukd msgqjy,la fõ hkak ud woyia
lrñ' YS% ,xld msßia l<ukdlrK wdh;k u`.ska mj;ajkq ,nk udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK jD;a;suh iqÿiqlï
mdGud,dj wjika lr miq ta w;r;=r ,nd .;a wk;¾ úIh lreKq fukau oekqfï id¾:l;ajh uek ne,Su i|yd
jHdmD;shla ilia lsÍu wm úiska isÿ l< hq;=hs' ABC wdh;kh weiqßka zzfiajH fiajl in|;d
ld¾hM,hg n,mdk whqreZZ hkak udf.a jHdmD;sfha ud;Dldj fõ' fuysoS fidhd.;a wdh;ksl .eg¨jg
wod<j lreKq /ia lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" jd¾;d ,nd oSu" ks.ukhka ,nd oSu jeks foa isÿ l, hq;=hs'

fuu wdh;kh mokï lrf.k isÿ lsÍug kshñ; fuu jHdmD;sh u`.ska tu wdh;kfha oekqu fmrg
jvd mq`M,a lr .ekSug yelshdj ,efnkq we;ehs ud úYajdi lrñ' fuu wdh;kfha ixj¾Okh rfÜ
wd¾Ólhg fnfyúka jeo.;a fõ' fujeks wdh;k rgg úYd, iïm;la jk neúka .eg¨ we;sùu t;rï ys;lr fkdfõ'
ud isÿ lsÍug kshñ; m¾fhaIKh ;=,ska ta i`oyd imhd .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka wdh;kfha we;s
wvqmdvq /ila fidhd .ekSug yelshdj ,efí hehs ud úYajdi lrñ' tfukau fuu wOHkfha oS tu
wdh;khg iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla ysñ jkafka ukao hkak yd tu wdh;kfha ldrHNdrh il%Sho hk j.
lreKq hgf;a ud f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍug woyia lrñ' by; lreKq j,g wu;rj tu wdh;khg t,a, jQ
wNsfhda. flfrys tu wdh;kh olajkq ,nk m%;spdr fln`ÿ o hkak;a wdoS jYfhka jq f;aud mokï
fldgf.k lreKq wOHkh l, yelsh'

1'4'1 wdh;khg we;s jeo.;alu

wdh;kh ;=< fiajlhskag we;s /lshd w;Dma;sh wju lr .ekSu i`oyd l, hq;= oE
fidhd .ekSug;a ta ;=<ska fiajl ld¾HM,h jeä lr .ekSug wjYH jd;djrKh yd jev mßir ;;ajh hym;a
wdldrhg ilia l, yels wkaou fidhd .ekSug yels fõ'

1'4'2 fiajlhkag we;s jeo.;alu

os.= l,l isg wdh;kh ;=, ie`.ù ;snqKq fiajl .eg¨ wjfndaO lr .ekSug yels fõ' fuu .eg¨j,g
ksjeros úi`ÿï ,nd oSug wdh;kfha l<ukdldÍ;ajhg yelshdjla ,efí' tu ksid wdh;kh ;=, fiajlhka yg
jákdlula tl;= fõ'

1'4'3 m%dfhda.slj we;s jeo.;alu

jHdmD;shla ilia lsÍu ;=<ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka wm úiska fld;rï ÿrg úIh lreKq .
%yKh lrf.k we;ao fkdtfia kï wjfndaO fldgf.k we;ao hk j. yd tajd m%dfhda.slj fhdod .ekSug
yelshdjla we;ao hkakhs' fuu jHdmD;sh bosßm;a lsÍu ;=<ska wm úiska mdGud,dj wjika
lr ,nd .;a úIh oekqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k wdh;ksl jYfhka we;s .eg¨ m%dfhda.slj fidhd f.k thg úi`ÿï
fidhd .ekSug yqre lrùuls' fuu jHdmD;sh bosßm;a lsÍu ;=<ska ud n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka tu
wdh;kh ms<sn| ksjeros úIh lreKla wOHhkh lsÍu yd udf.a bosß /lshd lghq;= i|yd m%dfhda.slj
fhdod .ekSu yd ,nd .;a úIh lreKq ;j;a wfhl=g f;areï .ekSug yels jk mßos bosßm;a lsÍuls'

1'4'4 Y%dia;%Sh jeo.;alu

,nd.;a úIh lreKq ;j;a wfhl=g f;areï .ekSug yels jk mßos bosßm;a lsÍug fuu`.ska
wjia:dj ,efí' tfukau fuu jHdmD;sh mßYS,kh lrk úYd, msßilf.a oekqu j¾Okh lr .ekSug
yelshdjla ,efí' isÿ l, hq;= ksjeros lsÍï" j¾Okh l, hq;= oE fudkjdo hkak;a ;SrKh l, yels ùu ;j;a
iqúfYaIS fohls'

1'5 m¾fhaIKfha iSud

fuu jHdmD;sh ksu lsÍfï oS ,nd ÿka ld,h ms<sn`o we;=<; ;rula ÿIalr wjia:d j,g uqyqK oSug
isÿúh' tfukau tla tla wdh;k lghq;= lrkafka Tjqkag wdfõKsl m%;sm;a;s j,g wkqj ksid fiajlhka
úiska f;dr;=re ,nd oSfï oS hï lsis ìhla ue<slula oelaùh' fuhg fya;=j jkafka Tjqkaf.a /lshdj
ms<sn`o mj;sk iqrlaIsNdjhhs' f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï oS hï hï wmyiq;d we;s jqjo ud b;d
iyfhda.fhka hqla;j lghq;= lrñka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug ksr;=reju W;aidy oeÍh' ud oekg /lshdjla isÿ
lr fkdue;s ksid .eg¨ rdYshlg uqyqK mEug isÿúh'

1'6 wdh;kh ye`oskaùu

wo jk úg iïudk /ila oskd f.k we;s wdh;khla f,i fuu wdh;kh y`ÿkajd oSug yelshs' fuu wdh;kh
1919 j¾Ifha jHdmdßl lghq;= wdrïN lrk ,os' fuu wdh;kh ;=, Y%S ,xldj o we;=¨j rgj,a 18 l
jHdmdßl lghq;= fï jk úg isÿlrf.k hhs' hï hï wjia:dj, wkq.%dyl f,i o odhl;ajh ,nd oS we;' úYd,
jYfhka ,dN ,nk uQ,Huh ysñlï /ila we;s m%uqL fmf<a wdh;k w;r fuu wdh;kh o /`oS isà' fuu
wdh;kfha Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk ld¾hd,h fld<U msysgd we;s w;r mdßfNda.slhkag myiqj
ie<iSu i`oyd m%Odk m%foaY wdjrKh jk mßos YdLdjka msysgqjd ;sfí'
1'6'1 wdh;kfha oelau

ol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmh ;=< úYsIaG;u iemhqïlre ùu"

uQ,dY%h ( ABC wdh;kh" jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2016

1'6'2 wdh;kfha fufyjr

foaYSh jYfhka wdfhdack m%j¾Okh lsÍu yd ta i`oyd myiqlï ie,iSu yd ta ;=,ska /lshd
fj<`om, ;=, m%uqLhd njg m;aùu'
uQ,dY%h ( ABC wdh;kh" jd¾Isl jd¾;dj" -2016

2 mßÉfÊoh - idys;H úu¾Ykh

udkj iïm; hkq wfkl=;a ish¨u iïm;a j,g jvd jeäfhka jeo.;a jk iïm;hs' ukao wfkl=;a iïm;a
ksjeros f,i Wmfhdackhg .ekSu isÿ lsÍug yelshdj we;af;a udkj iïm;ghs' tu ksid udkj iïm; hkq
fiajfha fhdojk ñksiqka fldgila fkdj ixj¾Okh l, yels w.kd iïm;ls' j¾;udkfha jHdmdßl mßirh ;=,
we;s jk úúO fjkiaùï" wNsfhda." ;r`.ldÍ iajNdjhg uqyqKoSug isÿ ù we;' ta wkqj udkj iïmf;a
jákdlu jgydf.k l<ukdlrejka úiska Tjqkaj mqyqKq fldg ixj¾Okh fldg r|jd .kq ,nhs' udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrKfha moku fuhhs'

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK l%shdj,shg udkj iïm;a ie<iqï lsÍu" /lshd yd ld¾h ks¾udKh yd
úYaf,aIKh" udKav,SlrKh" mqyqKq yd ixj¾Okh" ld¾HM, we.hSu yd iudf,dapkh" jkaos yd m
%odkhka" fiajl wdrlaIdj yd ksfhdack" l<udlrKuh yd ixúOdkuh ixj¾Okh hkdosh we;=<;a fõ'
fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK ld¾hka ldf.a j.lSula o hkak jeo.;a m%Yakhls' ixúOdkfha fiajd kshqla;
iEu l<ukdlrefjl fj;u fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfha j.lSu me;sr hkq we;' fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh iEu
l<ukdlrefjl=f.au j.lSuls' iEu l<ukdlrefjl= hgf;a u hï hg;a fiajl msßila we;' fuu hg;a fiajl msßfia
fiajd uKav, ld¾hhka ^ñksian, ie<iqïlrKh" f;dard .ekSu" ld¾hM, we.hSu" mqqyqKqj
hkdosh& l<ukdlrejd úiska bgq l, hq;=hs' zzixúOdkh mqrd we;s l<ukdlrejka Tjqkaf.a j.lSu
^fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK ld¾hka ms<sn`oj& ms<sfkd.;fyd;a fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrK ld¾Hka
w¾O jYfhka bgq úh yelsh' ke;fyd;a fldfy;au bgq fkdúh yelshs' (Werther & Davis, 1989,
p.,13)

fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKfhka yeoskafjkafka zzb;d jeo.;a udkqIsl iïm;a f,i ixúOdhl fiajl
mssßfia jeo.;a ms<s.ekSu iy mqoa.,hdf.a" ixúOdkfha iy iudcfha hym; msKsi udkj iïm;a iM,j
iy kS;Hdkql+,j Ndú;h ;yjqre lsÍug úúO ld¾hka iy l%shdldrlï Wmfhdackh lsÍuZZ fõ' (Schuler
& Youngblood, 1986, p.,6)
rEm igyk 2'1
ld¾hM, wruqKq
we.hSu

