VA I 01 Path 1 6

VA-I-01
eqDrLokè;k;ihBe~ y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj%
(Institute of Distance Education)
(i×ÓlUè;Urks Hkkx%)
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iqjksokd~ µ izks- ih-,u- 'kkL=kh 03
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f}rh;% ikB% 23&46
r`rh;% ikB% 47&71
prqFkZ% ikB% 72&92
i×Óe% ikB% 93&115
"k"B% ikB% 116&144

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funs'kd%] eqDrLokè;k;ihBe~
jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh
izFkeeqæ.ke~ µ 2010 (50 izr;%)

iqueqZæ.ke~ µ 2012 (100 izr;%)] 2014 (50 izr;%)] 2015 (500 izr;%)
ISBN : 978-93-82091-34-9
© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

lokZf/dkj% lqjf{kr%A uonsgyhLFk&jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkuL; fyf[kr:is.kkuqefre~ vizkI;
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iz;qDrdkxne~ & Agro-based environment Friendly.
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lR;e ifCy¯'kx gkÅl
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12-08-2015 (izks- ih-,u-'kkL=kh)

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1-9 lUnHkZxzUFk%
1-10 Lkgk;dxzUFk%
1-11 Ckks/ç'uksÙkjkf.k
1-12 vH;klç'uk%
1-1 çLrkouk
br% çkd~rud{kk;ka HkoUr% y?kqfl¼kUrdkSenq ha oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSenq ha ok ifBroUr%A
if.kuh;O;kdj.kL; egÙkekS xzUFkkfoekS Hkor%A rfnna O;kdj.ka };ks% Hkkx;ks% foHkDre~A
çkphuO;kdj.ka uO;O;kdj.k×pA r=k çkphuO;kdj.kijEijk;ke~ v"Vkè;k;hØekuqlkja ikBua
HkofrA uO;O;kdj.kijEijk;kUrq çzfØ;kuqlkfjfl¼kUrdkSeq|kfnxzUFkkuqlkja ikBua HkofrA
r=k uO;O;kdj.kijEijk;ka y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFkks egÙkea LFkkuaa fcHkfÙZkA rfnna xzUFkjRua 7

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ Jhen~HkVksðftnhf{krfojfprk;k% OkS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|k% O;k[;kuHkwrefLrA l pk;a xzUFk%
egkegksikè;k;su Jherk ukxs'kHkV~Vsu jfpr%A Jhukxs'kHkV~V% uO;O;kdj.kijEijk;k%
ç/kuLrEHkks HkofrA l pk;a fOk}ku~ vL;ka O;kdj.kijEijk;ka ew¼UZ ;% loZekU;'p orZrAs Hkorka
d{kk;ka i×plUè;Urks Hkkx%] y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFkks HkofrA v=k çFkes ikBs Lokxra Hkor%A
br% iwo± Hkoku~ loZ=k iqLrds eÄõykpj.ka n`"VokUk~ ifBrokufiA çFkes ikBs¿fLeu~
Hkoku~ KkL;fr ;r~ fdeFk± fo}kalks eÄõykpj.ka dqoZfUr] xzUFks fy[kfUr pA ,rn~ekè;esu
xzUFkdrquZ kZx's kL; thouo`Ùka KkL;frA ,rnfi HkoUrks cks¼aq leFkkZ% Hkfo";fUr ;r~ dkSenq hxzUFkL;
eÄõykpj.kL;kfHkçk;% d%\ r=kk¿uqcU/prq"V;a fde~\ y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjL; euksjekxzUFksu
xrkFkZrk Hkforqe~ vgZfr u ok\ xzUFkuke dFkeUoFkZdrka Hktrs bfR;kfnA ,rRloZe=k ikBs
Hkoku~ ifB";frA
1-2 mís';e~
,ua ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~µ
Ø eÄõykpj.kL; ç;kstua fdfefr cks¼qa leFkskZ Hkfo";frA
Ø Jhukxs'kHkV~VL; laf{kIra ifjp;a çLrksrqa ikjf;";frA
Ø xzUFkL; ukedj.ks dks gsrqfjfr fZu:if;rqa izHkofrA
Ø euksjekxzUFksu 'ks[kjxzUFkL; xrkFkZrk fdeFk± u Hkorhfr Kkrqa 'k{;frA
Ø v=k'kkL=ks vuqcU/prq"V;a fda Hkorhfr KkL;frA
1-3 eÄõykpj.kifjp;%
dL;fpPNqHkdk;ZL; dj.kkr~ çkd~ fdefi eÄõylwpda ;r~ dk;± fØ;rs] vkp;Zrs
ok rns o eÄõ y kpj.keq P ;rs A rPp dnkfpr~ iw t ukfn:ia HkofrA dnkfpPp
½f"knsokfnueLdkj:ie~A ;Fkk miu;ufookgknkS dqynsorknhuak iwtua eÄõykpj.ka dF;rsA
çLFkkule;s nsoku~ T;s’ku~ ok uefUr rnfi eÄõykpj.ka HkofrA ;Fkk yksds eÄõykpj.ka
Hkofr rn~onso 'kkL=kç.k;uefi ijea 'kqHka deZA vrks¿=kfi eÄõyekpjfUr fo}kal%A rs
xzUFkknkS ½f"knsokfnueLdkjlwpdkfnda okD;a fy[kfUrA rnso xzUFks eÄõxykpj.ka HkofrA
1-3-1 eÄõykpj.kL;ko';drk
bnkuha o;fena fopkj;keks ;r~ eÄõykpj.kL; dk¿o';drk orZrs\
fdeFk± fo}kal% xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.ka dqoZfUr fy[kfUr ok\ v=kksÙkj:is.k bna oDrqa ikj;keks
;r~& ;Fkk yksds d'pu tu% fdefi 'kqHkdk;aZ fpdh"kqZ% fpUr;fr ;r~ eÄõykpj.ksukLekda
fØ;ek.ka dk;± fufoZ?ur;k lEiwfraaZ ;kL;frA bZ'ojÑik] xq#Ñik] egf"kZÑik ok dk;ZfufoZ?urk;ka
lgkf;dk Hkfo";frA ,oeso fufoZ?ur;k xzUFklekfIrdkeu;k loZ=k xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.ka
dqoZfUr fo}Ttuk%A ,rn~fo"k;s ½f"kçojks egkHkk";dkj% ir×tfy% çkg& ^êÄõyknhfu
eÄõyeè;kfu eÄõykUrkfu p 'kkL=kkf.k çFkUrs ohjiq#"kkf.k HkoUR;k;q"eRiq#"kkf.k pkè;srkj'p
o`f¼;qDrk% ;Fkk L;qfjfr** (e-Hkk-û-û-û)A vusu p Hkk";s.ksneuqekraq 'kD;rs ;r~ iqjk
,rkn`'ka fdefi Le`frokD;a Hkosr~ ;r~& ^^fufoZ?ur;k xzUFklekfIrdkeks eÄõyekpjsn~**
bfRkA vr ,o fo}kal% fpdhf"kZrL; LoxzUFkL; fufoZ?ur;k lekfIrdkeu;k xzUFkys[kukr~
8 çkÄ~eÄõykpj.ka dqoZfUrA
bnkuhe;a ç'u% leqnsfr ;r~ eÄõykpj.kL; lR;keI;ko';drk;ka dFka eÄõykpj.ke~
u fo}Ttuk% eulSo eÄõykpj.ka dqoZfUr\ xzUFkknkS dFke~ vo';:is.k fy[kUR;so\
v=kksP;rs& ;fn rs eulSo eÄõykpj.ka dq;qZ%] xzUFkknkS uSo fy[ks;qLrfgZ HkoUr% dFka
KkL;fUr ;r~ xzUFkknkS eÄõyekpfjra fo|rs] eÄõydkeu;k¿LekfHkjfi eÄõyekpj.khe~
bfrA ,o×p Nk=kk% vfi tkuUrq ;UeÄõykpj.keo';a xzUFkys[kukr~] xzUFkiBukn~ok] iwo±
drZO;fefr f'k";f'k{kkFkZe~] vFk p Nk=k.kkeI;uk;klsuSo eÄõykpj.ka Hkorq bR;srnFkZefi
xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.keo';a fucè;rsA
1-3-2 eÄõykpj.kL; Hksnk%

eÄõykpj.ka f=kçdkjda Hkofr&
d- vk'khokZnkRede~A
[k- ueLdkjkRede~A
x- oLrqfunsZ'kkRede~A
r=k ;fLeu~ eÄõy'yksds vk'khokZnL; dkeuk Hkofr] rnk'khokZnkReda
eÄõykpj.ka HkofrA ;Fkk& vfHkKku'kkdqUryL; çkjEHks ^;k l`f"V% l"Vqjk|k---jorq
oLrkfHkj"VkfHkjh'k%*A v=k l bZ'k% o% vorq¾j{krq] bfr vk'khokZnL; çkFkZuk orZrsA vr
bne~ vk'khokZnkReda eÄõyefLrA
;=k eÄõy'yksds xq#nsoknhuka Ñrs ueLdkjks fofgr%] rÂeLdkjkReda
eÄõya HkofrA ;Fkk& êqfu=k;a ueLÑR;---dkSeqnh;a fojP;rsA* (oS-fl-dkS- çkjEHks) v=k
eqfu=k;a çfr ueLdkjks fofgrks¿fLrA vr% ueLdkjkReda eÄõyesrr~A
oLrqfunsZ'kkReda eÄõykpj.ka rn~ Hkofr ;=k eÄõy'yksds dkO;s xzUFks ok
of.kZrL; oLrqu% çfriknua HkofrA ;Fkk fdjkrktqZuh;s& ^^fJ;%dq:.kka---}Srous ouspj%A**
v=k eÄõy'yksds dkO;s vkxrL; dFkkoLrqu% funs'Z k% çkI;rs] vrks¿=k oLrqfuns'Z kkReda eÄõye~A
çÑrs iBuh;s y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFks& ^ûRok iQ.kh'ka ukxs'k%** bR;kfndFkukr~
½f"kueLdkjkReda eÄõya HkofrA
cks/ç'u%&1-3
d- eÄõxykpj.k'kCnsu Hkoku~ fda Kkroku~\ ,dsu okD;su mÙkja nnkrqA
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[k- xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.ka fdeFkZeko';da Hkofr] v/ksfyf[krs"osda fpfÉra dq#A

û- xzUFk'kksHkkFkZe~A
ü- ikf.MR;çn'kZukFkZe~A
ý- fufoZ?ur;k xzUFklekIR;FkZe~A
þ- xzUFklekIR;FkZe~A 9

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ x- eÄõykpj.kfo"k;da Hkk";opua fy[kA
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?k- fo}kal% xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.ka fdeFkaZ fucèufUr\ ,da fpÉsu ;kst;A

û- f'k";çlÂrkFkZe~A
ü- Nk=k.kka eÄõykFkZe~A
ý- f'k";f'k{kkFkZe~A
þ- f'k";f'k{kkFkZeuq"kÄõr;k f'k";eÄõykFkZ×pA
Ä- i×Ólq okD;s"kq eÄõykpj.kL; ç;kstua fy[kUrqA

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p- eÄõykpj.ka dfrçdkjda Hkofr\ dkfu p rkfu\

û- f}çdkjde~A
ü- i×pçdkjde~A
ý- f=kçdkjde~A
þ- prqfoZ/a okA
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N- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjs dhn`'ka eÄõye~\ ,dsu okD;su fy[kA

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1-4 y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjLFkeÄõyLo:ie~
;Fkk loZ=k xzUFks xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.ka Hkofr rFkSo vfLeÂfi çÑrs iBuh;s
y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjukeds xzUFks xzUFkL; ys[kd% egkegksikè;k;% Jheku~ ukxs'k% LoXkzUFkknkS
eÄõykpj.ka djksfrA rL; Lo:ifeRFka Hkofr&
Ikkr×tys egkHkk";s ÑrHkwfjifjJe%A
10 f'koHkêðlrq ks èkheku~ lrhnsO;kLrq xHkZt%AA1AA
;kpdkuka dYIrjksjfjd{kgqrk'kukr~A eÄõykpj.ke~
kÜ Ä
` xõ osjiqjkèkh'kkækerks yC/thfod%AA2AA
uRok iQ.kh'ka ukxs'kLruqr¿s FkZçdk'kde~A
euksjeksek¼Znsga y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~AA3AA
1-4-1 inPNsn%] info'ys"k.ke~ vUo;'p

inPNsn%µ ikr×tys] egkHkk";s] ÑrHkwfjifjJe%] f'koHkêðlqr%] èkheku~]
lrhnsO;k%] rq] xHkZt%] ;kpdkuke~] dYirjks%] vfjd{kgqrk'kukr~] J`Äõosjiqjkèkh'kkr~] jker%]
yC/thfod%] UkRok] iQ.kh'ke~] ukxs'k%] ruqr]s vFkZçdk'kde~ euksjeksek¼Zngs ]a y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~
bfrA
info'ys"k.ke~µ çLrqreÄõykpj.k'yksdkuka info'ys"k.kfeRFka Hkofr&
ikr×tys bfr lIrE;sdopukUraa ine~] egkHkk";s bfr lIrE;sdopue~] ÑrHkwfjifjJe%
bfr çFkeSdopukUre~] f'koHkêðlqr% bfr çFkeSdopukUre~] èkheku~ bfr çFkeSdopukUre~]
lrhnsO;k% bfr "BÔSdopukUre~] rq bfr vO;;ine~~] xHkZt% bfr çFkeSdopukUre~]
;kpdkuke~ bfr "k’hcgqopukUra ine~] dYirjks% bfr i×pE;sdopukUre~] vfjd{kgqrk'kukr~
bfr i×ÓE;sdopukUra ine~] kÜ Ä
` oõ js iqjkèkh'kkr~ bfr i×ÓE;sdopukUre~] jker% bfr rfly~çR;;kUra
i×pE;Ure~] yC/thfod% bfr çFkeSdopukUra ine~] UkRok bfr DRokçR;;kUreO;;ine~]
iQ.kh'ke~ bfr f}rh;SdopukUre~] ukxs'k% bfr çFkeSdopukUra] ruqrs bfr çFkeiq#"k&
frÄUrSdopua ine~] vFkZçdk'kde~ bfr f}rh;SdopukUre~] euksjeksek¼Znsge~ bfr
f}rh;SdopukUre~] y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~ bfr f}rh;SdopukUra ine~A
vUo;%µ ikr×tys egkHkk";s ÑrHkwfjifjJe%] èkheku~ f'koHkêðlqr%]
lrhnsO;kLrqxHkZtZ%] ;kpdkuka dYirjks%] vfjd{kgqrk'kukn~ jker% yC/thfod% ukxs'k%]
iQ.kh'ka uRok euksjeksek¼Znsge~ vFkZçdk'kda y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kja ruqrsA
1-4-2 O;k[;kue~
Ekgkegksikè;k;% Jhukxs'kHkêð% Lofpdhf"kZrL; y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFkL;
fufoZ?ur;klEkkIR;FkZeFk p rL; çpkjkFkaZa&½f"knsoueLdkjkReda eÄõykpj.ka djksfrA
rfnna eÄõykpj.ka f=kfHk% 'yksdS% ÑrefLrA r=k çFkes 'yksds f}rh;s p Jhukxs'kHkêð%
Loifjp;a nnkfrA vfUres 'yksds xzUFkL; oSf'k"VÔa çfrikn;frA rFkkfg&;% ukxs'k%
y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjukeda oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|k% O;k[;kukReda xzUFka jp;fr] l ukxs'k%
ikr×tys¾ir×tfyçksDrs]egkHkk";s¾ikf.kfuO;kdj.kL;kdjxzUFks ÑrHkwfjifjJe%¾Ñrks Hkwfj¾
vf/d% ifjJeks ;su rFkksDr%A vFkkZr~ egkHkk";s ,"k fo}kUk~ ukxs'kks¿R;fèkda ifjJea
Ñroku~ ;suk¿lkS egkHkk";L; lo± xw<jgL;a ifjKkroku~A ^ÑrHkwfjifjJe%* bR;usu v;a
ukxs'k% eUnefrfjfr d'pu fpUr;sr~ vr% ^èkheku~* bfr fo'ks"k.ka nÙke~A èkheku~¾
Ågkiksgdj.kleFkZ% lw{ekfrlw{efpUrudrkZA f'koHkêðlqr%¾f'koHkêðk[;L; fonq"k% iq=k%]
lrhnsO;k% lrhnsohfrukEU;k% ekrq%] xHkZt%¾xHkkZnqRiÂ%A ,o×p ,rkH;ka fo'ks"k.kkH;ka
ukxs'kL; lRdqyksRiÂRoa foKk;rsA vFk p lk{kkr~ f'koln`'kkss¿L; firk] ikoZrh ln`'kh
pkL; ekrsfr èoU;rsA
f}rh;su 'ykssdsu Jhukxs'k% Lothfodkfo"k;s dFk;frA ,"k fo}ku~
Jhjkeflagukedkr~ uìkr~ thfodka çkIroku~A l p jkeflag% ;kpdkuka Ñrs dYir#% 11

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ orZrsA ;Fkk dkeukek=ks.k dYio`{k% lo± nnkfr rFkSo Jhjkeflagks¿fi ;kpdsH;ks ;kfpra lo±a
nnkfr] ,rkoku~ mnkjçÑfrd% l vklhr~A vFk p ;s rs"kak 'k=ko% rs"kka Ñrs l jktk rFkSo
vklhr~ ;Fkk 'kq"dr`.kkuka Ñrs ikodks HkofrA rnqDre~& ^vfjd{kgqrk'kukr~* vj;%¾ 'k=ko%
,o d{kk%¾'kq"dr`.kkfu rs"kq gqrk'ku%¾vfXu%] rLekr~] Ük`Äõosjiqjkèkh'kkn~ jkerks yC/
thfod%¾çkIro`fÙkd% ukxs'kks orZrAs vr ,o fo}ku~] èkheku~ ukxs'k% o`fÙkfo"k;s thfodkfo"k;s
ok fpUrkjfgrks¿fLr bfr Kk;rsA ,oa çdkjd% dqyhu% ijecqf¼eku~ thfodkfnfo"k;d&
foxrfpUr% ukxs'k% y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjukeda xzUFka ruqrsA
r`rh;su 'yksdsu Jheku~ ukxs'k% dFk;fr¾;r~ dhn`'ka y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kja
jp;frA fda ÑRok] iQ.kh'ka¾iQf.kuke~ bZ'ke~¾iQ.kh'ka egkHkk";drkZja ir×tfya uRok ç.kE;
ukxs'k% y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kja djksfrA l p xzUFk% dhn`'kks¿fLr\ v=k ukxs'k% dFk;frµ
euksjeksek¼Zngs e~ vFkkZr~ euksjek¾JhHkêksfð tnhf{krÑrk ;k oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSe|
q k% euksjekukEuh
Vhdk] lSo v¼Znsgks ;L;] rkn`'kks orZrs 'ks[kjxzUFk%A ,rsusneqDraa Hkofr ;r~ euksjek;ka
;nqDra rrks¿xzs v=k xzUFks mP;rsA euksjekxzUFksu okLrfodks¿FkZçdk'kks u HkofrA fdUrq
vusu 'ks[kjxzUFksuSoA vr% euksjekxzUFksu vL; xzUFkL; xrkFkZrk Hkforqa ukgZfrA
;fn êuksjeksek¼Znsge~* bR;L; euksjeksek;k% v¼Za |fr¾[k.M;fr lk
euksjeksek¼Znk (bZgk;k% fo'ks"k.ka) rkn`'kh bZgk¾ps"Vk ;L; ra euksjeksek¼Znsge~] ,rkn`'k%
foxzg% fØ;rs rnk euksjeksek;ka ;s vlÄõrk% fl¼kUrk% lfUr rs"kka [k.MuLoHkkoa
y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~ bR;FkksZ HkofrA
;fn p nsg;fr¾o/Z;fr bfr nsg%] fng~/krks% deZf.k v.k~çR;;su
nsg'kCnL; fuekZ.ka] rnk rq euksjeksek¼ZnsgfeR;L; euksjeksek/Zo¼Zda 'ks[kjfeR;fi vFkksZ
HkofrA
,rs iwoksZDrk% losZ¿fi xq.kk% y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjs fojktUr bR;srkn`'ka
ukukxq.kfof'k"Ver ,okFkZçdk'kda¾oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrçdk'kda] y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~ y?ko%
'kCnk ,o bUnq%¾pUnz%] l ,o 'ks[kj%¾çèkkua ;fLeu~ rkn`'ke~A v=kkFksZ vFkZçdk'kdRolkèkE;kZr~
'kCns pUnzRokjksi%A ,o×pkfLeu~ xzUFks y?kq'kCn}kjk cgwukeFkZkuka çfriknua HkofrA ,rkn`'ka
y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kja Jhukxs'k% ruqrs¾foLrkj;fr jp;fr okA
r`rh;'yksdL;kijks¿I;FkZ% lEHkofrA r|Fkkµ euksjeksek¼Zngs a y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~
bR;qHk;efi rU=ks.k vko`Ù;k ok îQ.kh'ke~* bR;L; fo'ks"k.ke~A vfLeu~ i{ks iQ.kh'k'kCnL;
f'ko:ikFkZ%A rFkk p euksjeksek¼Zngs e~¾euksjek¾euksgjk ;k mek¾ikoZrh] lSo v¼Zngs ks¿/Z'kjhja
;L; re~ v¼Zukjh'oja y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~¾'kCn bo bUnq%¾'kCnsUnq%] y?kq'pklkS 'kCnsUnq%
y?kq'kCnsUnq% rkn`'k% ,ddykRed% pUnz% 'ks[kjs¾eLrds ;L; rkn`'ka pUnz'ks[kje~]
v/Zukjh'oja iQ.kh'ke~¾f'koe~ uRok ukxs'k%¾egkegksikè;k;% Jhukxs'kHkV~V% euksjeksek¼Zngs eFkZ&
çdk'kda p y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~¾,rÂkeda xzUFka ruqrs¾foLrkj;fr bfrA
,rsusnek;kfr ;r~ vfLeu~ xzUFks vfrxw<fl¼kUrk vfi y?kq'kCn}kjSo
çfrikfnrk% HkofUrA euksjeksDrkFkkZu~ Dofpn~ foLrkj;fr] Dofpr~ [k.M;fr] DofpPÓ
rrks¿I;fèkda ok o.kZ;frA rnsrr~ loZ×p Hkk";lEera HkorhfrA
cks/ç'u%&1-4
d- ukxs'k % dq=k ÑrHkwfjJe% orZrs\ iw.kZokD;su mÙkja nsfgA
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eÄõykpj.ke~
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[k- ukxs'kL; ekrq% firq'p uke fde~\

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Xk- ukxs'k% o`fÙka dqr% yC/oku~\

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?k- êuksjeksek/Znsge~* bfr dL; fo'ks"k.ke~\ ,da fpfÉra dq#A

1- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjL;A
2- iQ.kh'kL;A
3- iQ.kh'kL;] y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjL; pA
Ä- îQ.kh'ka* bR;L;kFkZ};a HkofrA fda rr~\

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1-5 oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnhxzUFkL; eÄõyLo:ie~

egkegksikè;k;% Jh ukxs'kHkV~V% y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFka jfproku~A l pk;a xzUFk%
oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSe|q k% vfrçkS<k O;k[;k orZrAs Jh ukxs'k% fl¼kUrdkSe|q k% eÄõykpj.kekjH;
lekfIra ;kor~ O;k[;ka Ñroku~A vrks çÑrs iBuh;s y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjs çFker%
oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnhxzUFkLFkeÄõy'yksdL;So O;k[;kua HkofrA Hkorka eufl ftKklk
Hkosn~ ;r~ oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnhLFkeÄõy'yksdL; Lo:ia fda HkorhfrA rnFk± çFker%
r=kR;a eÄõykpj.ka Lekj.kO;ktsu fofy[;rsµ
eqfu=k;a ueLÑR; rnqDrh% ifjHkkO; pA
oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh;a fojP;rsAA bfr
1-5-1 inPNsn%] info'ys"k.keUo;'p

inPNsn%µ eqfu=k;a] ueLÑR;] rnqDrh%] ifjHkkO;] p] oS;kdj.kfl¼kUr&
dkSenq h] b;a] fojP;rsA
info'ys"k.ke~µ eqfu=k;fefr f}rh;SdopukUre~ ine~] ueLÑR;sfr
vO;;ine~] rnqDrhfjfr f}rh;kcgqopukUre~ ine~] ifjHkkO;sfr Y;i~çR;;kUreO;;ine~] 13

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ psR;O;;ine~] fojP;rs bfr deZçR;;kUra yV~çFkeiq#"kSdopukUre~ frÄUrfØ;kine~A
vUo;%µ e;k Hkêksðftnhf{krsu eqfu=k;a ueLÑR; rnqDrh% p ifjHkkO;
b;a oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh fojP;rsA
1-5-2 'ks[kjfn'kk eÄõykpj.kys[kuL; ç;kstue~

'ks[kjdkj% Jhukxs'kHkêð% LoxzUFks y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjs LoxzUFkL; eÄõykpj.k&
dj.kkuUrja Jhen~Hkêksðftnhf{krÑrL; oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnhxzUFkL; eÄõykpj.kys[kuL;
ç;kstufo"k;s fy[kfrA 'ks[kjfn'kk¿fi eÄõykpj.kys[kuL; rnso ç;kstua Hkofr ;nU;=k
HkofrA çkjCèkL; Lofpdhf"kZrL; O;k[;s;L; oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnhxzUFkL; eÄõydkeu;k
lekfIrçpkjçfr"Bkfnfujksèkdnqfjr'kkUr;s Jhen~Hkêksðftnhf{kr% leqfpra ½f"kueLdkjkReda
eÄõykpj.ka djksfrA vlkS O;kdj.k'kkL=kçorZdRor~ ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tfyukedku~ =khu~
½"khu~ uefrA vFk p rUeÄõykpj.ka f'k";f'k{kk;S¾^f'k";k vI;soa dq;qZ%* bfr f'k{kk;S]
fd×p fl¼kUrdkSeqnhikBf;r¤.kke~ vè;sr¤.kk×p vuk;klsuSo eÄõykokfIrHkZorq bfr&bPN;k
p LodkSeqnhxzUFkL; çkjEHks ys[kua djksfr&eqfu=k;feR;kfn:is.kA
1-6- eqfu=k;feR;kns% lkekU;a O;k[;kue~

'ks[kjdkj% ukxs'k% fl¼kUrdkSeq|k% çkS<~;k 'kSY;k O;k[;kua djksfrA ,rs çk;%
dq=kkfi lkekU;a O;k[;kua uSo dqoZfUrA fdUrq ufg lkekU;Kkua fouk fo'ks"kKkua lEHkofrA
vr ,o iwoZd{kk;ka leqikftZrKkuLekj.kO;ktsu ^êqfu=k;feR;kns%** lkekU;a O;k[;kua
çLrw;rsµ
vfLeu~ eÄõykpj.k'yksds frlz% fØ;k% HkofUrA ,dk ^^fojP;rs** bfr frÄUrfØ;k
eq[;kA vU;s }s fØ;s Pk ÑnUr:isA drkZ pk=k 'yksds uksV~VfÄïrks¿fLrA drkZja fouk
fØ;k;k% vuqifÙkHkZofrA vrks¿=k deZçR;;kUrfØ;kuqjksèksu ^ê;k Hkêkðsftnhf{krsu** bfr
r`rh;kUrdrZìnL;k{ksiks HkofrA ;rksfgµ vL; dkSeqnhxzUFkL;kUrsµ
Hkêðftnhf{krÑfr% lS"kk fl¼kUrdkSeqnhA
çhR;S Hwk;kn~ HkxorksHkZokuhfo'oukFk;ks%AA
bfr fyf[krsu eÄõy'yksdsu Hkêðksftnhf{kr ,o oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|k% drkZ
bfr fufoZokna fl¼efLrA
,o×pkL; eÄõy'yksdL;kFkksZ Hkofrµ e;k Hkêksðftnhf{krsu eqfu=k;a¾equhuka =k;a¾
eqfu=k;e~] vFkZkr~ =k;k.kka¾ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tyhuka equhuka leqnk;a ueLÑR;¾ç.kE;]
rnqDrh% rL; eqfu=k;L; mDrh%¾opukfu lw=kokfrZdHkk";:ikf.k] ifjHkkO; p lE;Dr;k
vkyksP; b;a âfnLFkk oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh¾O;kdj.keèkh;rs fonfUr ok¾oS;kdj.kk%]
fl¼%¾fu"iÂ% vUr%¾fu.kZ;%& ,"kka rs fl¼kUrk%] oS;kdj.kkuka fl¼kUrk%¾oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrk%]
rs"kka dkSeqnh¾çdkf'kdkA v=k dkSeqnhina Loln`'ks yk{kf.kde~A ;Fkk dkSeqnh¾T;ksRLuk¾
pfUnzdk ?kViVkfnoLrwfu çdk'k;fr] jfofdj.ktfurlUrkie~ vO;ixe;fr] vUèkdkja
nwjhdjksfr] rFkk b;efi xzUFk:ik okD;kofy% oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrku~ çdk'k;fr] Hkk";k|frnq&
:gxzUFkkUrjsH;% oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrjgL;cksèkus tk;ekua lUrkia vuk;klsuoS oS;kdj.kfl¼kUr&
KkulEiknusu nwjhdjksfrA vr ,o vkÈkn;fr vKku×p uk'k;rhfr dkSeqnhlkn`';kr~
dkSeqnh] lk fojP;rs¾fofy[;rsA
14
1-6-1 ^êqfu=k;e~** bR;=k f}rh;kfoHkfDrçfriknue~ eÄõykpj.ke~
EkÄõy'yksds JhHkêksðftnhf{kr% ^êqfu=k;a uLÑR;** bfr fyf[kroku~A r=k

'kÄïk tkxfrZ ;r~µ ^ûeLÑR;** bR;=k ue% 'kCnks HkofrA ue% 'kCn;ksxs p ^ûe%
LofLrLokgkLoèkk¿yao"kM~;ksxkPp** (ik-lw-&ü-ý-ûö)bfr lw=ks.k prqFkhZ foHkfDrHkZofrA
rr~ dFke=k f}rh;kfoHkfDrfjrA v=kksÙkj;fr Jhukxs'kHkêð%& ^dkjdfoHkDrscy
Z oRokr*~ f}rh;k*A
vfHkçk;ks¿;efLr ;r~& ,dk ifjHkk"kk orZrs& ^^miinfoHkDrs% dkjdfoHkfDrcZyh;lh**
bfrA (i-Hkk-&ûúý) vL;k vFkksZ Hkofr dkjdfoHkDR;is{k;k miinfoHkfDrcZyorh
HkofrA ûe% lgk* fnin;ksxfufefÙkdk foHkfDr#IkinfoHkfDr% HkofrA ,oe~ viknkukfn&
laKkfufefÙkdk foHkfDr% dkjdfoHkfDrHkZofrA êqfu=k;a ueLÑR;* bR;=k p ^Ñ*
èkkRoFkZfØ;kfu:firdeZRosu gsrquk ^^deZf.k f}rh;k** (ik-lw-&ü-ý-ü) bfr f}rh;kfoHkDrs%
çlfDr%A ue%in;ksxkPp ue%LoLrhfr prqFkhZfoHkDrs% çkfIrHkZofrA v=k p f}rh;k]
dkjdfoHkfDrHkZofr] fØ;ktudkFkZfoHkfDrdRokr~A vrks¿=k f}rh;k Hkofr u prqFkhZfrA
^Lo;aHkqos ueLÑR;* bR;knkS rq Lo;aHkqoeuqdwyf;rqa ueLÑR; bR;FksZ ^^fØ;kFkkZsiinL; p
deZf.k LFkkfuu%** (ik-lw-&ü-ý-ûþ) bfr prqFkhZ Hkofr] rkn`'kh pk=k foo{kk ukLrhfr
cksè;e~A
1-6-2- ifjHkkO;'kCnkFkZfpUrue~
eÄõy'yksds Jh Hkêksðftnhf{kr% mDroku~ ^^rnqDrh% ifjHkkO; p** bfrA
rs"kke~ mDrh% rnqDrh%] rs"kka¾ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tyhuka lw=kokfrZdegkHkk";:ik% mDrh%¾
opukfu ifjHkkO;¾i;kZyksP; bR;FkZ%A v=k ukxs'k% y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjss ^îfjHkkO;**'kCnL;
vFkZ};a nf'kZroku~A ifjHkkO;¾frjLÑR;] fopk;Z ok bfrA r=k rnqDrhfjR;=k rr~'kCnsukfi
f}çdkjdks¿FkksZ x`ársA rs"kka¾çkpkeqDr;%¾rnqDr;% rk%¾rnqDrh% RkL; eqfu=k;L;ksDrh%
rnqDrhfjfrA ;rks fg rPNCnks fg cqf¼LFkijke'kZdks HkofrA Ckq¼kS ;r~ fr’fr rL; loZL;
cksèkd% loZuke'kCnks HkofrA vr% rnqDrhfjR;=kkfi rPNnL;kFkZ};a LohfØ;rsA ,o×pk=k
çkpka¾ikf.kU;kfneqfu=k;fo#¼O;k[;kr¤.kka opukfu frjLÑR;] rFkk eqfu=k;opukfu
lw=kokfrZdHkk";:ikf.k fopk;Z¾Ik;kZyksP; osR;FkksZ Hkofr ^^rnqDrh% ifjHkkO; p** bR;L;A
v=ks;a 'kÄïk u dj.kh;k ;r~ ^vuknj% ifjHko% ifjHkkofLrjfLØ;k**
(v-dks-&û-÷-üü) bfr dks'kopukr~ ifjiwoZdL; Hkwèkkrks% frjLdkjkFkZdRokn=k îfjHkkO;*
bR;L; fopkjkFkZdRoelÄõrfefrA ;rks fg èkkro% vusdkFkkZ% HkofUrA vrks¿=k fopkjkFkZdRoa
u fo#è;rsA èkkRkoks¿usdkFkkZ% HkofUr vr ,o îjkS Hkqoks¿oKkus*(ik-lw-&ý-ý-ÿÿ) bfr
ikf.kfulw=ka lÄõra HkofrA vU;Fkk ifjiwoZdL; Hkwèkkrks% frjLdkjkFkZRoek=kLohdkjs rkn`'kL;
èkkrks% vFkkZUrjk¿Hkkosu vFkkZUrjs (loZrksHkoukfn:is) O;fHkpkjk¿Hkkokn=k lw=ks& ^voKkus*
bfr fo'ks"k.knkueuFkZda L;kr~A ifjiwoZdL; Hkorsjfi fofHkÂkFkZdRoLohdkjs rq dsoys&
voKkus¿FksZ ,o ifjiwoZdkr~ Hkwèkkrks% ?k×k~çR;;ks Hkofr uRoU;fLeÂFksZ bfr lw=ka lÄõPNrsA
1-6-3 fl¼kUrdkSeqnhxzUFks dkSeqnhlkn`';dFkue~