1' ksjerÈu mqoa.,hka ksjerÈu whqßka ,nd .ekSu

/lshd ks¾udKh
2' fhda.H;u fiajdodhlka r`ojd .ekSu
fõ;k l<ukdlrKh
3' lemùu ,nd .ekSu iy j¾Okh
4' wNsfm%arKh
5' fiajd kshqla; msßjeh md,kh
mqyqKqj yd
ixj¾Okh
/lshd úYaf,aIKh
Wml%ñl mrud¾:
fiajdodhl p,k
1' fiajdodhl M,odhS;dj jeälsÍu
2' fiajdodhl ixj¾Okh
ñksia n,h ie,iqï lsÍu úkh 3' /lshd cSú;fha .=Kd;aul Ndjh kxjd,Su
n`ojd .ekSu yd mßmd,kh 4' kS;Hdkql+, tl`.;dj iy;sl lsÍu
wkqia:dmkh

fi!LH yd
wdrlaIl uQ,sl mrud¾:
mßmd,kh
ixúOdkfha iM,;ajh msKsi
wdl¾Ykh
Wmßu mqoa.,sl odhl;ajh f.k fok
Y=N idOk b;du fhda.H yd ;Dma; udkj
f;dard .ekSu mßmd,kh n,hla cks; fldg mj;ajd f.k hdu'

ÿla .ekú,s
úiÈu

uQ,dY%h ( fiajd uKav, l<ukdlrKh ms<sn`o wdlD;sh (Op atha, (2013),P.,13)

Y%ñl
iïnkaO;d
hym;a ld¾hidOk l%uhla ;sîu ixúOdkuh id¾:l;ajh ;yjqre lsÍug fya;= fõ' ish¨u wdh;k úiska
ld¾hM, we.hSu isÿ lrk w;r fuu.ska isÿjkafka /lshdj isÿlrkakdf.a iM,;djhg jákdlula tla lrñka
Tjqkag m%;sfmdaIKh ,nd oSula fõ' fï wdldrhg isÿ lrkq ,nk l%shdj,sfha oS hï fyhlska
ld¾hM,h ÿ¾j, njla osia jqjfyd;a ta i`oyd n,mdkq ,nk fya;= idOl fidhd ne,Su wksjd¾hfhkau
isÿ l, hq;=h'

ld¾hM,h hkqfjka ye`Èkafjkafka zzwdh;ksl wruqKq idlaId;a lr.kq msKsi fiajl p¾hdfõ
yd m%;sM, j, fjkila we;s lr mqoa.,hka fyda lKavdhï fufyhùu;a kv;a;= lsÍula jYfhksZZ
(Devendra, 2015, P.,13)

fiajH fiajl in`o;djh ksjeros f,i wdh;khl mej;=k úg ixúOdk j, mrud¾: bgq lr .ekSug b;du;a myiq
fõ' fï ksid Y%ñl in`o;d mj;ajdf.k hdug ish¨u wdh;k lghq;= l, hq;=hs' ke;fyd;a fiajlhkaf.a
w;Dma;su;a jq wjYH;djhka ;Dma;su;a lr .ekSug hdfï oS ixúOdkh ;=< .eg¨ wdrïN fõ'
fiajlhkaf.a p¾hdj ixúOdkfha mrud¾: bgq jk wdldrhg fhduq lrjd .ekSu b;du jeo.;a fõ'

rEm igyk 2'2

id¾:l nj yd
m ld¾hM,h
p¾hdj
%;sM,h

iïu;h

uQ,dY%h ( p¾hdj yd m%;sM,fha tl;=j yd ld¾hM, yd iïu;h w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh (Devendra,
2015, p.,7)

ld¾hM, we.hSu jeo.;a m%;sfmdaIK md,k Ys,amSh l%uhls' l<ukdlrKfha wjOdkh

udkqIsl iïm;a fj; fhduq ùula fï ;=<ska isÿ fõ' fiajdodhlhkaf.a oekqu" l=i,;d" iy wdl,am
^fhojqï&" /lshdfjys Tjqkaf.a l%shdud¾." ld¾hka iy p¾hdjka ^l%shdj,sh& iy /lshd m%;sM,
fyj;a ksIamdok NdKav fyda fiajd m%udKh ^ksujqï& we.hSug ,lafldg mQ¾j ;SrKh lrk ,o m
%ñ;Ska iu`. ixikaokh flf¾' wdjdisodhl úp,khka we;s úg tajd i`oyd fya;= fidhd n,d ksrjoH ls
%hdud¾. .kq ,efí' ksrjoH l%shdud¾. u`.ska isÿjkqfha fiajdodhlkaf.a oekqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am
yd yelshdjka fjkia lsÍu;a" lghq;= l%shdud¾. ld¾hhka iy p¾hdjka fjkia lsÍu;a h'
rEm igyk 2'3

iqmÍlaIlf.a iQodku we.hqï,dNsf.a iqodku

ks¾Kdhl" m%ñ;Ska yd m idlÉPd m%;sM, yd p¾hdjka

%;sM,

m%;sfmdaIKh yd
kj tl`.;d

Wiiaùï" jegqma j¾Ol"

ixj¾Ok jevigyka

uQ,dY%h ( ld¾hM, we.hSï idlÉpdfõ m%Odk mshjrhka (Devendra, 2015, p.,88)

fiajH fiajl in`o;djh ksjeros f,i wdh;khl mej;=k úg ixúOdk j, mrud¾: bgq lr .ekSug
b;du;a myiq fõ' fï ksid Y%ñl in`o;d mj;ajd f.k hdug ish¨u wdh;k lghq;= l, hq;=hs' ke;fyd;a
fiajlhkaf.a w;Dma;u;a jQ wjYH;djhla ;Dma;su;a lr .ekSug hdfï oS ixúOdk ;=, .egqï wdrïN fõ'
fiajlhkaf.a p¾hdj ixúOdkfha mrud¾: j,g .e,fmk wdldrhg fhduq lrjd .ekSu b;du jeo.;a fõ' fiajH
fiajl in`o;d j, uQ,sl wruqKq jkafka /lshdfõ kshuhka yd fldkafoais kshukh lsÍu" ld¾ñl wdrjq,a
wju lsÍu" fiajHka yd fiajlhka w;r iqyo in`o;d jeäoshqKq lsÍu" fiajlhskaf.a j¾Okh yd
ixj¾Okhg Woõ lsÍu" /lshd msßjeh wju lsÍu jeks oE ksoiqka fõ'

hym;a fiajH fiajl in`o;djka mj;ajd .ekSu ksjeros f,i isÿl, hq;=hs' isÿ l, yels wdldr f,i m
%Odk m%;sM, mrdihka fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu tkï ^iudc j.lSï yd hymd,kh" mqyqKqj yd
ixj¾Okh" ñksia n, ie<iqïlrKh" fiajl iqNidOk fiajd" ixfÉ;k l<ukdlrKh" jD;a;Sh iy wkqm
%dma;sl ie<iqïlrKh" iqrlaIs;;djh yd fi!LH& fõ' ;jo ,eîï fnod .ekSfï fhdackd l%u y`ÿkajd oSu"
udkj iïm;a ms<sn`o wdh;ksl m%;sm;a;sh" fiajl m%;sfmdaIKh ,nd .ekSu" Yla;su;a yd M,odhs
udkj iïm;a wxYhla ia:dmkh lsÍu" udkj iïm;a mßphka iy fjkia jk wNHka;r yd ndysr mßir yd
iïnkaO mßphka wLKavj iudf,dapkh lsÍu" lKavdhï l%shdldrlï yd WmfoaYk iNd j,g Tjqka
iïnkaO lr .ekSu jeks foa isÿ l, yelshs'
 fuf,i we;s lr .kq ,nk i`no;djhka wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSu wdh;ksl j.lSuls' kuq;a fujeks oE
m`Mÿ ùug o yels w;r ta i`oyd úúO idOl n,mdkq ,efí' tajd kï l<ukdldÍ;ajfha jD;a;Sh;ajh" ,nd
fok mdßY%ñlh" ixúOdkfha iajdNdjh" PESTEL idOl" ixúOdkfha msysàu" .súiqï .; wdldrh"
fiajd ld,h" fhdod .kq ,nk ;dlaIKh" ixúOdkfha msysàu" /lshd mßirh jeks idOl y`ÿkd .; yelsh'
fujeks wjia:djkag id¾:lj uqyqK foñka fkdie,S bÈßhgu hdu isÿ l, hq;=hs' tfukau jerÈ we;akï
ksjerÈ lsÍu o isÿ lrñka wLKavj fiajH fiajl in`o;djka mj;ajd .; hq;= fõ' fiajfha wNsu;d¾: fiajH
mlaIfha oDIaáfldaKfhka o fiajl mlaIfha oDIaáfldaKfhka o i,ld ne,sh hq;= w;r fiajH yd fiajl
mlaIj, tl`.;dj wkqj /lshdjka l%shd;aul fõ'

fiajH yd fiajl hk mlaI foflysu wNsu;d¾: we;' fiajH mlaIfha wNsu;d¾: f,i
iudc ;;ajhla ,`.d lr .ekSu" ,dNdodhs;dj mj;ajd .ekSu yd wdh;kfha ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wLKavj
È.=ld,Skj mj;ajd .ekSu" iudc iïnkaO;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" kfjda;amdok ìys lsÍu jeks foa .; yelshs'
fiajl mlaIfha wNsu;d¾: f,i /lshdfõ iqrlaIs;Ndjh" iudc ;;ajh fmkakqï lsrSu" ±kqu yd yelshdjka
tfukau m<mqreoao Ndú;hg .ekSu" idOdrK jegqmla fiajh i`oyd ,nd .ekSu" ksYamdok l
%shdj,shg odhl ùu" wk;=re isÿ fkdjk f,i /lshdj isÿ lsÍu" iudc iïnkaO;d yd udkj iïnkaO;d jeä
ÈhqKq lsÍu jeks foa .; yelshs'