Hkêðksftnhf{krsuksDre~& ^^fl¼kUrdkSeqnh;a fojP;rs** v=k p oS;kdj.k&
fl¼kUrdkSeqnhxzUFks dkSeqnh¾pfUnzdklkn`';a çnf'kZrefLrA r=k dFka dkSeqnhlkn`';a xzUFks
Hkorhfr ftKklk;keqP;rs& ;Fkk dkSenq h¾pfUædk¾pUnzçdk'k% vaèkdkjko`ra èkViVkfninkFkZtkra
çdk'k;fr rn~on;efi xzUFk% fl¼kUrdkSeqnh:i% vKkuuk'ku}kjk oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrku~
çdk'k;frA vr% çdk'kdRo:ia lkn`';ek;kfrA pfUnzdk fg fnudjfdj.ktfurrkia¾ 15

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ Dys'ka nwjhdjksfrA ,oe~ v;efi xzUFk% egkHkk";kfnnq:gxzUFkkUrjsH;ks fl¼kUrKkuçkIrkS
tk;ekuL;] Dys'kL;¾rkiL; ok vuk;klsu KkulEiknusukiukssnua djksfrA ,o×p
Dys'k'kkedRosu lkE;ek;kfrA vr% dkSeqnhlkn`';kfn;efi okD;kofy% dkSeqnh HkofrA
^îfjHkkO;** bR;L;kFkZ};Lohdkjs.k èoU;rs ;r~ vL; fl¼kUrdkSenq hxzUFkL;
çkphuxzUFkS% xrkFkZrk Hkforqa ukgZfr] ;rksfg rs"kka dq=kfpn=kxzUFks frjLdkj%¾[k.Muefi
HkofrA dq=kfpPp leknj%A fd×Pk eqfu=k;xzUFkewydRoeI;L; xzUFkL; HkofrA ;rksfg
eqfu=k;opui;kZykspukuUrjeso oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh fyf[krk¿fLrA ;|fiµ
bneLrq lfUuÑ"Vs lehirjofrZ pSrnks :ie~A
vnlLrq foçÑ"Vs rfnfr ijks{ks fotkUkh;kr~AA
bfr opukuqlkje~ bna'kCnsu çR;{kL; oLrqUk% ,o funs'Z kks HkofrA ^^bna ee
iqLrde~** bfr ;FkkA rFkk p xzUFkys[kukr~ çkd~ eÄõykpj.kdj.kosyk;ak dkSe|q k% vfl¼Rosu
dkSenq h;e~ bfr ^bna*'kCnsu funs'Z kks¿uqfpr% çfrHkkfr rFkkfi Hkkfouks¿fi fo"k;L; cq¼Ôk fo"k;hdj.kkr~
b;fefrfuns'Z k% lÄõPNr ,oA Hkofr fg cqf¼LFkL; loZL; loZuke'kCnsu funs'Zs k%A
1-6-4 vuqCkUèkprq"V;çfriknue~
vèkquk b;a ftKklk mnsfr ;r~ rnso eÄõykpj.ka ç'kalkegZfr ;=k
eaxykpj.ks¿uqCkUèkprq"V;L; funsZ'kks HkofrA rnqDra o`¼S%µ
fl¼kFkaZ KkrlEcèka Jksraq Jksrk çorZrsA
'kkL=kknkS rsu oDrO;% lECkèk% lç;kstu%AA
lECkèk'pkfèkdkjh p fo"k;'p ç;kstue~A
fouk¿uqcUèka xzUFkknkS eÄõya u ç'kL;rsAA bfrA
,o×p xzUFkkè;;uço`fÙkç;kstdKkufo"k;kuqcUèkprq"V;e=k xzUFks fda Hkorhfr
ç'u% tkxfrZA dfLeÂfi dk;sZ dL;fpr~ rnsSo çofÙkHkZofr ;nk rL; ^bne~ eRÑfrlkè;e~*
^bne~ efn"Vlkèkue~* bna enfu"Vktudfefr* Kku=k;a HkofrA fo"k;k|uqcUèkprq"V;Kkusu
rRLkEHkorhfr fo"k;k|uqcUèkprq"V;e=k xzUFks fda Hkorhfr ç'uks tkx:dks HkofrA
vuqcUèkprq"V;Kkueko';da Hkohrfr ç'u% rnoLFk%A
r=k 'ks[kjdkj% çfrikfnroku~ vusu êqfu=k;e~* bR;kfn eÄõy'yksdsu
fo"k;k|uqcUèkprq"V;ykHkks HkorhfrA ^^b;a oS;kdj.kfl¼kdkSeqnh fojP;rs** bfr dFkusuk=k
xzUFks oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrk% fo"k;k% HkoUrhfr Kk;rsA oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrKkua ç;kstufefr
fo"k;ç;kstu;ks% Kkua HkofrA vèkhry?kqdkSeq|kfnxzFk% oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrftKklq'pkL;
'kkL=kL;kfèkdkjh HkofrA ,o×pk=k çfrik|çfrikndHkko% fo"k;xzUFk;ks% lEcèk bfr p
Kk;rsA
cksèkç'u%&1-5] 1-6
û- eqfu=k;feR;kfn'yksd% dL; xzUFkL; eÄõykpj.ke~\ d'p rL; drkZ\
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16
ü- ^êqfu=k;e~** bR;=k ue% ;ksxs prqFkhZa fogk; f}fr;k foHkfDrlkfèkdk dk ifjHkk"kk Hkofr\ eÄõykpj.ke~
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ý- ^rnqDrh%* bR;L; dkS }kS vFkkSZ\

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þ- ifjiwoZdL; Hkwèkkrks% dks'kkr~ dks¿FkZ% fuèkZkfjrks Hkofr\

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ÿ- vuqcUèkprq‘;L; x.kuk dk;kZ\

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ö- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|k% vuqcUèkprq"V;a prq"kqZ okD;s"kq fy[krqA

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ewyxzUFkikB%
xzUFklekfIrxzUFkçpkjkfnçfrcU/dnqfjrç'kek; leqfpr½f"k=k;ueLdkj:ieÄõy&
ekpju~ f'k";f'k{kk;S O;k[;kr`Jksr¤.kkeuq"kÄõrks eÄõyk; p fucèukfrµ eqfu=k;fefrA
dkjdfoHkDrscZyoÙokn~ f}rh;kA ifjHkkO;sfrA rPNCnL;cqf¼LFkijke'kZdRokr~ çkpkeqDrh%
frjLÑR;sR;FkZ% eqfu=k;ksDrhfoZpk;Z bR;FkksZ okA ^îfjHkkofLrjfLØ;sfr dks'kkr~** (v-dks-&
1-7-22) frjLdkjkFkZdL; èkkrksfoZpkjkFkZdRos¿fi u ckèkde~] ?krwukeusdkFkZRokr~A vr
,o ^îjkS Hkqoks¿oKkus** (ik-lw-&3-3-55) bfr lÄõPNrsA ,rsu LoxzUFkL; çkphuxzUFkSjxrkFkZrk
lewyRo×p èofure~A Hkkfouks¿fi cq¼Ôk fo"k;hdj.kkfn;fefr funs'Z k%A fl¼kURkçdk'kdRosukfr&
nq:gxzUFkkUrsjE;% fl¼kUrKkus tk;ekuL; Dys'k:ilUrkiL; 'kkedRosu p dkSenq hlkn`';e~A
vusu oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrk fo"k;k%] rTKkua ç;kstua] rfTtKklqjfèkdkjhR;kfn lwfpre~A
1-7 Lkkjak'k%
vfLeu~ ikBs Hkoku~ 'ks[kjxzUFkL;] oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnhxzUFkL; p eÄõykpj.kL;
O;k[;ka ifBroku~A 17

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ r=k 'ks[kjLFkeÄõykpj.kL;kfHkçk;ks¿;e~& egkoS;kdj.k% Jhukxs'kHkV~V% vFkZçdk'kda
y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~¾,rÂkeda JhHkêðksftnhf{krfojfprk;k% fl¼kUrdkSeq|k% O;k[;kukReda
xzUFka ruqr¾s jp;frA fda ÑRok\ iQ.kh'ka uRokA dhn`'k% ukxs'k%\ r=k fo'ks"k.ka ÑrHkwfjifjJe%\
dq=k ÑrHkwfjifjJe%\ ikr×“ys egkHkk";s] iqu% dhn`'k% ukxs'k%\ èkheku~] iqu% dhn`'k%
ukxs'k%\ f'koHkêðlqr%] lrhnsO;kLrq xHkZt%] vfi p J`Äõosjiqjkèkh'kkn~ jkeflagukedkr~
uìkr~ çkIrthfod% ,rkn`'k% ukxs'k%A dhn`'ka y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kja ruqr\s v=kksP;rs&vFkZçdk'kde~¾
vFkZcksèku{kee~] vFk p euksjeksek¼Znsga] Hkêðksftnhf{krfojfprçkS<euksjeksek;k% v¼ZnsgHkwra&
euksjeksDrkFkkZr~ fo'ks"kçfriknda y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~&y?kq'kCn}kjk càFkZçfriknde~ xzUFke~A
fda ÑRok\ iQ.kh'ka uRok&ir×tfya f'koa ok uRok bfrA
eqfu=k;feR;kfn'yksdL; Hkkoks¿;e~& Jh Hkêksðftnhf{kr% eqfu=k;a ikf.kfudkR;k;u&
ir×“fyleqnk;a ueLÑR; rnqDrh%¾çkpka Ekqfu=k;fo#¼erLFkkidkuka opukfu] ifjHkkO;¾
frjLÑR;] ,oa ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tfyopukfu fopk;Z] oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnha jp;frA
v=k ^^miinfoHkDrs% dkjdfoHkfDrcZfy;lh** bfr ifjHkk"kkcysu f}rh;kfoHkfDr% Hkofr
u rq ûe%LoLrhfr* prqFkhZ foHkfDr%A /krwukeusdkFkZdRokr~ îfjHkkO;* bR;L;kFkZ};a
Hkofr] fopk;Z frjLÑR;sfr pA
1-8 'kCnkoyh
ikr×tysµ ir×tfyuk fufeZra ikr×tye~ r=kA êgkHkk";s* bR;L; fo'ks"k.ke~A
ÑrHkwfjifjJe%µ Ñrks Hkwfj¾vf/d% ifjJe% ;su rFkksDr%] ukxs'k% bR;L; fo'ks"k.ke~A
vfjd{kgqrk'kukr~µvj;%¾'k=ko ,o d{kk%¾'kq"dr`.kkfu r=k gqrk'ku%¾vfXu% rLEkkr~A
^jkekr~* bR;L; fo'ks"k.ke~A
iQ.kh'ke~µ iQf.kuke~ bZ'ke~ &ir×tfye~] f'koa okA
Ekuksjeksek¼Zngs e~µ vL; }koFkkS]Z r=k çFkekFkZ% euksjek¾oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSenq hVhdk
lSo je.kh;Rosu mek¾euksjeksek lk v¼Znsgks ;L; re~A vFkok euksjeksek;k% v¼aZ |fr¾
[k.M;fr lk euksjeksEkk¼Znk rkn`'kh bZgk¾bPNk ;L; re~A v=k i{ks êuksjeksEkk¼Znsge~* bfr
ina y?qk'kCnq'ks[kjxzUFkL; fo'ks"k.ke~A f}rh;kFkZLrq& euksjek¾deuh;k ;k mek¾ikoZrh lk
v¼Znsgks ;L; re~ v¼Zukjh'oje~A v=kkFksZ îQ.kh'ke~*¾f'koe~ bR;L; fo'ks"k.ke~A
y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~µ vL;kI;FkZ};a HkofrA r=k çFkekFkksZ xzUFk:i%A y?ko'p rs
'kCnk% y?kq'kCnk%] y?kq'kCnk% ,o bUnq%¾pUnz% y?kq'kCnsUnq% l ,o 'ks[kj%¾çèkkua ;L;
rkn`'ka y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjk[;a xzUFke~ bfrA f}rh;ksFkZ%µ 'kCn bo bUnq%¾'kCnsUnq%] y?kq'pklkS
'kCnsUnq% y?kq'kCnsUnq%¾,ddykRed% pUnz% l 'ks[kjs¾eLrds ;L; re~A ,rr~i{ks
y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj'kCn% f'koL; iQ.kh'kL; fo'ks"k.ke~ HkofrA
1-9 lUnHkZxzUFk%
v=k ikBs çkeq[;su ,rs lanHkZxzUFkk% HkofUrA
1- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh µ JhHkê~Vksftnhf{kr%
2- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj% µ Jhukxs'kHkê~V%
3- egkHkk";e~ µ egkeqfu% ir×tfy%
18
1-10 lgk;dxzUFk% eÄõykpj.ke~
1- eÄõyL; gsrqrkfo"k;s Û;k;fl¼kUreqDrkoyh* nz‘O;kA

2- ukxs'kHkêðL; fo'ks"kifjp;lEcUèks Ô;kdj.k'kkL=k dk bfrgkl* iaa-
;qfèkf’jfeekaldL; nz‘O;e~A
3- eqfu=k;feR;=k fo'ks"kftKklkfo"k;s oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSenq h&y{ehVhdk nz‘O;kA
4- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFkL; fof'k"Vkè;;uL; Ñrs vkpk;Zcã
z nÙkf}osnhÑrVhdk]
fo'ks"ks.k nz‘O;kA
1-11 cksèkç'uksÙkjkf.k
û-ý
d- xzUFkknkS ½f"knsokfnueLdkjkfnlwpda okD;a eÄõykpj.ke~ HkofrA
[k-ý- fufoZ?ur;k xzUFklekIR;FkZe~A
x- eÄõyknhfu eÄõyeè;kfu eÄõykUrkfu p 'kkL=kkf.k çFkUrs Okhjiq#"kkf.k
HkoUR;k;q"eRiq#"kkf.k pkè;srkj'p o`f¼;qDrk ;Fkk L;q%A
?k-þ- f'k";f'k{kkFkZeuq"kÄõr;k f'k";eÄõykFkZ×pA
Ä-û- eÄõyknhuhR;kfnHkk";opueuqlR` ; xzUFkkfneè;kolkus"kq EkÄõykpj.ke~ vo';a
dj.kh;e~
ü- EkÄõykpj.kdj.ksu xzUFkç.k;udkys xzUFkkè;;udkys ok ;kfu fo?ukfu
lEHkkforkfu HkofUr] rkfu mi'keua çkIuqofUrA
ý- xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.ksu fufoZ?ur;k xzUFklekfIrHkZofrA
þ- xzUFkknkS eÄõykpj.kys[kusu f'k";f'k{kk Hkofr ;r~ EkÄõyekpj.kh;e~A
ÿ- eÄõykpj.kfo"k;s Hkk";dkj% dFk;frµ eÄõyknhfu eÄõyeè;kfu
eÄõykUrkfu p 'kkL=kkf.k çFkUrs Okhjiq#"kkf.k HkoUR;k;q"eRiq#"kkf.k pkè;srkj'p
o`f¼;qDrk ;FkkL;q%A
p-ý- EkÄõykpj.ka f=kçdkjde~
û- vk'khokZnkRede~
ü- ueLdkjkRede~
ý- oLrqfunsZ'kkRed×p
N- y?qk'kCnsUnq'ks[kjs ueLdkjkReda EkÄõykpj.ke~ HkofrA
û-þ
d- ukxs'k% ikr×tys egkHkk";s ÑrHkwfjifjJe% orZrsA
[k- ^^f'koHkêðlqrks èkheku~ lrh nsO;kLrq xHkZt%A** bR;qDR;uqlkjs.k Ukkxs'kL;
firqukZe f'koHkê~V% ekrq'p lrhnsohfr orZrsA
x- ukxs'k% ;kpdkuka dYirjks% Ük`Äõosjiqjkèkh'kkn~ jkerks o`fÙak yCèkoku~A 19

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ?k-ý- iQ.kh'kL; y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjL; pA
Ä- iQ.kh'ke~ bR;L; vFkZ};a HkofrA
û- ir×tfye~ ü- f'koe~¾egs'oje~ bfr pA
û-ÿ] û-ö
1- êqfu=k;e~* bR;kfn'yksd% oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSenq hxzUFkL; eÄõykpj.ka HkofrA
vL; drkZ p JhHkê~Vksftnhf{krks HkofrA
2- ^^miinfoHkDrs% dkjdfoHkfDrcZyh;lh**A
3- ^^rnqDrh%**¾rs"kka çkpkeqDrh%¾fl¼kUrfo#¼opukfu] eqfu=k;L; opukfu
bfr pA
4- îfjHkkofLrjfLØ;k* bfr dks'kkr~ ifjiwoZdL; Hkwèkkrks% frjLdkj:iks¿FkZ%
fuèkkZfjrks HkofrA
5- vuqcUèkprq"V;L; x.kuk ,oa HkofrA
d- fo"k;funsZ'k%A
[k- vfèkdkfjdFkue~A
x- lEcUèkçfriknue~A
?k- ç;kstudFkue~A
;=k eÄõy'yksds ,rkfu rÙokfu fufnZ‘kfu HkofUr rnso eÄõye~ ç'kLra
HkofrA
6- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|k% eÄõykpj.ks vuqcUèkprq"V;a çfrikfnra orZrsA
v=k oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrk% fo"k;k% HkofUrA ,o×pk=k fo"k;funsZ'k% Ñrks
HkofrA oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrKkua ç;kstua Hkofr] ,o×pk=k ç;kstufunsZ'k%
Ñrks HkofrA vèkhry?kqfl¼kUrdkSeq|kfnxzUFk% oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrftKklq%
vfèkdkjh Hkorhfr vfèkdkfjfunsZ'kks eUrO;%A fo"k;xzUFk;ks% çfrik|çfr&
ikndHkko% lEcUèk% dYiuh;%A ,o×pk=k vuqcUèkprq"V;ykHkkr~ ç'kLra
eÄõya HkofrA rnqDra&
lEcUèk'pkfèkdkjh p fo"k;'p ç;kstue~A
foukuqcUèka xzUFkknkS eÄõya uSo 'kL;rsAA bfrA
1-12 vH;klç'uk%
d- y?kqç'uk%
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20
2- ^ÑrHkwfjifjJe%* bfr ina dL; inL; fo'ks"k.ke~\ eÄõykpj.ke~
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3- êuksjeksek¼Znsga* bfr dL; dL; fo'ks"k.ke~\

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4- ^y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~* vL; foxzgokD;a fda Hkofr\

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5- îfjHkkO;* bR;L;kFkZ% d%\

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[k- vufry?kqç'ukS&
1- eÄõykpj.kL; dk vko';drk bfr çfrikn;UrqA i×plq okD;s"kq fy[kUrqA
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2- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjkèkkjs.k ukxs'kHkê~VL; laf{kIra ifjp;a fy[kUrqA

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x- nh?kksZÙkjh;iz'ukS&
1- y?qk'kCnsUnq'ks[kjL; eÄõy'yksdku~ fofy[; i`"BkfRedak O;k[;ka foèksfgA
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21

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 2- êqfu=k;e~* bR;kns% O;k[;kua ÑRok vuqcUèkprq"V;a çfrikn;UrqA
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22
f}rh;% ikB% (ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k) ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
ikBlajpuk
2-1 çLrkouk
2-2 mís';e~
2-3 ekgs'ojlw=kLo:ie~
2-3-1 ekgs'ojlw=kk.kkeqn~Hko%
2-3-2 ,"kka ukekUrjkf.k
2-4 lw=kHksnk%
2-4-1 ^vbm.k~* bR;knhuka laKklw=kRoçfriknue~
2-4-2 ^vbm.k~* bR;knkS lafgrkdk;kZ¿Hkkokfnfoospue~
2-4-3 ^vbm.k~* bR;=kk{kjlekEuk;O;ogkjgsrq%A
cksèkç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
2-5 osnkÄõkfu rs"kka Hksnk'p
2-5-1 O;kdj.ka rn~Hksnk'p
2-5-2 ikf.kuh;O;kdj.kL; osnkÄõRoe~
2-5-3 ^vbm.k~* bR;knhuka JqfrRoçfriknue~
2-5-4 ,"kka JqfrRos nks"k% rfÂjkdj.k×p
2-6 vuqcUèkdrZ`dfo"k;dks fopkj%
2-6-1 egs'ojdr`ZdRos nks"k% rfÂjkdj.k×p
2-6-2 JqfrRos çek.kçfriknue~
2-6-3 prqnZ'klw=kç;kstuçdFkue~
cksèkç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
2-7 ^j*çR;kgkjfoospue~
2-7-1 ^j*çR;kgkj[k.Mue~
2-7-2 g'kkfnçR;kgkjs ^V~*xzg.kkifÙkifjgkj%
2-7-3 gdkjkfn"odkj mPpkj.kkFkZ%
cksèkç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
2-8 lkjka'k%
2-9 'kCnkoyh
2-10 lUnHkZxzUFk%
2-11 lgk;dxzUFk% 23

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 2-12 cksèkç'uksÙkjkf.k
2-13 vH;klç'uk%
2-1 çLrkouk
br% iwofZ Leu~ ikBs Hkoku~ oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSenq hxzUFkL;] vFk p y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj&
xzUFkL; eÄõykpj.kL;kfHkçk;e~] r=kR;a jgL;a ok Kkroku~A Hkoku~ ,rnfi Kkrqa leFkksZ Tkkr%
;r~& eÄõykpj.k'kCnL; dks¿FkZ%\ fdeFk± loZ=k 'kkL=kknkS eÄõykpj.ka fy[kfUr fo}kaLk%\
fd×ÓkL; 'kkL=kL;kuqcU/prq"V;e~\ eÄõykpj.kkuUrja r=k Hkoku~ egkegksikè;k;%
Jhukxs'kHkêðegksn;% ikf.kfuO;kdj.kL; ;kfu LrEHkHkwrkfu ^vbm.k~* (ek-lw-&û) bR;knhfu
lw=kkkf.k] rkU;oyEC; fofoèak Kkua] jgL;a ok mn?kkV;r~A çLrqrikBekè;essu Hkoku~
prqnZ'klw=klECk¼ku~ fofoèkku~ fo"k;ku~ Kkrqa leFkksZ Hkfo";frA
oLrqr% ikf.kfuO;kdj.ks ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhfu prqn'Z klw=kkf.k O;kdj.kL;kL;kewY;kfu
jRukfu lfUrA v=k Hkxor% ikf.kusjhn`'kh lw{esf{kdk çofrZrk fo|rs] ;ÙkUefgEuSokU;s çk;%
iwoZoS;kdj.kkpk;kZ% xkS.kk vçfl¼k ok lao`Ùkk%A v=k loZ=k lw=ks"kq o.kkZukesrkn`'k% lfÂos'k%
Ñrks¿fLr ;Ùk=k o.ksZukI;uFkZdsu u HkforO;e~A rkuhekfu lw=kk.;sokfJR; egf"kZ% ikf.kfu%
çk;% (prq'pRokfja'kr~) ,dpRokfja'kr~ çR;kgkjku~ v.kknhu~ LohÑR; çk;% prq%lgÏa
lw=kkf.k jp;keklA rkuhekfu lw=kkf.k ^ô`f¼jknSp~** (ik-lw-&û-û-û) bR;kjH; ^^v v
**(ik-lw-&ø-þ-öø) bR;Urkfu fuCk¼kfu lUR;"Vkè;k;hxzUFksA ,fHkjso lw=kSykSfZ ddk% oSfndk'p
egkUr% 'kCnkS?kk% O;qRikfnrk% lUR;=k O;kdj.ksA rnqDra egkHkk";s iLi'kkfÉdsµ ^^ds"kka
'kCnkuke~\ ykSfddkuka oSfndkuk×p** (ek-Hkk-ç-vk-) bfrA ^vbm.k~* (ek-lw-&û) bR;knhfu
lw=kk.;kèkkjhÑR; egkegksikè;k;% Jheku~ ukxs'kHkêð% y?kq'klCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFks cgqfopkja
Ñroku~A Hkoku~ ,rr~ikBekè;esu Kkrqa çHkfo";fr ;r~µ "kM~foèklw=ks"kq ,"kke~ ^^vbm.k~**
bR;kfnlw=kk.kka Dok¿UrHkkZoks HkorhfrA v=k lw=ks"kq lafgrkdk;± dFka u Hkofr\ dFkeL;
O;kdj.kL; osnkÄõRoe~\ Hkokusrnfi KkL;fr ;r~ ^j*çR;kgkj% Lohdj.kh;ks u osfr\
2-2 mís';e~
,rr~ikBkè;;usu Hkoku~µ
Ø ,rkfu prqnZ'klw=kkf.k laKklw=kkf.k HkoUrhfr Kkrqa 'k{;frA
Ø v=k lw=ks"kq lfUèkdk;kZ¿Hkkodkj.kkfu Kkrqa leFkksZ Hkfo";frA
Ø v=k dkjçR;;k¿Hkkodkj.ka foKkrqa 'k{;frA
Ø vuqcUèkdrkZ egs'oj ,osfr KkL;frA
Ø ^j*çR;kgkjs n`<rjçek.kk¿Hkko bfr çfriknu{keks Hkfo";frA
Ø ,"kka lw=kk.kka JqfrRoe~ bfr Kkrqa ikjf;";frA
2-3 ekgs'ojlw=kLo:ie~
bekfu prqnZ'klw=kkf.k Jqfr:ikf.k HkoUrhR;uqineso KkL;fUrA vr% JqfrLej.ks&
uksPpkj.ksu ok rTtU;iQyHkkxfi Hkoku~ HkofRorhPN;k çFkerks ekgs'ojlw=kk.kka Lo:ia
24 izn';ZrsA rFkkfgµ 1- vbm.k~A 2- ½Æd~A 3- ,vksÄ~A 4- ,svkSp~A 5- g;ojV~A 6- y.k~A
7- ×keÄ.kue~A 8- >Hk×k~A 9- ?k<èk"k~A 10- tcxMn'k~A 11- [kiQNBFkpVro~A ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
12- di;~A 13- 'k"klj~A 14- gy~A bfr ekgs'ojkf.k lw=kkf.k HkofUrA egs'ojkn~
vkxrkfu¾çkIrkfu ekgs'ojkf.k dF;UrsA
2-3-1 ekgs'ojlw=kk.kkeqn~Hko%
bnkuhfena fopk;Zrs ;nsrs"kka dqr mn~Hko%\ fdeFk± osekfu lw=kkf.k
ekgs'ojk.khfr dfFkrkfu\ v=kksP;rsµ ,oa fg Jw;rs ;r~ egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% O;kdj.kfo|kefèkxUrqa
ri'pdkjA Hkxoku~ egs'oj% rilk çlÂ% lu~ uoi×pokja <Ddka uuknA rsu p ikf.kfu%
eqfu% prqZn'klw=kkf.k ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhfu vfèkxroku~A ,o×p egs'ojçlknkYyCèkkuhekfu
lw=kkf.k ekgs'ojkf.k dF;UrsA ,"kk prqnZ'klw=kh ,oekuqiwohZdk Jqfrjso fo|rsA lSo Jqfr%
egs'ojçlknkn~ Hkxork ikf.kfuuk yCèksfr ikjEi;sZ.k Le;Zek.ks;a prqnZ'klw=khfr vk;kfrA
rnqDra ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;ke~µ
;suk{kjlekEuk;efèkxE;egs'ojkr~A
ÑRLua O;kdj.ka çksDRka rLeS ikf.ku;s ue%AA bfr
(ik-f'k-ÿ÷)
v=k ^^vfèkxE; egs'ojkr~** bR;usu Li"Vek;kfr ;n~ bekfu lw=kkf.k
egf"kZ.kk egs'ojçlknkYyCèkkuhfrA vrks ;Fkk lokZlka fo|kukeqn~xeLFkkua Jqfr% Hkofr
rFkSo ekgs'ojlw=kk.kkeihfr x`gk.kA dsoye=kkuqcUèkk% egs'ojÑrk bfr cksè;e~A
osnknsorS "s kkeI;kfoHkkZo bfr Hkko%A ,o×p ,"kk prqn'Z klw=kh lk{kkr~ JqfrjsokfLrA ;FkSons eO;qfPNua
pUnzrkjdkfn ,oesrs"kkefi prqnZ'klw=kk.kka d'pukèqkfud% 'kjhjh drkZ ukLrhfr Hkko%A
2-3-2 ,"kka ukekUrjkf.k

,"kka ekgs'ojlw=kk.kka ukekUrjk.;fi lfUrA egs'ojçlknkr~ egf"kZ.kk ikf.kfuuk
çkIrkuhfr ekgs'ojlw=kk.khfr dF;UrsA ^ô.kZlekEuk;%] o.kZkEuk;% osR;fiµ ,"kka lw=kk.kka
uke HkofrA ;rksfg vkEuk;lekEuk;'kCnkS osnkFkZdkS Hkor% rFkk pkej%µ ^Jqfr% L=kh osn
vkEuk;*A ^^vbm.k~** bR;k|fi lk{kkr~ o.kZ:ik Jqfrjso HkofrA vr bekfu lw=kkf.k
^ô.kZlekEuk;%** ^ô.kZkEuk;** bfr 'kCnsukI;fHkèkh;UrsA ^v{kjlekEuk;* bR;fi uke
HkofrA rFkSoSrs"kka lw=kk.kka ^czãjkf'k%* bR;fi ukeA ufUnds'ojÑrdkf'kdk;ka ^f'kolw=ktky*
'kCnsukI;qP;UrsA bekfu lw=kkf.k çR;kgkjkFkZkuhfr ÑRok çR;kgkjlw=kk.khR;fi çfl¼a uke
HkofrA
2-4 lw=kHksnk%
Lkw=kkf.k "kV~çdkjdkf.k HkofUrA dkfufpr~ ifjHkk"kk:ikf.k] dfrpu p fofèk:ikf.k
dkfufpr~ iqu% fu;kedkfu HkofUrA vfrns'kkRedkU;fi dfrpu HkofUr] rFkSo p
vfèkdkj:ik.;fi lw=kkf.k HkofUrA rnqDre~µ
laKk p ifjHkk"kk p fofèkfuZ;e ,o pA
vfrns'kks¿fèkdkj'p "kM~foèka lw=keqP;rsAA bfr
;su lw=ks.k laKk fufnZ';rs rr~ laKk lw=ka HkofrA vfu;es fu;edkjda ifjHkk"kklw=ka
HkofrA ;r~~ lw=ka iqu% fdefi LorU=k:is.k fonèkkfr rn~ fofèklw=keqP;rsA ;r~~ lw=ka dsufpr~
çkIrkS lR;ka fdefi foèkÙks rr~ fu;elw=ke~A ;su lw=ks.k d'pu èkeZ% dq=kfpnkjksI;rs¿frfn';rs 25

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ok rnfrns'klw=ke~A ;L; p lw=kL;ksÙkj=kkuqof` ÙkHkZofr rnfèkdkjlw=ka HkofrA ,o×pµ 'kfDrxzkgdRoa
laKklw=kRoe~A 'kkL=krkRi;ZxzkgdRoa ifjHkk"kkRoe~A brjO;korZdRoa fu;elw=kRoe~A
lkèkqRolEikndRoa fofèkRoe~A lkn`';xzkgdRoefrns'kRoe~A ,dokD;rkek=ks.k cks/ksi;ksfXkRoe~
vfèkdkjRofefr la{ksis.k oDrqa 'kD;rsA rnsoa "kM~foèka lw=kfefr fLFkre~A
2-4-1 ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kk.kka laKklw=kRoçfriknue~

,"kke~ ^vbm.k~* (ek-lw-&û) bR;kfnlw=kk.kka ikf.kuh;O;kdj.ks loZ=k çkFkE;su
x.kuk HkofrA y?kqdkSeqnh ok Hkorq] fl¼kUrdkSeqnh] Hkk"kko`fÙk%] dkf'kdk] v"Vkè;k;h ok
Hkorq] loZ=k ,"kka lw=kk.kkeqYys[kks HkoR;soA rnsoa Hkorka eufl ftKklk L;kn~ ;r~
"kM~foèks"kq lw=ks"kq] ,"kka ekgs'ojlw=kk.kka x.kuk Do Hkorhfr\ bekfu lw=kkf.k fg uSo lk{kkr~
laKka cksèk;fUrA uSo fdf×pn~ fon/frA ukI;s"kka dq=kfpnfèkdkjks xPNfr] ukfi p vfu;es
fu;ea dqoZfUr] brjO;koÙkZdRoefi uS"kke~] uSo pSfHk% lw=kS% dL;fpnfrns'k% fØ;rsA rFkk
p dq=kkUrHkkZo ,"kka ekgs'ojlw=kk.kkfefr ftKklk furjka Hkorks ân;s mfn;kr~A ,rr~lekèkkuk;
Jhukxs'kHkV~Vks czwrs ^ô`fÙkifjPNsndRosukL; laKklw=kRoe~**bfrA
v;efHkçk;%µ ;|fi bekfu ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k Øecksèkdkfu HkofUrA
^^v b m ½ Æ** bR;kfnØes.k ,rs o.kkZ% çR;srO;k bfr cksèk;fUrA ,o×pSrkfu lk{kkr~
'kfDrxzkgdkf.k u HkoUrhfr u laKk lw=kk.khR;kHkkfrA rFkkfi ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** (ik-lw-&
û-û-÷û) bfr lw=ks.k lgSdokD;r;k ,"kka lw=kk.kka o`fÙkifjPNsndRoa¾'kfDrfu;kedRoa
Hkorhfr laKklw=kRoa HkoR;soSrs"kke~A 'kfDrfu;eueso laKklw=kk.kka dk;Ze~A ;Fkkµ o`f¼jknsp~A
bg 'kkL=ks o`f¼'kCnsu vkdkjSdkjkSdkjk ,o xzghrO;k u brjs¿FkkZ% bfr fu;e;fr rr~A
¹iwoZ=k ^,dokD;rk'kCn%* Jqr%A rr~ fdf×pr~ fofoP;rsµ ,dokD;rk
f}èkk Hkofr] inSdokD;rk okD;SdokD;rk pA r=kµ mithO;ksithodHkkokiÂcksèktudRoa
okD;SdokD;Roa HkofrA ;Fkk laKklw=kfofèklw=k;ksjd s okD;rk HkofrA rFkkfgµ^^vnsÄx~ .q k%**(ik-
lw-&û-û-ü) bR;kfnlaKklw=kk.kka okD;kFkZcksèk% mithO;ks Hkofr] ^^vkkn~xq.k%**(ik-lw-&ö-û-
ø÷) bR;kfnfofèkokD;kFkZcksèk'p xq.kkfnlaKkinkFkZKkukèkhu bfr l mithodks HkofrA
vrks¿=k okD;SdokD;rk HkofrA ;=k rq ijLijfu:I;fu:idHkkokiÂfo"k;rkç;kstdin?kfVrRoa
Hkofr r=k inSdokD;RoeoxUrO;e~A ;Fkkµ ifjHkk"kklw=kfofèklw=k;ks%A ^^bdks xq.ko`¼h**
(ik-lw-&û-û-ý) ^fensxqZ.k%*(ik-lw-&÷-ý-øü) bR;u;ks% lw=k;ks% inSdokD;rk HkofrA
ifjHkk"kklw=ks.k ^bdks xq.ko`¼h* (ik-lw-&û-û-ý)bR;usu fofèklw=ks ^fensx.Zq k%* bR;=k bd~inksifLFkR;k
fensjo;oL; bdks xq.kks Hkofr] bR;soa ijLija fo'ks";fo'ks"k.kHkkosukUo;kr~ fu:I;fu:id&
HkkokiÂfo"k;rk=k orZrsA rkn`'kfo"k;rkç;kstda ine~ bxkfn% HkofrAº
,o×p çR;kgkjlaKkKkidlw=ks.k ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;usu lgSdokD;r;k
^vbm.k~* bR;knhuka lw=kk.kkefi 'kfDrfu;kedRosu laKklw=kRofefr ukxs'kHkV~Viknkukek'k;%A
v=kSdokD;rk p vkfn%¾vdkjkfn%] vUR;su¾pjeo.ksZu brk¾br~laKdln`'ksu .kdkjkfnuk
lg mPpk;Zek.k% ^v.k~* bR;soa :i%] vk|Urkf{kIrkuka eè;xkuka laKk] bR;soa :ik cksè;kA
;Fkk ^vbm.k~* bR;knhuke~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;L; midkjdr;k]
v.kkfnlaKk'kCnfu"B'kfDrxzkgdRosu laKklw=kRoek;kfr] rFkSo LokStl~ (ik-l~-&þ-û-ü)
bR;knhukeI;usu ^vkfnjUR;su* bR;usu lgSdokD;r;k vUR;su¾ LokStflfrlw=kLFksu idkjs.k
lg mPpk;Zek.k% vkfn% ^lqi~*'kCn% çR;kgkj:i% eè;xkuka laKsfr 'kfDrxzkgdRosu
laKklw=kRoa HkofrA fd×p LokStflfr lw=ka lqcknhuka lk{kkn~ foèkk;defi Hkorhfr
26 fofèklw=kRoeI;L; cksè;e~A
2-4-2 ^vbm.k~* bR;knkS lafgrkdk;kZ¿Hkkokfnfoospue~ ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kk.kka laKklw=kRoa Hkorhfr Hkoku~ ifjKkroku~A Hkoku~

y?kqfl¼kUrdkSe|q kfnxzUFka rq iworZ ud{;k;keso ifBroku~A r=k lfUèkfoèkk;dlw=kk.kka ço`fÙkLFkykfu
vo';eso Kkrkfu L;q%A vrks Hkorka eufl bnkuhfe;a ftKklk mn~cq¼k L;kn~ ;r~
^vbm.k~* bR;kfn"kq prq"kqZ lw=ks"kq ^v$b$m.k~* bR;kfnLFkys"kq vdkjL; bdkjs.k lg xq.kkns'k%µ(,
m.k~) iqu% ,dkjL; v;kns'k%] bR;soa çdkjs.k prq"oZfi lw=ks"kq ;FkkçkIra lafèkdk;± a dFka
u n`';r bfrA v=kksÙkj;fr 'ks[kjdkj% Jheku~ ukxs'kHkV~V%µ ^,"kq lafgrk;k vfoo{k;k u
lafgrk dk;Ze~* bfrA v;a Hkko%µ
lafgrSdins fuR;k] fuR;k èkkrwilXkZ;ks%A
fuR;k lekls] okD;s rq lk foo{kkeis{krsAA
bfr çfl¼opukuqlkje~µ jkes.k (jke$bu) bR;k|sdins] Îk;ZxPNr~*
bR;knkS èkkrwilxZLFkys] okI;ke~ v'o%¾ôkI;'o%* bR;knkS leklLFkys p lafgrk fuR;k
HkofrA r=kko';eso lafèk% dj.kh;ks HkofrA dsoya okD;sµ ,o foo{k;k lafgrk dk;±
HkofrA v=kk¿fi ^vbm.k~* bR;knkS lafgrk;k% vfoo{kk orZrsA ;|fi ^^lqfIrÄUra ine~**(ik-
lw-&û-þ-ûþ) bR;uq'kklusu lqcUrfrÄUr;ks'p inRoa HkofrA rkn`'kinlewg ,o p okD;a
HkofrA ^lqfIrÄUrp;ks okD;a* osR;qDrs%A vr ^v b m .k~* bR;knkS okD;RoL;klEHkokr~
dFke=k lafgrk;k vfo{ksfr 'kÄïk tkxfrZ_ rFkkfi rkn`'kL; okD;RoL;k=k foo{k.kkHkkokr~
lk 'kÄïk u ;qT;rsA v=k rq ,dinkfnfHkÂL; leqnk;L;So okD;Rofe";rsA vfLr pk=k
^vbm.k~* bR;kfnleqnk;L; ,dinkfnfHkÂRoe~A vFkok 'kDrinleqnk;L;k=k okD;insu
xzg.ke~A vrks¿=k ^ôkD;s rq lk foo{kkeis{krs** bR;s"k fu;eks yxR;soA
v=k lafgrkHkkok;kU;nfi dkj.ka laHkofrA rFkkfgµ ;Fkk ^^bdks ;.kfp**(ik-
lw-&ö-û-÷÷)bR;knkS ^^Äeks ßLoknfp Äeqf.uR;e~**(ik-lw-&ø-ý-ýü)bfr çkIr% lafèk%
lkS=kRokn~ okfjrks HkofrA rFkSo ^^vbm.k~** bR;knkofi rnso ^^lkS=kRokÂ lafèk%** bfr
lekèkkua cksè;fefr dsfpr~A
vijs iqu% ^^v b m bR;knhuka pkfnx.ks ikBkr~ fuikrRosu ^^fuikr
,dktukÄ~**(ik-lw-&û-û-ûý) bfr çx`álaKk;ka ^Îyqrçx`ák vfp fuR;e~**(ik-lw-&ö-û-
ûüÿ) bfr çÑfron~Hkkosu laè;Hkko% dYiuh; bR;kgq%A vlansgkFk± u lfUèk%]bfr
lekèkkua rq u ;qDra] O;k[;kur% lansgL; fujkdj.kkr~A
mifj çfrikfnra ;r~ ^^vbm.k~** bR;knkS lqcUrfrÄUrinlewgkReda
okD;a ukLR;fi rqµ vU;foèkeso okD;fefrA rr% iqu% Hkorks eufl ç'uks Hkos|r~µ v=k
ekgs'ojlw=ks"kq ;s o.kkZ% lfUr rsH;% çR;sda foHkDR;qRifÙk% dLekÂkHkor~A v=kksÙkje~µ^^vbm.k~**
bR;knkS o.kkZuka çkfrifndlaKk u Hkofr] vrks uk=k foHkDR;qRifÙk%] ;rksfg ^^ÄÔki~
çkfrifndkr~**(ik-lw-&þ-û-û) bfr lw=kcysu ÄÔUrknkcUrkr~ çkfrifndkPp ijs Lokn;%
çR;;k% HkofUrA v=k ^^vbm.k~** bR;knkS fdefi ukfLrA uSo ÄÔUrRoa] uSok¿¿cUrRoa ukfi
p çkfrifndRoerks u lqcRq ifÙk%A çkfrifndRoe=k dFkÂsfr psnFkZoRok¿Hkkokfnfr x`gk.kA
v=kk;efHkçk;%µ v b m bR;kn;ks o.kkZ% Jqrsjuqdj.k:ik% lfUrA
vuqdj.kLFkys p f}foèkk foo{kk Hkofrµ vHksnfoo{kk] Hksnfoo{kk pA r=k ;nk
vuqdk;kZuqdj.k;ksjHksnfoo{kk Hkofr] rnkuqdj.ksukuqdk;ZL; lkn`';lEcUèksu mifLFkfrHkZofrA
^^vFkZonèkkrqjçR;;% çkfrifnde~**(ik-lw-&û-ü-þü) bfr lw=ks p 'kfDry{k.kkU;rjKkuk&
èkhuksifLFkR;k¿FkZfo"k;dcksèktudL;SokFkZoRinsu xzg.ka HkofrA ^vbm.k~* bR;knkouqdj.ks rq 27

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ lkn`';lEcUèksuksifLFkrL; Jqfr:iL;kuqdk;ZL; cksèkdRoa HkofrA 'kfDry{k.kkU;rjKkuk&
èkhuksifLFkR;k¿FkZfo"k;dcksèkdRok¿Hkkokr~ çkfrifndRoa u HkofrA çkfrifndRokHkkokPp
lqcqRiÙ;Hkko%A ,o×Ó ,"kke~ ^vbm* bR;kfno.kkZukeuqdj.kRosu] r=k pkuqdk;kZuqdj.k;ksjHksn&
foo{k;k çkfrifndRokHkkosu o.ksZH;ks u lqcqRifÙkHkZofrA ;=k rq Hksnfoo{kk Hkofr r=k rq
vuqdj.ksH;%] vFkZoRokr~ çkfrifndRosu HkoR;so foHkDR;qRifÙk%A
^^vbm.k~** bR;knkS çfro.k± foHkDR;qRiÙ;Hkkos] vija dkj.ka Hkofr
lkS=kRoa lkS=kRokn=k o.ksZH;ks u foHkDR;qRifÙk%A lw=kk.kkfena¾lkS=ke~] ikf.kuh;lw=kk.kkefi
ewye~] Jqfr:ia ok çR;kgkjFkZRoknqidkjdRoa ok lkS=ke~] rÙoknfi vFkkZr~ JqfrRokr~¾
NkUnLRokn=k u o.ksZH;ks foHkDR;qRifÙk%A bn×Ó lekèkkue~ ^^vuqdj.ke~ vuqdk;kZn~ fHk|rs**
bfr Hksnfoo{kk;ka cksè;e~A Hksnfoo{kk;ka fg çkfrifndRokr~ foHkDR;qRifrHkZoR;soA ;Fkk
^Hkqoks oqxy
~ Ä
`q f~ yVks*(ik-lw-&ö-þ-øø) bR;=k ^Hkw* bR;uqdj.kRos¿fi çkfrifndRosu foHkDR;qRifÙkHkZofrA
HksnLFkys fg vuqdk;Zfu:firk 'kfDrjuqdj.ks LohfØ;rsA vrLr=k 'kDR;SokFkZcksèkdRoa
HkorhfrHkko%A
v=k iqujsdk 'kÄïk tkx:dk HkofrA ,da okfÙkZda orZrs ^ô.kkZr~ dkj%**
o.kZokpdkr~ o.kZcksèkdkr~] ,dk{kjcksèkdk}k dkjçR;; bfr lkekU;ks¿FkskZ Hkofr rL;
okfrZdL;A ^vbm.k~* bR;kn;ks¿fi o.kZcksèkdk ,o HkofUrA vrks ;Fkk o.kZcksèkuk; ^vdkj%*
^ddkj%* ^[kdkj%* bR;soa çdkjs.k dkjçR;;ks Hkofr] rn~on=kkfi dkjçR;;% dFka u
Hkorhfr\ ,rRlekèkkuk; 'ks[kjs mP;rsµ ^^ckgqydkRdkjçR;;ks u** bfrA
v;a Hkko%µ ô.kkZRdkj%* bfr ok£rda ^^ jksxk[;k;ka .oqy~ cgqye~**(ik-
lw-&ý-ý-ûúø) bfr lw=kLFka orZrsA rLekr~ lw=kknsok=k cgqyxzg.keuqorZrsA ckgqyd×p
prqfoZèke~A rFkkfgµ
DofpRizof` Ùk% Dofpnço`fÙk% Dofpf}Hkk"kk DofpnU;nsoA
foèksfoZèkkua cgqèkk leh{; prqfoZ/a ckgqyda onfUrAA bfr
v=k p vço`fÙk:ia ckgqydekfJre~A vrks ckgqydknsok=k dkjçR;;k¿Hkkoks
cksè;%A
dS;VerO;k[;krk fl¼kUrjRudkj% JhjkeÑ".klwjhegkHkkx% ^^vbm.k~**
bR;knkS lfUèkfojgL; dkj.ke~ mithO;fojksèka LohpdkjA l dFk;fr ;r~µ mithO;fojksèkknsok=k
lfUèkuZ HkofrA mitho;rhfr mithO;%] mithorhfr mithod%A mithO;%¾tud%
midkjdks ok] mithod¾tU; midk;ksZ ok mP;rsA ;Fkk yksds LotudL;ksidkjdL; ok
fojksèkks¿U;k;ks HkofrA rFkSo 'kkL=ks¿fi mithO;L; fojksèkks¿U;k;ks HkofrA v=kksithO;fojksèk&
'psRFke~µ vtkfnçR;kgkjxzgdkys ^vkn~xq.k*(ik-lw-&ö-û-ø÷) bR;kfnlfUèklw=kk.kkefu"IkR;k
^vkn~xq.k* bR;knhukeço`fÙkHkZofrA vrks¿tkfnin'kfDrjfoÑrs¿dkjknkS x`ghrk HkofrA i'pkn~
;fn ^^misUnz** bR;kfnon~ v=kkfi ^v b m* bR;knkS rRçorZsr rnk rq fojskèk% L;knsoA
,o×Ó lfUèkdk;sZ tkrs vfoÑr:is.k Kkrk;k%] vtkfn'kDrsfoZjksèk% Li"V ,oA ;rksfg
xq.kkfndk;Zs Ñrs vfoÑrL; vdkjkns% Jo.ka dFka L;kRk~A
rnsrr~ fl¼kUrjRudkjera Jhukxs'kHkV~VsH;ks u jksprsA ,rs dFk;fUr
;n=k mithO;fojksèk ,o ukfLrA ;rksfg mithO;fojksèk% rnk L;kr~] ;fn foÑrs¿tkfn'fDr%
fHkÂk] vfoÑrs p lk 'kfDrfHZkÂk L;kr~A v=k rq ;Fkk vfoÑrs vdkjkfnpkUrleqnk;fu:firk
'kfDr% vtkfnins Hkofr] rFkSo foÑrs¿fi O;k[;kusu vtkfnin'kfDr% r=kSoµ
28 vdkjkfnpkUrleqnk;fu:firsfr Do mithO;fojksèk%A
fd×Ó ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=ks.k 'kfDrxzgosyk;ke~ ^^vUR;susrk ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
lfgr vkfneZè;xkuka LoL; p laKk L;kfnR;soksP;rs** v=k foÑrk¿foÑr;ks% ppSZo
ukfLrA vrks¿=k mithO;fojksèk% dFkkÄïkja L;kfnfrA vr mithO;fojksèk% lfUèkfojgL;
dkj.kfefr fl¼kUrdkjksDra era u lehphue~A
lUèkkS lfr lansg% L;kr~µ vrks¿=k ^v b m* bR;knkS lansgkHkkokFk± u
lfUèk% bR;fi i{kks u lehphu%] ;rksfg O;k[;kukr~ lansgfuo`fÙklEHkokr~A
2-4-3 ^vbm.k~* bR;knko{kjlekEuk;O;ogkjgsrq%

iwo± çfrikfnra ;ns"kke~ ^^vbm.k~** bR;kfnprqn'Z klw=kk.kka uke v{kjlekEuk;
bR;fi HkofrA rn=k Hkorks eufl ftKkls;a L;k|r~µ vkEuk;lekEuk;'kCn;ks% O;ogkj%
osn ,o HkofrA ^^vbm.k~** bR;kfnda rq ykSfdda Hkosr~] vrks¿=k prqnZ'klw=;ka
dFke{kjlekEuk;O;ogkj miifÙke×Órhfr\ fd×p HkV~Vksftnhf{krsu fl¼kUrdkSe| q ke~ ^vbm.k~*
bR;kfnlw=kkf.k çnZ'; ^^bfr ekgs'ojkf.k lw=kkf.k** bR;qDre~A rr~ fdeFkZe=k ekgs'ojk.khfr
fo'ks"k.ka nÙke~ bR;fi ftKklk L;kr~A vrks¿=kfo"k;s fopkj% çLrw;rs fdeFkZe=kk{kjlekEuk;'kCnL;
O;ogkjks HkorhfrA
bekfu lw=kkf.k egf"kZ.kk ikf.kfuuk Hkxorks egs'ojL; çlknkYyCèkkfuA
vr bekfu lw=kkf.k êkgs'ojkf.k* bR;qP;UrsA egs'ojkr~ vxrkfu bR;FksZ ^^rr vkxr%**(ik-
lw-þ-ý-÷ý)bfr lw=ks.k egs'oj'kCnknf.k çR;;s lfr ekgs'oj'kCnL; lkèkqrk HkofrA ,o×p
,"kk prqnZ'klw=kh ,oekuqiwohZdk Jqfrjso HkofrA lk{kkr~ Jqfreso Hkxorks egs'ojL;
çlknkr~ egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% yCèkoku~A vrks¿=k lekEuk;'kCnL;] vkEuk;'kCnL; ok O;ogkjs
u dkfpnuqiifÙkfjfrA çek.kkfnda rq foosfpra çkd~A
Ckksèkç'u%&2-3] 2-4
1- ekgs'ojlw=kk.kkeqn~Hko% dqr% tkr%\
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2- ekgs'ojlw=kk.kka pRokj% i;kZ;okfpu% 'kCnk% ns;k%A

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3- lw=kkf.k dfr foèkkfu HkofUr\ ,da fpfÉra dq#A

d- f=kfoèkkfuA
[k- "kM~foèkkfuA
x- i×pfoèkkfuA
?k- f}foèkkfuA 29

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 4- laKk p ---------------------------------- bR;kfn 'yksd% iwjf;rO;%A
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5- ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhuka lw=kk.kka "kM~foèks"kq lw=ks"kq DokUrHkkZoks Hkofr\ ,da fpÉsu

;kst;A
d- fofèklw=ks"kqA
[k- ifjHkk"kklw=ks"kqA
x- laKklw=ks"kqA
6- ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhuka laKklw=kRoa dFka Hkofr\ ,dsu okD;su mÙkja nsfgA

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7- ^^LoStl~** bR;L; dhn`'ka lw=kRoe~] okD;};su mÙkja nsfgA

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8- dq=k lafgrk fuR;k dq=k pkfuR;k bfr Kkida 'yksda fy[kA

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9- vbm.k~ bR;=k dhn`'ka okD;efLrA ,da fpfÉra dq#A

d- ,dfrÄ~ okD;e~A
[k- lqfIrÄUrp;:ie~A
x- ,dinkfnfHkÂ:ie~A
10- vbm.k~ bR;knkS lqcqRifÙk% dFka u Hkofr\ i×pfHkoZkD;S#Ùkja nsfgA

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30
11- mithO;fojksèkL; ^vbm.k~* bR;knkS lUè;Hkkos dkj.ka lehphua u okA fpfÉra dq#A ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
d- vke~ ---------------------------------------- [k- u ---------------------------------------
12- prqnZ'klw=;ke{kjlekEuk;O;ogkj% dFka Hkofr] f=kfHk% okD;S% mÙkja nsfgA

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ewyxzUFkikB%
vbm.k~A (ek-lw-&û) ,"kka ØecksèkdRos¿fi ^vkfnjUR;su*(ik-lw-&1-1-71)
bR;usudS okD;r;k o`fÙkifjPNsndROksu laKklw=kRoe~_ ØeL; laKk}kjs.kSoksi;ksxkr~A ,dokD;rk
p ^^vkfnjdkjkfn& jUR;susrk rRln`'ksu .kdkjkfnuk lgksPpk;Zek.k vk|Urkf{kIrkuka laKk**
bfrA ^LokStl~*(ik-lw-&4-1-2) bR;knhukeI;srnsdokD;r;k lqckfnlaKklw=kRoa] Lokfn&
foèkk;dRo×Ósfr cksè;e~A ,"kq lafgrk;k vfoo{k;k u lafgrkdk;Ze~A vuqdj.kRosu] lkS=kRokPp
o.ksZH;ks u foHkDR;qRifÙk%A dkjçR;;ks¿fi u ckgqydkr~A
;Ùkq ^^mithO;fojksèkkr~ lfUèkuZ] rFkkátkfnlaKkxzgdkys ^vkn~xq.k%*(ik-lw-&6-1-
87) bR;knhukefu"iÙ;k rnço`ÙkkofoÑr:ikdkjkfn"kq x`ghrktkfnin'kfDr% i'pknpçR;kgkjs
Kkrs ^misUnz* bok=kkfi ço`ÙkkS fo#¼ÔsrA ufg lfUèkdk;sZ Ñrs¿foÑr:iJo.ka Hkofr**
bfrA rÂ iqujp~inL;kFkkZUrjs 'kDR;xzgs.k rf}jksèkk¿Hkkokr~A up lUèkkS lansg%] O;k[;kurks
fu.kZ;lEHkokr~A
uuq prqnZ'klw=;ke{kjlekEuk; bfr O;ogkjkuqiifÙk%] vkEuk;lekEuk;'kCn;ksosZns
,o çfl¼s%\ bR;r vkgµekgs'ojk.khfrA egs'ojknkxrkuhR;FkZ%] egs'ojçlknkYYkCèkkuhfr
iQfyre~A ,o×pkuqiwohZdk JqfrjsoS"kk] rRçlknkRikf.kfuuk yCèkkA
2-5 osnkÄõkfu rs"kka Hksnk'p

bnkuha ;kor~ Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ^^vbm.k~** bR;kfnprqnZ'klw=kh lk{kkr~ JqfrHkZofrA
,rr~ ikf.kuh;a 'kCn'kkL=ke~ ,rkfu Jqfr:ikf.k prqnZ'klw=kk.;sokfJR; ço`Ùkkfu lfUrA vr%
JqfrewydRoknL;So osnkÄõRofeR;xzs KkL;frA vrks¿=k eukd~ osnkÄõkuka ppkZ fØ;rsA
osnkÄõkfu "kM~ HkofUrA mDr×p egkHkk";dkjs.k ^^czkã.ksu fu"dkj.kks èkeZ% "kMÄõks
osnks¿è;s;ks Ks;'p bfr** (e-Hkk-i)A rkfu pµ O;kdj.ka] T;kSfr"ka] fu#Dre~] NUn%]
f'k{kk] dYi'psfrA rnqDra ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;ke~µ
NUn%iknkS rq osnL; gLrkS dYiks¿Fk iBÔrsAs
T;ksfr"kke;ua p{kqfuZ#Dra Jks=keqP;rsAA
f'k{kk ?kzk.kUrq osnL; eq[ka O;kdj.ka Le`re~A
(ik-f'k-&þû]þü)
,"kq O;kdj.ka çèkkua HkofrA rnqDra Hkk";s ^çèkku×p "kV~LoÄõs"kq O;kdj.ke~* (e-
Hkk-i)A
31

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 2-5-1 O;kdj.ka rn~Hksnk'p
osnkuka "kMÄõkfu] rs"kq O;kdj.kL; eq[;Roe~A r=k ¯d O;kdj.kfefr
ftKklk;keqP;rsµ O;kfØ;URks¾O;qRik|Urs çÑfrçR;;foHkkx&rÙknFkZfoHkkx&rÙknUo;cksèk&
fo"k;dKkufo"k;k% 'kCnk vususfr O;kdj.ke~A rPp y{;y{k.k:ia lw=keso ok Hkk";s
mHk;foèkL; fu:i.kkr~A rPp O;kdj.ka ;|fi cgqfoèke~A rFkkfiµ v"V uo ok O;kdj.kkU;so
çfl¼rekfuA rFkkfgµ
,sUæa pkUæa dk'kÑRLua dkSekja 'kkdVk;ue~A
lkjLora pkfi'kya 'kkdye~ ikf.kuh;de~AA bfr
(JhrRofuèkkS)
bUæ'pUæ% dk'kÑRLukfi'kyh 'kkdVk;u%A
ikf.kU;ejtSusUæk% t;UR;"VkS fg 'kkfCndk%AA bfr p
(dfodYiæqes)
lks¿;a uoO;kdj.kkFkZosÙkk *bfrA (ok-jk-lq) pA
,rs"kq O;kdj.ks"kq lRLofi ikf.kuh;O;kdj.ka lEiw.kZr;ksiyH;ekuRokr~]
JqfrewydRokPp lokZfr'k;a egÙoa fcHkfrZA
2-5-2 ikf.kuh;O;kdj.kL; osnkÄõRoe~

;Fkk 'kjhjL; gLrkiknknhU;Äõkfu 'kjhjeqidqoZfURk] rFkSo O;kdj.kknhfu
'kkL=kkf.k osnkFkZKkus midkjdkf.k HkofUrA O;kdj.k×p Hkxorks osnL; eq[kLFkkukiÂa eq[;eÄõa
HkofrA ,rPp O;kdj.ka osna ininkFkZfu.kkZ;dRosu lk{kknqidjksfrA vr ,oksDra Hkk";s
^^çèkku×p "kV~LoÄõs"kq O;kdj.ke~**A O;kdj.ks"ofi ikf.kuh;fena O;kdj.ke~ vR;H;fgZreÄõa
HkofrA bna O;kdj.ka fg Jqfrewyda HkofrA ;rksfg Jqfr:ikf.k ^^vbm.k~** bR;kfnprqnZ'k&
lw=kk.;sokfJR; Hkxork ikf.kfuuk çR;kgkjkf.k dfYirkfuA rkfu çR;kgkjk.;sokoyEC;
ikf.kuh;lw=kk.kka 'kCnlkèkqRolkèkdRoa HkofrA vr ,o Jhukxs'kHkêð% çÑrxzUFks çkgµ
^^JqfrewydRoknL;So osnkÄõRoe~** bfrA vL;So bR;=k ,odkjks¿I;FkZd% eq[;kFkZdks okA
,o×pkL; O;kdj.kL; eq[kLFkkukiÂs"kq O;kdj.ks"Okfi loZrks eq[;Roa orZrsA ;fn
pk=kkU;;ksxO;oPNsn:iks¿FkZ ,odkjL; LohfØ;rs rnk T;kSfr"kkns% osnkÄõRoeso O;kgU;srA
2-5-3 ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhuka JqfrRoçfriknue~

br% iwo± çfrikfnra ;r~ ^vbm.k~* bR;knhfu prqnZ'klw=kkf.k ekgs'ojkf.k
lfUrA Hkxorks egs'ojL; çlknknso egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% ,rkfu lw=kkf.k çkIroku~A rkfu psekfu
Jqfr:ikf.k HkofUrA egs'ojL; çlknknso ikf.kfuuk yCèkkuhR;=k çek.k×p f'k{kkopueso
rFkkfgµ
;suk{kjlekEuk;efèkxE; egs'ojkr~A
ÑRLua O;kdj.ka çksDra rLeS ikf.ku;s ue%AA bfr
(ik-f'k-&57)
;su egf"kZ.kk egs'ojkr~ v{kjlekEuk;a¾o.kZ:iosne~ vfèkxE;¾çkI;
ÑRLua¾ykSfddoSfndlkèkkj.ka laiw.kZa O;kdj.ka çksDra rLeS ikf.ku;s ue% bR;Uo;%A v=k
^vfèkxE;egs'ojkr~* bfr opusu Li"Vesok;kfr ;r~ egs'ojçlknknso yCèkkfu lw=kk.khekfu
32
bfrA ^v{kjlekEuk;e~* bR;qDrs'pSr"s kka JqfrRoefi furjkek;kfrA ,rs"kka lw=kk.kka <Ddkfuukn}kjk ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
mins"Vk f'ko% urq rL; drkZA rRçlknkr~ ikf.kfu% çkIrokfufr ikf.kfujfi uSrs"kka drkZA
,o×p ^v b m* bR;kfn:ik vkuqiwohZdk vikS#"ks;h Jqfrjso egf"kZ.kk çkIrkA ;fn p
uS;kf;ders osnks¿fi bZ'ojdrZ`d ,o bfr LohfØ;rsA Rknkfi egs'ojs.k çksDrkfu ekgs'ojkf.k
bR;fLeÂI;FksZ JqfrRoesrs"kka lw=kk.kkeO;kgresoA
2-5-4 ,"kka JqfrRos nks"k% rfÂjkdj.k×Ó

uuq ;|srkfu prqnZ'klw=kkf.k ikf.kfuÑrkfu u lfUrA fdUrq egs'ojçlknkr~
lk{kkr~ Jqfrjso yCèkk orZrs rfgZ y.k~lw=kLFkHkk";fojksèkks HkofrA ;rksfg r=k lansg% Ñrks ;r~~
^vbm.k~*(ek-lw-&û) ^y.k~*(ek-lw-&ö) bR;u;ks% lw=k;ks% dFka ,d ,o .kdkjks¿uqcUèk%
Ñr%\ i`Fkx~o.kkZuqcUèk% fda u fØ;rsA r=kksDra Hkk";dkjs.k ^^,rTKki;R;kpk;ksZ HkoR;s"kk
ifjHkk"kk& O;k[;kurks fo'ks"kçfrifÙkuZfg langs kny{k.ke~** (ifj-&û) bfrA v=k p vkpk;Zinsu
ikf.kus% xzg.ka Hkorhfr psr~_ lR;e~A ;|kpk;Zinsu ikf.kus% xzg.ka L;kRk~ rnk fojksèk% L;kr~A
v=k rq vkpk;Zinsu egs'oj% f'koks x`ársA vrks uk=k fojksèk%A ^v b m* bR;knhuka
JqfrRos¿fi] vuqcUèkkuka lkfnrk HkofrA rs p vuqcUèkk% egs'ojÑrk ,o vrks¿=k Hkk";s
vkpk;Zinsu egs'ojL; xzg.ka u rq ikf.kus%A
2-6 vuqcUèkdrZ`fo"k;dks fopkj%

bnkuha ;kon~ Hkoku~ ,rr~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ,"kk prqnZ'klw=kh lk{kkr~ JqfrHkZofrA fdUrq
r=k ;s¿uqcUèkk% lfUr rs vukfnijEijkr% u lfUrA rs"kka d'pu vo';eso dÙkkZ Hkosr~A
r=k ftKkls;e~ fdes"kkeuqcUèkkuke~ dÙkZk ikf.kfu% Hkofr] vkgksfLor~ egs'oj ,osfrA
v=kksÙkje~µ ,"kkeuqcUèkkuka dÙkkZ egs'oj ,o HkorhfrA ,"kkeuqcUèkkuka lkfnRoa
egs'ojÑrRo×pkLrhfr JhufUnds'oj% dkf'kdkO;k[;k;ka 'yksd};su çR;ikn;r~A rFkkfgµ
u`Ùkkolkus uVjktjktks uukn <Ddka uoi×pokje~A
m¼ÙkZqdke% ludkfnfl¼kusrn~ foe'ksZ f'kolw=ktkye~AA
v=k loZ=k lw=ks"kq vUR;a o.kZprqnZ'ke~A
èkkRoFk± leqikfn"Va ikf.kU;knh"Vfl¼;sAA bfrA
Ik|;ks% lkekU;kFkZ%µ vkRerRoa okxk|xkspjfefr cksèkf;rqa <DdkfuuknO;ktsu
ludkfnfl¼ku~ m¼rqdZ ke% uVjktjkt% f'ko% u`Ùkkolkus uoi×pokja <Ddka¾Me#a ok|fo'ks"ka
uukn¾ukn;keklA ,rr~ <DdkfuuknlEHkwra f'kolw=ktkya¾egs'ojçlknçkIro.kkZRedlw=klewga
vga ufUnds'oj% foe'ksZ fopkj;kfeA vk"kZLrÄ=k cksè;%A vU;Fkk ijLeSina L;kr~A
v=k <DdkuknlEHkwrs"kq loZ=k lw=ks"kq vUR;a o.kZprqnZ'ka (losZ"kq lw=ks"kq vfUrekfu
v{kjkf.k)èkkRoFk±¾èkkrwewyd'kCn'kkL=kfuekZ.kkFk±] ikf.kU;kfnequhuke~ b‘fl¼ÔFk± leqikfn‘a¾
le~¾lE;d~ ;Fkksfpra] mi¾rÙkr~lehis ÑRok] vk¾leUrkr~ fn"Va dfFkre~A ,o×p Li"Vesok;kfr
;nuqcUèkk% egs'ojÑrk ,osfrA
2-6-1 egs'ojÑrRos nks"k% rfÂjkdj.k×p

vuqcUèkkuka lkfnRoeFk p egs'ojÑrRofefr Kkroku~ Hkoku~A fdURo=k
'kÄïk tk;rs ;r~µ ;|uqcUèkk% egs'ojÑrk ,o] rfgZ ^^×keÄ.kue~** (ek-lw-&÷)
bR;=kkUR;edkjL; çR;k[;kua uksfpre~] bZ'ojopuL; çR;k[;kuklÄõrsfjfrA v=k lekèkkuesoa 33