fiajHkaf.a wNsu;d¾: bgq lr .ekSug;a ld¾HM,h jeä lr .ekSug;a ksjerÈ f,i fiajlhkaj
wNsfm%arKh l, hq;=hs' fï i`oyd l<ukdlrejka úiska fiajlhka ms<sn`oj ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd .;
hq;=hs' fï wkqj ksjerÈ wNsfm%arK l%u ilia l, hq;=hs' ksoiqka f,i f.!rjh" ms<s.ekSu" m
%Yxidj jeks oE ,nd Èu" id¾:l mqyqKqjla ,nd Èu" l<ukdldÍ;ajhh úiska .kq ,nk ;SrK j,§ fiajl
woyia yd fhdackd úuiSu" fhda.H jev mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu" iqNidOk myiqlï ,nd§u" wjYH
WmlrK ,nd §u" /lshdfõ iqrlaIsNdjh iEu úgu wdrlaId lsÍu jeks foa .; yelshs' fï wkqj fiajl
wNsfm%arKh i`oyd n,mdk tlu idOlh uqo,a fkdfõ'

fiajH fiajl hq;=lï" j.lSï yd whs;sjdislï ms<sn`oj wksjd¾fhkau idlÉPd l, hq;=hs'

fiajHhkaf.a hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn`oj úia;r lsÍfï oS m%:ufhkau tajd fudkjdo hkak ms<sn`oj
oek.; hq;=hs' fiajl kS;s" fmdÿ kS;sh" fiajd .súiqï" fj<`o isß;a hkdoS uQ,dY% hgf;a fiajHka
úiska fiajlhka yg imqrd,sh hq;= oEh' WodyrK f,i wkq.; úh hq;= fj<`o isß;a j,g yd wkq.; úh
hq;= lïlre kS;s j,g wkql+,j lghq;= lsÍu" tla tla fiajlhka fjkqfjka kduf,aLK" jegqma f,aLk"
ksjdvq w;sld, jd¾;d" fiajfha fhfok ld,h" fiajd jd¾;d hkdosh mj;ajdf.k hdu" kshñ; ksjdvq ,nd
oSu" fiajlhdf.a wd;au f.!rjhg ydkshla fkdfjk f,i jev lghq;= isÿ lsÍu" fiajd ia:dkhg ksjeros f,i
wdf,dalh" jd;dY%h" ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï ,nd oSu" ksjeros f,i m;aùï ,sms ksl=;a lsÍu jeks oE isÿ
l, hq;=hs' tfukau fiajHkaf.a whs;sjdislï jkafka ish¨u fj<`o isß;a úß;a yd kS;sj,ska ;yjqre ù we;s
fiajH whs;sjdislï N=la;s úoSu" idOdrK fya;+ka u; fiajlhka udre lsÍu yd fiajd ia:dk udre lsÍu"
lïlre kS;sj,g hg;aj fiajlhka /lshdfjka bj;a lsÍu" fiajd .súiqug wkqj tl`. ù we;s mßos fiajlhdf.ka
fiajdjka ,nd .ekSu" idOdrK fya;= u; fiajd ia:dkh jid oeóu jeks foa fõ'

fiajlhkaf.a hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn`oj úia;r lsÍfï oS m%:ufhkau ud tajd fudkjdo hkak
ms<sn`oj oek .;hq;=hs' fiajl kS;s" fmdÿ kS;s" fiajd .súiqï" fj<`o isß;a hkdoS uQ,dY% hgf;a
fiajlhka úiska fiajHka yg imqrd,sh hq;=" ms<smeosh hq;=" bgq úh hq;= oEh' WodyrK f,i úkh
.relj fiajh lsÍu" fiajH fiajl fomd¾Yjh w;r we;slr .kakd .súiqï j,g wkqj fiajh lsÍu" fiajHdf.a
kS;Hdkql+, ksfhda. ms<smeoSu" l,ska oekqï oSulska f;drj jevj¾ck wdoS jD;a;Sh isñ;s l
%shdud¾. j,g fkdt<öu" kshñ; ffoksl fiajd ld,h ;=< fiajh ksjeros f,i ,nd oSu" fiajHdg tfrysj
ryia .súiqï j, fkdfhoSu" wdh;kfha foam<j,g" hkaf;%damlrKj,g" ,shlshú,sj,g ydks isÿ fkdlsÍu"
ish¨u WmlrK m%fõYfuka mßyrKh lsÍu jeks oE isÿ l, hq;=hs' tfukau fiajlhkaf.a whs;sjdislï
jkafka /lshdj isÿlsÍug wjYH hkaf;%damlrK" ia:dk myiqlï" wjYH fiajlhka hkdosh ,nd fok f,i
b,a,d isàu" fi!LHdrlaIs; fiajd mßirh" Wiiaùï" fiajd ld,h" m%ido oSukd" jegqma hkdosh lïlre
wdrlaIK kS;s flaIa;%hg wod< ysñlï yd jrm%ido ksis wjia:dfõ oS ,nd .ekSu" idOdrK jev m
%udKhla ,nd fok f,i b,a,d isàu" idOdrK f,i jegqma wdodhu mj;ajd .ekSu fjkqfjka l;d lsÍu jeks
oE fõ'

fuu l¾hh ;ksju isÿ lsÍug fkdyels lghq;a;la jk nj;a fuh ls%hdldrlï iuQyhl tl;=jls'
wksjd¾fhkau wdh;k bosßhg .uka lsÍug kï ld¾hM, j, iM,;ajh w;HjYHhs' tfukau fiajlhkaf.ao
ld¾hkaj, iM,;ajh w;HjYH fõ' ks.ukh kï iM,;ajh i|yd fiajH fiajl fomd¾Yjfhau wemlem ùu
wjYH njhs' ukao fuu lghq;a; tla md¾Yjhlg muKla ;ksj isÿ l< fkdyel' ´kEu wdh;khl fyd`o
fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;djhla ;sîu b;du jeo.;a fõ' fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d hkqfjka ye`oskafjkafka
fiajdfhdaclhd yd fiajdodhlhd hk fomd¾Yjh w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;djhs' wdh;kfha meje;au yd
iqrlaIs;Ndjh" wdh;kfha oshqKqj r`od mj;skafka o fyd`o fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;djhla we;akï muKs'

zzl<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,amZZ ksjeros f,i w¨;a úh hq;=hs' wdl,am u`.ska lsishï fohla
ms<sn`oj flfkl=f.a ye`.Sula m%;srEmKh fõ' wdl,am hkqfjka ye`oskafjkafka zzlsishï jia;+ka"
mqoa.,hka fyda isÿùï ms<sn`oj we.hSula lrkq ,nk m%idod;aul fyda wm%idod;aul m
%ldYkhls'ZZ (Kaluarachchi, 2004, P., 46) fuu ye`.Su fyj;a u;h Okd;aul tlla fyda >DKd;aul
tlla fyda úh yelsh' fï ksid l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am b;du;a ksjeros tajd úh hq;=hs' ukao
fudjqka ;=, we;s {dKdkaú; nj" wdfõokd;aul nj" p¾hd;aul nj fmkakqï lrk neúks' fï ksid fiajH
fiajl in`o;d i`oyd l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am b;d Wiia uÜgulska mej;sh hq;=hs'
 zzikaksfõokhZZ ksjeros f,i isÿ l, hq;=hs' iM, ikaksfõokh b;du;a fyd|ska ls%hd;aul jk
iud.ïj, úYsIaG;ajhg fya;=jla f,i yÿkdf.k we;' ikaksfõokh hkq zzmqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda Bg jeä
ixLHdjla úiska woyia" ye`.Sï iy lreKq yqjudre lr .ekSulaZZ fõ' (Kaluarachchi, 2004, P.,127)
yqjudre udOHhla Tiafia fyda uqyqKg uqyqK,d lrk ,o f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu ;=<ska o
idudcSh lghq;a;lao isÿfõ' fï ksid ikaksfõokh o b;du;a w;HjYH wx.hls' ksjeros
ikaksfõohla ;=<ska ukd fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSug yels fõ'

zzuQ,Huh m%;smdokZZ ksjeros wdldrhg ,nd osh hq;=hs' fiajdfhdaclhkaf.a wruqKq

idOkh lsÍug o fiajdodhlhdf.a cSjk ;;ajh iDcqju ;SrKh lsÍug o uQ,Huh m%;smdok n,mdkq ,efí'
zziuyr wjia:dj, fõ;k ms<sn| újD; m%;sm;a;s jeä wNsfm%arKh iy ld¾hM, flfrys fya;= ù we;s
nj;a we;eï wjia:d j, újD; m%;sm;a;s jvd wvq ;Dma;sh" wvq wNsfm%arKh iy fiajH fiajl .egqï
we;s lsÍu i|yd fya;= ù we;s nj;a m¾fhaIK j,ska fy<s ù we;'ZZ(Burroughs,1982, p.,44)

zzixúOdk .egqïZZ ksjeros f,i úiosh hq;=hs' zz.egqula hkq lsishï md¾Yjhla úiska ;j;a
md¾Yjhla ;ukag >DKd;aul f,i n,mEï lrkq ,nk neõ f;areï .ekSu fyda tfia is;Su ;=<ska by;
m<uq md¾Yjh úiska jeo.;a hehs i,lkq ,nkakd jq hï lsis fohlg tu`.ska >DKd;aul f,i n,mEï
lrkq ,nk neõ f;areï .ekSu;a ksid we;sjkakd jq m%;sM,hls'ZZ (Kaluarachchi, 2004, P.167)
md¾Yj folla w;r we;s jk hï u;jdohl oS tu md¾Yjhka folu tl`.;djhlg fkdmeñKSu ksid .eg¨ we;s
fõ' fuu .eg¨j,g úúO fya;= n,mdhs' ksjeros f,i ixcdkkh (Perception) b;du;a wjYH idOlhla fõ'
ixcdkkh hkq zzmqoa.,hka Tjqkaf.a mßirhg hï w¾:hla ,nd oSu i`oyd Tjqka úiska ixfõoS ye`.Sï
ixúOdkh lsÍu iy w¾:l:kh lrkq ,nkakd jq l%shdj,shls'ZZ (Kaluarachchi, 2004, P.29)