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ cksè;aµ O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; f}foèka fg ç;kstua Hkofr] vn`"Vç;kstue~] n`"Vkn`"Vç;kstu×pA
vn`"Vç;kstua rq loZ=k HkoR;soA ^^×keÄ.kue~**(ek-lw-&÷) bR;=k edkjksPpkj.kL; ykSfdda
ç;kstua ukLrhfrA fdUrq vn`"Vç;kstueso dsoya rL; bR;fHkçk;da çR;k[;kue~A u
loZFkk çR;k[;kufefr Hkko%A ;=k dsoyen`"Vç;kstueso Hkofr r=k çR;k[;kuinO;ogkjks
HkofrA v=k O;kdj.k'kkL=ks loZ=kSo çR;k[;kuesoeso cksè;e~A çR;k[;kuHkk";L; vn`"Vç;kstus
rkRi;± HkofrA ;fn çR;k[;kusu loZFkk [k.Mueso LohÑra L;kr~ rnk ôsnkÄõkuka
ikjk;.ks¿fi èkeZ* bfr Jo.kkr~ rÙkRLFkys"kq ikf.kfulw=k[k.Muija loZefi Hkk";elÄõra
L;kr~A vr ,o egkHkk";dkjs.k ^bdks ;.kfp* (ik-lw-&ö-ü-ö) lw=ks mDre~µ
lkeF;Z;ksxÂfg fdf×pn=k i';kfe 'kkL=ks ;nuFkZda L;kr~A bfrA
vL;kfHkçk;ks¿fLrµ vfLeu~ ikf.kfu'kkL=ks lkeF;Z;ksxkr~¾ç;kstuln~Hkkokr~
fdefi fujFkZda ukfLr] fdf×Ónn`"VkFkZor~ fdf×pn~ n`"VkFkZoPÓ Hkofr] fdf×pPÓ 'kq¼k¿n`"VkFkZor~
HkofrA ds"kkf×pr~ lw=kk.kka ç;ksxflf¼:ia ykSfddefi iQya Hkofr] rFkk ikjk;.kteykSfdde&
n`‘:ia¾èkeZ:iefi iQya HkofrA ds"kkf×Ór~ lw=kk.kka rq dsoyen`‘:ieso iQya Hkofr] v=kSo
çR;k[;krlw=kk.kka x.kuk HkofrA n`‘ç;kstukHkkos¿fi vn`‘ç;kstua loZ=kSo HkofrA vr%
vuFkZda¾fu"ç;kstua fdefi v=k 'kkL=ks ukLrhfrA
iqu% ç'uksRFkkua Hkofr ;r~ ,dr% ô`f¼jknSp~* (ik-lw-&û-û-û) bfr lw=ks
egkHkk";dkj% Li"Vr;k dFk;frµ ^^çek.kHkwr vkpk;sZk nHkZifo=kikf.k% 'kqpkoodk'ks
çkÄ~eq[k mifo'; egrk ç;Rusu lw=kkf.k ç.k;fr LeA r=kk'kD;a o.ksZukI;uFkZdsu Hkforqe~**
bfrA ,dr'pkusd"s kka ^ûkT>ykS**(ik-lw-&û-û-ûú) bR;kfnlw=kk.kka çR;k[;kua djksfrA vrks¿=k
Li"Veso Hkk";opufojksèk bfrA v=kksÙkjaµ o.ksZukI;uFkZdsu u HkforO;feR;qDro`f¼lw=kHkk";s]
vkuFkZD;e~¾cksè;kFkZjkfgR;a HkofrA vn`"Vç;kstu'kwU;Ro:ifu"ç;kstuRoa rq uA rFkk p
çR;k[;krlw=kk.kkefi cksè;kFkZoÙoa rq orZr ,oA cksè;kFkZjkfgR;:iekuFkZD;a rs"kkefi ukfLrA
vr% r=k çR;k[;kuijHkk";L; uklÄõfr%A ,o×Ó prqnZ'klw=ks"kq vUR;s Hkokuka ^.k~ d~ Ä~*
bR;soeknhukeuqcUèkkuka drkZ egs'oj ,oA Dofpr~ egs'ojÑrL;kuqcUèkL; çR;k[;kua
Hkofr psr~] r=k u loZFkk çR;k[;kua eUrO;e~A r=kkI;n`‘:iL; iQyL; lÙokr~A
vuqcUèkkuka lkfnRoknso ^^vuqcUèkdj.kkFkZ'p o.kkZukeqins'k% drZO;%**
bR;qDra iLi'kkfÉds egkHkk";sA v=k dj.k'kCnç;ksxs.kkuqcUèkkuka lkfnRoa Kkfira HkoR;so
,o×pkuqcUèkk% i'pkn~ ;ksftrk% lfUrA dsu i'pkn~ ;ksftrk vuqcUèkk bfr psr~] ;ks
o.kkZukeqins"Vk l ,o vuqcUèkdrkZ bR;soa çR;klÙ;k LohfØ;rsA vrks ;ks uVjktjktks
o.kZlekEuk;L; mins'kd% l ,okuqcUèkdrkZ¿fi Hkorhfr ân;a 'ks[kjÑrkfefr cksè;e~A
2-6-2 JqfrRos çek.kçfriknue~

,"kka ekgs'ojlw=kk.kka JqfrRoknsoµ ^^lks¿;e{kjlekEuk;ks okDlekEuk;%
iqf"ir% iQfyr'pUnzrkjdor~ çfref.Mrks osfnrO;ks czãjkf'k%] loZosniq.;iQykokfIr'pkL;
Kkus HkofrA ekrkfirjkS pkL; LoxsZ yksds egh;srs** bfr f}rh;kfÉdL; Hkk";eqiknk;
JhHkrZg` fj.kk Hkk";O;k[;k;ke~ mDre~µ ^;FkSons eO;qfPNua pUnzrkjdkfn] ,oeL;k{kjlekEuk;L;
u df'pnkèkqfud% drkZ¿fLrA ,oeso osnikjEi;sZ.k Le;Zek.k* bfr (nh-Vh-e-Hkk-)A vFkkZr~
;Fkk Jqfr%] osn% vukfn% Hkofr] rL; dks¿fi drkZ u Hkofr xq#f'k";ijEij;k Le;ZrsA
rFkSo vL;k{kjlekEuk;L; vèkqfud% 'kjhjh d'pu drkZ ukfLrA dsoya rsu rsukpk;sZ.k
Le;Zrs Lek;Zrs pA v{kjlekEuk;L; iqf"irÙoa¾,rUewyd'kCn'kkL=kjpuk}kjk cksè;e~A
34 iQfyrRo×p lkèkq'kCnç;ksx}kjk Ks;e~A ,o×ÓkL;k{kjlekEuk;L; JqfrRoa Li"Vesok;kfrA
fd×p ^m¼rqZdke% ludkfnfl¼ku~* bR;qDre~A vusukL; f'kolw=ktkyL; ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
czãksins'kLo:iRoeqDra HkofrA czãksins'kRo×p vL; f'kolw=ktkyL; JqfrRokHkkos u lEHkofrA
;rksfgµ ^^JksrO;% JqfrokD;sH;%** bfr opukuqLkkja JqfrokD;L; czãksins'kdRoa HkofrA
vrks¿I;s"kkeo';a JqfrRoa Lohdj.kh;e~A ,rs"kka lw=kk.kka JqfrRoa HkorhR;fHkçk;s.kSo
½d~rU=kO;kdj.ks egf"kZ% 'kkdVk;u% çkgµ ^^bne{kjPNUnks o.kZ'k% leuqØkUre~µ ;Fkk
vkpk;kZ ÅpqczZãk c`gLir;s çksokp] c`gLifrfjUnzk;sUnzks Hkj}ktk; Hkj}kt ½f"kH;%]
½"k;ks czã.ksH;Lra [kfYoee{kjlekEuk;feR;kp{krs] u HkqDRok u uDra çcz;w kn~ czãjkf'kfjfr**]
,rsu ç?kV~Vdsu ,"kke~ ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhuka JqfrRoeo';eso çekf.kra HkofrA v=k
czg~ejkf'k%¾czãçfrikndks o.kZjkf'k%A ,rs"kka czãçfrikndRosu O;k[;kua ufUnds'ojÑr&
dkf'kdk;ka ÑrefLrA rFkkfgµ vbm.k~¾v%¾ijekRek fuxqZ.k%] be~¾ek;ke~ vkfJR;] m%¾
O;kid%] lxq.k%] .k~¾vklhr~ bR;soa çdkjs.k r=k O;k[;kueqiyH;rsA
2-6-3 prqnZ'klw=kç;kstuçdFke~
,rs"kke~ ^^vbm.k~** bR;kfnlw=kk.kke=k 'kkL=ks 'kCnlkèkqRofu"iknd% rkn`'k%
dks¿I;FkksZ u Hkorhfr fdeFkZes"kkeqins'k bfr ftKklk;ka egf"kZ% ir×rfy% dFk;frµ
^ô`fÙkleok;kFkksZ o.kkZukeqins'k% drZO;%**(e-Hkk-iLi-) dk iquo`ZfÙk%\ 'kkL=kço`fÙk%A vFkkZr~
eg"ksZ% ikf.kus% yk?kosu 'kkL=kço`fÙkiQydks ;% leok;% o.kkZuka Øes.k lfÂos'k% rnFkZ%
bfrA egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% ,rkfu prqnZ'klw=kk.;kèkkjhÑR; çk;% prq'pRokfja'kr~ çR;kgkjku~
dfYiroku~A çR;kgkjefgEuSo p vYiSjso lw=kS%] ykSfddoSfndlkèkkj.k'kCnkuka O;k[;kua
Ñroku=k 'kkL=ksA ,rs"kka lw=kk.kka egÙoa ç;kstua ok lokZfr'k;a HkofrA ,rr~ loZefHkçsR;
mDra fl¼kUrdkSeq|ke~ ^^bfr ekgs'ojkf.k lw=kkf.k** bfrA
cksèkç'u%µ2-5] 2-6
d- dfr osnkÄõkfu\ dkfu p rkfu\
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[k- ^^NUn% iknkS rq osnL;** bR;kfnf'k{kkopua iwj;A

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x- ^vkpk;Zço`fÙkKkZi;frµv=k ^vkpk;Z*insu dL; xzg.ke~\ ,da fpuqfgA

û- ir×tys% ü- egs'ojL;
ý- ikf.kus%
?k- ikf.kfuO;kdj.kL; osnkÄõRofefr i×plq okD;s"kq fy[kA

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vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Ä- ^vbm.k~* bR;knhuka JqfrRofefr i×pfHk% okD;S% çfriknuh;e~A

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Pk- ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kkf.k ikf.kfu% egs'ojkr~ çkIroku~ bR;=k çek.ka fy[kA

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N- .kdkjk|uqcUèkdrkZ d%\ lçek.keqÙkja nsfgA

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Tk- lw=kçR;k[;kuLFkys¿fi dhn`'ka ç;kstua Hkofr\ ,da fpfÉra dq#A

û- n`"Vkn`"Vç;kstue~A
ü- vn`"Vç;kstue~A
ý- n`"Vç;kstue~A
ewyxzUFkikB%
JqfrewydRoknL;So osnkÄõRoe~] v=k çek.ke~µ ;suk{kjlekEuk;efèkxE; esgs'ojkr~A
ÑRLua O;kdj.ka çksDra---AA bfr f'k{kkopue~A ^y.k~lw=ks .kdkjfo"k;kp;Zço`fÙkKkZi;frµ
O;k[;kur bfr* bR;knkokpk;Zinsu egs'oj%A vuqcUèkk'p egs'ojÑrk ,osR;uqineso
LiQqVhHkfo";frA ^×keÄ.kue~* (ek-lw-&7) bR;=k edkjçR;k[;kuijHkk";Urq] ^fden`"VkFkZeos
rnqPpkj.keqr n`"VkFkZeihR;soa fopkjije~A loZ=k çR;k[;kuLFkys ,oeso cksè;e~A vU;Fkk
vÄõkukefi ikjk;.ks èkeZJo.ksu r=k r=k ikf.kfuU;klçR;k[;kuL;kI;lÄõfr% L;kr~A rnqDre~
^bdks ;.kfp* (ik-lw-&6-2-6) bfr lw=ksµ ^^lkeF;Z;ksxkÂfg fdf×pn=k] i';kfe 'kkL=ks
;nuFkZda L;kr~A bfrA fdf×pn~ n`"Vk] n`"VkFkZor~] fdf×pPNq¼kn`"VkFkZor~] loZFkk¿uFkZda u
fdf×pfnfr rnFkZ%A o`f¼lw=kLFksµ ô.ksZukI;uFkZdsu u HkforO;e~* bfr Hkk";xzUFks¿uFkZdRoa
cksè;kFkZjkfgR;:ifefr u fu"ç;kstuRo:ikuFkZD;su r=k r=k çR;k[;kuijHkk";k¿lÄõfr%A
vr ,o ^^lks¿;e{kjlekEuk;% iqf"ir% iQfyr'pUærkjdor~ çfref.Mrks czãjkf'k%**
bfr Hkk";eqiknk;ksDra Hkr`Zgfj.kkµ ^^;FkSosneO;qfPNÂa pUærkjdkfn] ,oeL;k{kjlekEuk;L;
u df'pnkèkqfud% drkZfLr] ,oeso ikjEi;sZ.k Le;Zek.k%** bfrA vkèkqfud%¾'kjhjhA
iqf"irRoe~¾rUewyd'kCn'kkL=k}kjs.k] 'kCnç;ksx.s k p iQfyrRoe~A mDr×pSrPprqn'Z klw=kO;k[Ôka
ufUnds'ojÑrdkf'kdk;ke~µ
36
u`Ùkkolkus uVjktjktks uukn <Ddka uoi×pokje~A ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
m¼rqd Z ke% ludkfnfl¼kusrn~ foe'ksZ f'kolw=ktkye~AA
èkkRoFk± leqikfn"Va ikf.kU;knh"Vfl¼;sAA bfr
èkkRoFk± èkkrqewyd'kCn'kkL=kço`R;FkZe~A vr,o ^^vuqcUèkdj.kkFkZ'p
o.kkZukeqins'k%** bR;qDra Hkk";sA v=k dj.k'kCnç;ksxs.kkuqcUèkkuka lkfnRoa lwfpre~A
rRdj.k×pksins'kdr`Zdr`Zdeso] çR;klÙks%A rsu rn~O;frfjDrL; loZL;kukfnRoa lwfpre~A
v=k ludk|q¼j.ksPN;k¿L; czãsins'k:iRoa lwfpre~] rPp JqfrRokHkkos u laxPNrs]
^^JksrO;%JqfrokD;sH;** bR;qDrs%A
½d~rU=kO;kdj.ks 'kkdVk;uks¿fiµ ^^bne{kPNUnks o.kZ'k% leuqØkUra
;Fkk¿¿pk;kZ Åpq%µ czãk c`gLir;s çksokp] c`gLifrfjUæk;sUæks Hkkj}ktk;] Hkkj}kt
½f"kH;%] ½"k;ks czkã.ksH;%] ra [kfYoee{kjlekEuk;feR;kp{krs] u HkqDRok u uDra
çcwz;kn~ czãjkf'k%** bfrA czãjkf'kfjR;L; czãçfrikndks o.kZjkf'kfjR;FkZ%A rRo×p
ufUnds'ojÑrdkf'kdk;ka Li"Ve~A
vr ,o ô`fÙkleok;kFkksZ o.kZukeqins'k% dÙZkO;%* bfr Hkk";s mDre~A
ikf.kusykZ?kosu 'kkL=kço`fÙkiQydks ;% leok;%µ o.kkZuka Øes.k lfÂos'kLrnFkZ bfr rnFkZ%A
l p v.kkfnçR;kgkj}kjk 'kkL=kço`R;FkZ%A ,o×pk;eqins'k% ikf.kusjU;Ñr bfr Li"VesoksDre~A
êU=kksins'k* bfroPpk=kksins'kinç;ksx%A vr ,okL; Kkus loZosnikjk;.kta iq.;a iQyfefr
Hkk";s mDre~A O;kdj.keqiØE; ôsnkuka osn* bfr NUnksxJqfrjI;srr~ijSosfr fnd~A
rr~ ç;kstuekgµlaKkFkkZuhfrA ,rPpksiikfnre~A laKkç.k;u×p yk?kosu
'kkL=kço`R;FkZfefr cksè;e~A
2-7 ^j* çR;kgkjfoospue~

o.kkZukeqins'k% o`fÙkleok;kFkZ% bfr fu:fire~A y?kquksik;su ikf.kus% 'kkL=kço`R;Fk±
prqnZ'klw=k:is.k ^v b m* bR;kfno.kkZukeqins'k% Ñrks orZrsA v=k loZ=k lw=ks"kq vUR;k%
o.kkZ% bRlaKdk% ;ksftrk% lfUrA rnqDra fl¼kUrdkSeq|ke~µ ^,"kkeUR;k br%* bfrA ,"kka
prqn'Z klw=kk.kkeUR;k% o.kkZ% br%¾ brlaKdk% HkoUrhfrA rsu p ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk*(ik-lw-&
û-û-÷û) bfr lw=k}kjk v.kkn;% prq'pRokfja'kr~ çR;kgkjk% lekJh;UrsA rs"kka çR;kgkjk.kka
r=k r=k lw=ks"kwi;ksxks HkofrA
^j*çR;kgkjfo"k;s Hkofr fonq"kka foçfrifÙk%] rFkkfgµ fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka
JhHkêðksftnhf{kregksn;ks fy[kfrµ ^y.k~ lw=ks¿dkj'p* vFkkZr~ yf.kfr "k"Bs ekgs'ojlw=ks
vdkjks¿ihRlaKdks HkofrA vuUR;o.kZRokr~ i`FkDr;ksDre~A rsu p ^j~ v*¾^j* çR;kgkjks
HkofrA vL; çR;kgkjL;ksi;ksx ^^mj.k~ jij%** (ik-lw-&û-û-ÿû) bR;=k HkofrA rFkk p
½dkjL; LFkkus v.k~ Hkofr psr~ jij% lu~ çorZrs] ÆdkjL; LFkkus v.k~ Hkofr psr~ yij%
lu~ çorZrsA
jçR;kgkjlÙos ^^rqY;kL; ç;Rua lo.kZe~** (ik-lw-&û-û-ù) bfr lw=kLFka
dS;VO;k[;kueso çek.ke~A r=k ½dkjÆdkj;ks% lo.kZfofèk%** (e-Hkk-&û-û-ù) bfr
ç?kê~Vds Hkk";dkj% çkgµ ^^;fn rfgZ ½dkjxzg.ksu Ædkjxzg.ka lfÂfgra Hkofr] ^mj.k~
jij%*(ik-lw-&û-û-ÿû) ÆdkjL;kfi jijRoa çkIuksfr] ÆdkjL; yijRoa o{;kfe** bR;qDre~A 37

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ r=k dS;V% O;k[;kua djksfrµ O;k[;kL;kehR;FkZ%A ^jij* bR;=k ^j*bfr yf.kfr ydkjs.k
çR;kgkj vkJh;rsA r=kkUrjrE;kn~ ½dkjL;k.k~ jij ÆdkjL;k.k~ yij bfr (e-Hkk- rqY;kL;
çnhiO;k[;k)A ,o×Ó ^yijRoa o{;kfe* bfr Hkk";s.k jçR;kgkj:is.k O;k[;kL;kehfr
dS;VO;k[;kusu p y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL;kuqukfldRoa LohÑR; rL; p ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld*(ik-
lw-&û-ý-ü) brhRlaKk;k×Ó lR;ka y.k~ lw=kLFkko.ksZu lgksPÓk;Zek.kks jsiQks jy;kscksZèkdks Hkorhfr
nhf{krk'k;%A
2-7-1 ^j* çR;kgkj[k.Mue~

rnsrUera ^j*çR;kgkjLohdkj:ia Jhukxs'kHkV~Vegksn;sH;ks u jksprsA ^yijRoa
o{;kfe* bfr viwoZopua ifB";kehR;so r=k Lohdj.kh;e~A ^y.k~* bfr lw=kLFkL;kdkjL;kuq&
ukfldRoa ukfLrA vr ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~*(ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr lw=ks.k rL; br~laKk
dFkfeo L;kr~A vlR;kfeRlaKk;ke~] ^vkfnjUR;su* bfr dFka ^j*çR;kgkjflf¼%A rLekr~
^j* çR;kgkjks ukLR;soA
;fn rq y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL;kuqukfldRoa L;kr~ L;kPp ^j*çR;kgkjL; lÙkk]
rnk ^vrks yªkUrL;* (ik-lw-÷-ü-ü)A v=kkfi ^vrks jkUrL;* bR;so egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% iBsr~]
ydkj×p uksPpkj;sr~ ^j*çR;kgkjs.kSo mHk;ksjfi xzg.kkr~A vrks ^y.klw=kLFkL;kdkjL;kuq&
ukfldRoeçkekf.kdfefr Ks;e~A
fd×Ó ;|qP;rs ^vrksYjkUrL;* bR;=k ydkjksPÓkj.ksu ^j*çR;kgkjks¿fuR;
bfr KkI;rsA vr ,o p ^jnkH;ka fu"Bk rks n% iwoZL; p u%* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-þü) ^j"kkH;ka
uks .k% lekuins*(ik-lw-ø-þ-û) bR;kfnlw=ks jçR;kgkjkJ;.ke~ u Hkofr bR;qP;rs] vr
y.k~l=w kLFkkdkjL; br~lKa dRoa Lohdj.kh;fefrA rfgZ ;Fkkµ y.klw=kLFkkdkjs.k lg ^j*çR;kgkj%
LohfØ;rs] rFkSo loZ=k ;.k~çR;kgkj?kfVrs"kq lw=ks"kq (;~ v) ^;*çR;kgkjL;So mi;ksx% Ñr%
L;kr~A ^;*çR;kgkjs.kSo çk;% loZ=k ^;~ o~ j~ y~* bR;srs"kka prq.kkZa o.kkZuka xzg.ka L;kr~A ;.k~
LFkkus ;ç;ksxs pk¼Zek=kkyk?koefi L;kr~A fdUrq rFkk egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% u djksfr]
rLeknL;kdkjL;kuqukfldRoa u çkekf.kde~A
v=k iqu% jçR;kgkjoknh dFk;fr ;r~µ y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjs.k ;|U;s¿fi
çR;kgkjk% Hkos;qLrnk] ;Fkk (;~$v);çR;kgkj%] rFkSo vdkjs.k lgksPpkZek.k bdkj% (b$v)
;çR;kgkj% L;kr~] ; bR;usu ds"kka xzg.ka ;.k~çR;kgkjkUrxZrkuka o.kkZukeqr b.k~ çR;kgkjkUrxZrkukfefr
lansg% L;kr~A rLekn~ vdkjs.k ,d ,o jçR;kgkj vkJh;rs bfr Lohdk;ZfefrA
fdUrq jçR;kgkjokfneresrÂ lehphue~A lansgfujkdj.kUrq O;k[;kukr~
lEHkofrA fd×p y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL;kuqukfldRoa L;kÙknkuqcUèkkukep~çR;kgkjs xzg.kkHkkos
^vkpkjknçèkkuRokYyks i 'p cyoÙkj%* (e-Hkk-g;ojV~ ) bfr Hkk";ks D rgs r q " kq eè;s
r`rh;gsrksjO;kidRokifÙk% otzysikf;rk HkofrA
v;a Hkko%µ egkHkk";dkj% çR;kgkjkfÉdsµ vuqcUèkkuka .kdkjknhuka
izR;kgkjs xzg.kk¿Hkkos gsrq=k;a nÙkoku~A rFkkfgµ ; ,rs¿{kq çR;kgkjkFkkZ vuqcUèkk% fØ;Urs]
,rs"kkeTxzg.ksu xzg.ka dLekÂ Hkofr\ bR;k'kÄïÔµ ^^vkpkjknçèkkuRokYyksi'p cyoÙkj%**
bfr mÙkj;frA r=k çFkeks gsrq%µ ^vkpkjkr~*] vFkkZr~ vkpk;ZO;ogkjkr~ .kk|uqcUèkkukep~&
çR;kgkjs xzg.ka u HkofrA êq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%*(ik-lw-&û-û-ø) ^^r`f"ke`f"kÑ"ks%
dk';iL;** (ik-lw-&û-ü-üÿ) bR;kfnlw=k?kVds"kq ^vuqukfld* ê`f"kÑ"ks%* bR;kfn'kCns"kq
38 ddkjkfnijs"kqµ bdkjkns% ;.kkfnde~ vkpk;sZ.k u Ñrfefr rs"kka O;ogkjknso Kk;rs ;r~]
vp~ çR;kgkjs .kk|uqcUèkkuka xzg.ka u HkofrA f}rh;ks gsrq%µ ^vçèkkuRokr~* bfrA vp~ ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
çR;kgkjs ,rs"kkeuqcUèkkukka çkèkkU;su funsZ'kk¿Hkkokr~] r=k xzg.ka u HkofrA ,"kk ákpk;ZL;
'kSyh y{;rsµ ;ÙkqY;tkrh;kaLrqY;tkrh;s"kwifnf'kfrµ vpks¿{kq] gyks gY"kqA vrks¿=kkp~çR;kgkjs
gy~o.kkZukeuqcUèkkuka xzg.ka u HkofrA r`rh;ks gsr%q µ* yksi'p cyoÙkj%A vuqcUèkkukfeRlaKd&
Rokr~µ rs"kka ^^rL; yksi%**(ik-lw-&û-ý-ù) bfr 'kkL=kL; cyoÙokr~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk*
bfr vp~laKkfoèkkudky ,o yksikr~] vp~çR;kgkjs rs"kka xzg.ka u HkorhfrA bRFk×p
egkHkk";dkjs.k vp~çR;kgkjs¿uqcUèkkuka xzg.kk¿Hkkos =k;% gsro% nÙkk%A fdUrq ;fn
y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL;kuqukfldRoa LohfØ;rs rnk r`rh;gsrksjO;kidRokifÙk% L;kr~A ¹;|fi
ofÉeku~ èkwekr~ (;=k ;=k èkwe% r=k r=k ofÉ%) bR;kfnLFkys lkè;a (ofÉ%) O;kide~] gsrq%
(èkwe%) vO;kidks Hkorhfr gsrksjjO;kidRoa u nks"k% xq.k ,osfrA rFkkfiµ i{krkoPNsn&
dkoPNsnsukuqfefrLFkys gsrks% i{krkoPNsndO;kidRoefuok;ZesoA
v=k pkuqekukdkj bRFke~µ ^vuqcUèkk% çR;kgkjtU;fo"k;RokHkkooUr%
^rL; yksi%* bfr yksi'kkL=kh;ksí's ;rkoPNsndkØkUrRokr~ ;ÂSoa rÂSo]a ;Fkk vbm.k~ ?kVdks¿dkj%
us e s rFkk] rLekRçR;kgkjtU;fo"k;RokHkkooUr%* bfrA v=k ^vuq c Uèkk%* i{k%
bRlaKk;ksX;Ro:ikuqcUèkRoa i{krkoPNsnde~A rkn`'ka vuqcUèkRoa y.k~lw=k?kVdkdkjs¿I;fLrA
fdUrq yksi'kkL=kh;ksís';rkoPNsndRo:ifeRlaKdRo:ia gsrq% r=k ukLrhfr gsrksjO;kidRoa
HkofrA ;=kkuqcUèkRoa r=k loZ=k bRlaKdRosu gsruq k HkkO;fefr HkoR;=k gsrksjO;kidRokifÙknks"k%A
vdkjkuqcUèks ^bRlaKdRo:iyksi'kkL=kh;ksís';rkoPNsndL; gsrksjHkko'psRFka Hkofrµ yksiL;
cyoÙos¿fi gy~çR;kgkjfl¼s% çkd~] vdkjL;sRlaKkyksikS Hkforaq ukgZr%A ;rksfgµ vdkjL;
bRlaKk ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~*(ik-lw-&û-ý-ù) bfr lw=ks.k okP;kA v=k p vp~inkFkZKkueis{;rsA
vp~ inkFkZKku×p gyUR;fefr lw=kkèkhue~A gyUR;fefr lw=kkFkZcksèk'p gy~inkFkZcksèkksÙkjesoA
,o×p y.k~lw=k?kVdkdkjL;sRlaKkr% çkxso gy~çR;kgkjL; flf¼jko';dhA gy~çR;kgkjL;
flf¼osyk;k×p y.k~lw=k?kVdkdkjL; bRlaKk¿Hkkokr~ yksi'kkL=kh;ksís';rkHkkosu ^yksi'p
cyoÙkj%* bfr gsrksjçlfDr% HkofrAº
,o×Ó gy~çR;kgkjs ;Fkk vU;s o.kkZ% x`ghrk% HkofUr rFkSo gy~ çR;kgkjs
y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL;kfi ços'kks Hkosr~A çR;kgkjs"kq p tkfrxzg.ki{kL;So fl¼kfUrrRokr~]
vuqukfldRolekukfèkdj.ktkfrfunsZ'ksu] ßLok¿uqukfldkdkjL;so nh?kkZuqukfldkdkjL;kfi
gy~çR;kgkjs ços'kkr~ êke¡kL=kk;Lo*¾ eke~ vk¡ L=kk;Lo] bR;=kkuqukfldi{ks êke~* ?kVdedkjL;
vk¡:is gfy ijs êks¿uqLokj%* (ik-lw-&ø-ý-üý)bfr vuqLokjkifÙk% L;kr~A eke¡kL=kk;Lo
bR;L; flf¼Lrqµ vu çk.kus bR;Lek¼krks% fDofi vu~ rL; lEcksèkus vku~A rr%
eke~$vku~$=kk;Lo bR;=k ^û'NO;ç'kku~** (ik-lw-&ø-ý-÷) bfr vku~?kVdudkjL; #Ros
jks% iwoZL; ^vk* bR;L; ^^v=kkuqukfld% iwoZL; rq ok**(ik-lw-&ø-ý-ü) bfr vuqukfldRos
jsiQL; folxsZ] foltZuh;L; lRos p Ñrs HkofrA
fd×p ßLoRolekukfèkdj.ktkfrfuns'Z ks rq fujuqukfldL;kI;dkjL; xzg.kkr~
^lks¿fLr* bR;=k ll~$vfLr bfr fLFkrs vdkja gya eRok ^^,rÙknks% lqyksiks** (ik-lw-&ö-
û-ûýü) bR;usu ijRokr~ lqyksikifÙk'pkirfrA rLekr~ y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL; vuqukfldRoe&
çkekf.kda nks"kxzLr×psfr foHkko;A ;fn p rL;kdkjL; gdkjkfn"odkj boksPpkj.kkFkZRoa
LohfØ;rs rnk rq r=kkdkjs uSokuqcUèkRoa ukfi p yksi'kkL=kh;ksís';rkoPNsndRofeRofefr
Hkk";ksDrr`rh;gsrksjO;kidRoa u HkofrA
vdkjL;kuqukfldRok¿HkkosuRs laKdRok¿Hkkoknsoµ Hkk";s ^^çR;kgkjs¿uqcUèkkuka
dFkeTxzg.ks"kq u** bR;usu vp~çR;kgkjs ,o 'kÄïk ÑrkA vp~ çR;kgkjs vuqcUèkkuka xzg.ka 39

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ dFka u\ bfr rL;So pksÙkja nÙke~µ ^^vkpkjknçèkkuRokYyksi'p cyoÙkj%** bfrA ;fn
rL;kuqukfldRoa L;kÙknk rq gy~çR;kgkjs ,o çFkea 'kÄïkfs prk gy~çR;kgkjL; los"Z kka çR;kgkjk.kka
ewyRokr~A vr% ^j*çR;kgkjks ukLR;so] roYdkj% bR;k|FkZ×Ó ^mj.k~ jij%* ^yij'p* bfr]
^yZij* bfr ok oDrO;esosfrA
2-7-2 g'kkfnçR;kgkjs ^V*xzg.kkifÙkifjgkj%

Hkk";s vp~ ç R;kgkjs ¿ uq c Uèkxz g .kkifÙkek'kÄï Ô ifjâra fuEukfÄï r s u
'yksdokfrZdsu rFkkfgµ
çR;kgkjs¿uqcUèkkuka dFkeTxzg.ks"kq uA
vkpkjknçèkkuRokYyksi'p cyoÙkj%AA bfr
(e-Hkk-g;ojV~)
v;efHkçk;%µ çR;kgkjs o.kZlekEuk;s ; ,rs¿{kq vt~cksèkds"kq ^vbm.k~
½Æd~ ,vksÄ~ ,svkSp~* bR;srs"kq lw=ks"kq çR;kgkjkFkkZ vuqcUèkk% fØ;Urs] ,rs"kkeTxzg.ksu xzg.ka
dLekÂ Hkorhfr ç'us mÙkja Hkofr& ^^vkpkjknçèkkuRokYyksi'p cyoÙkj%** bfrA ,"osdks
gsrHq kZofr& ^vçèkkuRokr~* bfrA vFkkZr&~ gY"kq gyka çkèkkU;e~] v{kq p vpka çkèkkU;erks¿p~çR;kgkjs
gy~o.kkZukeçèkkuRokr~ xzg.ka u HkofrA
v=ks;a ftKklk_ Hkorq uke vp~çR;kgkjs gy~o.kkZukeçkèkkU;e~A fdUrq
gy~çR;kgkjs rq gyka çkèkkU;a HkofrA vrks g'kkfnçR;kgkjs ^V~ .k~ e~* bR;soeknhukeuqcUèkkuka
xzgk.kkifÙk% Li"Veso] ;fn g'kkfnçR;kgkjs VdkjknhukeuqcUèkkuke~ xzg.ka L;kÙknk& jkel~ $
Vhdrs¾(jke"Vhdrs) bR;=kkfi ^gf'k p* bR;qRokifÙk% L;kr~A rLekr~ ^vçèkkuRokr~* bfr
f}rh;gsrkS vO;kidRoe~ vk;krhfrA ,rr~lekèkkuk; bna rkon~cksè;a gdkjkfn"kq iqu%
iqujdkjksPpkj.ksusna foKk;rs ;r~& mPpkj.kkFkkZo.kZjfgrgy~o.kkZuka gy~?kfVrçR;kgkjs xzg.ka u
Hkorhfr u nks"k%A
2-7-3 gdkjkfn"odkj% mPpkj.kkFkZ%

^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* (ik-lw-û-ü-÷û)bR;usu çR;kgkjlaKk foèkh;rsA vUR;su
brk lfgr vkfn% ^gy~* bR;kfn% eè;xkuka LoL; p laKk HkorhR;FkksZ Hkofr rL;A
vdkjks¿fi eè;xks tkr%] vrks¿dkjL;kfi gYRoa L;kfnfr 'kÄïk HkforqegZfrA fdUrq ^û
iqujUrjs.kkpa O;×tuL;ksPÓkj.kefi Hkorhfr** ^^mPpS#nkÙk%**(ik-lw-&û-ü-üù) bfr lw=ks
Hkk";dkj% dFk;frA vr% gdkjkfn"odkj mPÓkj.kkFkZ ,okfLrA rs"kka çR;kgkjs x.kuk u
HkofrA bfrA
cksèkç'u%&2-7
d- ^j*çR;kgkjLohdkjs fda çek.ke~\
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[k- ^j* çR;kgkjL; dq=kksi;ksx%\

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ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
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x- y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL;kuqukfldRok¿Hkkos ikf.kus% fda lw=ka çek.ke~\

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?k- vp~çR;kgkjs¿uqcUèkkuka xzg.kk¿Hkkok; Hkk";dkjs.k ds =k;ks gsroks nf'kZrk%\

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Ä- r`rh;gsrksjO;kidRokiÙkkS dq=k nks"k% dFk×p] i×pfHkokZD;S#Ùkj;rA

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p- gdkjkfn"kq iqu% iqujdkjksPpkj.ksu fda KkI;rs\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
laKkFkZRoksiiÙk;s vkgµ,"kkfefrA vdkj'pA rsu jçR;kgkjflf¼%A vuUR;Rokr~
i`FkxqfDr%A bna ^rqY;kL;* (ik-lw-&1-3-9) lw=kLFkdS;VkuqjksèksuA
ijsRoL;kuqukfldRos ^^vrks yªkUrL;** (ik-lw-&7-2-2) bfr lw=ks ikf.kfuyZdkja
uksPpkj;sr]~ çR;kgkjs.kSo fuokZgkr~A fd×pkL;sRlaKdRos cgq"kq ;.k~in?kfVrlw=ks"o¼Zek=kkyk?kokuq&
jksèksu ;çR;kgkjs.kSo O;ogjsr~A fd×pkuqcUèkkukep~çR;kgkjs xzg.kkHkkos ^^vkpkjknçèkkuRokYyks&
i'p cyoÙkj%** bfr Hkk";ksDrL; r`rh;gsrksjO;kidRokifÙk%A ro yksiL; cyoÙos¿fi
gy~çR;kgkjfl¼s% çkx~ vp~çR;kgkjfu"iÙ;Hkkosu ^mins'ks¿t~* (ik-lw-&1-3-2) bR;L;
okD;FkkZ¿Hkkosu yf.kR;kdkjL; bRlaKkyksi;ksjHkkosu çR;kgkjs"kq tkfri{kL;So Hkk";Ñrk
fl¼kfUrrRosu gy~çR;kgkjs yf.kR;kdkjços'ks ^êkek¡L=kk;Lo* bR;=kk¿uqukfldi{ks] vuqLokjkifÙk&
nqZokZjkA ^lks¿fLr* bR;knkS lqyksik|kifÙk'pA vr ,oµ ^^çR;kgkjs¿uqcUèkkuka dFkebyusu
xzg.ks"kq u**A çR;kgkjs o.kZlekEuk;s ; ,rs¿{kq vTcksèkdlw=ks"kq çR;kgkjkFkkZ vuqcUèkk%
fØ;Urs] rs"kket~xzg.ksu xzg.ka dLekÂsR;FkZdsukp~çzR;kgkjs 'kÄïk Ñrk] u gy~ çR;kgkjsA
Hkk";s p ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kprq"V;ksiknkusuSokL; ço`fÙknZ£'krkA r=k çkèkkU;a gy~ çR;kgkjs
xzg.kkFkZRo:ie~A gy~"kq p rFkksins'kLrs"kke~ v{kq rq Lojk.kkeso rFkksins'k bfr çèkkU;kÙks"kkeso
lf×KRofefr Hkk";s Li"Ve~A up g'kkfnçR;kgkjs ^V~*xzg.kL;kifÙkfjfr okP;e~] gdkjkfn"kq
41

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ iqu% iqujdkjksPÓkj.ksu mPÓkj.kkFkZo.kZjfgrgyka rn~?kfVrçR;kgkjs xzg.kkHkkoL; oDrqa 'kD;Rokr~A
rn~fo"k;ç;ksxk.kkeufHkèkkukPÓA rLeknL;kuqukfldRoeçkekf.kde~A ^^mj.k~ jij%** (ik-lw-& 1-
1-51) bR;=k ydkjxzg.ka drZO;esoA ½Æo.kZ;ks% lko.Z;ofnR;kgq%A
uuq ^g;* (ek-lw-&5) bR;knkodkjksPÓkj.ksu rL; gYRoçlÄõk¿s r vkgµ gdkjkfnf"ofrA
u iqujUrjs.kkpa O;×“uL;ksPÓkj.kefi Hkorhfr] ^^mPÓS#nkÙk%** (ik-lw-&1-2-29) bfr
lw=kLFkHkk";kr~ ^,"kk ákpk;ZL; 'kSyh y{;rs* ;ÙqkY;tkrh;kaLrqY;tkrh;s"kwifnf'kfrµ vpks¿{kq]
gyks gY"kq] bfr ^çR;kgkjs¿uqcUèkkuka* bR;=k Hkk";kPpsfr Hkko%A
2-8 lkjka'k%
vfLeu~ ikBs Hkoku~ ekgs'ojlw=klEc¼ku~ fofo/ku~ fo"k;ku~ ifjKkroku~A r=k
Hkoku~ bna Kkroku~ ;n~µ ;Fkk lokZlka fo|kukeqn~Hko% osnknso tkr% rFkSoSrs"kka
çR;kgkjlw=kk.kkefiA ,"kka lw=kk.kke~ vU;kU;fi ukekfu HkoUrhR;fi Kkroku~A
;|ihekfu lw=kkf.k lk{kkr~ 'kfDrxzkgdkf.k u lfUr] rFkkfi& ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk*
bR;usuSdokD;Rokr~ o`fÙkifjPNsndRosu laKklw=kkf.k HkofUrA v=k vfoo{k;k] çÑfron~Hkkosu
ok lafgRkk¿Hkko% dYI;rsA ,"kk prqnZ'klw=kh lk{kr~ Jqfr:ik HkofrA ;k p Hkxorks
egs'ojL; çlknkr~ ikf.kfuuk yCèkkA vr ,os;a v{kjlekEuk;O;ogkjksiifÙke×pfrA
,rr~ikBekè;esu Hkoku~ ,rnfi Kkrqa leFkksZ tkr%] ;n~ osnkÄõkfu "kM~HkofUrA
O;kdj.k×p rs"kq çèkkueÄõe~A O;kdj.ks"ofi ikf.kuh;fena O;kdj.ka JqfrewydRokn~
ewèkkZuefèkjksgfrA bnkuha çk;%& v"VkS uo ok O;kdj.kkfu çfl¼kfu lUrhfrA
,"kka lw=kk.kka JqfrRos Hkr`Zgfj'kkdVk;uufUnds'ojçksDrçek.kkU;I;oxrkU;Hkwou~A
JqfrRos lEHkkforkuka nks"kk.kka dFka fujkdj.kfeR;fi Kkroku~A ;|fi prqn'Z klw=kkf.k Jqfr:ikf.k
vukfnijEijkr% çkIrkfu lfUr] fdUrq r=kkuqqcUèkk% Hkxork f'kosu 'kCn'kkL=kço`Ù;Fk±
;ksftrk% lfUrA bne{kjPNUnks o.kZ'k% leuqØkUra ;Fkkpk;kZ Åpq% czãk c`gLir;s çksokp
c`gLifrfjUnzk;sUnzksHkj}ktk; Hkj}kt ½f"kH; ½"k;ks czkã.ksH;%A
v=k ikBs ^j*çR;kgkjfo"k;da fofoèka jgL;a Kkroku~A ^^mj.k~ jij%**(ik-lw-&û-û-
ÿû) bR;=k ^j*çR;kgkj% vkJh;rsA rnFk± y.k~lw=kLFkL;kdkjL;kuqukfldRoa LohÑR;]
y.klw=kLFkko.ksuZ lgkspk;Zek.kks jsiQks jy;ks% laKfs r çkphuk% LohdqofZ UrA fdURoL;kuqukfldRos
ikf.kfu% ^^vrks yªkUrL;** bR;=k ydkja uksPpkj;sr~A vfi p yk?kokuqjks/su ;.k~çR;kgkjLFkkus
;çR;kgkjesokyEcsrA fd×p y.k~l=w kLFkkdkjL; vuqukfldRos Hkk";ksDrL; ^yksi'p cyoÙkj%*
bfr r`rh;gsrksjO;kidrk L;kr~A rnk p ekek¡L=kk;Lo ^lks¿fLr* bR;knkS vdkjs ijs gfy ij
bo lfUèkdk;sZ nks"k% L;kr~A vrks ^j*çR;kgkjks ukLR;soA y.k~lw=kLFkkdkjL;kfi mPÓkj.kkFkZRoeso
Lohdj.kh;e~A ^mj.k~ jij%* bR;knkS p yijRofl¼;s ^yij'psfr* ikBÔesosR;kfnlo±
rÙo×p Hkoku~ Kkroku~A
2-9 'kCnkoyh
1- o`fÙkifjPNsndRokr~ µ o`fÙk%¾'kfDr%] ifjPNsnd%¾fu;ked% v.kkfn&
infu’'kfDrfu;kedRokfnfr Hkko%A
2- mithO;fojksèkkr~ µ mitho;rhfr mithO;% rL; fojks è kkr~
42 LotudL;ksidkjdL; fojksèkks¿uqfpr% rLekr~A
3- lkS=kRokr~ ¾ lw=kk.kkfena lkS=ke~A ikf.kfulw=kk.kkefi ewya NUn%] ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
lkS=kRokr~¾NkanlRokr~A
4- czãjkf'k% ¾ czãçfrikndks osnjkf'k%A
2-10 lanHkZxzUFk%
vfLeu~ ikBs eq[;:is.k lanHkZxzUFkk% HkofUrA
1- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj% µ Jhukxs'kHkV~V%
2- ikf.kuh;lw=kk"Vkè;k;h µ egf"kZ% ikf.kfu%
3- egkHkk";e~ µ egf"kZ% ir×tfy%
4- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh µ JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr%
2-11 lgk;dxzUFk%
1- lafgrkdk;ZkHkkoKkuk; oS-fl- dkSeqnh y{ehVhdk voyksduh;kA
2- gsrq=k;lEcfUèkKkuk;µegkHkk";a f}rh;kfÉda g;ojV~lw=kLFka nz"VO;e~A
3- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjL; fof'k"Vkè;;uk; czãnÙf}osnhÑrk Vhdk
4- ia- fo'oukFkÑrVhdk p fo'ks"ks.kksguh;kA
2-12 Ckksèkç'uksÙkjkf.k
2-3] 2-4
1- ,"kk prqnZ'klw=kh lk{kkr~ JqfrHkZofrA lSo egs'ojçlknkr~ ikf.kfuuk
çkIrkA vr ,"kka ekgs'ojlw=kk.keqn~Hkoks osnknso tkr%A
2- d- o.kZlekEuk;% [k- v{kjlekEuk;%
Xk- çR;kgkjlw=kkf.k ?k- czãjkf'k%
3- [k- lw=kkf.k "kM~foèkkfu HkofUrA
4- laKk p ifjHkk"kk p fofèkfuZ;e ,o pA
vfrns'kks¿fèkdkj'p "kM~foèka lw=keqP;rsAA
5- x- laKklw=ks"kqA
6- ^vbm.k~* bR;kfn lw=kk.kke~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=ks.k lg ,dokD;r;k
'kfDrxzkgdRokr~ laKklw=kRoa HkofrA
7- ^LokStl~* bR;kfnlw=kL; Lokfnfoèkk;dRokr~ fofèklw=kRoa HkofrA
^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;usu lgSdokD;r;k lqckfn'kfDrxzkdRosu
laKklw=kRo×Ó HkofrA
8- lafgrSdins fuR;k fuR;k èkkrwilxZ;ks%A
fuR;k lekls okD;s rq lk foo{kkeis{krsAA 43

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 9- x- ,dinkfnfHkÂ:ia okD;a foof{kre~A
10- bekfu lw=kkf.k vuqdj.k:ikf.k HkofUrA r=k p vHksnfoo{kk orZrsA
vHksnfoo{kk;k×p lkn`';KkukèkhuksifLFkfrHkZofrA ;=k 'kfDry{k.kkU;rj&
KkukèkhuksifLFkfrHkZofr] r=kSo çkfrifndlaKk HkofrA vrks¿=k çkfrifndRok&
¿Hkkokr~ o.ksZH;% lqcqRifÙkuZ HkofrA
11- mithO;fojksèkL; lUè;Hkkodkj.ka ukfLrA
12- prqnZ'klw=kh lk{kkr~ JqfrHkZofrA lSo Jqfr% egs'ojçlkgkr~ egf"kZ.kk
ikf.kfuuk yCèkkA vr% JqfrRoknsok=k v{kjlekEuk;'kCnO;ogkjks HkofrA
ü-ÿ] ü-ö
d- osnkÄõkfu "kM~ HkofUrA rkfu p O;kdj.ke~] T;ksfr"ke~] fu#Dre~] NUn%
f'k{kk dYi'psfrA
[k- NUn%iknkS rq osnL; gLrkS dYiks¿Fk iBÔrssA
T;ksfr"kke;ua p{kqfuZ#Dra Jks=keqP;rsAA
f'k{kk ?kzk.kUrq osnL; eq[ka O;kdj.ka Le`re~A
x- ý- ^vkpk;Zço`fÙkKkZi;fr* v=k vkpk;Zinsu egs'ojL; xzg.ke~A
?k- ikf.kfuO;kdj.ka Jqfrewyda HkofrA ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kkf.k Jqfr:ikf.k
lfUrA rkU;su lw=kkf.k ikf.kfu% egs'ojÑi;k çkIroku~A O;kdj.ka osnL;
çèkkueÄõa HkofrA r=kkfi JqfrewydRoknL; O;kdj.kL; loZO;kdj.kkis{k;k
çkèkkU;a HkofrA
Ä- ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnprqnZ'klw=kkf.k ikf.kfu% f'koçlknkr~ çkIroku~] u rq
Lo;a jfprokfufr lEçnk;%A f'ko% ludkfnfl¼ku~ m¼rqd Z ke% uoi×pokja
<Ddkfuuknsu çdV;keklA ^JksrO;% JqfrokD;sH;%* bR;kfnopusu
JqfrRok¿Hkkos ludkns#¼j.ka u laHkofrA vr% JqfrRoes"kka cksè;e~A
fd×p 'kkdVk;uopusukI;s"kka JqfrRoa cksè;e~A
p- ^vbm.k~* bR;knhfu lw=kkf.k egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% egs'ojknso çkIroku~] v=k
çek.ke~µ ;suk{kjlekEuk;efèkxE;egs'jkr~A
ÑRLua O;kdj.ka çksDra rLeS ikf.ku;s ue%AA bfr f'k{kkopuesoA
N- vuqcUèkkuka drkZ egsojks HkofrA
èkkRoFk± leqikfn"Va ikf.kU;knh"Vfl¼;sA bfr opukr~A
t- ü- lw=kçR;k[;kuLFkys¿fiµ vn`"Vç;kstua HkofrA
ü-÷
d- jçR;kgkjLohdkjs rqY;kL;lw=kLFkL; ^^yijRoa o{;kfe** bfr Hkk";L;
jçR;kgkj:is.k O;k[;kL;kfe bfr dS;VO;k[;kueso çek.ke~A
44 [k- jçR;kgkjL; ^^mj.k~ jij%** bR;=k mi;ksx%A
x- ^vrks yªkUrL;** bfr lw=keso çek.ke~A ekgs'ojlw=kkf.k
?k- ^vkpkjknçèkkuRokYyksi'p cyoÙkj%* bfr =k;ks gsroks HkofUrA

Ä- vdkjL;kuq u kfldRos ^^yks i 'p cyoÙkj%** bfr Hkk";ks D rL;
r`rh;gsrksjO;kidRokifÙkHkZofrA los"Z kke~ çR;kgkjk.kke~ gy~çR;kgkjewyRokr~
vp~ çR;kgkjfl¼s% çkx~ gy~çR;kgkjL; flf¼jko';dh HkofrA rr'p
r=k gy~çR;kgkjs vuqukfldL;kdkjL; ços'kks HkofrA ,o×p rfLeu~ ijs
ekek¡L=kk;Lo bRp=kkuqukfldi{ks eke~ ?kVdL; edkjL; êks¿uqLokj*
bfr vuqLokjkifÙkHkZofrA lks¿fLr bR;=k vdkjs ijs¿fi vdkja gya eRok
^,rr~ rnks*fjfr lqyksikifÙk'p HkofrA
Pk- gdkjkfn"kq iqu% iqujdkjksPpkj.ksu mPpkj.kkFkZjfgrgyka r=k xzg.kkHkkoks
foKk;rsA
2-13- vH;klç'uk%
d- vfry?kqç'uk%
1- ,da fuf'puqfgA ^vbm.k~* bR;knhfu o`fÙkifjPNsndRokr~µ
d- ifjHkk"kklw=kkf.k HkofUrA
[k- fofèklw=kkf.k HkofUrA
x- laKklw=kkf.k HkofUrA
?k- fu;elw=kkf.k HkofUrA
2- fjDrLFkkua çdks"Bknq¼`R; iwj;µ

d- ^vbm* bR;knkS --------------------------------------------------------- lUè;Hkkoks HkofrA
(lansgkHkkokFk±@ vfoo{k;k)
[k- ikf.kfuO;kdj.kL; osnkÄõRoe~ --------------------------------------------------------- HkofrA
(vfrçfl¼Rokr~@ JqfrewydRokr~)
Xk- ikf.kfuO;kdj.ka --------------------------------------------------------- orZrsA
(oSfnda] ykSfdda] ykSfddoSfndlkèkkj.ka)
3- ,da fpfÉra dq#µ

d- ^j*çR;kgkj% HkrZ`gfjersu@ ukxs'kersu@ nhf{krersu LohÑrks¿fLrA
[k- vufry?kqç'uk%
1- vuqcUèkdrZ`fo"k;s i×piÄ~DR;kReda foospua dk;Ze~

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45

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2- ^vbm.k~* bR;kfn"kq lafgrk¿Hkkoa foosp;A

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3- r`rh;gsrkS vO;kidRos dq=k nks"k%\

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x- nh?kksZÙkjh;ç'ukSµ
1- jçR;kgkja çfrik| [k.Muh;e~A
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2- ^vbm.k~* bR;knhuka JqfrRoa lçek.ka foosp;A

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46
ikB% r`rh;% (vU;ksU;kJ;%) vU;ksU;kJ;%
ikBlajpuk
3-1 çLrkouk
3-2 mís';e~
3-3 vU;ksU;kJ;foosd%
3-3-1 ^gyUR;e~*] ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;u;ks% lw=k;ksjU;ksU;kJ;nks"kksn~Hkkoue~
3-3-2 mik;kUrjs.kkU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjfpUrue~
3-3-3 n'klw=kko`Ù;k nks"kifjgkjfopkj%
3-3-4 ^^mins'ks bnUR;e~] vp~] vuqukfld br~** bfr U;klsu nks"kks¼kjfoosd%
3-3-5 lgsrkinL; eè;eo.kkZFkZdr;k nks"kks¼j.kfpUrue~
3-3-6 ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kko`Ù;So nks"kks¼kj%
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
3-4 ^gyUR;e~* û foHkDrkS rqLek%* bR;u;ks% iqu% vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kksn~Hkkoua rr~
lek/ku×Ó
3-5 îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%* bR;L; HkkokFkZçfriknue~
3-5-1 ^çdYI; pkioknfo"k;e~* bR;=k ijer[k.Mue~
3-5-2 ^vioknokD;kFk± fouk uksRlxZokD;kFkZ%* bR;L; rkRi;Zçfriknue~
3-6 vko`ÙkL; çFkeL; ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL; inPNsnkfniqj%ljeFkZçn'kZue~
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
3-7 vkfnjUR;su lgsrk
3-7-1 vL; lw=kL; inÑR;e~
3-7-2 ^LoL; p :iL;* bR;FkZykHkçdkj%
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
3-8 ^gyUR;e~* f}rh;a lw=ke~
3-8-1 v=kksins'kinL; iQyçn'kZue~ ^mins'ks* bR;L; r=k fo|ekufeR;FkZdj.ks
iQye~
3-8-2 inkFkksZifLFkfrjuqcU/fofueqZDrL;So
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
3-9 vuqcU/k vusdkUrk%
3-9-1 vuqcU/k ,dkUrk% 47

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 3-9-2 vuqcU/lfgrfunsZ'ks fo/kS vuqokns pkFkZcks/çdkjçn'kZue~
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
3-10 lkjka'k%
3-11 'kCnkoyh
3-12 lUnHkZxzUFk%
3-13 lgk;dxzUFk%
3-14 cks/ç'uksÙkjkf.k
3-15 vH;klç'uk%
3-1 çLrkouk
iwoZfLeu~ ikBs Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kk.kke~ vUR;k% o.kkZ
vuqcU/k% HkofUrA rs"kkfeRlaKk HkofrA rnqDre~µ^^,"kkeUR;k br%** (oS-fl-dkS-la-ç-)
ekgs'ojlw=ks"kq losZ"kq vfUrek% o.kkZ% bRlaKdk% çR;srO;k bR;FkZ%A fdUrq rs"kkfeRlaKk dFka
L;kr~] dsu lw=ks.k Hkosfnfr ftKklk Hkorka euL;o';eso L;kr~A ,rnFk±a fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka
^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=kL;ksYys[k vk;kfrA mins'ks¿UR;a gy~ br~ L;kfnfr
lw=kkFkksZ Hkofr rL;A v=k p gy~inkFkZftKklk;ke~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk*(ik-lw-&û-û-÷û)
bfr lw=keqifLFkra HkofrA vL;kFkZ'p& vUR;susrk lfgr vkfneZè;xkuka LoL; p laKk
L;kfnfr HkofrA v=k p ^br~*inkFkZKkueisf{kra HkofrA ,oa çdkjs.k ^gyUR;e~*(ik-lw-&û-
ý-ý) bfr lw=kkFkZKkuk/hue~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk*(ik-lw-&û-û-÷û) bfr lw=kkFkZKkue~A ^vkfnjUR;su
lgsrk* bfr lw=kkFkZKkuk/hu×p gyUR;fefr lw=kkFkZKkufeR;qHk;ks% ijLijkis{kRosu vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks
Hkofr] rL; fujkdj.ka dFka L;kfnR;fi ftKklk¿o';esoksRi|rsA vfLeu~ ikBs
vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjL;kusds i{kk% fopkfjrk% lfUrA v=k Hkoku~ ^^gyUR;e~** ^^vkfnjUR;su
lgsrk** bfr lw=k};lEc¼ku~ fofo/ku~ fo"k;ku~ KkL;frA ^^vuqcU/k%** vo;ok vuo;ok
osR;kfnloZ×p cks¼qa leFkskZ Hkfo";frA
3-2 mís';e~
,rr~ ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~µ
Ø ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* ^gyUR;e~* bR;u;ks% lw=k;ks% dFkeU;ksU;kJ;nks"k%
dFk×p rL; ifjgkj bfr Kkrqa leFkksZ Hfo";frA
Ø ^gyUR;e~* û foHkDrkS rqLek%* bR;u;ksjU;ksU;kJ;a rRifjgkjksik;×p
cks¼qa leFkskZ Hkfo";frA
Ø vuqcU/k ,dkUrk vusdkUrk osfr jgL;a o.kZf;rqa 'k{;frA
Ø ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL; f}fo/eFk± cks¼qa leFkskZ Hkfo";frA
Ø îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%* bR;L; fda rkRi;Zfefr
KkL;frA
48 Ø ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=kL; linÑR;eFk± fu:if;rqa 'k{;frA
3-3 vU;ksU;kJ;foosd% vU;ksU;kJ;%
oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|ka ikf.kfulw=kkf.k O;k[;krqa JhHkVkðsftnhf{kr% ^^gyUR;e~*

(ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=keorkj;frA r=k p çfl¼kFk± fogk;kijesokFk± Ñroku~µ^^gy~**
(ek-lw-&ûþ) bfr lw=ks¿UR;fer~ L;kfnfrA rfgZ fdeFkZe"s kks¿FkZ% LohfØ;r bfr ftKklk;keqP;rsµ
vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjkFkZfefr A vU;ksU;kJ;%] brjsrjkJ;ks oSdks nks"kks HkofrA ijLijkis{kRoe~
vU;ksU;kJ;Roa HkofrA vFkkZr~ ijLija Kkua ijLijKkuk/hua ;=k Hkofr r=kkU;ksU;kJ;ks
HkofrA vFkok LoKIR;/huKfIrdRoeU;ksU;kJ;Roa cksè;e~A KfIrKkZue~A ^gyUR;e~* (ik-
lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;L;µ mins'ks¿UR;a gfyRL;kr~ bR;FkZLohdkjs ^gYinkFkZKkuk/hufeRinkFkZKkue~
bRinkFkZKkuk/hu×p gYinkFkZKkufefr ijLijkis{kRosu HkoR;U;ksU;kJ;%A
3-3-1 ^gyUR;e~* ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;u;ks% lw=k;ksjU;ksU;kJ;nks"kksn~&

Hkkoue~
bnkuhfena fopk;Zrs ;n=k dFkeU;ksU;kJ;nks"k vki|rs\ ;fn ^gyUR;e~*
(ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr ikf.kfulw=kL;kFkZ%µ ^gy~*(ek-lw-&ûþ) bfr lw=ks¿UR;fer~ L;kfnR;so
LohfØ;rs rnk rq vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks uSo HkofrA fdUrq rr~ lw=kL; rnFkZek=ka LohdrqZa u
'kD;rsA v"Vkè;kÕ;ka ^^gyUR;e~** (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;uUrja û foHkDrkS rqLek%* (ik-lw-&
û-ý-þ) bfr lw=ka HkofrA rL;kFkksZ Hkofrµ foHkfDrLFkk% roxZldkjedkjk% bRlaKdk% u
HkofUrA ,o×Ókusu lw=ks.k roxZldkjedkjk.kkfeRlaKkfu"ks/% fØ;rsA fdUrq rsu fu"ks/%
rnSo lkFkZd% L;kn~ ;nk dsukfi lw=ks.k roxZldkjedkjk.kkfeRlaKk çkIrk L;kr~A çkIrkS
lR;ka fg fu"ks/ks HkofrA vr% ^û foHkDrkS rqLek** bR;kns% lkFkZD;k; ^^gyUR;e~** bR;L;
^^mins'ks¿UR;e~ gy~ br~ L;kr~** bR;FkksZ¿o';eso Lohdj.kh;%A fdUrq ^ôkD;kFkZKkus
inkFkZKkua dkj.ke~** bfr U;k;su ;koRi;ZUra gyUR;fefr lw=kkFkZokD;?kVdinkukeFkZKkua u
Hkofr rkoRi;ZUra rRlw=kkFkZKkua u laHkofrA vr% r=k ^gy~*inkFkZKkueko';da HkofrA
^gy~*inkFkZKku×p ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=ks.k çR;kgkjcks/u}kjk HkofrA ,o×p
gy~inkFkZKkue~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk*(ik-lw-&û-û-öù) bfr lw=kkFkZKkuk/hue~A ^vkfnjUR;su
lgsrk* bfr lw=kkFkZKku×p rkor~ Ik;ZUra u Hkofr] ;kor~µ rn~okD;?kVdL; ^br~*inL;kFkZKkua
u HkofrA br~ inkFkZKku×p ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks.k HkofrA ,o×p ^gyUR;e~* bfr
lw=kkFkZKkuk/hue~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=kkFkZKkue~] ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=kkFkZKkuk/hu×p
^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kkFkZKkuer% mHk;ks% lw=k;ks% ijLijkis{kRosu vU;ksU;kJ;Rosu vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k%
vkirfrA rFkk pksHk;ksjfi lw=k;ks% cks/ks u L;kr~A vU;ksU;kJ;kf.k p dk;kZf.k u çFkUrsA
rFkk pkU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjksik;% fpUruh; bfr fLFkre~A rRifjgkjkFk± Jhnhf{kr% ^gyUR;e~*
(ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=kL;ko`fÙak LohdjksfrA
3-3-2 mik;kUrjs.kkU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjfpUrue~
JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr% vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjkFk± lEiw.kZL; ^gyUR;e~*(ik-
lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=kL;ko`fÙka Ñroku~A fdUrq gfyR;sdns'kL;So vko`Ù;k ;fn nks"kfujkdj.ka
L;kr~ rfgZ lEiw.kZlw=kL;ko`fÙkdj.ka xkSjoxzLra HkofrA rnqDre~µ ^^v/Zek=kkyk?kosu iq=kksRloa
eU;Urs oS;kdj.kk%**(ifj-&ûýý)A vrks¿=k gfyR;sdns'kL;So vko`fÙk% dj.kh;kA r=k p
gL; y~ bfr O;k[;k dj.kh;kA lkehI;×p "k"B~;FkZ%A vFk p glehiks ydkj bRlaKdks
HkorhR;FkZLohdkjs.k ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=kfujis{kSo yL;sR;aKk Hkorhfr ukU;ksU;kJ;%A
vFkok gy~ p y~ p bfr gy~ bfr lekgkj}U}a ÑRok ^la;ksxkUrL; yksi%(ik-lw-&ø-ü-üý)
49

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ bR;usu rL; ydkjL; yksis lfr gy~ bfr HkofrA rFkk p gyUR;feR;sdL;So lw=kL;
mHk;ksfjRlaKdRos vU;ksU;kJ;kHkko bfr psr~ v=kksP;rsµ ,rr~ iwoksZDra lek/kua u
lehphue~] ;rksfg lkehI;a "k"BÔFkksZ uSo HkofrA ;fn lkehI;L;kfi "k"BÔFkZRoa LohfØ;sr
rnk ^czkã.kdEcye~* bR;usukfi czkã.klehis dL;fpnU;L; dEcye~ bR;fi çrh;srA
uSo p rFkk çrhfr% dnkfi dL;fpr~ HkofrA vr% lkehI;L; "k"BÔFkZRoa uSo drZaq
'kD;rsA lekgkj}U}i{kks¿fi u ;qDr%] ;rksfg ^;.k% çfr"ks/ks okP;%* bfr okfrZdsu ;.k%
yksiçfr"ks/kr~ yL; yksiks u çkIuksfrA fd×p gy~çR;kgkjfl¼s% çkd~ gy~'kCnkFkkZ¿çfl¼kS
}U}lekl ,o u L;kr~] lgfoo{kkHkkokr~A KkrinkFkZ;ks% ,dlEcU/su ,d=kkUo;% lgfoo{kk
HkofrA v=k p ydkjL; Kkus lR;fi gy~çR;kgkjinkFkZL; Kkua ukLrhfrA
3-3-3 n'klw=kko`Ù;k nks"kifjgkjfopkj%

vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks¼kjk; dspu ^^g;ojV~**(ek-lw-&ÿ) bfr lw=kekjH;
^gy~*(ik-lw-&ûþ) lw=kkUrkfu ;kfu n'klw=kk.;k;kfUr rkfu lokZ.;fi vkoÙkZ;fUrA r=k
vkorZekuçFken'klw=kS% ØeKkua HkofrA f}rh;su p ^^g;ojV~**(ek-lw-&ÿ) bfr lw=kekjH;
^'k"klj~ (ik-lw-&ûý) lw=kkUrkfu uo lw=kk.;qfí'; ^gy~* bfr n'kesu lw=ks.k gy~laKk
fo/h;rsA ,o×Ó gy~ inkFkZKkus lfr gyUR;fefr lw=kkFkZcks/ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr
lw=kkFkZKkuk/hua u Hkorhfr ukU;ksU;kJ; bfrA fdUrq v=k i{ks ,dlw=kkis{k;k n'klw=kko`ÙkkofrxkSjoa
HkofrA vrks uSrRlek/kua lehphue~A rnqDra ukxs'kHkV~Vsu ^^n'klw=kko`ÙkkS xkSjokr~**(y-'k-
'ks-gyUR;e~)
3-3-4 ^^mins'ks bnUR;e~] vp~] vuqukfld ** bfr U;klsu nks"kks¼kjfoosd%