zzfiajl ÿla.ekú,sZZ úioSuo ksjeros f,i isÿúh hq;=hs' fiajl ÿla.ekú,a,la hkq zz/lshdjg
fyda /lshd mßirhg fyda iïnkaO fiajlfhl= fyda fiajl lKavduhla fyda úiska ú|skq ,nk widOdrKh
ms<sn| ye`.Sulska ke;fyd;a úYajdihlska u;=jk w;Dma;sodhl ;;ajh ke;fyd;a wikaf;daIh
fõ'ZZ(Opatha, 2013, P.,423) fuhska isÿúh yels wys;lr m%;súmdl j,lajd .ekSug ÿla.ekú,s
úi`oSu i`oyd lghq;= lsÍu w;sYhskau jeo.;a fõ' ld¾huKav, moaO;sh ;=< whqla;sh iy
widOdrKh mj;skq we;ehs hk úYajdih fiajlhka wffO¾h ùug;a Tjqkaf.a M,odhs;ajh msßySug;a
fya;= jkafkah' ÿla.ekú,s ms<sn`oj l<ukdlß;ajh oeä Wkkaÿjla oelaúh hq;= nj i`oyka l, hq;=hs'
zzwdh;khl we;s jk fiajl ÿla.ekú,a,la wkd.; ld¾ñl wdrjq,lg m%n, fya;=jla úh yelsh'ZZ (Mathis
& Jackson, 1988, P.,593)
 fiajd kshqla;sfha yd fiajdodhlhkaf.a we;sjk fjkialï fiajdodhl p,k hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ' by<
±óï" my< ±óï" udre lsÍï" ;dj;d,Sï" hk fiajdodhl p,k ksid ld¾HM,fha fjkialï isÿ fõ'
zzidudkHfhka j¾;udk /lshdjlg jvd fjkia rdcldß iy jeä j.lSï m%udKhka we;s /lshdjlg fjkiaùuls
Wiiaùu'ZZ(Glueck, 1978, P.,320)

ixúOdk j,g úúO l<ukdlrK .eg¨ j,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' fïjd ksjerÈ f,i ch.;fyd;a wdh;khla
yg id¾:l;ajhg <`.d úh yel' ixúOdk Wmdhud¾.h l%shdjg kexùu úYd, jYfhka .eg¨ iy.; fõ'
ixúOdkhl Wmdh ud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍu tys by< isg my<g ish¨u jHmdßl wxY j,g n,mdhs' jd¾Isl
wruqKq" wdxYsl m%;sm;a;s" iïm;a fnod yeÍu" wdh;ksl jHqyh fjkia lsÍu" jHdmdr l%shdj,s m
%;sbxcsfkarelrKh" m%;s,dN l%u fjkia lsÍu" fjkig tfrysj ;sfnk ndOdjka l<udlrKh" ys;lr
ixúOdk ixialD;shla oshqKq lsÍu" l<udlrejka iu`. Wmdh ud¾.h iïnkaëlrKh" fufyhqï l%shdj,s
fjkia lsÍu" udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yd ixj¾Okh hkdÈh ms<sn`oj ksr;=reju iqmÍlaIKh l, hq;=hs'
ixúOdkfhys lemùu tys fiajdodhlhskaf.a wNsfm%arKhg n,mdhs' ;jo ixúOdkfhys ;r`.lrejkag
wod< jeo.;a f;dr;=re ish,a,lau mdfya tys ish¨u l<ukdlrejka yd fiajdodhlka úiska mqoa.,slju
/ialrf.k Ndú;d l, hq;=hs' ;uka f,dalfha m%uqL fmf<a l%shdldrlhka jk neõ ;yjqre lsÍug yels jk
mßÈ ixúOdkfhys iEu l<ukdlrejl=gu yd fiajdodhlfhl=gu ukd mqyqKqjla (Proper Training) ,nd
§ug tys by< l<ukdlrejka mshjr .; hq;=hs'

jd¾Isl wruqKq ms<sn`oj idlÉPd lsÍfï § ixúOdkhl ish¨u l<ukdlrejka ueÈy;a úh hq;=
úuOH.; lghq;a;la yeáhg jd¾Isl wruqKq ;eîu ie,lSug mq`Mjks' jd¾Isl wruqKq ;eîug
ixúOdkfhys ish¨u fokd iyNd.S jkafka kï" Tjqka tajd ms<sf.k <`.d lr .ekSug by< lemùfuka l
%shd lrhs' ixúOdkh ;=< iïm;a fnod yeÍug moku ±eóu" l<ukdlrejkaj we.hSug fhdod .; yels ùu"
È.= ld,Sk wruqKq j, ld¾hM,h w.ehSug WmldÍ ùu" wdxYsl wruqKq ;eîug WmldÍ ùu jeks m
%fhdack ixúOdkhlg tys jd¾Isl wruqKq j,ska ,nd .; yelshs' wdh;k úiska tajdfha jd¾Isl wruqKq
b;d meyeÈ,sj ÈhqKq l, hq;=hs' ,dNodhs;ajh j¾Okh" fj<`ofmd< fldgi" jHdmdßl LKav"
N+f.da,Sh m%foaY" mdßfNda.sl lKavdhï" NdKav yd fiajdjka jeks úp,Hhka iïnkaOfhka
ixúOdkj, jd¾Isl wruqKq ;nkq ,efí' fïjd ixúOdkfhys úúO wxY j,g .e<fmk mßÈ ÈhqKq l,
hq;=hs' tf,iu jd¾Isl wruqKq ixúOdfhys l<ukdlrejka yd fiajdodhlhkaf.a jákdlï (Values) " m
%;sm;a;s (Policies)" wdl,am (Attitudes) hkdÈhg .e<fmk mßÈ f.dvke.sh hq;=hs' jd¾Isl
wruqKq meyeÈ,s kï" ixúOdkfhys id¾:l;ajhg by< bvlvla ;sfí'

wdh;ksl m%;sm;a;s ms<sn`o idlÉPd lsÍfï oS ixúOdk wruqKq <`.d lr .ekSfï iSudjka
(Boundaries) m%;sm;a;s j,ska meyeos,s lrhs' tfukau l<ukdlrejkaf.ka iy fiajdodhlkaf.ka
ixúOdkh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka l=ulao@ hkak wjfndaO lr .ekSug m%;sm;a;s u`. fmkajk w;r th
id¾:l;ajhg WmldÍ fõ' ixúOdkfhys úúO wxY iïnkaëlrKh lrñka M,odhs f,i
l<ukdlrK ;SrK .ekSug Woõ fõ' ;SrK .ekSfï n,;, ixúOdkh ;=, fnod yeÍug o m%;sm;a;s u`.
fmkajhs'

iïm;a fnod yeÍu ms<sn`o idlÉPd lsÍfï oS iïm;a fnodyeÍfï jevigyka j, id¾:l;ajh ixúOdk
wruqKq id¾:lj <`.d lr .ekSug WmldÍ fõ'

.egqï l<ukdlrKh ms<sn`o idlÉPd lsÍfï oS ixúOdk j, jd¾Isl wruqKq ms<sn`oj tys úúO
mqoa.,hka ;=< úúO wfmalaIdjka" ixcdkk" wdl,am" u;jdo" woyia j, fjkiaùï we;s úg .egqï we;s
fõ' ixúOdkhl flá ld,Sk ,dNh (Short-term Profit) iy tys os.= ld,Sk wruqKq (Long term
Objectives) w;r mriamr úfrdaë;djka we;s fkdúh hq;= njhs' ixúOdk .egqï iïmQ¾Kfhkau
je<elaùu wmyiq jk w;r" l<ukdlrejka l< hq;= jkafka ixúOdk .egqï wys;lr ;;ajhg m;aùug fmr
tajd úi`oSug wjYH mshjr .ekSuhs' idlÉPd lsÍu" u`. yeÍu" fkd.e<mSï u`. yrjd .ekSu jeks Ys,am
l%u .egqï l<ukdlrKh i`oyd l<ukdlrejkag Ndú; l< yelshs'

wdh;ksl jHqyh ms<sn`o idlÉPd lsÍfï oS ixúOdk Wmdhud¾. j, isÿjk fjkialï wdh;ksl
jHqyhg o n,mdhs' ixúOdkfhys jHmdßl ld¾h iy iajNdjhg .e<fmk mßos wdh;ksl jHqyh
ks¾udKh l< hq;=hs' l<ukdlrK uÜgï .Kkdjla mej;Su" wdh;ksl /iaùï ÿn, ùu" wka;¾
fomd¾;fïka;= .egqï iq,N ùu" mq`M,a md,k wjldYh" jd¾Isl wruqKq bgq fkdùu hkdosh
wid¾:l wdh;ksl jHqy j, ,laIK lsysmhla fõ'