Jhukxs'kHkV%ð çÑrs iBuh;s y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjxzUFks vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjk;
,deqik;efrlw{efpUrukReda n'kZ;keklA ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~**(ik-lw-&û-ý-ü)
^^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=k};L; LFkkus lw=k=k;eLrq mins'ks bnUR;e~] vp~]
vuqukfld% bfrA vfLeUi{ks gy~xzg.ka u dk;Zfefr yk?koe~A izFkeL; lw=k=k;eLrq r=k p
gy~xzg.ka u dk;Ze~A mins'ks bnUR;e~] vp~] vuqukfld% bfrA r=k çFkeL; ^mins'ks¾
mins'kkoLFkk;ke~ bRlaKk L;kr~* bR;FkZ%A dL; bRlaKk bfr psr~ ;L; dL;kfi mins'ks
fo|ekuL;A gy~ ok Hkorq] ^gy~*lw=k?kVdks ydkjks ok Hkorq] vt~ ok Hkorq losZ"kkeihRlaKk
Hkfo";frA rr'p ^vp~* bfr f}rh;a lw=ke~] r=k ^^mins'ks bnUR;e~** bfr iwoZlw=keuqorZrsA
rr'pkL;kFkksZ Hkofrµ mins'ks vp~ bRlaKdks HkofrA fdUrq iwoZlw=ks.k ^mins'ks bnUR;e~*
bR;usu gykfeo vpkefi bRlaKk flè;fr] fdeusu lw=ks.k\ rFkkpsna lw=ka O;Fk± lnuUR;kFk±
Hkfo";frA vFkkZr~µ mins'ks¿uUR;L; vp bRLakKk Hkorhfr ^vp~* bfr lw=kkFkZ%A vuUrja
^vuqukfld* bfr lw=kek;kfrA v=k ^^vp** bfr iwoZlw=keuqorZrsA mins'ks¿uqukfldL;kp
br~laKk Hkorhfr lw=kkFkZ% lEi|rsA fdUrq lw=kesrn~ O;Fk± HkofrA ;rksfg ^^vp** bfr lw=ks.k
rq vuqukfldfujuqukfldlk/kj.kL; loZfo/L;kp% br~laKk HkofrA vr% ^vuqukfld*
bfr lw=ka O;Fk± ln~ fu;ea djksfrµ vp'psr~ HkorhRlaKk rfgZ vuqukfldL;SosfrA vussu
fu;esu fujuqukfldL;kp bRlaKk okfjrk HkofrA fu;ekJ;.kÝQya rq ^# 'kCns* (v-/k-&
ûúýÿ) bfr /krkS fujuqukfldksdkjL; bRlaKk¿Hkko%A ;|fi ^^vuUrjL; fof/okZ Hkofr
çfr"ks/ks ok**(ifj-&öý) bfr ifjHkk"kkcysu ^^vuqukfld** bR;uUrjksDrL; iwoZL; ^^vp~**
bfr lw=kL;So ck/dRoa Hkofr u rq ^^mins'ks bnUR;e~** bR;L;A ,o×Ó ^^mins'ks
bnUR;e~** bR;usu çkIrL; #/kRokfn?kVdL; mdkjkns% fujuqukfldL; vp% bRlaKk
50 çkIuksR;sosfr 'kÄïk Hkorka eufl L;kr~A vL;k% 'kÄïk;k% lek/kuesoa cksè;e~µ ;fn
^vuqukfld* bfr lw=ke~ vuUrjL;So ^vp~* bR;L; çfr"ks/da Hkosr~ rnk v;a r`rh;ks ;ksx% vU;ksU;kJ;%
^vuqukfLkd%* bfr O;FkksZ Hkofr ^vp~* bR;usu lgSokuqukfLkd bR;fi ikBÔe~A ,o×p
^vuqukfld* bfr ,d;ksxsuSo fuokZgks Hkfo";frA vrks ;ksxfoHkkxlkeF;kZr~ ^^vuUrjL;
fof/okZ Hkofr çfr"ks/ksok** bfr U;k;a ckf/Rok O;ofgrL;kfi ck/da HkofrA ^vuqukfld*
bfr lw=ke~& mHk;ksjfi ^^mins'ks bnUR;e~** ^vp~* bR;u;ks% fu;keda HkorhfrA ;|I;=k&
^^vuqukfldL; psfnRlaKk rfgZ vp ,o** bfr foijhrfu;eks¿fi lEHkkO;rsA rsu p
vuqukfldL; gy% bRlaKk u çkIuksrhfrA rFkkfiµ foijhrfu;eLohdkjs lfr ^^fenpks¿UR;kr~
ij**(û-û-þ÷) bfr lw=ka O;Fk± Hkofr ûqe~* bR;kns% edkjL; foijhrfu;esu bRokukiÙks%A
vr% ^^fenpks¿UR;kRij%** bfr lw=ke~ v=k foijhrfu;ek¿Hkkoa Kki;rhfr dYiuh;e~A
,o×p mins'ks bnUR;e~] vp~] vuqukfld%** bfr U;klsu& vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% fujkÑrks
HkofrA ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k gy~ xzg.kefi u dÙkZO;fefr yk?koefiA ^mins'ks bnUR;e~*
bfr dYI;ekusu lw=ks.k gYlaKkeuis{;So ydkjL;sRlaKk HkofrA rr'p ^gy~* çR;kgkj%
fl¼ÔfrA rnuUrje~ vU;s¿fi çR;kgkjk% fl¼ÔfUrA
bnkuhe~ ,"kk 'kÄïk L;kr~& mi;qZDrU;kls ikf.kfulw=kHksn% Li"Veso HkofrA
,o×p vikf.kuh;Rosu ikjk;.kknkS vn`"VL; gkfu% L;kr~A rFkk pksDra Hkk";dkjs.k r=k r=k
Hkk";sµ ^^vikf.kuh;Urq Hkofr** bfrA v=k lek/kue~µ vikf.kuh;a r=kSo Hkofr] r=kSo
lw=kHksnks Hkofr] ;=k ikf.kfulw=kL; LFkkus vU;r~ lw=ka fØf;rsA vFkok rnso lw=ka c`gr~
fØ;rsA v=k rq iwoksZDrU;kl% y?kq% orZrsA ;rksfgµ v=k gy~ xzg.ka u drZO;a HkofrA
vrks¿=k ek=kk};L; yk?koefLrA ^^v¼Zek=kkyk?kosu iq=kksRloa eU;Urs oS;kdj.kk%**(i-&
ûýý) bfr fu;esu yk?koL;s"VRokr~A Hkk";s¿I;qDra ^^lw=kHksna reqikpjfUr] ;=k rnsokU;r~
lw=ka fØ;rs] Hkw;ks ok] ;fn rnsoksilaâR; fØ;rs uklkS lw=kHksn% (e-Hkk-&÷-þ-þ÷) bfrA
Hkkoks¿;a ;r~µ lR;fi lw=kHksns u nks"kk;] ;rksfg lfr lEHkos osnkÄõkuka n`"Vç;kstuiwod
Z esokn`"V&
ç;kstua dYiuh;fefrA vr ,o r=k r=k Hkk";s Ñra Kkida uklÄõra HkofrA vU;Fkkµ
vn`"VkFkZRosu Kkidlw=kk.kka O;FkZRok¿Hkkosu KkidRodFkua fo#¼ÔsrA ,o×p ^^mins'ks
bnUR;e~] vp~] vuqukfld%** bfr U;klsuSokU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks¼kjlEHkokr~ ^^gyUR;e~** bfr
lw=kko`Ù;k nks"kifjgj.ka u lehphufeR;k;kfrA
fdUrq ;ksxfoHkkxsu] fu;ekJ;.ksu] foijhrfu;eokj.kk; LohÑrKkiusu
fofo/dYiukJ;.ksu p vfrxkSjonks"kxzLrRokr~ bea U;kla [k.M;frA rnis{k;k lw=kko`fÙkjso
y?kh;lh orZrsA ^ô.kkZfHkO;fDrtuda d.Bk|fHk?kkr:ieso xkSjoeknrZO;a u rq Kkutud&
euksO;kikj:ia xkSjoeknrZO;e~** bfr jktkKk uSo HkofrA vr% euksO;kikj:iL;] dYiuk:iL;
xkSjoL;kfi xkSjoRoa Lohdj.kh;esoA vrks uSrnfi lek/kkua lehphue~A
3-3-5 lgsrkinL; eè;eo.kkZFkZdr;k nks"kks¼j.kfpUrue~

d'pu çkphukpk;Z%µ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;=k ^lgsrk* bfr ina
r`pç~ R;;kUra çFkekUra LohÑR;] rL; p eè;eo.kkZFkZ:ieFk± LohÑR; ^^vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks¼kjk;
;Rua Ñroku~A rFkkfgµ bZÄ~ (fn-/k-&ûûþý) /krks% ^b* /kkrksokZ ,fr¾xPNfr bfr drZfj
r`p~ çR;;s xq.ks p ^,rk* bfr çFkeSdopukUre~A rr% lg$vk$,rk bR;=k iwoZe~
/krwilxZ;ks% dk;sZ ^^,fÄ ij:ie~** bfr ij:is lg$,rk bR;oLFkk;ke~ ^vUrkfnoPÓ*
bfr lw=ks.k iwokZUro‰kosu ,dkjs vkÄ~Roekuh; ^^vksekÄks'p** bfr ij:is p ^lgsrk*
bfr çFkekUra ina fu"i|rsA ,o×p lg vk leUrkr~ ,fr¾xPNrhfr lgsrk¾eè;eks o.kZ%A
rFkk p ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=kkFkZcks/kFk± bRlaKdkFkZ:iL; br~inkFkZL;kfoof{krRokr~]
v=k ukU;ksU;kJ; bfrA 51

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ fdUrq v;efi i{kks u LohdrqZa 'kD;rs ;rksfgµ ,oa lgsrk bR;L;
eè;eo.kkZFkZRosuk=k vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k ,o ukfLrA ,oa lfr egkHkk";dkj% egkHkk";s ;r~µ
vU;ksU;kJ;a rr~ifjgkjksik;×p çR;ikn;r~ rÙkq O;Fk± L;kr~A rLekr~ Hkk";Lojlkr~ ^b*
/krks% ^bZÄ~* xrkS bR;Lekn~ /krksokZ lg vkÄ~ iwoZdkr~ r`p~çR;;ks u Hkorhfr dYI;rsA
^b* /kkrq% ;|fi /kkrqikBs ukfLr] rFkkfi ^dVh* (Hokfn-/k-&ýüú) oh (Hokfn-/k-&
ûúþø) bR;=k ç'ys"kkr~ LohfØ;rsA vfip ^lgsrk* inL; ;ksxe;kZn;k¿fi rkn`'kkFkksZ u
HkofrA dks"kknkofi rkn`'kkFkksZ] uSo Dokfi n`';r bfr :<ÔFkksZ¿fi LohdrqZa u 'kD;rsA
vU;s rq ^gyUR;e~*(ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=kLFkkus ^Ô;×“ukUR;e~** bfr
U;kla LohdqoZfUrA O;×“uinL; p vfTHkÂs"kq o.ksZ"kq 'kfDr% yksdçfl¼SokfLrA Hkk";dkjks¿fi
O;×“uina LojfHkÂs¿FksZ ç;qÄ~DrsA rFkkfgµ ^ûkpa fouk O;×“uL;ksPpkj.kefi Hkofr** (e-
Hkk-&û-ü-üù)bfrA ,o×ÓkU;ksU;kJ;kifÙk% ifjârk HkofrA ,deso p lw=ka Hkorhfr yk?koefi
HkofrA vikf.kuh;Roa rq xys ifrresosfrµ ,rnfi R;T;rsA vr% vU;ksU;k& J;nks"kks¼kjk;
;a i{ka lw=kko`fÙk:ia JhHkVkðsftnhf{kr% LohÑroku~ l ,o oje~A
v;×ÓkU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks¼j.ki{k% ^gyUR;e~* bfr lEiw.kZL; lw=kL;ko`fÙk:i%
Hkk";dkjL;kI;fHker%A ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks Hkk";dkj%µ ^^ydkjL;kuqcU/RosukKkfir&
Rok¼Yxzg.kL;kflf¼%A gyUR;feRlaKa HkorhR;qP;rs] ydkjL;So rkofnRlaKk u çkIuksfr**A
bR;soa çdkjs.kkU;ksU;kJ;nks"kek'kÄïÔ] fl¼a rq ydkjfuns'Z kkr~A fl¼esrr~A dFke~\ ydkjfuns'Z k%
drZO;%A ^gyUR;feRlaKa Hkofr ydkj'psn~ Hkorhfr* oDrO;e~A ^,d'ks"kfunsZ'kk}k*A
vFkoSd'ks"kfunsZ'kks¿;e~A gy~ p gy~ pµ gy~] gyUR;feRlaKa Hkofr** (e-Hkk-&û-ý-ý)
bR;qDroku~A vL; egkHkk";L;kfHkçk;%µ ^,d'ks"kfunsZ'kkn~ok fl¼e~* gyUR;fefr lw=ks ;%
gy~'kCnks orZrs] r=k iwoZesd'ks"k% drZO;% gy~ p (gy~lw=ke~) gy~ p (gy~çR;kgkj%)
gy~A vL; gy~'kCnL;kFkZ};a Hkofrµ gy~ bfr ekgs'ojlw=ke~] gy~ bfr çR;kgkj:i×ÓA r=k
ÑrSd'ks"ks.k gy~ insu ^gy% vUR;e~* bfr lEcU/lkekU;s "k"Bha fo/k; vUR;'kCnsu
"k"Bhlekl% dk;Z%A ;Fkk }kU}kUrs Jw;ek.ka ina çR;sdefHklEcè;rs rn~on~ }U}kioknHkwrs
,d'ks"ks¿fi vUR;'kCnL; Jw;ek.kRokr~ mHk;=k gfy vUo;ks HkofrA ,o×p ^gyUR;e~*
bR;L;kFkZ%µ gy~ bfRk ekgs'ojlw=kkUR;a ydkj:ifeRlaKa Hkofr] gy~:ikUR;e~¾
gy~çR;kgkj?kVdO;×tu:ikUR;×p bRlaKa Hkorhfr lEi|rsA rFkk p iwo± ydkjL;sRlaKk;ka
i'pkn~ ^^vkfnjUR;su** bfr gy~çR;kgkjs Kkrs iqu% mins'ks¿UR;gykfer~laKsfr ukU;ksU;kJ;%A
uuq Hksns rkon~ "k"Bh foHkfDrHkZofr ^gy~:ikUR;e~* bR;=k f}rh;kFkZfoo{kk;ka
dFka "k"Bh L;kr~] v=kkHksnlRokfnfr psn=kksP;rsµ ;Fkk ^^jkgks% f'kj%** bR;=kkHksns¿fi
vkjksfirHksneknk; "k"Bh lEi|rs (f'kjksHkkx:i% jkgq% inkFkZ%] nsgHkkx:iLrq dsrqinokP;ks
Hkofr) rn~on=kkfi vHksns Hksnkjksikr~ "k"Bh HkofrA
Hkk";Ñrk& ,d'ks"ks.kkU;ksU;kJ;ks fujkÑr% Hkêkðsftnhf{krsu rq vko`fÙk%
lekfJrk] vko`ÙkkS Hkk";Ñrka dFke~ vfHkçk; bfr psn=kksP;rsµ mPpkjf;rk r=k Hkoku~
ikf.kfu%µ ,d'ks"ks.k funsZ'ka Ñroku~A cks¼q% JksrqokZ¿¿o`Ù;So cks/ bR;=kSo Hkk";Ñrkek'k;%A
3-3-6 ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=kko`Ù;So nks"kks¼kj%

Hkoku~ bnkuhesrn~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ^^gyUR;e~** bR;L; mins'ks¿UR;e~ gfyr~
L;kfnR;FkZek=kLohdkjs ^^gyUR;e~** ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bR;u;ks% lw=k;ksjU;ksU;kJ;nks"kxzLrRokn~
cks/ks u HkofrA nks"kifjgkjk; mik;kUrjk.;fi foosfprkfuA fdUrq rs mik;k% iqujfi
52 nks"kxzLrRokr~ u LohdrqaZ ;ksX;k%A vr% fl¼kUrdkSenq hjpf;rk JhHkVksfð tnhf{kr% vU;ksU;kJ;nks"ka
fujkdrqZa ^gyUR;e~*(ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=keso f}jko`Ùkoku~A ,deso ^gyUR;e~* lw=ka vU;ksU;kJ;%
f}okja ifBRok f}/kk¿Fk± Ñroku~A
r=kko`Ùk;ks% ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý)bfr lw=k;ks% çFkea lw=kesdinkRede~A
gfy vUR;e~ bfr foxzgs] ^^lIreh 'kkS.MS% (ik-lw-&ü-þ-þú) ^^lqIlqik**(ik-lw-&ü-û-þ)
bfr ok leklks cksè;%A vfLeu~ lw=ks ^^gy~** bfr ekgs'ojlw=kija HkofrA ,o×ÓkL;kFkksZ
Hkofrµ gy~ (ek-lw-&ûþ) bfr lw=ks¿UR;e~ br~ L;kr~A bRFka ydkjL;sRlaKk iwo± fl¼ÔfrA
v=k p gy~laKkKkua ukisf{kre~A rr'p ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bfr lw=ks.k vUR;su
bRlaKdsu gy~lw=kLFkydkjs.k lgksPÓk;Zek.k% gdkj% (gy~) gdkjkfnO;×“uo.kkZuka cks/dks
HkofrA ,oa gy~laKk;keoxrk;ka iqu% ^gyUR;e~* bR;ko`Ùk;ksf}Zrh;a lw=kek;kfrA vL;kFkZ%µ
mins'ks vUR;a gy~(gdkjkfnO;×tuo.kZleqnk;:ie~) bRlaKda HkofrA ,oa çdkjs.kkusu
lw=ks.k vbm.k~ bR;knhuka losZ"kka prqnZ'klw=kk.kke~ vUR;gyka .k~]d~] Ä~ çHk`rhuka o.kkZuke~
bRlaKk fl¼ÔfrA iqu'p rsu rsusRlaKdo.ksZu lg ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bfr rÙkRçR;kgkjk%
fo/h;Urs bfrA
cks/ç'u%&3-3
d- vU;ksU;kJ;Roa uke fda\
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[k- ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bfr lw=kL; dsu lw=ks.k lg vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks Hkofr\

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x- HkVkðsftnhf{krsu dFke~~ vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% ifjâr%\

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?k- n'klw=kko`Ù;k vU;ksU;kJ;ifjgkjs dks nks"k%\

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Ä- ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;=k lgsrkinL; eè;eo.kkZ% bR;FkZ% dsu çdkjs.k lkè;rs\

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53

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ p- egkHkk";dkj% vU;ksU;kJ;ifjgkjk; fdeokspr~\
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ewyxzUFkikB%
L;knsrr~µ u foHkDrkS (ik-lw-&1-3-4) bR;kns% lkFkZD;k; ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&
1-3-3)bR;L;ksins'ks¿UR;a gfyfnR;FkZL;ko';dRosu ^gyUR;e~* ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;u;ks%
ijLijkis{kRosukU;ksU;kJ;ky~ydkjs bRlaKkecks/f;Rok gykfeRlaKkcks/ua ikf.kusj;qDre~A u
p ^g;ojV~*(ek-lw-&5) bR;knsjko`Ù;k ^'k"klj~*(ek-lw-&13) bR;Ura leqnk;eqfí'; ^gy~*
(ek-lw-&14) bR;usu bRlaKk¿fi fo/s;sfr okP;e~A n'klw=kko`ÙkkS xkSjokr~A
uuq ^^mins'ks bnUR;e~] vp~] vuqukfld%** bfr lw=k=k;eLrq] vftR;uUR;kFkZe~]
r`rh;s¿ftR;uqo`fÙklkeF;kZn~ vPpsn~Hkofr ráZuqukfld ,osfr fu;ekJ;.kkn~ #çHk`ÙkkS u
nks"k%A ;ksxfoHkkxlkeF;kZPpkuUrjL;sfr U;k;a ckf/Rok O;ofgrL;kfi rsu fu;e%A
^fenpks¿UR;kr~* (ik-&1-4-47) bfr KkidkPp u foijhrfu;e%] ,o×p gy~xzg.kefi
O;FkZeU;ksU;kJ;'p uA Uk p ikf.kfulw=kHksns ijk;.kknkon`"Vgkfu%] rFkk p r=k r=k
Hkk";e~µ ^^vikf.kuh;Urq Hkofr* bfr okP;e~] dYI;ekuU;klL; y?kqRos¿L;knks"kRokr~A
lw=kHksna reqikpjfUr ;=k rnsokU;r~ lw=ka fØ;rs Hkw;ks ok] ;fn rnsoksilaâR; fØ;rs uklkS
lw=kHksn% bfr ^^vp milxkZÙk%** (ik-lw-&7-4-47) bfr lw=kHkk";kr~A uklkS lw=kHksn%
bR;L; nks"kk; bfr 'ks"k%A lfr lEHkos n`"V}kjSokÄõkuken`"VkFkZRofefr rnk'k;%A vr ,o
r=k r=k KkidijldyHkk";ksPNsnks usfr psÂ] ;ksxfoHkkxfu;eKkidkJ;.ks¿fr xkSjokr~A u
fg o.kkZ¿fHkO;fDrtudd.BrkYok| fHk?kkrxkSjoesoknrZO;e~] u rq KkutudeuksO;kikj:ixkSjoe~
bfr jktkKk¿fLrA
u p lg vk leUrkn~ ,fr¾ xPNrhfr lgsrk eè;eks o.kZ bR;FkZ bfr] vrks
ukU;ksU;kJ; bfr okP;e~] vU;ksU;kJ;rRifjgkjknhu~ onrk Hkk";dkjs.k ^dVh* (HOkk-/k-&
320) oh (Hok-/k-&1048) bR;=k çf'y"Vkr~] ^bÄ~xrkS* (fn-/k-&1243) bR;r'p
lg vkÄ~ iwokZr~ r`tHkkocks/kukr~A fd×Ó ;ksxe;kZn;k rr mDrkFkkZykHk%A vk
leUrkfnR;L;kufUorkFkZRoa O;FkZRo×pA :<kS rq u ekuer% lw=kko`Ù;k ra ifjgjfrµgyUR;fefrA
Hkk";s¿I;U;ksU;kJ;ek'kÄïÔµ ^gyUR;feRlaKa Hkofr ydkj'psn~ Hkorhfr oDrO;e~*
bR;qDRok ^^,d'ks"kfunsZ'kkn~ ok fl¼e~**µ gy~ p gy~ p gy~] gyUR;feR;qDre~A
rL;k¿;a Hkko%µ ÑrSd'ks"ks.k gy~insu lEcU/lkekU;"k"BÔk leklks¿UR;'kCnL; p }U}kUrs
Jw;ek.kL;soksHk;=kkUo;%A ,o×p gy~lw=kkUR;a gy~:ikUR;a psfr cks/%A vUR;s ^jkgks f'kj%*
bfror~ "k’hA v=kksPpkjf;rqjsd'ks"kfunsZ'kks cks¼qLRoko`Ù;k cks/%A glehiks ydkj br~
gy~:ikUR;×psfr dS;VksDrO;k[;k;ka rq gy~ bRlaKa Hkofr gyUR;×psfnfr onsfnR;wáe~A
3-4 ^gyUR;e~* û foHkDrkS rqLek%* bR;u;ks% iqu%

vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kksn~Hkkoua rr~lekèkku×pA
Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ^gyUR;e~* ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;u;ks% dFkeU;ksU;kJ;ks
Hkofr] dFk×p rL; fujkdj.kfefrA fdUrq vU;ksU;kJ;nks"klekèkkus Ñrs¿fi ^gyUR;e~*
54
^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** bR;u;ks% lw=k;ksjU;ksU;kJ;% rnoLFk ,oA rFkkfgµ ^û foHkDrkS
rqLek%** bR;L;kFkksZ Hkofrµ foHkfDrLFkk% roxZldkjedkjk% bRlaKdk u HkofUr bfrA vU;ksU;kJ;%
v=k okD;kFkZcksèkk; foHkfDrKkueko';da HkofrA foHkfDrlaKk p lqi~frÄksHkZofrA lqi~frÄks%
çR;kgkj:i;ks% Kkue~ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr okD;kFkZcksèkkèkhue~ ^vkfnjUR;su* bfr
cksèk'p ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kcksèkkèkhu%A bR;soa çdkjs.k ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** bfr lw=kkFkZcksèk%
^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kcksèkkèkhu%] ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kkFkZKku×p ^û foHkDrkS rqLLek%** bfr
lw=kkFkZcksèkksÙkje~A ;rksfg ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** bfr lw=ka fg ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL;
vioknlw=ka HkofrA ^îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%**(ifj-&öý) bfr fu;esu
vioknlw=kokD;kFkZcksèkksÙkjeso mRlxZl=w kokD;kFkZcksèkçlÄõkr~A rLekn~ ^gyUR;e~* ^û foHkDrkS
rqLek%** bfr lw=k;ks% vU;ksU;kJ;% rnoLFk ,osfr Hkko%A
v=k lekèkkue~µ mRlxkZiokn;ksjU;ksU;kJ;% ,o u HkofrA ;rksfg vioknokD;kFkZ&
cksèkkr~ iwo± lkekU;r;k ininkFkksZifLFkrkS mRlxZ'kkL=kokD;kFkZcksèks fdefi çfrcUèkda ukfLrA
vr% mRlxZ'kkL=kL; viokn'kkL=kcksèkkr~ iwoeZ os cksèkks HkoR;soA ;Fkk vHkkoKkuk; (;L;kHkko%
rL;¾) çfr;ksfxu% Kkueko';da Hkofr] rFkk çfr;ksfxKkuk; vHkkoKkua dkj.ke~ bfr
dq=kkfi u LohfØ;rsA vr% ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** bfr fu"ksèkokD;kFkZKkuk; mRlxZL;
^gyUR;e~* bR;kns% okD;kFkZcksèkL;ko';dRos¿fi ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kkFkZcksèkk; ^û foHkDrkS
rqLek%** bR;L; okD;kFkZcksèkks¿uko';d%A
v=kk;a fo'ks"k%µ ;|I;qRlxZ'kkL=kL; çekf.kdks cksèkks¿iokn'kkL=kL; okD;kFkZfu.kZ;k&
uUrjeso HkofrA rFkkfi la'k;kRed% lkekU;cksèkLrq inkFkksZifLFkrkSµ vioknokD;kFkZcksèkkr~
iwoZe~] mins'ks¿UR;a gfyr~L;kfnR;soa :i% HkoR;soA i'pkr~ iqu% viokn'kkL=kh;okD;kFkZ&
i;kZykspu;k çkekf.kdks cksèkks HkofrA
3-5 ^îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%** bR;L;

HkkokFkZçfriknue~A
bnkuha Hkoku~ ,rTKkroku~ ;n~µ viokn'kkL=kh;okD;kFkZcksèkeuis{;So mRlxZ'kkL=kL;
okD;kFkZcksèk% lkekU;r;k HkofrA fdURosoa Lohdkjs ;|qRlxZ'kkL=kL;kiokn'kkL=kfo"k;s¿fi
ço`fÙkHkZofr] i'pkPp viokn'kkL=kokD;kFkZKkus¿fi fda Ñra L;kr~\ HkqDroUra çfr ek
HkqDFkk bfr U;k;L; lÙokr~A vr ,oµ îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%** bfr
ifjHkk"kk(ifj-&öý) LohfØ;rsA ,o×pkU;ksU;kJ;ks HkoR;sosfr psr~ lR;e~µ Jw;rke~]
oS;kdj.kk% f}foèkk% HkofUrA dspu y{k.kSdp{kq"dk%] dspu p y{;Sdp{kq"dk%A r=k
y{k.ka¾lw=ke~] ,da¾çèkkua] p{kq%¾us=ka Kkida ;s"kka rs y{k.kSdp{kq"dk%A lw=ka ;r~ dFk;fr]
rnso rs dqoZfUr] rs lw=kkuqlkfj.k% HkofUr] ufg ç;ksxkuqlkfj.k%A o;a losZ y{k.kSdp{kq"dk%
,o Hkoke%A y{;Sdp{kq"dkLrqµ rs HkofUr ;s"kka Ñrs y{;a¾ç;ksx:ie~ ,da çèkkua p{kq%
Kkida HkofrA rs rq ikf.kU;kfneg"kZ;ks HkofUrA rs"kka Ñrs y{;L; ç;ksxtkrL; Kkua
Hkofr] rs tkufUr ds"kak 'kCnkuka yksds ç;ksxks HkorhfrA
,r;ks% vlfr ckèkds mís';rkoPNsndkoPfNÂs foèks;kUo;ks Hkorhfr fl¼kUrsu
y{k.kSdp{kq"dL; ekn`'kL; mís';rkoPNsndkofPNus loZ=k¾mRlxZ'kkL=kço`fÙkLFkys
rniokn'kkL=kço`fÙkLFkys p mRlxZÑrlaLdkjcqf¼tkZ;rsA ,o×p ^vkn~xq.k%*(ik-lw-&ö-û-
ø÷) bR;kfnlw=ke~ mís';rkoPNsndkoPfNÂs (;=k ;=k vo.kkZnp~ ijks¿fLr) vo.kZknfp ijs
loZ=k& (,fp ijs¿fi) mi$bUnz] Ñ".k$,dRoe~ bR;knkS p ^vkn~xq.k%* bfr lw=ke~ çorsZrA
,oa fLFkRkkS& ;% fo"k;foHkkxks orZrs& vo.kkZnst~fHkÂs¿fp ijs ^vkn~xq.k%* bfr mRlxZ'kkL=kL;
ço`fÙk%] vo.kkZnsfp ijs rq ô`f¼jsfp*(ik-lw-&ö-û-øø) bR;ioknlw=kL;sfr fo"k;O;oLFkk u 55

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ L;kr~A i'pkr~ viokn'kkL=kço`Ùkkofi HkqDroUra çfr ekHkqDFkk bfr okD;L;so fu"ksèk'kkL=kL;
O;FkZrk ,o L;kr~A rr'pkiokn'kkL=kO;FkZrkfHk;k mHk;ks% 'kkL=k;ks% ço`fÙkdkeu;k fodYikifÙk%
L;kr~A ,o×p Ñ".k$,dRoe~ bR;=k dnkfpn~ xq.k% dnkfpPp o`f¼% L;kr~A vrks
y{k.kSdp{kq"dk% çFkeeiokn'kkL=kL; ô`f¼jsfp* bR;kns% okD;kFkZi;kZykspusu viokn'kkL=kh;&
y{;laLdkjL; fu.kZ;a djksfrA rr% viokn'kkL=kfHkÂa rÙkYy{;fo"k;da çkekf.kda okD;e~
midYI; mRlxZ'kkL=ks.k y{;a laLdqoZfUrA
bne=k jgL;aµ fofèk'kkL=kfu"ksèk'kkL=k;kseZè;s okD;cksèk% iwo± fofèk'kkL=kL;So Hkofr]
i'pkr~ fu"ksèk'kkL=kL;A vU;Fkk lkekU;Kkua fouk fu"ksèk% dL; L;kr~\ fdUrq ;nk y{;s
ço`fÙkHkZofr] rnk iwo±a fu"ksèk'kkL=ke~¾viokn'kkL=keso Loy{;s"kq çorZrsA i'pknof'k"Vs"kq
y{;s"kwRlxZ'kkL=kL; ço`fÙk% HkofrA rnqDraµ ^^çdYI; pk¿ioknfo"k;a rr mRlxks¿Z fHkfufo'krs**
(ifj-&öþ) vFkkZr~µ vioknfo"k;a çdYI;¾ifjR;T;So vof'k"Vs"kq y{;s"kq mRlxZ'kkL=ka
çorZrsA ^îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%** vL;k vfi ifjHkk"kk;k%(ifj-&öý)
v=kSo rkRi;Ze~A y{;s ço`fÙkosyk;ka iwoZe~ vioknk%¾viokn'kkL=kkf.k vfHkfufo'kUrs¾
cq¼Ôk:<k HkofUr] i'pknqRlxkZ% mRlxZ'kkL=kkf.k bfr Hkko%A
;fn d'pu dFk;sr~ ;r~ ^^HkqDroUra çfr ekHkqDFkk%** bfr U;k;% O;fHkpfjrks¿fLrA
;rksfgµ ^vfÙk* bR;knkS tkrL; ^^drZfj 'ki~**(i-lw-&ý-û-öø) bfr 'ki% ^^vfnçHk`frH;%**
(i-lw-&ü-þ-÷ü) bfr yqx~ Hkofr] vr mDrU;k;ks¿=k'kkL=ks O;fHkpjrhfr] rfgZ u lehphua
yqxkfnço`fÙkLFkys 'kcknhuke~ vuqRifÙkjso LohfØ;rsA vFkkZr~ ,rkn`'kLFkysµ vioknfo"k;a
ifjR;T; ,o foèks% ço`fÙkHkZorhfr LohfØ;rsA ^ç{kkyukf¼ iÄïL; nwjknLi'kZua oje~*
bR;qDR;k rFkSo LohdkjL; U;kÕ;Roa HkofrA
y{;Sdp{kq"dkLrq ikf.kU;kn;ks eg"kZ;% rÙkniokn'kkL=kh;& okD;kFkZcksèkIk;kZykspua
foukfi viokn'kkL=kfo"k;a ifjR;T;ksRlxZ'kkL=ks.k y{;laLdkja tkufUrA fdUrq rs¿fi
'kkL=kçfØ;kLej.kiwod
Z eso y{;lkèkqRoa LohdqofZ UrA ;rksfg 'kkL=kçfØ;kLej.kiwod
Z ç;ksx.s kSo
èkeZ mRi|rsA vrLrs"kka Ñrs¿fi y{k.kkuka¾ lw=kk.kkeko';drk HkoR;soA rnqDraµ ^^çdYI;
pkioknfo"k;a rr mRlxZ% çorZrs** bfrA vFkkZr~µ vioknfo"k;a çdYI;¾ifjR;T; rr%
rnuUrjeqRlxZ'kkL=kL; ço`fÙkHkZofrA
3-5-1 ^^çdYI; pkioknfo"k;e~** bR;=k ijer[k.Mue~A

egkHk";O;k[;krk JhdS;Vegksn;% ^^mHks¿H;Lre~**(ik-lw-&ö-û-ÿ) bfr
lw=ks ifjHkk"kkLFkL; ^çdYI;* bR;L; îfjdYI;*¾vioknfo"k;a lEik| bR;FkZedjksr~A
mnkgj.knkusukcksèk;r~& ;Fkk ^û lEçlkj.ks lEçlkj.ke~**(ik-lw-&ö-û-ý÷) bfr opukr~
ijL; ;.k% iwo± lEçlkj.ke~ HkofrA ,oa iwoZL; ;.k% ijlEçlkj.kfufeÙkd% çfr"ksèkks
HkofrA Hkkoks¿;aµ ^;qou~ ('kl~) vl~* bR;=k ;fn iwo± ^'o;qoe?kksukerf¼rs*(ik-lw-&ö-
þ-ûýý) bfr lw=ks.k iwoZL; ;.k% ;dkjL; lEçlkj.ka L;kÙknk û lEçlkj.ks* bR;L;
ijlEçlkj.kfufeÙkdL; fu"ksèkkRedL;kiokn'kkL=kL; ^;wu%* bfr y{;eso u HkorhfrA
vr% iwo± ijL; lEçlkj.ka ÑRok viokn'kkL=kfo"k;Roa r=k lEik|rsA ,o×p] çdYI;¾
îfjdYI;* bR;FkZ% LohfØ;r bfr dS;VekgkHkkxL;k'k;%A
ukxs'kHkê~VkLrq dFk;fUr ;nsoa Lohdkjs û lEçlkj.ks* bfr lw=kLFksu
Hkk";s.k fojksèkks HkofrA ;r% r=k Hkk";s ^^,rnso Kki;fr ijL; u iwoZL;sfr] ;}k
lEçlkj.kkJ;L; çfr"ksèk%** bR;qDre~A ;fn U;k;suSo flf¼% L;kÙknk KkidijHkk";a furjka
56 fo#¼ÔsrA vr% dS;VksDra u lehphue~A
3-5-2 ^^vioknokD;kFk± fouk uksRlxZokD;kFkZ bfr rnFkZ** bfr er[k.Mue~ vU;ksU;kJ;%
dspu& îwo± áioknk vfHkfuo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%* ^çdYI; pkioknfo"k;a

rr mRlxksZ¿fHkfuo'krs* bfr opu};L; lkjxfHkZresdesokFk± dFk;fUrµ vioknokD;kFk±
fouk uksRlxZokD;kFkZ bR;so opu};L;kI;FkZ bfrA fdUrq ,rkn`'kkFZkçfriknuefi lehphurka
u HktrsA ;rksfg okD;kFZkcksèklkexzhlÙos okD;kFkZcksèkks HkoR;soA r=k ckèkda fdefi u
HkofrA mRlxZ'kkL=kL; lkekU;okD;kFkZcksèkLrq HkoR;sosR;uqineso Hkoku~ Kkroku~A fd×pk=k
ers ^vfHkfufo'krs* ^vioknfo"k;a* ^rr%* bR;kfninkuka LokjL;HkÄõks¿fi HkofrA vfi p
ifjHkk"kk};L;So O;FkZrk L;kr~A
uuq rFkk¿fi lkekU;okD;kFkZcksèks ^^gyUR;e~** ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%**
bR;=kkU;ksU;kJ;kHkkos¿fi y{;laLdkjLFkys rq iwoZeioknokD;kFkZfu'p;su r=kkU;ksU;kJ;%
LkqLFk ,osfr psn=kksP;rsµ ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** bR;=kµ fg rqLeinkFkZKkuek=ks.k] vL;
fu"ksèk'kkL=kL; fo"k;% roxZldkjedkjk% u HkoUrhfr Kkuek=ks.k idkjÄdkjkS ^û foHkDrkS
rqLek%** bR;L; fo"k;kS u Hkor% bfr Kkua tk;rsA vr% ^Ä~;ksl~lqi~* ^bM~ofgefgÄ~*
?kVdL; idkjL; ÄdkjL; p ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks.ksRlaKk HkoR;so] rsu p vkfnjUR;su
bfr lw=kcysu lqif~ rÄ~çR;kgkjKkua HkofrA rr'p ^^foHkfDr'p**(û-þ-ûúþ) bfr foHkfDrKkua
Hkorhfr ukU;ksU;kJ;% bfr foHkko;A
3-6 vko`ÙkL; çFkeL; ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL;

inPNsnkfniqj%ljeFkZçn'kZue~A
bnkuha ;kor~ Hkoku~ bna Kkroku~ ;r~ ^^gyUR;e~** ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk**
bR;u;ksjU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjk; ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=kko`fÙka fouk lehphu% funZq"V'p
ukU;% iUFkk fo|r bfrA bnkuha iqujL;ko`ÙkL; çFkeL; ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=kL;kFkZfopkj%
fØ;rsA v=k ,deso leLrina HkofrA ^gfy vUR;e~* bfr pk=k foxzgks cksè;%A v=k
^^lIreh 'kkS.MS%**(ik-lw-&ü-û-þú) bR;=k lIrehfr ;ksxfoHkkxkr~ leklks u ;qT;rsA
;rksfg ;ksxfoHkkxks¿;a Hkk";s ukoyksD;rsA vr% ^lg lqik*(ik-lw-&ü-û-þ) bR;=k ;ksxfoHkkxsu
^lqik* bR;usu leklks cksè;%A rL; fg lqcUra leFksZu lqcUrsu lg leL;r bR;FkksZ
HkofrA ;|qP;rs& v;a ^lqi~ lqik* bfr lekl% vxR;k dYI;rs bfrA rnk ^^lIreh
'kkS.MS%** bR;usuSo lekl% dYiuh;% 'kkS.MknsjkÑfrx.kRokr~A vFkok v=k ^gy% vUR;e~*
bfr "k"BhrRiq#"kks eUrO;%A v=k p ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~** (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr lw=kkr~
^mins'ks* bfr ^br~* bfr pkuqorZrs] ^mins'ks* bfr efgEuSo pk=k ^gy~* (ek-lw-&ûþ) bfr
ekgs'ojlw=ka x`ársA gfyfr (ek-lw-&ûþ) lw=ks¿UR;fer~ L;kr~A vFkokµ gy%¾gfyfr
prqnZ'klw=kL; vUR;e~ br~ L;kfnfrA
cksèkç'u%µ3-4]3-5]3-6
d- ^^gyUR;e~** ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bR;=k vU;ksU;kJ;nks"ks fujkÑrs¿fi
dq=kkU;ksU;kJ;nks"k vkirfr\
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57