fjki l<ukdlrKh lsÍu ms<sn`o idlÉPd lsÍfï oS lsisu mqoa.,fhl=g fyda ixúOdkhlg fjki m
%;slafIam l, fkdyelsh' wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d" wmyiq;dj" wúksYaÑ;;dj" iudcSh rgdjka hkdosh
ms<sn`oj ìhlska miqjk mqoa.,hka yd lKavdhï fndfyda wjia:dj,oS fjkig tfrysj ke`.S isà'
ixúOdk jHqyh" ;dlaIKh" ñksia p¾hdj" Wmdh ud¾. j, isÿjk fjkialï j,ska ñksia wdl¾IK rgdjka
(Human Interaction Processe) fjkia lrhs' fuu ldrKh ksid ñksiqka fjkig úreoaO fõ'
Wmdhud¾.sl l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh (Strategic Management Process) ixúOdkhla ;=< lemS
fmfkk fjkialï /ilau isÿ lrhs' tu`.ska úfYaIfhkau mqoa., p¾hdfõ iy ixúOdk l%shdj,s j, fjkialï
cks; lrhs' fjkig tfrysj ;sfnk ndOdjka ksid id¾:l;ajh wju lrhs' ixúOdk foaY.=Kh (Organizational
Climate) hym;a lrñka tys Wmdhud¾. l%shd;aul l< hq;=hs' túg ixúOdk l<ukdlrejka iy fiajlhka
fjki ;¾ckhla f,i fkdj wjia:djla (Opportunity) yeáhg i,lhs' tf,iu ixúOdk fjki wLKav l%shdj,shla
(Continuous Process) f,i is;Sug tys idudcslhka W;aidy oeßh hq;=hs'
 wo jk úg l<ukdlrejkaf.a m%n, wNsfhda.h ù we;af;a mdßfNda.sl wjYH;djka imqrd,ñka
ksrka;rfhka fjkia jk jHdmdßl mßirhg wkqrEmS fjñka NdKav yd fiajd iemhqïlrKh isÿ lrñka
fj<|m< ;=< r|d mej;Su yd ,dNodhS;ajh yd ;sridrl;ajh ;yjqre lr .ekSu yd ixúOdk fufyhùuhs'
ld¾ñl yd ;dlaIKsl oshqKqj;a iu`.u jHdmdßl mßirh ksrka;rfhkau fjkia fõ' ta iu`.u ñksidg o Bg
wkq.; fjñka újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yd f.da,ShlrKfha we;s jQ n,mEug id¾:lj uqyqK oSug isÿ
fõ'
3 mßÉfÊoh - l%ufõoh

3'1 ixl,amShlrKh

ABC wdh;kfha ld¾HM,h wvqùu wdh;khg oeä f,i n,md we;' fuu wdh;kfha bosß l
%shdud¾. i`oyd o n,mdkq we;' fï i`oyd n,mdkqfha l=uk idOlh o hkak ms<sn`oj wjOdkh
fhduq l, hq;=hs'

3'2 ixl,amksl rduqj $ ixl,amkd;aul rduqj

ABC wdh;kfha ud f;dard .;a .eg¨j tkï zzld¾hM,hhs'ZZ fuh mrdh;a; úp,Hh (Y) f,i o thg
n,mdk lreK tkï zzfiajH fiajl in|;dZZ iajdh;a; úp,H (X) f,i o fhdod f.k ixl,amksl rduqj my;
mßos bosßm;a lrñ'

iajdh;a; úp,Hh mrdh;a; úp,Hh

(X) (Y)

fiajH fiajl in`o;d

1' l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am

2' ikaksfõokh

3' uQ,Huh m%;smdok ld¾hM,

4' ixúOdk .egqï

5' fiajl ÿla.ekú,s

udkj" uQ,H" hka;%K
3'3 WmkHdihka f.dvke.Su

Okd;aul wdldrhg yd RKd;aul wdldrhg WmkHdihka f.dvke.su by; ixl,amksl rduqj

wdY%fhka ixl,am f.dvke.Su isÿ lrkq ,nhs' úoHd;aul l%uhg wkqj ffjl,ams;h (Ha) f,i o wm
%;sIag l,ams;h (H0) f,i o f.dvk.kq ,efí' ta wkqj i<ld neÆ úg"

WmkHdih 1
Ha 1 - fiajH fiajl in|;d yd ld¾hM,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'

WmkHdih 2
Ha 2 - l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am yd ld¾hM,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'

WmkHdih 3
Ha 3 - ikaksfõokh yd ld¾hM,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'

WmkHdih 4
Ha 4 - uQ,Huh m%;smdok yd ld¾hM,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'

WmkHdih 5
Ha 5 - ixúOdkuh .egqï yd ld¾hM,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'

WmkHdih 6
Ha 6 - fiajl ÿla.eksú,s yd ld¾hM,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'
3'4 ld, rduqj
ud;dlDj November December January February March April
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. wdh;khla weiqfrka .eg¨j
fidhd .ekSu'
2. jHdmD;s ud;Dldj ,nd .ekSu'
3. jHdmD;shg wëlaIljrfhl= ,nd
§u'
4. isÿ lsÍug kshñ; jHdmD;shg
wod<j jHdmD;s fhdackdj
ms<sfh< lsÍu'
5. lreKq tla/ia lsÍu yd ud úiska
,nd§ug kshñ; m%Yakdj,sh
ilia lsÍu'
6. th fiajlhkag ,nd § wod<
f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu'
7. idys;H úu¾Ykh isÿ lsÍu'
8. m¾fhaIKh ilia lsÍu'
9. m¾fhaIKh bÈßm;a lsÍu'
3'5 ix.ykh$ kshe`osh$ kshe`os Ys,am l%uh

 ix.ykh

wOHkhg wjYH iuia:hu hkak ñka woyia flf¾' ta wkqj"

fuu mÍlaIkh iïnkaOfhka ix.ykh ;SrKh lsÍfï oS lsßn;af.dv yd j;a;, wdY%s;j f;dard .;a
wdh;kfha YdLdjkays fiajh lrkq ,nk 62 la jk uq`M fiajl ixLHdj ix.ykh f,i i,lkq ,nk w;r th ;jÿrg;a
my; j.=fõ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;'

 kshe|sh

fuu m¾fhaIKh i`oyd úu¾YKh lsÍfï oS ksh`oshla f;dard .ekSfï oS we;sjk .eg¨j tu
kshe`osh ix.ykh (Population) flfia ksfhdackh lrkafkao hkak ñka woyia flf¾' ta wkqj"

fuu mÍlaIKh i`oyd ksh`osh f,i fuda¾.ka j.=jg wkqj 52 l mqoa., iyNd.S;ajhla ,nd .;af;ñ'
th ;jÿrg;a my; j.=fõ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;'

3'5'1 j.=j - ix.ykh iy kshe`osh

wkq fiajl uÜgu ix.ykh kshe`osh
wxlh
1 úOdhlh 19 13
2 úOdhl fkdjk 16 14
3 rlaIK ks,OdÍ 22 20
4 iq`M fiajl 5 5
62 52

uQ,dY%h ( l;D úiska ms<sh< lrk ,oaols -2018

 kshe|s Ys,am l%uh

 wyqUq ms<sfj; Ndú;d lsÍfuka ixykh ksfhdackh lsÍfï úYajdijka; nj jeä oshqKq fõ' ;jo
ix.ykfha iucd;sl nj o ^Homogeneous& jeo.;a idOlhls' ix.ykfha we;s ish¨u mod¾:hka fyda
wjhjhka ^Elements& ,ehsia;= .; lr lsishï nÿklg oud wyUq f,i f;dard .ekSu u`.ska fuu ms<sfj;
id¾:l lrhs' ix.ykfha ,laIK wkqj wyqUqj f;dard .ekSfï ms<sfj;o fjkia fõ' tfyhska úúO l%u
Ndú;d fõ' ta wkqj"

iuia: ix.ykh tkï fiajlhska 62 la w;=ßka kshe|sh f,i fiajlhska 52 l= ud f;dard .ekSug
woyia lrkafka Tjqkaf.a ku bx.S%is fydaähg wkqj fm<.iajd wyUq f,i .ekSfuks'

3'6 o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uh

m%d:ñl o;a;" oaú;shsl o;a; yd kHdhd;aul o;a; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka tu o;a; úYaf,aIKh
fldg fuu jHdmD;s jd¾;dj ilia lf<ñ'

3'6'1 m%:ñl o;a;

fuu o;a; ud fidhd .kq ,nkafka my; wdldrfhkah'

1. m%Yakdj,S l%uh u`.ska

2. iïuqL idlÉPd l%uh u`.ska

f;dard .;a kshe|sh i|yd ud úiska ilia lrk ,o m%Yakdj,shla Tjqka yg ,nd oSfuka wk;=rej
tys ms<s;=re ,ndf.k tajd úYaf,aIKh lrñka isÿ lrk w;r th fldgia follska hqla; fõ' tkï A iy B
f,ighs' fuys A fldgi mqoa.,hkaf.a Ôjo;a; f;dr;=re we;=<;a fldgi jk w;r B fldgi ud yodrK .eg¨jg
wod<j fiajlhkaf.a /lshdj wdY%fhka ilia lrk ,o m%Yak lsysmhls' óg wu;rj fiajlhka
lsysmfofkl=f.ka iïuqL idlÉpd l%uhg tkï uqyqKg uqyqK,d lrk mÍlaIKhlska o;a; tla /ia lf<ñ'

3'6'2 oaú;shsl o;a;

fuu o;a; fidhd .kq ,enqfõ my; wdldrhgh'

wdh;kfha jd¾Isl jd¾;d" meñKSfï f,aLK" msgj hdfï mÍlaIK" fmd;am;a" i`.rd"
wka;¾cd,h" wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h ms<sn| jd¾;d" foaYk igyka" úIhg wod< fmd;am;a
3'7 m%Yakdj,sh

3'7'1 m%Yakdj,sh ilia lsÍu

ud úiska m%YaKdj,shla wod< wOHk ud;Dldj i`oyd ilia lrk ,os' fuh A yd B kï jq
fldgia follska hqla; fõ' fiajlhkaf.a cSjo;a; we;=<;a m%Yak 07 la A fldgfia we;=<;a jk w;r
fiajlhdf.a /lshdj yd iïnkaO m%Yak 30 la B fldgfia we;=,;a fõ'

A fldgi - fiajlhkaf.a cSj o;a; f;dr;=re

1. fiajlhdf.a jhi
2. ia;%S $mqreI nj
3. fiajlhdf.a by<u wOHdmk iqÿiqlï
4. újdyl $ wújdyl nj
5. fiajlhdf.a ;k;=r
6. fiajlhdf.a jegqm
7. fiajlhdf.a fiajd ld,h

B fldgi - iajdh;a; úYaf,aIKh

l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am ms<sn`o m%Yak

m%Yak wxl ^08" 09" 10" 11" 12&

ikaksfõokh ms<sn`o m%Yak

m%Yak wxl ^13" 14" 15" 16" 17&

uQ,Huh m%;smdok ms<sn`o m%Yak

m%Yak wxl ^18" 19" 20" 21" 22&

ixúOdkuh .egqï ms<sn`o m%Yak

m%Yak wxl ^23" 24" 25" 26" 27&

fiajl ÿla.ekú,s ms<sn`o m%Yak

m%Yak wxl ^28" 29" 30" 31" 32&
 B fldgi - mrdh;a; úYaf,aIKh

ld¾hM,h ms<sn`o m%Yak

m%Yak wxl ^33" 34" 35" 36" 37&
3'7'2 úYaf,aIKh isÿ lsÍu'

wdh;ksl jYfhka ,nd .; yels uQ,dY% j,ska ,nd .kakd ,o f;dr;=re o;a; njg m;a lrñka tajd
úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka miq ,efnk ms<s;=re yd m%Yakdj,sh u`.ska yd iïuqL mÍlaIKh
u`.ska ,nd .kakd ,o f;dr;=re my; ±lafjk wdldrhg m%udKd;aulj yd .=Kd;aul wdldrhg ms<sfj<g
ú.%y lsÍula fuys§ isÿ fõ' m%udKd;aul úYaf,aIKh ud isÿ lrkafka m%ia:dr" *hs igyka yd
ixLHd; úoHdfõ j.= weiqre lr .ksñka tajd fhdodf.khs' m%Yakdj,sh ms<sn| úia;r lrk úg tkï"

wkq wxlh yd m%Yakh ±äj tl`. tl`. fjñ woyila m tl`. ±äj tl`.
fjñ %ldY fkdfjñ fkdfjñ
lsÍug
fkdyelsh
8& fiajlhskaf.a jD;a;Suh
l=i,;djka by, kexùu i`oyd
wdh;kfha l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am
ms<sn`oj i;=gq úh yels uÜgul
mj;S'

wdldrhg ud f;dard.;a wOHhk .eg¨j,g wod<j ,nd.kakd ,o f;dr;=re bosßm;a lsÍula fuysoS
isÿfõ' wod< m%Yakdj,sh weuqKqfuys tl;= lr we;'
4 mßÉfÊoh - úYaf,aIKh
A B C wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h i`oyd fiajH fiajl in`o;d n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn`oj ud
isÿ lrkq ,nk jHdmD;sh i`oyd kshe`osh f,i fuda¾.ka j.=jg wkqj 52 l fiajl
iyNd.S;ajhla ,nd .ekSug ud ;SrKh lf<ñ' kuq;a o;a; ,nd .ekSug yels jQfha tu msßfika 50 lajk
fiajl msßilf.ka muKs' fofofkl= o;a; ,nd oSug t;rï leue;a;la oelajqfha ke;' tu ksid o;a; ,nd oSug
leu;s fiajl msßig wkqj ud tajd úYaf,aIKh lr fuu jHdmD;sh isÿ lsÍug woyia lrñ'

A B C wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h i`oyd fiajH fiajl in`o;d n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn`oj fiajl woyia
úuiSu'

4'1 A fldgi - fiajlhkaf.a cSj o;a; f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh

m%Yak wxl ^1 - 7&

4'1'1 fiajlhkaf.a jhi

18% 8% 16%

18 - 25
26 - 32
33 - 40
20%
41 - 47
48<

38%
 4'1'1 rEm igyk
uQ,dY%h ( mÍlaIK o;a; - 2018

fuu wdh;kfha ;reK fiajl m%udKhg jvd ueos jhfia miqjk fiajl m%udKhla isà'

4'1'2 fiajlhkaf.a ia;%S $ mqreI Ndjh

48%
52%
ia;%S
mqreI

4'1'2 rEm igyk

uQ,dY%h ( mÍlaIK o;a; - 2018

fuu wdh;kfha nyq;rh ia;%S fiajl msßi fõ'

4'1'3 fiajlhkaf.a by<u wOHdmk iqÿiqlï

4%
6% 10%
28%
wg iu;a
id$fm< iu;a
W $ fm< iu;a
ämaf,daud
Wmdê
40% mYapd;a Wmdê
12%
 4'1'3 rEm igyk
uQ,dY%h ( mÍlaIK o;a; - 2018

fuu wdh;kfha fiajfha kshq;= wh w;=ßka nyq;rh fyd`o wOHdmk iqÿiqlï ,nd we;s wh fõ'

4'1'4 fiajlhkaf.a újdyl $ wújdyl nj

26%

újdyl
wújdyl

74%

4'1'4 rEm igyk

uQ,dY%h ( mÍlaIK o;a; - 2018

fuu wdh;kfha nyq;r fiajl msßi újdyl wh fõ'

4'1'5 fiajlhkaf.a ;k;=re

10% 22%

úOdhl
úOdhl fkdjk
rlaIK ks,Odß
40% iq`M fiajl
28%
 4'1'5 rEm igyk
uQ,dY%h ( mÍlaIK o;a; - 2018

fuu wdh;kfha ny;qrh rlaIK ks,OdÍka fõ' iEu fiajlfhlau ;ukaf.a ld¾hM,h by<
kxjd .ekSug wksjd¾fhkau lghq;= l, hq;= w;r th l=uk ;k;=rla oerejo fmdÿ lreKls'

4'1'6 fiajlhkaf.a jegqm

4%
10% 16%

20000>
20000 - 40000
50000 - 60000
28%
60000 - 100000
10000<
42%

4'1'6 rEm igyk

uQ,dY%h ( mÍlaIK o;a; - 2018

fuu wdh;kfha nyq;rh 20000 - 40000 ;a w;r jegqma ,nk wh fõ' fiajlhskaf.a iqÿiqlï mokï
lrf.k jegqma m%udKh ;SrKh lrhs'

4'1'7 fiajlhskaf.a fiajd ld,h

24% 28%

0 ;a 1 ;a w;r
2 ;a 5 ;a w;r
12% 6 ;a 8 ;a w;r
8 g jeä
36%
 4'1'7 rEm igyk
uQ,dY%h ( mÍlaIK o;a; - 2018

fuu wdh;kfha nyq;rh wjqreÿ 2 - 5 w;r fiajd ld,fha isà' merKs fiajlhkaf.a m<mqreoao
fukau kjl fiajlhkaf.a ld¾hCIu;djh ;rula iudk wdldrfhka miqjk njg ;¾l l, yels jkafka wjqreÿ 0 -
1 ;a w;r m%udKh yd wjqreÿ 8 g jeä m%udKh w;r w.h b;d wdikak w.hla jk ksidfjks'

4'2 B fldgi - fiajlhkaf.a /lshdiïnkaO f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh

iajdh;a; úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^8 - 32&

4'2'1 l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh

m%Yak wxl ^8 - 12&

4'2'1'1 j.=j - l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh

uQ,dY%h ( l¾;D úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,oaols - 2018
4'2'2 ikaksfõokh ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^13 - 17&

4'2'2'1 j.=j - ikaksfõokh ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh

uQ,dY%h ( l¾;D úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,oaols - 2018
4'2'3 uQ,Huh m%;smdok ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^18 - 22&

4'2'3'1 j.=j - uQ,Huh m%;smdok ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh

uQ,dY%h ( l¾;D úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,oaols - 2018
4'2'4 ixúOdkuh .egqï ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^23 - 27&
4'2'4'1 j.=j - ixúOdkuh .egqï ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
uQ,dY%h ( l¾;D úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,oaols - 2018
4'2'5 fiajl ÿla.ekú,s ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%Yak wxl ^28 - 32&

4'2'5'1 j.=j - fiajl ÿla .ekú,s ms<sn`o iúia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKh

uQ,dY%h ( l¾;D úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,oaols - 2018
4'3 iyiïnkaOh úYaf,aIKh (Correlation Analysis)

4'3'1 j.=j- iyiïnkaOh úYaf,aIKh

4'4 m%;smdhk úYaf,aIKh (Regression Analysis)

4'4'1 j.=j- Model Summary

4'4'2 j.=j- ANOVA (b)

4'4'3 j.=j- Coefficients (a)

4'5 WmkHdi $ l,ams; mßlaIdj (Hypotheses Testing)

4'5'1 j.=j- WmkHdi $ l,ams; mßlaIdj

uQ,dY%h ( l;D úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,oaols -2018
4'6 iïuqL idlÉPd j, f;dr;=re
4'6'1 E1 fiajlhdf.a woyia
jhi wjqreÿ 34 lajk fuu ldka;dj újdyl flfkl= jk w;r weh rlaIK ks,Odßkshl f,i fiajh lrhs'
weh oekg ,nk jegqm 21000 ls' fuh úúO wjia:dj,oS wvqjeä úh yels nj weh mjihs' wehf.a fiajd
ld,h wjqreÿ 4 ls'

wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h we.hSfï l%shdj,sfha oS iqmÍlaIljrejka úiska fuh ksjeros f,i isÿ
fkdlrk w;r ,l=Kq ,nd oSfïoS widOdrK f,i isÿ lrk nj weh mjihs'

4'6'2 E2 fiajlhdf.a woyia

wújdyl jhi wjqreÿ 45 la jk fuu mqoa.,hd oekg wjqreÿ 7 l fiajd ld,hla ysñ wfhls' fudyq
Wmdêhla ysñ wfhla jk w;r oekg 38000 l jegqmla ,nhs' fudyq úOdhl fkdjk fldgfia ;k;=rla orhs'

fudyq isákafka l<lsreKq iajdNdjhlskah' /lshdj ms<sn`o lsis`ÿ ;Dma;shla ke;s nj fudyq
mjihs' ukao wdh;kfha jev rdcldß j,g wu;rj isÿ lrk rdcldÍ oE fjkqfjka lsisÿ oSukdjla wdh;kh
úiska ,nd fkdfok nj;a wiSñ;j fiajl Y%uh ,nd .kakd nj;a h' wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu muKla
fudjqkaf.a wNs,dIh ù we;s nj fudyq mjihs'