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ [k- ukxs'kersu ^^gyUR;e~** ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** bR;=kkU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks Hkofr uok\
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x- ^y{;Sdp{kq"d%* bR;L; d% vFkZ%\

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?k- ^^gyUR;e~** bR;=k d% foxzg%\ ,da fpfÉra dq#A

û- gfy vUR;e~A ü- gy% vUR;e~A
ý- gfy vUR;e~] gy% vUR;fefr ok foxzg%
Ä- fjDrLFkkua dks"Bkr~ 'kCna fpRok iwj; (ifjR;T;]ifjdYI;)

û- ukxs'kersu çdYI; bR;L;kFkZ% ----------------------------------------------- HkofrA
ü- dS;Versu çdYI; bR;L;kFkZ% ----------------------------------------------- HkofrA
ewyxzUFkikB%
uUosoefi ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** (ik-lw-&1-3-4) bfr foHkfDrincksè;lqi~frÄ~cksèkks
^^gyUR;e~** (ik-lw-&1-3-3) bfr okD;kFkZcksèkksÙkja] rn~cksèk'pkioknokD;kFkZcksèkksÙkj&
feR;U;ksU;kJ;LrnoLFk ,osfr psr~ u] vioknokD;kFkZcksèkkr~ iwo± ininkFkksZifLFkrkoqRlxZ&
okD;kFkZcksèks çfrcUèkdkHkkokr~A uáHkkoKkuL;so çfr;ksfxKkus¿HkkoKkuL; dkj.krk dL;kfi
lEerkA çfr;ksfxKkua fouk fu"ksèkokD;kFkZk¿lEHkokPpA îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ%*
bR;L; Ro;a Hkko%µ y{k.kSdp{kq"d% mís';rkoPNsndkoPfNÂs loZ=kksRlxZÑrlaLdkjcq¼kS
mRlxkZ i okn;ks f oZ " k;O;oLFkkukiÙ;k ^^Hkq D roUra çfr ekHkq D Fkk** bfr
okD;L;sokiokn'kkL=koS;F;kZiÙ;k pkiokn'kkL=ki;kZykspusu rn~fo"k;y{;laLdkja fu.khZ; rnfo"k;a
rÙkYy{;a rÙkf}"k;okD;ksiIyo}kjksRlxs.Z k laLdjksfr] vU;Fkk fodYikifÙkfjfrA ;|fi ^HkqDroUra
çfr* bfr U;k;ks yqxkfnuk tkrfuo`ÙksO;ZfHkpfjrLrFkkfi r=kkI;uqRifÙkjsosfr u nks"k%]
U;k;kuÄõhdkjs¿fi fodYikiÙsk% lÙokPpA ^vfHkfufo'kUrs* bR;L; cq¼Ôk:<k HkoUrhR;FkZ%A
y{;Sdp{kq"dLrq rÙkniokn'kkL=kIk;kZykspua foukfi viokn'kkL=kfo"k;a ifjR;T;ksRlxZ'kkL=ks.k
y{;laLdkja l×tkuhrs] rL;k¿fi 'kkL=kçfØ;kLej.kiwoZdç;ksx ,o èkekksZRiÙsk%A rnqDraµ
^^çdYI; pkioknfo"k;a rr mRlxZ% çorZrs** bfrA çdYI;¾ifjR;T;A
;Ùkq çdYI; psR;L;k;eFkZ%µ ;Fkk ^û lEçlkj.ks lEçlkj.ke~**(ik-lw-&6-1-
37) ijL; ;.k% iwo± lEçlkj.ka iwoZL; rq rfÂfeÙk% çfr"ksèk bfr vH;LrlaKklw=ks dS;V%
rÂ] u lEçlkj.ks (6-1-37) bfr lw=kLFkHkk";fojksèkkr~A r=k fgµ ,rnso Kki;fr ijL;
u iwoZL;sfr] ;}k lEçlkj.kL; çfr"ksèk% bR;k|qDre~A ufg U;k;su fl¼s ,oeqfDr#fprkA
rLekn~ U;k;L; enqDr ,o fo"k; bfr cksè;e~A
;nfi vioknokD;kFk± fouk uksRlxZokD;kFkZ bfr rnFkZ%]bfrA rnfi u] mDr;qDrs%A
58 ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** (ik-lw-&1-3-4) bfr 'kkL=ks rqLeinkFkZKkuek=ks.k iknhukesrn~
fo"k;Rok¿Hkkocq¼Ôk rs"kq gyUR;lw=kço`Ù;k lqi~frÄ~:ifoHkfDrinkFkZKkua lqyHkfefr fnd~A vU;ksU;kJ;%
v=kkI;qins'k bfr lEc¼Ôrs] rn~cyyH;eFkZekgµ lw=ks bfrA
3-7 vkfnjUR;su lgsrk

bna lw=ke.kkfnlaKkfoèkk;da HkofrA vL;kFkZ%µ vUR;su brk lg vkfn% eè;xkuka
o.kkZuka laKk Hkofr bfrA ;LekRiwo± ukfLr ijefLr l vkfn%A ;Lekr~ ija ukfLr iwoZefLr
lks¿Urks HkofrA vURks Hko%¾vUR;%A br~¾gy~ lw=ks ydkj% bfr rq Kkua fo|rs ,oA v=k
vkfn'kCn% çFkeko;ookpdks HkofrA vUR;'kCnLrq vUR;ko;ookpdks¿fLrA vr vk|UrkH;ke~
vo;ocksèkdkH;ka 'kCnkH;ka Lo?kfVrleqnk;% vkf{kI;rsA eè;xk% o.kkZ%] vkfno.kZ'p
vkf{kI;Ur bfr Hkko%A vr% vUR;su brk lfgr% vkfn% ^gy~* bfr] rnso laKk Hkofrµ ;~
o~ j~ çHk`rhuka eè;xkuke~] vFk p vkns% gL;sfrA ,o×p gy~ çR;kgkjL; Kkua HkofrA
rr'p iqu% f}rh;L; ^^gyUR;e~** (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=kL;kFkZcksèkks HkofrA rr'p
mins'ks fo|ekukuka gyke~µ gdkjkfnykUro.kkZuka br~laKkKkua HkofrA rnuUrja iqu%
rÙkfnRlaKdo.kSZ% lg v.k~ vd~ vtkn;% çR;kgkjk% fl¼ÔfUrA
3-7-1 vL; lw=kL; inÑR;e~

v=k ^vkfn%] vUR;su] lg] brk* bfr inPNsnks HkofrA vUR;su bfr brk
bR;L; fo'ks"k.ke~A vUR;su brk lfgr% vkfn% laKk HkofrA laKk çLrkokr~ laKk bfr
yH;rsA lw=ks laKkdksVsjso funsZ'k%] vk{ksikr~ lafKu% ykHkks HkofrA
v=k ^vkfn%* bfr fdeFkZe~\ dsoye~ ^vUR;susrk lfgr%* bR;so lw=keLrqµ
vUR;RoL;kfnRoa fouksiifÙkjso u lEHkorhfr rnk{ksiknso fl¼sfjfr ç'uk'k;%A v=kksÙkje~µ
;fn vkfn'kCnL; xzg.ka u L;kÙknk vUR;'kCnsu iwo"sZ kka o.kkZukek{ksis % L;kr~] rnk bxkfnçR;kgkjs
ddkj:iknUR;kn~ o.kkZn~ ;Fkk bdkj% iwoksZ Hkofr rFkSo vdkjks¿fi HkofrA rFkk p dnkfpr~
rL;kI;k{ksi% L;kr~A ,o×p bxkfn çR;kgkjs¿fi vdkjkfnxzg.keki|srA vr% vkfnxzg.keko';de~A
vUR;su bfr fdeFkZe\~ vkfninxzg.ksuoS vk{ksikn~ vUR;RoykHkks Hkfo";rhfr
psn=kksP;rsµ ;fn vkfn'kCnsuSo ijs"kkeI;k{ksi% L;kÙkfgZ v.kkfnçR;kgkjs¿fi ×kknhuka xzg.ka
Hkosr~] ;rksfg ;Fkkµ v.kkfnçR;kgkjs vdkj:iknkfno.kkZr~ vU;s bdkjkn;% o.kkZ% ijk%
HkofUr rFkSo ×k~e~ bR;kn;ks¿fi o.kkZ% ijk% ,osfr rs"kkefi xzg.ka L;kr~A vr% mHk;ksjk|Ur;ksxgZz .ka
fØ;rsA rFkk p vk|UrkH;keo;oRosu cksèkdkH;ka Lo?kfVrleqnk;% vkf{kI;rsA
leqnk;?kfVrkukeso xzg.kfefr nks"kks u HkofrA
brk bfr xzg.kkHkkos rqµ ;s bRlaKdk o.kkZ u HkofUrµ ^×k e Ä .k*
bR;kn;% rSjfi .kdkjkfnfHk% dnkfpr~ çR;kgkj% L;kr~] rr'p vfu"VL;kfi o.kZL; r=k
ços'k% L;kr~ ^brk* bR;qDrkS rq bRlaKdS% o.kSZjso çR;kgkjk% HkofUrA rsu p nks"kks u HkofrA
lg xzg.kkPp mHk;ksjk|Ur;ks% fefyRoSo laKkRoa HkofrA ukfnek=kL; vUR;ek=kL; okA
leqnk;knso p vtkfn:ikr~ foHkfDr#Ri|rsA
3-7-2 ^^LoL; p :iL;** bR;FkZykHkçdkj%

Hkoku~ ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bfr lw=k?kVdkuka prq..kkZefi inkuka ç;kstua
Kkroku~A bnkuhe~ bna rkon~ fopk;Zrs ;r~ vfLeu~ lw=ks ^LoL; p :iL;* bR;a'k% dFka
yH;rs\ v=k çkphuk% dFk;fUr ;r~ ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** (ik-lw-&û-û-÷û) bfr lw=ks Loa 59

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ :ia 'kCnL;k'kCnlaKk (ik-lw-&û-û-öø) bfr lw=kkr~ ^Loe~* bR;uqorZrAs "k"BÔUrr;k foifj.kE;
p ^LoL; p :iL;* bR;FkZ vk;kfrA vFkkZr~ vtkfnina ;Fkk vkf{kIrr;k eè;xkuka cksèkda
rFkk LoL; p :iL; cksèkda HkofrA ;|I;=k ^LoL;* bfr dFkusu Loinsu ^vp~*
bR;kfnleqnk;L; xzg.ka çkIuksfr] rFkkfi Lo'kCnsu dsoyL; vknsjso cksèkks Hkofr] u rq
vUR;L;kfiA ;rksfg Lo'kCn% loZuke'kCnks HkofrA loZuke'kCn'p çèkkuL; cksèkdks HkofrA
v=k p vknsjos çkèkkU;e~] ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bR;=k fg ^vUR;su* bR;=k ^lg;qDrs¿çèkkus*(ik-
lw-&ü-ý-ûù) bR;usu vçèkkus r`rh;k orZrsA vr% r`rh;;k vUR;L;kçèkkuRoa xE;rsA vr%
LoL; p :iL;sR;usuknsjso cksèkks Hkofr u rq vUR;L;A
'ks[kjdkjkLrq Lo'kCnijRosu O;k[;kua ukÄõhdqoZfUrA ,rs"kka ersu
vk|Ur'kCnkH;ke~ vkf{kIr% Lo?kfVrleqnk;% laKh (cksè;%) HkofrA leqnk;L; p y{;s
Dokfi ç;ksxks uSo Hkorhfr gsrks% çR;sdo.kZL; vtkfnlaKk HkofrA vUR;o.kZL; rq
vtkfnlaKk u HkofrA ;rksfg vUR;o.kZL; .k~dÄ~ kns% bRlaKk Hkofr] rr'p ^^rL; yksi%**
bfr bRlaKdL; yksiks Hkofr] ,o×Ó bRlaKkyksikH;keigkjkr~ rL;kUR;L; vtkfninsu cksèkks
u HkofrA
bnkuhe;a ç'u% Hkorka eufl leqfn;kr~ ;r~ ;fn vUR;o.kZL;
bRlaKkyksikH;keigkjks Hkofr rnk vUR;o.kkZ¿Hkkosu ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** (ik-lw-&û-û-÷û)
bfr lw=kesoklÄõra L;kfnfrA ;|qP;rs o.kZlekEuk;lw=ks"kq vUR;o.kZL; ^gyUR;fefr* bRlaKk
Hkofr] u rq ^bdks ;.kfp* (ik-lw-&ö-û-÷) bR;kfnlw=ks"kq ;s bxkfn'kCnk% rs"kq bfr] rfgZ
çR;kgkjflf¼jso u L;kfnfrA v=kksP;rsµ vkfnjUR;su bfr lw=ks ^vUR;su* bR;L; bnUR;ln`'ksu
bfr y{k.k;k vFkZ% LohfØ;rsA vr bxknkS bRok¿Hkkos¿fi bRlkn`';RoeLR;soA ,oeso
^vkfn* 'kCnks¿fi vkfnln`'kkFkZcksèkd%A mDrkFksZ ,o vk|Ur'kCnkS rkRi;ZxzkgdkS Hkor%A
O;fDri{ks fg ^bdks ;.kfp* bR;knkS fo|ekuL; bd~ddkjkns% çR;gkjlw=kLFkkn~Hksnks HkofrA
;Fkk rnsosna dk"kkZi.ka ;UeFkqjk;ka x`ghre~ bfrA lkn`';ewydRokr~ lks¿;a ddkj bfr
çR;fHkKk Lkkn`';kn~ Hkorhfr ukxs'kHkê~Vk'k;%A tkfri{ks rq y{k.kka fouSo vHksnçrhfrfjfr
fo"ks'k%A
b.k~ çR;kgj% ^y.k~*lw=kLFk.kdkjs.kSo xzká%] ;rksfg ^^vfp'uqèkkrqHkzqoke~**
(ik-lw-&ö-þ-÷÷) bfr lw=ks ^b.k~* bR;so fl¼s% ^Õoks%* bfr funsZ'kks Kki;fr ijs.kSos.k~xzg.ka
u iwosZ.ksfrA vU;Fkk yk?kokr~ b.k bR;so oDrO;e~A vr ,o 'ks[kjs vkfn'kCnxzg.kkHkkos
b.kkfnçR;kgkjs ×kknhukfeR;qÙkje~A b.k~çR;kgkjL; iwo.Zs kkfi xzg.ks rq ½dkjknhuka xzg.kfefr onsrA~
cksèkç'u%&3-7
d- ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bfr lw=ks.k dk laKk foèh;rs\
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[k- ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bfr lw=ks vkfninkHkkos Do nks"kks Hkofr\

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x- v=k vUR;inkHkkos dq=k nks"k% L;kr~\ vU;ksU;kJ;%
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?k- vtkfnçR;kgkjs vUR;L;sn~o.kZL; xzg.ka dFka u Hkofr\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
vkfnjUR;sufs rA vkfnfjfr fde~\ vUR;'kCnsu iwo"Zs kkek{ksikn~ bxkfnçR;kgkjs¿dkjkfnxzg.ka
ekHkwfnfrA ,oekfn'kCnsu ijs"kkek{ksikfn.kkfnçR;kgkjs ×kknhuka xzg.ka ekHkwfnfr vUR;susfrA
^vkfn%* ^vUR;su* bR;qHk;ks#iknkus rq u nks"k%A yksds ^v;ekfnjUR;ks osR;qDrs¿of'k"Vefi
fdf×pnLrhfr fu;esu çrhrs%A îjfLeu~ lfr ;Lekr~ iwoksZ ukfLr l vkfn%*A iwoZfLeu~
lfr ;Lekr~ ija ukfLr lks¿UR;% bfr vdkjkfnxzg.ks bdkj.kdkjknhukek|UrRoL;SokukiÙks%A
v=kk|UrkH;ke~ vo;oRosu cksèkdkH;ka Lo?kfVrleqnk; vf{kIr% laKhA rL; pSd=k y{;s
ç;ksxk¿Hkkokr~ çR;sda laKhRoe~A vUR;L; rq u rr~ dk;Ze~] rL;sRlaKkyksikH;keigkjkr~A
,rr~ iQfyrdFkueso Hkk";s ewys p ^LoL; p :iL;* bfr LofeR;uqo`fÙkijRosu O;k[;kua
rq gs;eso] vuqo`ÙkkS iQyk¿Hkkokr~A brsfr fde~\ ×keÄ.kusfr .kdkjkfnfHk% çR;kgkjks
ekHkwfnfrA lg xzg.kkPp leqnk; ,o laKhfr leqnk;knsosd bR;knkS foHkDR;qRifÙkukZfnek=kkr~A
upkUR;L;sRlaKkyksikH;keigkjkr~ vkfnjUR;su bR;lÄõre~] lw=ks.ksRlaKk;keihxkfn'kCns"kq rnHkkokr~]
^vUR;su* bR;L;snUR;ln`'ksusR;FkkZr~A O;fDri{ks ,oesokSfpR;kr~] lkn`';ewfydSo pk=k
rÙoçfrfHkKsR;kgq%A ^vfp 'uqèkkrq* bfr lw=ks ^b.k~* bR;so fl¼s ^Õoks%* bfr funsZ'kkfn.k~
ijs.kSosfr y.k~ lw=ks Hkk";s Li"Ve~A
3-8 ^^gyUR;e~** f}rh;a lw=ke~

mifjruikBÔka'kekè;esu Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ^^gyUR;e~** ^^vkfnjR;su lgsrk**
bR;u;ks% vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=kko`Ù;k nwjhfØ;rsA r=k vko`Ùk;ks% ^^gyUR;e~**
bfr lw=k;ks% çFkeL; lw=kL;kFkZ% gy~ çR;kgkjeuis{;So Ñr%A f}rh;L; rq mins'ks¿UR;e~
gfyRL;kr~ bR;FkZ% fØ;rsA
bnkuha f}rh;a ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=ka fopk;ZrsA vfLeu~ lw=ks in};a HkofrA ^gy~*
bfr çFkea ine~ ^vUR;e~* bfr f}rh;a ine~A mHk;efi çFkekUre~A ^gy~ p rnUR;e~*
bfr deZèkkj;lels¿rq ^^gyUR;e~** bfr u fl¼Ôfr] fo'ks"k.kL; ^vUR;e~* bR;L;
iwoZfuikrkiÙks%A fd×p ,"kk ákpk;ZL; ikf.kus% 'kSyh orZrs ;r~ l deZèkkj;;ksX;inkuka
çk;% leklk¿HkkofePNfrA ;Fkk ^vyks¿UR;kr~* (ik-lw-&û-û-öÿ) ^gyks¿uUrjk%*(ik-lw-&
û-û-÷) bR;knkS lw=kdkjL; rFkSo 'kSyh n`';rsA fdUrq dq=kfpPp lekl'kSyh vfi n`';rsA
;Fkk ^fuikr ,dktukÄ~*(ik-lw-&û-û-ûþ) ^vi`Dr ,dky~çR;;%* (ik-lw-&û-ü-þû) bR;knkSA
61

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 3-8-1 v=kksins'kinL; iQyçn'kZue~ ^mins'ks* bR;L; r=k fo|ekufeR;FkZdj.ks
iQye~
v=k lw=ks ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~**(ik-lw-&û-ý-þ) bfr lw=kkr~ ^mins'k*
bR;uqorZrs] rsu ;L; dL;kfi gy% bRlaKk u çkIuksfrA vU;Fkk loksZ¿fi gy~ ;a defi
leqnk;ekfJR;kUR;ks Hkorhfr loZL;kihRlaKk çkIuksfrA vrks¿=k lw=ks vUR;'kCnL; mins'k'kCnL;
p xzg.kkr~ çR;klÙ;k vKkrLoLo:iKkidksPpkj.kfo"k;leqnk;a çR;UR;L;SosRlaKk Hkorhfr
cksè;rsA ,rkn`'kleqnk;kUR;L; gy ,osRlaKkfoèkkukr~ ^^bneLFkeq%** (ik-lw-&ÿ-ý-üþ)
bR;=k Fkeq?kVdL; edkjL;sRlaKkifj=kk.kk; ;% mdkj% ikf.kfuuk Ñr% l pfjrkFkksZ HkofrA
vU;Fkk Fkeq?kVdL;ksdkjL;sRlaKkuUrja ^Fke~* bfr f'k";rs] r=k iqu% edkjL; vUR;Rokr~
gyUR;ferhRlaKk L;kr~A rRifj=kk.kkFk± ikf.kfuuk mdkj% Ñr%] mins'kLrq ^Fkeq* bR;L;
Hkofr u ^Fke~* bR;L;A ;L; dL;kfi leqnk;kUR;L; gy% xzg.ks rq mdkjkl×tua O;Fk±
L;knsoA vKkrLoLo:iksPpkj.kfo"k;rk p leqnk;s ,o Hkofr] u rq leqnk;k¿o;os¿fiA
½"kh.kka loZ=k leqnk;ksins'k ,o rkRi;± HkofrA leqnk;ko;okLrq ukUrjh;dr;k mPpk;ZUrs]
vrLrs"kka uksins'kRoe~A vo;oksPpkj.ka fouk leqnk;L;ksPpkj.ka u Hkorhfr vo;oksPpkj.ka]
u rq r=k ½"ks% rkRi;Ze~A ½"ks% rkRi;± leqnk; ,osfrµ vKkrLoLo:iksPpkj.kfo"k;d&
leqnk;L;So¾mins'kinkFkZrfs r cksè;e~A vr ,o JhHkV~Vksftnhf{krks¿L; lw=kL; o`fÙak fy[kfrµ
mins'ks¿UR;a gfyRL;kfnfrA
v=k ^mins'ks* bR;L; fl¼kUrdkSeq|ke~µ ^mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ke~
bR;FkZ% Ñrks¿fLrA vk|ksPpkj.kdkys bRlaKk dFka L;kr~A mPpkj.kdkykr~ iwo± vufHkO;Drr;k
bRlaKk dFka L;kr~A vr ,o mins'ks bR;L; mins'ks fo|ekue~ bR;FkZ% fØ;rsA vr ,o
^ûk¿T>ykS** (ik-lw-&û-û-ûú) bfr lw=ks Hkk";s ^ô.kkZukeqns'kLrkor~ rnqÙkjdkyk bRlaKk**
bR;qDre~A ,o×p mins'ks fo|ekue~ vUR;a gy~ bRlaKa HkorhR;FkZ% lEi|rsA ,rkn`'kkFkZdj.kknso
p ^vbm.k~* bR;k|qins'kdkys gy~çR;kgkjfl¼s% çkfxRlaKk;ke~ vlR;kefi u nks"k%A
gy~çR;kgkjfl¼ÔqÙkjeso p r=ksRlaKk fl¼ÔfrA vU;=k¾v{kjlekEuk;kfrfjDrs ^^Hkor"Bd~&
NlkS** (ik-lw-&þ-ü-ûÿÿ) bR;kfnLFkys rq vUrjÄõRokr~ çk;% mPpkj.kdkys¾mPpkj.ksuk&
fHkO;Drs tkrs mPpkj.kkO;ofgrksÙkjdkys ,o bRlaKk HkofrA rnuUrja inkFkksZifLFkfrHkZofrA
y{;s p vuqcUèkjfgrL;So inkFkksZifLFkfrHkZofrA rnqDra egkHkk";s ^mins'kksÙkjdkyk bRlaKk*
bfr (egk-&û-û-ùú)A
3-8-2 inkFkksZifLFkfrjuqcUèkfofueqZDrL;So
Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ mins'kksÙkjdkyfeRlaKk Hkofr] inkFkksZifLFkfrLrq
vuqcUèkfofueqZDrL;So HkofrA ijUrqµ vuqcUèkjfgrsuSo inkFkksZifLFkfjR;qPpekus ^M% fl
èkqV~* (ik-lw-&ø-ý-üù) bR;L; lkuqcUèkdL; çkfrifndRok¿Hkkosu çFkek u L;kfnfr
'kÄïk Hkork u dj.kh;kA ;rksfg r=k vuqcUèklfgrsuoS vFkZcksèkks tk;rs] vr% rL;SokFkZoRokr~]
rr ,o foHkfDr#Ri|rsA vfHkçk;ks¿;aµ ;r~ ;|fi bRlaKk mPpkj.kk¿O;ofgrdky ,o
Hkofr] fdUrq rnk r=k yksiks u HkofrA ^/qV~* bR;knkS fg mins'kdkys iQyk¿HkkokYyksiks
u HkofrA vr% bRlaKk dk;± yksi:ia rnqiLFkkI;s y{; ,o HkofrA ,rPp ^^frRLofjre~**
(ik-lw-&ö-û-ûøÿ) bfr lw=ks dS;Vsukfi Hkf.kre~A
uuq O;kdj.kL; fodkj% bR;FksZ ^vuqnkÙkkns'p*(ik-lw-&þ-ý-ûþú) bfr
vf×k çR;;s] f×kRokr~ ^ûÕokH;ke~** (ik-lw-&÷-ý-ý) bfr lw=ks.k ,stkxes ôS;kdj.k* bfr
62 fl¼ÔfrA v=k ^^f×uR;kfn£uR;e~**(ik-lw-&ö-û-ûù÷) bfr vuqnkÙkRoa HkofrA fdUrq v=k
,stkxes ,sp% fpRoa cksè;s ,sdkjs vkjksI; ^^fpr**(ik-lw-&ö-û-ûöý) bfr lw=ks.k vU;ksU;kJ;%
vUrksnkÙkRokifÙkfjfr psÂ] ,sp% pdkjL; bRlaKdln`'kRos¿fi rL; bRlaKdRokHkkokr~A vrks
u r=k fpr~ L ojkifÙk%A ^^mins ' kks Ù kjdkyk bRla K k** bfr Lohdkjs lq i ka frÄka
oksins'kkuUrjfeRlaKklRokr~] bÙodkys p foHkDR;kfnlaKkHkkokr~µ u foHkDrkS bfr
fu"ksèkkuFkZD;fefr rq u 'kÄ~D;a] ;rksfg foHkDR;kfnlaKkfi LokStl~ (þ-û-û)bR;kfn
lw=kkUrxZrkukeso r=kSo p û foHkDrkS* bR;kfn'kkL=kço`fÙkHkZorhfr cksè;e~A
vFkksZifLFkjuqcUèkfofueqZDrL;So HkofrA vr ,o ^bne b'k~*(ik-lw-&ÿ-
ý-ý) bR;knkS b'kkns'kL;µ(bµbR;L;) v.Rokr~ lo.kZxzg.ks çkIrs ^vçR;;* bR;su
fuf"kè;rsA ;fn rq lkuqcUèkL;SoksifLFkfr% L;kÙk£g rq 'kdkjfof'k"VL; bdkjL; v.k~RokHkkoknso
lo.kZxzg.kkçkIrkS rRifjgkjkFk± Hkk";ksDrksik;çn'kZua fo#¼a L;knsoA
^^vusdky~f'kr~ loZL;** (û-û-ÿÿ) bfr lw=ks egkHkk";dkjs.k b'kkns'kL;
vusdkYRoa rq ^^lkEçfrdk¿Hkkos¿fi HkwriwoxZ fr%** bfr fu;ekuqlkjs.k HkwriwokZud
s kYRoeknk;ksDra]
u rq vuqcUèkfof'k"Vfoo{k;kA vr% inkFkksZifLFkfrjuqcUèkfofueZqDrL;Sosfr fl¼kUr vk;kfrA
cksèkç'u%&3-8
d- f}rh;a ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ka leLre~ vleLra ok\ lekls lfr nks"k% d%\
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[k- v=k mins'kink¿uqo`Ù;Hkkos dks nks"k%\

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x- ^mins'ks* bR;L; dks¿FkZ%\

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?k- ^M% fl èkqV~* bR;knkS ^èkqV~* bR;=k lkuqcUèkknso çFkek foHkfDrHkZofr] v=kSda gsrqa
fuf'puqrA
1- loZ=kSo lkuqcUèkknso inkFkksZifLFkfrlÙokr~A
2- loZ=k fujuqcUèkdsuSo inkFkksZifLFkfrLohdkjkr~A
3- v=k lkuqcUèkdknso inkFkksZifLFkfrln~Hkkokr~A rL;SokFkZoÙokr~A
ewyxzUFkikB%
gyUR;e~A v=k in};a lekls¿UR;'kCnL; iwoZfuikrkiÙks%A deZèkkj;;ksX;inkuka 63