4'6'3 E3 fiajlhdf.a woyia

úOdhl uÜgfï ;k;=rla ork wjqreÿ 8 g jeä fiajd ld,hla ysñ wújdyl jhi wjqreÿ 46 la jk
jegqm 58000 la ,nk mqoa.,fhls'

oS¾> ld,hla fuu wdh;kfha fiajh lr;a lsisÿ Wiiaùula fkd,enqKq nj fudyq mjihs'
fiajlhkaf.a ld¾h idOkh u; ksjeros f,i Wiiaùï isÿ fkdlrk nj fudyq mjihs'

4'6'4 E4 fiajlhdf.a woyia

iq`M fiajl uÜgfï miqjk w;r ßhÿfrl= f,i fiajh lrhs' jegqm 15000 la ,nk fudyq Wiia fm<
iu;a wfhls' kuq;a fiajd ld,h wjqreÿ 4 la fõ' újdylfhla jk fudyq jhi wjqreÿ 31 l mqoa.,fhls'

wdh;kh ;=< fl;rï jqjukdfjka ;u jev rdcldÍ isÿ lr;a wdh;kh fjkqfjka wem lem ù lghq;=
lr;a fiajHhka úiska bgq lr hq;= hq;=lï Tjqka bgq fkdlrknj mjihs' ,nd fok jegqm ms<sn`oj
ieySulg m;a ùug fkdyels nj;a idOdrK jegqma l%uhla l%shd;aul fkdfõ hkqfjka fudyq fpdaokd
lrhs' fiajlhka ms<sn`o wdikak;u ks,Odßka úiska by< l<ukdldß;ajh yg fkdoekaùu ksid
fujeks ;;ajhka yg .kakd nj fudyq m%ldY lrhs' tfukau jev rdcldß b;d wêl nj o mjihs'
5 mßÉfÊoh - ks.uk yd fhdackd

5'1 ks.ukh
wdh;kh ;=, we;s ù ;sfnk .eg¨ fudkjo hkak;a Bg fhosh yels úl,am úi`ÿï fudkjo hkak;a
tfukau ks.uk lsysmhlg t<öug ud úiska fiajhkag ,nd ÿka m%YaKdj,sh ;=,ska yelshdj ,enqKs'
wdh;kh ;=, oekg we;s ù ;sfnk ixúOdk .egqï ms<sn`oj i<ld ne,Sfï oS wdh;kh úiska .kakd ,o
jeros ;SrK fï i`oyd fya;=mdol ù we;' l<ukdlrejka úiska .kakd ,o jeros ;SrK fï i`oyd fya;= mdol
ù we;' l<ukdlrejka úiska isÿ lrk ,o wlghq;=lï ksid fiajlhska Tjqka ms<sn`oj b;d lkiai,af,ka
miqfõ l<ukdlrejka yg mlaImd;S jk fiajlhska yg muKla b;d Wkkaÿfjka ie,lSu;a wmlaImd;S jk
fiajlhska yg úúO ;dvk mSvk j,g m;a ùug;a isÿ ù we;' ksjeros f,i msysgqùfï oS .kakd ,o ;SrK j,g
fnfyúka n,md we;af;a mlaImd;S;ajh muKla jk nj;a fiajl iqÿiqlï fkdfõ' tfukau fuu fiajlhska
wdh;kh ;=, Tjqkaf.a wdosm;H m;=rjñka md,kh lsßula isÿ lr we;'

fï wdldrhg Tjqka yeisÍ ;sfnkafka oS¾>ld,hla ;siafia tlu ia:dkhl /lshdj isÿ lsÍuhs' Tjqkaj
ksisf,ilj;a udre ùï j,g Ndckh lr fkdue;' tu ksid wdh;kh ;=, w¨;ska isÿ lsÍug kshñ; ish¨u l
%shdldrlï" jevms<sfj,j,a fudjqka úiska lvdlmam,a lr oud we;' óg fya;=j f,i meyeos,s jkafka
fjkiaùug we;s fkdyelshdjhs' w;S;sfha ;uka isÿ lr we;s rdcldÍka ms<sn`oj muKla is;d we;s w;r
j¾;udkhg wkql+, ùug fudjqka wlue;s ù ;sfnk nj;a jgyd .; yelsh' kjl fiajlhska úiska mjik ,o kjuq
jevigyka ksid Tjqkag úúO ;dvk mSvk j,g ,laùug isÿ ù ;sfnkafka o fudjqkaf.a fjkiaùula isÿ
fkdjk ksidh'

l<ukdlrejkaf.a wdl,am ms<sn`oj o t;rï iqNjdoS f,i l:d lsÍug fkdyels nj fiajlhska mjihs'
fudjqkaf.a hï hï l%shdldrlï ms<sl=,a iy;j fy,d olsk nj ;jÿrg;a wkdjrKh lr .ekSug
yelshdj ,enqKs' wdh;kh ;=< lKavdhï l%shdldrlï isÿ lsÍfï§ fiajlhska ;=, lKavdhï ye`.Sula
fkdue;s njla Èiafõ' óg fya;=j f,i i`oyka jQfha fiajlhkag we;s iqÿiqlïj,g wkqj Tjqka yg ysñúh
hq;= ia:dkh ,nd §ula isÿ lr fkdue;s ùu;a fiajlhska yg whs;s ke;s rdcldß ,nd §u;a fõ' Woa.; ù
we;s ;;ajh jeä ù ;sfnkafka fiajlhska ,nd we;s by<u wOHdmk iqÿiqlï i`oyd lsis`ÿ jákdlula
wdh;kh úiska ,nd fkd§uhs' fï ksid fiajl ;Dma;sh wvqq ùug fya;= ù ;sfí' wdh;kfha l<ukdldß;ajh
úiska ksjerÈ f,i iyfhda.fhka yd tluq;=fjka jev lghq;= isÿ lsÍug yelsjk whqßka lsisÿ lemùula
fyda ta i`oyd miqìula fyda ilia lr fkdue;s njg fiajlhska fpdaokd lrhs' wvq iqÿiqlï we;s fiajlhka
yg jvd fyd`o Wiiaùï ,nd § we;s nj;a iqÿiqlï ke;s fiajlhska yg t;rï ie,ls,a,la olajd ke;s nj;a ud
úiska isÿ lrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,§ wkdjrKh úh'

fiajl ÿla.ekú,s úi`§ug wdh;kh fj;ska mqoa.,hl= bÈßm;a ùu l,d;=rlska isÿ fõ' fï ksid
fujeks jd;djrKhl § fiajlhska w;r woyia yqjudre lr .ekSula isÿjk w;r ta i`oyd úYd, ld,hla wmf;a
yer we;s nj;a ksIamdokh my; jeàug tho fya;=jla ù we;' fujeks .eg¨ j,§ jD;a;Sh iñ;s ueÈy;aùug
isÿjk úg ld¾ñl wdrjq,a o yg .kS' fiajlhskaf.a fmdÿ woyia j,g l<ukdldÍ;ajh t;rï ijkaoSula isÿ lr
fkdue;' tfiau ksjeros f,i woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu i`oyd ksjeros ikaksfõok cd,hla o wdh;kh ;=,
ia:dms;lr fkdue;' fiajlhska yg by< l<ukdldÍ;ajh úiska .kq ,enq ;Skaÿ ;SrK ms<sn`oj oekqj;a
ùug isÿ jkafka hï ld,hla .; ùfuka wk;=rej nj fiajlhka mjihs' óg fya;=j jkafka ksjeros f,i by<
l<ukdldÍ;aj ;SrK fiajlhka yg ksjeros f,i ikaksfõokh ùfï cd,hla fkdue;s ùuhs'udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK
wxYhg hï m%Yakhla bosßm;a lr udi .Kkla .;jk ;=re;a Tjqka yg ms<s;=rla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels
njhs' udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ o hï hï wvqmdvq /ila mj;sk nj fmfka'

tfukau hï m%Yakhla we;s jQ úg hï fiajlka lsysm fofkl=muKla iyNd.S lrf.k .eg¨jg úi`ÿï
fidhhs' fuh t;rï id¾:l jk l%uhla fkdfõ' fï ;=,ska ksjeros .eg¨j y`ÿkd .ekSug yelshdjla fkd,efí' fuu
wdh;kh ;=< b;du wm%ikak;u isÿ ùu f,i fiajhka mjikafka l<ukdlrejka úiska lgl:d úYajdi lrk
njhs' fiajlhka yg m%odkhka ,nd oSfï oS wkq.ukh lrk ,o l%ufõoh t;rï id¾:l l%uhla fkdjk njhs'
olaI yd ksmqK;d we;s fiajlhka yg m%odkhka ,nd oS ke;' fï ksid fiajl osßu;a lsÍfï jevms<sfj, o
fuu wdh;kfha id¾:l f,i isÿ fkdfõ' olaI fiajlhka w.h lsÍfï lsis`ÿ l%shdj,shla fkdue;' fï ksid
fiajlhka w;Dma;su;a ù we;' fiajhska yg ;Dma;su;a úh yels jegqma m%;sm;a;s l%ufõohka fuys
l%shd;aul fkdfõ'

fiajlhkaf.a ld¾HM,h by< kexùug ld¾hM, we.hSfï l%u isÿ l, hq;=hs' kuq;a fudjqka
mjikafka ys;j;a msßif.a ld¾hM,h fyd`o nj;a wfkla msßif.a ld¾HM,h b;d wvq uÜgul mj;sk nj
l<ukdldÍ;ajh úiska mjik njhs' wdh;kh ;=, we;s jD;a;Sh iñ;s úiska fiajlhkaf.a b,a,Sï ,nd .ekSug
hdfï oS l<ukdldÍ;ajh oeä l%shdud¾. .kakd nj;a iuyr fiajlhskaf.a /lshd mjd wysñ ù we;' fujeks
foa ;=<ska ksIamdokh wvq ùu;a ld¾HM,h wvq ùug o n,md we;' jD;a;Sh iñ;s l
%shdud¾. .ekSug isÿùu ;=,ska mdßfNda.sl fiajdjkays .=Kd;aul Ndjhg o ydks isÿ fõ' wdikak
ld,h ;=< oS tu wdh;kh ;=, jev j¾ck folla isÿ ù we;s njg f;dr;=re wkdjrKh úh' fï ksid
fjk;a ;r`.ldÍ wdh;k úiska tu wjia:djkays jdis ,nd f.k we;' tfukau wdh;kh ;=< ksjeros f,i mqyqKq
yd ixj¾Ok jevigyka l%shd;aul fkdfõ' tu jevigyka i`oyd wdh;kh úiska fjka lrk ,o uQ,Huh m
%;smdok o b;d wvq uÜgul mj;S' óg wjqreÿ follg fmr mej;ajQ tu jevigykg miqj kej; jrla lsisÿ
jevigykla mj;ajd fkdue;s nj ud lrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPd j,ska wkdjrKh úh'
5'2 fhdackd
udkj iïm; wdh;khg jákdlula tla lrhs' idïm%odhsl l%ufhka neyerùu ;=,ska yd uki w¨;a
oEg fhduq lsÍu ;=,ska yd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu jeks foa isÿ lsÍu ;=,ska udkj iïm; ksjeros f,i m
%fhdackhg .; yel' fuu wdh;kh ;=, Wmdh ud¾.sl l<ukdlrKh ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;S' fuysos .eg¨
úi`oSfï oS Wmdh ud¾. ;=,ska fiajlhka fukau mdßfNda.shka o iQlaIu f,i ióm lr .; hq;=hs' fuh
fiajlhkaf.a wdl,am fjkia lsÍu" yeisÍï fjkia lsÍu" l%shdYS,s nj we;s lsÍu" ksjeros ikaksfõokh"
fjkialï we;s lsÍu jeks foa ;=,ska isÿ l, yelsh'fuu wdh;kh ;=, olaI;d l<ukdlrKh l, hq;=hs' olaI;d
ixÑ; we;s lsÍu" fojk fm< ixj¾Okh" Wiia lsÍï $ w.h lsÍï" lKavdhï jHdmD;s" kshuq jHdmD;s"
ksjeros úYajdih cks; lsÍï jeks foa isÿ l, hq;=hs' fuu`.ska fiajH fiajl in`o;d yd ld¾hM,h fmr ;snq
;;ajh olajdu j¾Okh lr .ekSug yelshdjla ,efí'

wdh;kfha ld¾hM,h by< kxjd .ekSug kï fiajH fiajl in`o;d jvd;a Yla;su;a l< hq;=h' fiajl
M,odhs;djh by< kxjd .ekSug kï fiajl mqyqKq lsÍfï jevigyka" fiajl ÿla.ekú,s ksrdlrKh lsÍï"
ikaksfõok cd,h w¨;a lsÍï" ixúOdk .egqï wju lsÍï jeks foa isÿ l, hq;=h' wdh;kh ;=, by, fiajH fiajl
in`o;d ukd f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug th bjy,a fõ' fiajlhska w.h lsÍfï jevms<sfj,la ilia fldg fiajlhskaf.a
ld¾hM,h we.hSfï l%ufõoh jvd;a id¾:l l%uhla njgm;a l, hq;=hs' oekg mj;sk wdh;ksl ;;ajh ;=<
ish¨u fiajlhska yg iudkj fkdie,lSu ;=,ska fiajlhska ;=, cks;jk olaI;d yd ksmqK;d ySk ù hhs' fuu
l%uh kùlrKh lsÍu ;=<ska fiajlhskaf.a ld¾hM, ;;ajh wkqj m%ido oSukd yd osß oSukd ,nd osh
hq;=hs' fuu.ska Tjqka osßu;a fõ' fiajlhska oekqj;a lr wdh;kh ;=, isÿ lsÍug kshñ; fjkialï isÿ l,
hq;=hs' ukao fiajlhkaf.a o tl`.;djhla ke;sj isÿ lrk fjkialï ;=<ska .egqï wdrïN ùug bvlv mj;sk
neúks' ksis wdldrhlg fjki l<ukdlrKh lsÍu ;=<ska ld¾hM,h by< kxjd.; yelsh'

ñksiqkaf.a /lshd ;;ajh by< kexfjk wdldrhg mqyqKq yd ixj¾Ok jevigyka l%shd;aul l,
hq;=h' tkï ork ,o msßjehg idfmalaIj m%;s,dN jeäúh hq;=hs' jevigykl id¾:l;ajh
oelSug ,efnkafka tneúks' wdh;h ;=,g iqÿiqlï we;s WmfoaYljrekaf.a o
iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska fuh ;j;a j¾Okh l,yelsh' fuu jevigykaj,g fhdod .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk fiajlhka ljqrekao hkak b;d ie,ls,su;a f,i f;aÍu isÿ l, hq;=h' tla tla fiajlhka fjk fjku ksßlaIKh
fldg f;dard.; hq;=h' wdh;kfha wruqKq yd wNsu;d¾: fiajlhkaf.ao wruqKq njg m;al, hq;=hs'
fiajl iyNd.S;ajh we;sj ksIamdokh jeä lsÍug yd .=Kd;aul Ndjh wdrlaId lsÍug wdh;kh ;=< we;sjk
.eg¨ wdh;h we;=,;oSu úi`od .ekSug fiajH lñgq lghq;= l, hq;= w;r tu`.ska mdßfNda.sl úYajdih
wLKav mj;ajd .ekSug yelsjkq we;' mdßfNda.sl wjYH;djka ;Dma;su;a lsÍug yels jkq we;'
mdßfNda.sl wjYH;djka ;Dma;su;a lsÍug yels fiajl msßila wdh;kh ;=, cks; l, hq;=h' fuu.ska
wdh;kh ;=, fiajH fiajl in`o;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels fõ' wdh;kh ;=, ld¾ñl iduh we;s lsÍug jev
ms<sfj,j,a ilia l,hq;=h' jD;a;Sh iñ;s yd fiajHhka w;r in`o;d we;s lsÍug udkj iïm;a wxYh ukd f,i
lemù jev lghq;= l, hq;=hs'

jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdud¾.j,g hdug bv fkdoS b;d blaukska úl,am úi`ÿï ,nd oSug
l<ukdldÍ;ajh miqng fkdúh hq;=hs' .eg¨jla we;sjQ jydu th úi`od .; yels Wmßu l%shdud¾.h l
%shd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska wdh;kh iq/fla' wdh;kh ;=< Wiia ùï ,nd oSfï oS fcHIaG;ajhg muKla
uq,a;ek ,nd fkdoS ld¾hM,hgo wjia:djka ,nd osh hq;=h' ukao fiajd ld,h u;u wka ish¨u idOl r`od
fkdmj;k neúks' kjl fiajlhska fudjqkag jvd osß;a f,i rdcldÍ lghq;= isÿ lrhs kï Tjqkaj
wksjd¾hfhkau w.h l, hq;=hs' tfukau úY%du hdug isák fiajlhkaf.a ys`.h msrùug fojk fm,
mqyqKq fiajlhka msßila isàu wksjd¾h fõ' fuu`.ska we;sjk .eg¨ wju lr .ekSug yels fõ' tfukau
tlu ld¾hhl os.gu ksr; ùfuka we;sjk úfYaI m%d.=KH os.gu mj;ajdf.k hdug kï wjYH fiajlhkag
muKla ia:dk udre ,nd osh hq;=h' wjqreÿ l%Svd W;aij" fjila W;aij" k;a;,a osk W;aij jeks
jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=,ska wdh;kfha fiajh lrk fiajlhka yg udkisl iykhla ,nd oSug yelshs'
wdh;khg ,eoshdjla we;s lsÍug fujeks foa fyd`ou WodyrK fõ'

taldldÍ f,i uki fufyhjk fiajlhska yg flá úrduhla f,i jd¾Islj mj;ajk W;aij" úúO ;r`.
ixúOdkh lsÍï" fiajl M,odhs;d jevigyka" ;;aj M,odhs;d jevigyka" iudcYS,s jevigyka"
mdßfNda.sl m%j¾Ok jevigyka wdosh ixúOdkh lsÍu ;=,ska yelsfõ' fujeks foa ;=,ska
wdh;kh ;=, fiajlhska b;d iqyoYS,sj lghq;= lsÍug" lKavdhï ye`.Sï jeälsÍug bjy,a fõ' fiajlfhla ;=<
we;sjq hï ÿla.ekú,a,la wdh;kfha ÿla .ekú,a,la olajd me;sr hd yels w;r th wju lsÍug kï tjeks fohla
ÿgq jydu wdrïNfhaoSu fiajlhd yg úi`ÿï ,nd osh hq;=hs' fuu.ska wdh;kh ;=< .egqï we;sùu
j,ld,Sug yelsjkq we;' wdh;kfha ;SrK .ekSfï oS fiajl fhdackd yd woyia o fpdaokd we;akï tajd o
úuish hq;=hs' fuu.ska fiajH fiajl in`o;djka j¾Okh lr .ekSug o yels fõ' ksjeros f,i fiajl
n`ojd .ekSfï l%ufõoh ilia l<hq;= w;r iqÿiq úNd. l%u fyda iïuqL mÍlaIK ksis f,i isÿ l, hq;=hs'
iqÿiqlï we;s mqoa.,hdg wksjd¾hfhkau wdh;kh ;=< iqÿiq ia:dkh ,nd osh hq;=hs' fuu`.ska
wdh;kh ;=, isák fiajlhka w;r we;s lkiai,a, ke;s lsÍug yels fõ'

úu¾IK .%ka: kdudj,sh

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