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ leklk¿HkkoL; lw=kdkj'kSyhfl¼RokPpA ;|fi loksZ¿fi gy~ ra ra leqnk;a çR;Urks Hkofr
rFkkfi vUR;inksins'kinkH;ka çR;klÙ;k vKkrLoLo:iKkidksPpkj.k& fo"k;leqnk;a çR;UR;
bg x`ársA vr ,o edkjsRlaKk ifj=kk.kkFkZLFkeks#dkj'pfjrkFkZ%A leqnk;ksins'k ,o loZ=k
½f"krkRi;sZ.kko;okuka ukUrjh;dr;k rs"kkeKkrLoLo:iKkidRok¿Hkkokr~A mins'ks¿UR;fefrA
r=k fo|ekufeR;FkZ%A rsu ^vbm.k~* bR;knkS .kknhuka gy~ çR;kgkjfl¼ÔqÙkja rr~flf¼%] vU;=k
RoUrjÄõRokr~ çk;% mPpkj.ksukfHkO;DrL; rnO;oèkkusuSosRlaKk] inkFkksZifLFkjuqcUèkfo&
fueqZDrL;So] mins'kksÙkjdkyk bRlaKsfr ukT>ykS (ik-lw-&1-1-10) bfr lw=kLFkHkk";kr~A
/qM~ bR;knkS lkuqcUèkkr~ foHkfDrLrq rsuSokuqcUèkfofueqZDrksifLFkrsLrL;SokFkZoRokr~ lqyHkkA
bRlaKk dk;k± rq ;=k laKk r=kkuFkZD;kr~ rnqiLFkkI; ,oA Li"V×psna ^frr~Lofjre~*(ik-lw-&6-1-
185) bR;=k dS;VsA
oS;kdj.ks fpRLojLrq u] rL;sPpdkjln`'kRos¿fi rÙok¿Hkkokr~A foHkDR;kfnlaKk¿fi
lw=kkUrxZrkukesosfr r=kSo û foHkDrkS* (ik-lw-&1-3-4) bR;knhuka ço`fÙk%A vr ,o ^bne
b'k~* (ik-lw-&5-3-3) bR;knko.k~Rokr~ lo.kZxzg.ka çkIra] vçR;;% bR;usu fuf"k¼Ôrs bfr
Hkk";ksDra lÄõPNrsA ;Ùousdky~ lw=ks ^bf'k f'kn~xg.kk¿Hkkos¿fi f'kr~dj.kknso loZkns'kRoe~*
bfr Hkk";s mDraA rL;sRlaKd'kdkjxzg.kkn~ HkwriwoZeusdkYRoeknk; lokZns'kRofeR;FkZ% bfr u
rn~fojksèk%A
3-9 vuqcUèkk vusdkUrk%

mins'kksÙkjdkyfeRlaKk Hkofr] inkFkksZifLFkfr'p vuqcU/fofueqZDrL;Sosfr Hkoku~
Kkroku~A bnkuha Hkorks eufl ftKklk mRi|sr ;r~µ vuqcU/k% fo/s;L; vo;ok% HkofUr
mr vuo;ok bfrA
v=k fo"k;s mHkkofi i{kkS 'kkL=ks Hkor%A dspu vuqcU/kukeusdkUrRoa LohdqoZfUrA
dsfpPÓ ,dkUrRofefrA r=k çphuk% dFk;fUrµ vuqcU/k% vusdkUrk%¾vuo;ok%¾ cks/
kdkuo;ok bR;FkZ%A ;rksfg ;% ,dkUr%¾vo;oks Hkofr l vo;o% dnkfpr~ r=k vo;fofu
(cks/ds) yH;r ,oA ;Fkk o`{kknsjo;ok% 'kk[kkn;% Nsnukr~ çkd~ Loko;fofu o`{kkfn"kwiyH;UrsA
v;a lukfn?kVdks¿uqcU/% udkjkfn% u rFkk¾u vo;oks HkforqegZfr] vo;foRosukfHkerfo/
s;s dnkfi u n`';rsA vr% vuqcU/k cks/dkuo;ok bR;k;kfrA
;|I;fLeu~ i{ks ^gyUR;e~* (uk-lw-&û-ý-ý) (mins'ks¿UR;a gfyr~L;kr~) ^^pqVw**
(ik-lw-&û-ý-ÿ) (çR;;k|kS pqVw brkS Lr%) bR;knkS bRlaKk u L;kr~ vUR;'kCnL; vUR;ko;ocks/
dRokr~] vkfn'kCnL; vk|o;ocksèkdRokPpsfr 'kÄïk tkx:dk HkofrA rFkkfi v=k vUr'kCnL;
ijlehicks/dRoe~] vkfn'kCnL; p iwoZlehicks/dRoa cksè;e~A
vUR;'kCnL;ko;ookfpRos¿fi] dq=kfpr~ vo;oRok¿lEHkoLFkys] b"VLFkys ok
lkehI;kFkZefi Hkorhfrµ ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr lw=kHkk";s] êi;ZUrL;*
(ik-lw-&÷-ü-ùû) bR;=k dS;Vs p çfrikfnra fo|rsA vUR;kfn'kCnL; rFkkfo/
lkehI;kFkZLohdkjknso ^yqV% çFkeL; MkjkSjl%*(ik-lw-&ü-þ-øÿ) îjLeSinkuka .ky~---*(ik-
lw-&ý-þ-øü) ^bne~ b'k~*(ik-lw-&ÿ-ý-ý) bR;knkS vuo;oRos¿ihRlaKk HkoR;soA vuqcU/k
vusdkUrk% HkofUrµ vr ,o ^^mins'ks vp~** (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr lw=kL; mins'kxzg.kL;
çR;qnkgj.ke~ ^^vHkz vk¡ vfVr** bfr dFkua laxPNrsA vuqcU/kukeo;oRoLohdkjs ^vk¡*
bR;L; mins'kxzg.kk¿Hkkos bRlaKk;ka lR;kefi (vkfnRok¿Hkkokr~) ^vkfnr'p* (ik-lw-&û-
÷-ûö) brhV~ çfr"ks/ks u çkIuksfrA ^vk¡* bR;L; p ^vV~*/kRoo;oRok¿Hkkokr~A
64
,o×pksins'kxzg.klkeF;kZr~µvuqcU/kuka fo"k;s vusdkUri{kks cksè;rs bfrA
3-9-1 vuqcU/k ,dkUrk% vU;ksU;kJ;%
iwoksZDrçdkjs.k ^^vuqcU/k vusdkUrk** bR;k;kfrA fdUrq uohuoS;kdj.kk

ukxs'kçHk`r; ,rÂ LohdqoZfUrA ,rs dFk;fUr ;r~ vuqcU/k ,dkUrk%¾cks/dko;ok% ,o
lfUrA ;rksfg ,rs vuqcU/k% fo/s;cks/ds lw=k?kVds ins ,o miyH;UrsA vU;=k p
uksiyH;Urs vrks¿uqcU/k% cks/dko;ok ,o HkofUrA ;% d'pu vuo;oks Hkofr l
,dtkrh;lEcU/su¾lekulEcU/su la;ksxkfnuk vusd=k o`{kkfn"kq miyH;rsA ;su lEcU/su
o`{ks Hkofr rsuSo lEcU/su dkykUrjs x`gksifj HkofrA ;Fkk ddkfn% ,dsuSo lEcU/su¾
la;ksxsu x`go`{kkfn"kq miyH;rsA luk|o;ok udk|uqcU/kLrq dsoya luknkS cks/ds yH;UrsA
ukU;=k Dokfi] cksè;sA rLekr~ ddkjkfnor~µ vuqcU/k vuo;ok u HkofUrA fdUrq
rn~foijhrr;k vo;ok HkoUrhfr cksè;e~A
vfi p vuqcU/kukeo;oRoi{kLohdkjs .k 'k d bR;kfnçR;;s ^.k~ d~
'k~* bR;knsfjRoa u Hkofr] ;rksfg r=k i{ks rs"kka çR;;kfnRoa¾çR;;k|o;oRoa u Hkofr]
vuo;oRokfnfrA rFkSo p ^bne b'k~* bR;knkS vL;ko;ok¿Hkkokr~ 'kdkjkns% br~laKk u
çkIuksfrA rnFk± ;fn ^vkfn*'kCnL; iwoZlehis] ^vUR;*'kCnL; p ijlehis y{k.kk bfr
çkphuera LohfØ;rs] rnk rq y{k.kSo nks"k%] y{k.kko`ÙkkS fg LokFkZR;kx% ijkFkZdYiuk p
Hkorhfr nks"k%A
fd×p ^Hkf{krs¿fi y'kqus u O;kf/'kkfUr%* bfr U;k;su y{k.kkLohdkjs¿fi
u nks"kks¼kj%A i';rq& ikf.kusjsda lw=ka Hkofrµ ^çek.ks };lTn?u×ek=kp%*(ik-lw-&ÿ-ü-
ý÷) r=k çek.ks };lp~] n?up~] ek=kp% bfr Nsnks HkofrA v=k n?up% pdkjxzg.ka O;Fk±
HkofrA ;rksfg& };lp'pdkj ,o };ks% çR;;;ks% lehis HkofrA ,d=k ijlehiorhZ]
,d=k p iwoZlehiorhZ orZrsA vr ,dsuSo pdkjs.k mHk;ks% çR;;;ks% fpRoa Hkofr] iqu%
n?up'pdkj% O;FkZ ,osfrA vuqcU/kukeo;oRoLohdkjs rq ^vUR;*'kCn% vUR;ko;oij%
vkfn'kCn'p vk|o;ij'p HkofrA vrks¿o;oRocks/uk;ksHk;=k pdkj% pfjrkFkZ%A
vuqcU/k cks/dko;ok HkofUr] vr ,o ôq×N.k~ dBftylsfuj<×k~---*
(ik-lw-&þ-ü-øú) bfr lw=ks.k Ñ'kk'okfnH;N.k~A Í';kfnH;% d% HkofrA Í';su fuo`ZÙke~
Í';de~A v=k N.kks .kdkjL; iwoZlehis o`fÙkr;k ^^vpks f×.kfr**(ik-lw-&÷-ü-ûûÿ) bfr
f.kRoç;qDrk o`f¼uSZo HkofrA .kdkjL; N.kks¿o;oRoa] u rq ddkjL;sfrA vuqcU/k
vo;ok bfr i{ks p ^rL; yksi%*(û-ý-ù) lw=k Hkk";s ^,dkUrRoeso U;kÕ;e~* bfr
çek.ke~A
uuq vuqcU/kukeusdkUri{ks ^mins'ks vp~* bfr lw=ks mins'kxzg.ka iwoksDZ rjhR;k
lkFkZda HkofrA vo;oRoi{kLohdkjs rq rfÂjFkZdeso HkofrA vuqukfldL; vkdkjL;
mins'kk¿Hkkos¿ihRlaKk;ka lR;kefi vV~/krksjuo;oRokr~ vkfnr'psfr lw=kkçkIrsfjfr psr~
lR;e~]rL; Li"VkFkZRokr~A
3-9-2 vuqcU/lfgrfunsZ'ks fo/kS vuqokns pkFkZcks/çdkjçn'kZue~A

Hkoku~ ,rn~ Kkroku~ ;r~ oLrqr% vuqcU/k cks/dko;ok HkofUrA fdUrq
inkFkksZifLFkfrjuqcU/fofueqZDrinkFkZL;So HkofrA loZ=k ^^xqfIrt~fdn~H;% lu~** (ik-lw-&ý-
û-ÿ) bR;knkS fo/kS] ^^lU;r%** (ik-lw-&÷-þ-÷ù) bR;knkS vuqokns (lukfnçR;;euw|
dk;kZUrjfo/k;dLFkys) p cks/%] udkjsRlaKd% lks HkofrA udkjsRlaKds l'kCns ijs vr
bRoe~] bR;soekfn:i% Øes.k cksè;%A ,oa çdkjd% cks/'p ^^DrDrorw fu"Bk**(ik-lw-& û- 65

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ û-üö) bfr lw=kLFkHkk";s.k èoU;rsA r=kksDre~µ ^^;|fi (vuqcU/ks) yqI;rs tkukfr RolkS
lkuqcU/dL;s;a laKk Ñrk** bfr (ek-Hkk-&û-û-üö)A rnsrsu vuqcU/s yqIrs¿fi fof/lw=kknkS
rÙknuqcU/ksiknkukr~ rFkk fo/ks cks/% LohfØ;r bR;k;kfrA
fo/kS vuqokns ok iwoksZDr:ikFkZLohdkjknso ^^vkV'p**(ik-lw-&ö-û-ùú)
bR;kfnlw=ka laxPNrsA vkVks¿fpijs o`f¼HkZofrA ;=k lw=ks ^^vk.k~u|k%** (ik-lw-&÷-ý-ûûü)
bR;knkSµ vkV~ Hkofr] r=k vp~ ijks u Hkofr] us";rs r=k p o`f¼%A ;=k ç;ksxs ûnh vk
,* u|S bR;knkS o`f¼fj";rs r=k vkV~ vuqcU/fof'k"Vks ukfLrA ,o×p iQyk¿Hkkokr~ lw=keso
O;Fk± HkofrA VdkjsRlaKdkr~ vk'kCnkr~ vfp ijs o`f¼fjR;kfn Lohdkjs rq lÄõfrHkZofrA
bR;soa iwoksDZ rçdkjs.k ^^gyUR;e~** (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=kO;k[;kuO;ktsu
ukxs'k% vuqcU/kukeo;oRokuo;oRo;ksfoZ"k;s¿fi fl¼kUrereqiLFkkfiroku~A ^^gyUR;e~**
bR;=k vUR;xzg.kkr~ okpky% bR;knkS ^vkyp~* çR;;?kVdL; eè;LFkydkjL;sRoa u
HkofrA lw=ks gy~xzg.kç;kstua rq ^fpfj* /krks% vUR;L; bdkjL; bRlaKk ekHkwr~]
lR;kfer~laKk;ke~ bfnRokr~ uqe~ L;kr~A
cks/ç'u%&3-9
d- vuqcU/k% vusdkUrk% bR;=k dk okpks ;qfDr%\
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[k- vuqcU/kukeusdkUri{ks vUR;kfn'kCnL; dks¿FkZ% LohfØ;rs\

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x- fjDrLFkkua iwj;A
û- vusdkUrk% bR;L;kFkZ% ------------------------------------------------------ A
ü- vuqcU/kuka fo"k;s ------------------------------------------------------ i{k% ukxs'kL;kfHker%A
?k- vuqcU/kuke~ vo;oRoi{kLohdkjs dk ;qfDr%\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
v=k dsfpr~ vuqcU/k vusdkUrk%¾vuo;ok%A ;ks ásdkUr% l% dnkfpr~ r=kksiyH;r
,o] v;a rq u rFkk] rnFkZHkwrs fo/s;s dnkI;n'kZukr~A ^^gyUR;e~** (ik-lw-&1-3-2)
bR;=kkUR;'kCn% ijlehicks/d%] ^pqV*w (1-3-7) bR;knkokfn'kCn% iwol Z ehiCkks/d%] ^vusdky~
66 f'kr~* bR;knkS lehis lkehI;ewydko;oRokjksi.s k cgqohz fg%A Li"V×psne~ ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld**
bfr lw=ks Hkk";sA êi;ZUrL;* (ik-lw-&7-2-91) bfr lw=ks dS;Vs pA rsu Mk.kyknkS b'kknkS p vU;ksU;kJ;%
u nks"k%A vr ,o ^mins'ks¿ftfr* lw=ks mins'kxzg.ka pfjrkFkZe~A rf¼ ^vHkz vk¡ vfVr%*
bR;knkS ^^vkfnr'p** (ik-lw-&7-2-16) brhV~çfr"ks/k; vusdkUrRos fg rr~çkfIrfjR;kgq%A
ijs rqµ ,dkUrk ,o] 'kkL=ks r=kksiyEHkknU;=kkuqiyEHkkPpA vuo;oks fg
ddkfnjsdtkrh;lEcU/su x`go`{kkfn"kwiyH;rs] uSoe;e~A fd×pkuo;oRos .kd'kçR;;knkS
.kknsfnRokukifÙk%] çR;;kfnRok¿Hkkokr~A ,oeUR;RokHkkokfn'kkns% 'kL;sÙokukifÙk%A
mDrkFkZyk{kf.kdRos rq y{k.kSo nks"k%A
fd×p nèup'pdkjoS ; F;kZ i Ù;k¿o;oRoes o U;kÕ;e~ A vr ,o
ôq×N.k~dBft* fr lw=kfofgrds f.kRoç;qDro`f¼uZ ^^rL; yksi%** (ik-lw-&1-3-9) bfr
Hkk";s ,dkUrRoeso U;kÕ;e~ bR;qDrs'pA mins'ks¿ftfr lw=ks mins'kxzg.kUrq Li"VkFkZeso
bR;kgq%A
3-10 lkjka'k%
vfLeu~ ikBs vU;ksU;kJ;fo"k;s i;kZIra Kkroku~ Hkoku~A r=k çk/kU;su lw=k};L;
O;k[;ka Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ^gyUR;e~* ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;L; pA r=k çFker% vu;ks%
lw=k;ks% ijLijkis{kRosu vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kks Hkorhfr çfrikfnrefLrA rnuUrja 'ks[kjdkjs.k
çnf'kZrk% vU;ksU;kJ;ifjgkjksik;k of.kZrk%A r=k p n'klw=kko`Ù;k vU;ksU;kJ;ifjgkj%
vfrxkSjofHk;k ifjR;T;rsA ^^mins'ks bnUR;etuqukfld%** bfr U;klsukfi vU;ksU;kJ;L;
ifjgkjks u ;qT;rsA ;rksfg vfLeu~ i{ks KkutudeuksO;kikj:ixkSjoa HkofrA ukfi p
^lgsrk* inL; eè;eo.kkZFkZRosu lek/kua lehphua dVh oh bR;=k çf'y"Vkr~ bZ/krks%
bZÄ~xrkS bR;LekPÓ /krks% r`p~ çR;;kHkko bfr Hkk";Ñrk cks/ukr~A vr% ^gyUR;e~* bfr
lw=kko`Ù;So vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjks ;qT;rs] bfr 'ks[kjÑrkek'k;%A v=kSo p Hkk";ÑrkeI;k'k;%A
r=k çFkeL;ko`ÙkL; ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL; gfyfr lw=ks¿UR;fer~L;kfnR;FkZ%A v=k lw=ks
leLresdeso ina HkofrA v=k gy~ina ^gy~* bfr ekgs'ojlw=kcks/de~A
vuUrja Hkoku~ bnefi Kkroku~ ;r~ ^û foHkDrkS rqLek%** (ik-lw-&û-ý-þ)
^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;u;ks% lw=k;ksjU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% u lEHkofr ;rksfg]
vioknokD;kFkZcks/kr~ iwo± ininkFkksZifLFkrkS mRlxZ'kkL=ks.k lkekU;:is.k cks/ks HkoR;soA
^îwo± áioknk vfHkfufo'kUrs i'pknqRlxkZ** bR;L;kfHkçk;Lrqµ y{k.kSdp{kq"dk%
y{;flf¼osyk;ke~ viokn'kkL=ki;kZykspusu viokn'kkL=kfo"k;a ifjR;T; y{;laLdkja
tkufUrA y{;Sdp{kq"dkLrq viokn'kkL=kIk;kZykspua fouk¿fi vioknfo"k;ifjR;kxsuSo
y{;laLdkja tkufUrA
vuUrje=k ikBs ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;L; linÑR;eFk± ifjKkroku~] r=k
vk|UrkH;keo;okH;ka Lo?kfVrleqnk;% vkf{kIr% laKh HkofrA vUR;susrk lfgr vkfn%
laKk HkofrA vUR;o.kZL;k{ksiks u HkofrA rL; bRlaKkyksikH;keigkjkr~A
f}rh;L; ^gyUR;e~* bR;L; mins'ks¿UR;e~ gfyr~ L;kr~ bR;FkksZ HkofrA v=k
^gy~* ina çR;kgkj:ia HkofrA gy~ vUR;e~] bR;qHk;a i`Fkd~ine~A vUR;a gy~ p
vKkrLoLo:IkKkidksPpkj.kfo"k; ,o x`árs] u ;L; dL;kfi gyks xzg.ke~A
vuqcU/k ,dkUrk ,o HkofUr cks/ds"kwiyEHkkr~ vU;=kkuqiyEHkkPÓA ;fn p
vuo;oRoi{k% LohfØ;rs rnk n?up% pdkj% O;FkksZ HkofrA rLekr~ vo;oRoi{k bR;so
U;kÕ;e~ bR;kfnd×p lo± Kkroku~ Hkoku~A 67

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 6-11 'kCnkoyh
1- vU;ksU;kJ;% µ LoKIR;/huKfIrdRoe~ vU;ksU;kJ;Roe~A
2- y{.kSdp{kq"d% µ y{k.ka¾lw=ke~ ,o ,da¾ç/kua p{kq% us=ka¾çek.ka
;L; l%A ;% 'kCnL; ç;ksxtkra lw=ks.kSo
fu.kZ;frA rFkk fo/ks tu%A
3- y{;Sdp{kq"d% µ y{;a¾çks;ksxtkre~ ,da¾ç/kua p{kq% çek.ka ;L;
rFkkfo/% vykSfddKkulEiÂ egf"kZ%A
4- vuqcU/% µ bRlaKk ;ksX;RoeuqcU/Roe~A
5- ,dkUr% µ cks/dko;o%A
3-12 lUnHkZxzUFk%
vfLeu~ ikBs çkeq[;su lanHkZxzUFkk% HkofUrµ
1- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj% Jhukxs'kHkV~V%
2- ikf.kuh;lw=kk"Vkè;k;h egf"kZ% ikf.kfu%
3- egkHkk";e~ egf"kZ% ir×tfy%
4- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr%
5- ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kj% Jhukxs'kHkV~V%
3-13 lgk;dxzUFk%
1- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh] ckyeuksjekçks<euksjekrÙocksf/U;% Vhdk%A
2- egkHkk";e~&çnhiks|ksr;qDre~A
3- ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kj%A
4- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj'pk=k iwoksZDrVhdk;qrk% lgk;dxzUFkk% HkofUrA
ý-ý
d- ijLijkis{kRoa] LoKIR;/huKfIrdRoa ok vU;ksU;kJ;Roa HkofrA KfIr%¾Kkue~A
[k- ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=kL; ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks.k lg vU;ksU;kJ;ks
HkofrA okD;kFkZcks/L; ijLijkis{kRokr~A
x- HkV~Vksftnhf{krsu ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL;ko`Ù;k vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% ifjâr%A
?k- n'klw=kko`Ù;k¿U;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjs vfrxkSjo:iks nks"k%A
Ä~ lg vk¾leUrkr~ ,fr xPNrhfr lgsrk] bR;soa çdkjs.k lg vkÄ~iwoZdkr~
68 bÄ~ /krks% r`fp çR;;s Ñrs lgsrk 'kCnL; eè;eo.kkZFkZrk HkofrA
p- egkHkk";dkj% vU;ksU;kJ;ifjgkjk; ^gyUR;e~* bRlaKa Hkofr] ydkj'psn~ vU;ksU;kJ;%
HkorhR;qDRok ,d'ks"kfunsZ"kk}k fl¼e~] gy~ p gy~ p gy~µgyUR;fer~
bR;okspr~A
ý-þ ý-ÿ ý-öµ
d- ^gyUR;e~* ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bR;=k vU;ksU;kJ;nks"ks fujkÑrs¿fi
^gyUR;e~* û foHkDrkS rqLek%* bR;=kkU;ksU;kJ;nks"k vkirfrA
[k- ukxs'kersuk=k ^gyUR;e~* û foHkDrkS rqLek%* bR;=k p ukU;ksU;kJ;
nks"k%] ;rksfg vioknokD;kFkZcks/a fouk¿fi mRlxZ'kkL=kL; lkekU;cks/ks
HkoR;soA
x- y{;a¾ç;ksxtkreso ,da¾ç/kua p{kq% çek.ka Kkida ok ;L; rFkk fo/%
ikf.kfuln`'k% egf"kZ%A
?k- ý- gfy vUR;e~] gy% vUR;e~ bfr ok\
Ä û- ifjR;T; ü- ifjdYI;
ý-÷
d- ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bfr lw=ks.k v.k~ vd~ bR;kfnçR;kgkjlaKk fo/h;rsA
[k- ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bR;=k vkfninkHkkos] vUR;'kCnsu iwosZ"kkekis{kkr~
bxkfnçR;kgkjs¿fiµ vdkjkns% xzg.ka L;kr~A
x- v=k vUR;inkHkkos p v.kkfnçR;kgkjs¿fi ×kknhuka xzg.kfefr nks"k%A
?k- vtkfnçR;kgkjs vUR;L; bRlaKkyksikH;keigkjkr~ xzg.ka u HkofrA
ý-ø
d- f}rh;a ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ke~ ^vleLre~* leLrs rq vUR;'kCnL;
iwoZç;ksxkifÙk%A
[k ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k mins'kink¿uuqo`ÙkkS ;L; dL;kfi leqnk;kUR;L;
gy% br~laKk L;kr~A
x- mins'k bR;L; vKkrLoLo:iKkidksPpkj.kRoe~ vFkZ%A
?k- ý- v=k lkuqcU/knso inkFkksZifLFkfrln~Hkkokr~A rL;SokFkZoRokr~A
ý-ù
d- vuqcU/k vusdkUrk%¾vuo;ok%A ;ks áo;o% l dnkfpr~ r=kksiyH;rs
v;Urq u rFkkA
[k- v=k i{ks vUR;'kCnL; iwoZlehiorhZ] vkfn'kCnL; p ijlehiorhZ
bR;FkZ% LohfØ;rsA
x- û- vuo;ok%
ü- ,dkUri{k%
69

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ?k- 'kk=ks r=kks i yEHkkr~ vU;=kkuq i yEHkkPp] vuo;oks fg dkdkfn%
,dtkrh;lEcU/su x`go`{kkfn"kq miyH;rs uSoe;e~A
3-15 vH;klç'uk%
d- y?kqç'uk%
û- vU;ksU;kJ;L; lkekU;y{k.ka ys[kuh;e~A
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ü- ^mins'ks bnUR;e~] vp~] vuqukfld br~* bfr U;kl% d;ks% };ks% lw=k;ks% LFkkus
dYI;rs\
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ý- ^gyUR;e~] vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bR;u;ks% vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjk; fl¼kUr:is.kSd%

mik;% vkJh;rke~A
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þ- vko`Ùka çFkea ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ka leLreleLra ok\

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ÿ- vioknokD;kFk± fouk mRlxZokD;kFkZ% Hkofr u ok\

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[k- vufry?kqç'uk%µ
1- d- lw=kHksnfo"k;s ^^vp milxkZÙk** bfr lw=kHkk";s fda dfFkre~\
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70
2- ^gyUR;e~] vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=k;ks% dFkeU;ksU;kJ;% Hkofr\ vU;ksU;kJ;%
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3- ^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk** bR;L; inÑR;a n'kZ;A

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x- nh?kksZÙkjh;ç'uk%
1- vuqcU/kuka fo"k;s fl¼kUri{ka LFkki;A
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2- ^^lqfIrÄUra ine~** bR;usu lg ^gyUR;e~* bR;L; vU;ksU;kJ;ek'kÄïÔ [k.Muh;e~A

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3- ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k vU;ksU;kJ;eqn~HkkO; lek/kua fØ;rke~A

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71

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ikB% prqFkZ% (mins'kinkFkZ%)
ikBlajpuk
4-1 çLrkouk
4-2 mís';e~
4-3 mins'kinkFkZfoosd%
4-3-1 ^^mins'k** bR;=k /kkrqçR;;kfnfopkj%
4-3-2 vk|ksPpkj.kfeR;=kkfninkFkZfpUrue~
4-3-3 mins'kinkFkZfpUrus çkpka ere~
4-3-4 'ks[kjfn'kk çkphuerçfriknue~
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
4-4 mins'kinkFkZfu:i.ke~
4-4-1 v=k Hkk";k'k;çn'kZue~
4-5 Hkkolk/kuLohdkjs ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k nk"kksn~Hkkoue~
4-5-1 dj.ks ?k×lk/kua r=kkifrrnks"kfujkdj.k×p
4-5-2 Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`Ù;Hkkos lk/kdkUrjLFkkiue~
cks/ç'uk%
ewyxzUFkikB%
4-6 dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs O;oflrkUR;e~* bfr okfrZdklÄõfrfujkdj.ke~
4-6-1 O;oflrinkFkZfpUrue~
cks/ç'uk%
ewyxzUFkikB%
4-7 Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`Ù;Hkkos rfLefÂfr lw=kHkk";fojks/% rr~ ifjgkj'p
4-7-1 ^;FkkFk± ok "k’hfunsZ'k%* bR;sdns';qfDrRokn~ Hkko?k×kUr[k.Mue~A
4-7-2 Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuuqo`ÙkkS Hkk";kUrjlEefr%
4-7-3 dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinL; çkSf<+oknRodYiukfujkl%
4-7-4 O;oflrkUR;fefr Lohdkjs ^vbm.k~* bR;knkS nks"k% rfÂjkdj.k×p
cks/ç'uk%
ewyxzUFkikB%
4-8 lkjka'k%
4-9 'kCnkoyh
4-10 lUnHkZxzUFk%
4-11 lgk;dxzUFk%
4-13 vH;klç'uk%
4-1 çLrkouk
bnkuha ;kor~ Hkoku~ ikB=k;ekè;es u ] xz U FkknkS eÄõ y kpj.kL; ç;ks t ua ]
oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnhLFkL;] y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kjLFkL; p eÄõykpj.k'yksdjgL;e~]
ekgs'ojlw=klEc¼ku~ fofo/ku~ fo"k;ku~] ^gyUR;e~*(ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;=k vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k&
ifjgkjksik;k¡'p Kkroku~A
72
r=k ^gyUR;e~ * bfr lw = kL; vko` f Ùk% Ñrk¿fLr JhHkV~ V ks f tnhf{krs u mins'kinkFkZ%
vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjk;A mHk;=k lw=ks p ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~** (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr
lw=kkr~ mins'k bR;uqorZrsA mins'k bR;L; dks¿FkZ%\ bfr ftKklk;ka JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr%
fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka dFk;frµ ^mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ke~* bfrA v=k Hkorks eufl ftKklk L;kr~µ
;fn vk|ks P pkj.ke~ mins ' k% Hkofr rfgZ ds " kkek|ks P pkj.ke~ HkofrA ;fn p
O;kdj.k'kkL=kçoÙkZdRokr~ ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tyhukek|a çFkea oksPpkj.keqins'k% Hkofr
rnk] rs ckY;koLFkk;ka ;r~ fdefi çFkeeqPpkfjroUr% rnso mins'kinkFkZ% L;kr~A fd×p
;L; çkFkE;suksPpkj.ka rL; dL;pu ,dL; vk|eqPpkj.ka lEHkofrA ;rksfg ;Lekr~ iwo±
u Hkofr l ,o vkfninkFkZ bR;soa çdkjs.k ukuk ç'uk% Hkorka ân;s leqRiÂk% L;q%A
rnFkZes"k% prqFkZ% ikB% çkjH;rsA
vfLeu~ ikBs Hkoku~ ^^mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ke~** bR;L; oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSenq hLFkL;
çrhdL; fda jgL;e~ bfr KkL;frA ^mins'k* inL; dFka flf¼HkZofrA r=k dks /krq% d'p
çR;;%\ r=k Hkkos] mr dj.ks çR;;%] drjfLeu~ i{ks p Hkk";Ñrka lEefr% bR;kfnda
lo± Hkoku~ vfLeu~ ikBs ifB";frA
4-2 mís';e~
prqFk± ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~µ
Ø ^mins'k*inL;kFkZe~] izÑfrizR;;kfnfoosda p izkIL;frA
Ø vk|ksPpkj.k'kCns vkfninkFkZ% d% bfr KkL;frA
Ø ^mins'k* bR;=k dj.ks ?k×k~çR;; bfr leFkZf;rqa çHkfo";frA
Ø dj.k?k×kUrLohdkjs p ^Ô;oflrkUR;e~** bfr dfrZda dFka lÄõPNrs
bfr Kkrqa leFkksZ Hkfo";frA
Ø dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs rfLefÂfrfufnZ"Vs iwoLZ ; bfr lw=kLFkHkk";fojks/a
fujkdrqZa ikjf;";frA
4-3 mins'kinkFkZfoosd%
r=k Hkoku~ HkV~Vksftnhf{kr% ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;=k vU;ksU;kJ;nks"kifjgkjk;
^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kL; vko`fÙka Ñroku~A r=k çFkesu lw=ks.k gfyfr lw=ks¿UR;e~ (ydkj:ie~)
br~ L;kfnR;FkZdsu prqn'Z ks ekgs'ojlw=ks fLFkrL; ydkjL; bRlaKk fØ;rsA rr'p ^vkfnjUR;su
lgsrk*(ik-lw-&û-û-÷û) bfr lw=ks.k o.kZlekEuk;LFkgdkjkfnykUrleqnk;?kVdkuke~ o.kkZuka
gy~laKkoxfrHkZofrA iqu% ^gyUR;e~* bfr f}rh;a lw=kek;kfrA v=kkfi ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld
br~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr lw=kkr~ ^mins'ks* bfr ^br~* bfr pkuqorZrsA gy~ bR;usu p
çR;kgkj% vkJh;rsA rnsoeL; f}rh;L; ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;L;kFkksZ Hkofrµ
mins'ks¿UR;a gfyr~ L;kr~A r=k d% mins'kinkFkZ bfr ftKklk;ke~ JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr% çkgµ
mins'k vk|ksPÓkj.ke~ (oS-fl-dkS-gyUR;e~) vk|×Ó rnqPÓkj.ke~ vk|ksPÓkj.ke~A ds"kkek|ksPÓkj.ke~
bfr psr~\ ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tyhuke~ bR;k;kfrA ikf.kuh;a O;kdj.ka fg f=keqfuO;kdj.k&
feR;qP;rsA vr ,rs"kkeso vkfninsu xzg.ke~A rnqDre~ 'ks[kjsµ ^rPÓ çR;klÙ;SrPNk=k&
LçorZdkukekpk;kZ.kke~* (y-'k-'ks- gyUR;e~)A
73

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 4-3-1 ^mins'k* bR;=k /krqçR;;kfnfopkj%
rnsoe~ ^mins'k*'kCnL; lkekU;kFkZ% ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tyhuka ;r~
vk|eqPpkj.ka rnsoksins'k bfrA r=k ^mins'k*'kCnL; dk O;qRifÙk% dks /krq%\ d% çR;;%\
dfLeÂFksZ çR;; bR;kfnftKklk;keqP;rsA miksilxkZr~ fn'k~/krks% ^Hkkos* (ik-lw-&ý-ý-û)
bfr lw=ks.k Hkkos¿FksZ ?kf×k çR;;s] îqxUry?kwi/L; p*(ik-lw-&÷-ý-øý) bfr xq.ks p
mins'kina fu"i|rsA rnsoe~ mins'kueqins'k% bR;k;kfrA v=k mi bR;L;k|kFkZdRoe~]
fn'k~/krqLrq mPpkj.kfØ;k;ka HkofrA vr ,o ^mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ke~* bR;qP;rsA ^mins'k*
bR;L;k|ksPpkj.kkFkZdRoa dS;Vks¿fi ^^,dkp mins'ks** (ik-lw-&÷-ü-ûú) bfr lw=ks leFkZ;fr
^^bRlaKkfo/koqPpkj.kopu% mifnf'kx`Zárs** bfr ,o×p çkpka ersu mins'kins HkkokFksZ
?k×k~ bR;xzs fopkjf;";rsA
4-3-2 vk|ksPpkj.kfeR;=kkfninkFkZfpUrue~
Hkoku~ ,rn~ cq¼oku~ ;r~ ^mins'k* bR;L; vk|ksPpkj.ke~ bR;FkksZ HkofrA
r=k vk|Roa fda Hkofr\ ;fn ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tyhuka ;n~ vk|a¾çFkee~ mPpkj.ka
rnk|ksPpkj.ke~A rfgZ ;nk rs ckY;koLFkk;ka loZçFkea ;r~ fdefi mPÓkfjroUr% rnso
mins'kinokP;a L;kr~ u rq lw=kknhuke~A ;fn lw=kknhukeqins'kRoeqP;rs rnk rq lw=kkfnfuekZ.kkRiwo±
rs"kke~ vktUeekSfuRoeki|rsA rLekr~ v=kk|Roa fdfefr ftKklk LokHkkfodh L;kn~
HkoUekuliVysA v=kksP;rs& vk|Roa fg vKkrLoLo:iKkidRoe~ bR;qP;rsA vKkrL;
LoL; :iL; cks/dRoa] KkidRoe~ ;=kksPpkj.ks rnsoksPpkj.kek|ksPpkj.ka HkofrA vKkrLo:iL;
'kCnL; Lo:iKkudRoeso vk|RoeqPpkj.ks cksè;fefr Hkko%A ,o×p ;r~ vkuqiow hZdeqPpk;Zrs
rnkuqiow hZdeso p cqè;rs] rnk rnqPpkj.kek|ksPpkj.ka HkofrA rFkkfgµ ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=ke~]
lq vkS tl~ bR;kn;% çR;;k%] ,/kn;ks /kro'p rFkkfo/k% HkofUrA vr% rs"kkek|ksPpkj.k:ie~
mins'kRoa HkofrA u rq& ^vp~* ^ gy~*] ^fV* ^?kq* çHk`rhuke~A
4-3-3 mins'kinkFkZfpUrus çkpka ere~

;|fi ,rkork mins'kinkFkZfo"k;s ;ks fopkj% Ñr%] l loksZ¿fi
çkphuerkuqlkjesoA fd×p çkphuerL;k=k'ks[kjxzUFks Jhukxs'kks n`<r;k [k.Mua djksfrA
vr% mins'kinkFkZfopkjs çkphukuka dks¿fHkçk; bfr eukx~ fopk;ZrsA
dkf'kdko`fÙkdkj% ^^mifn';rs¿ususfr mins'k%¾'kkL=kokD;kfu lw=kikB%]
f[kyikB'p** (dk-o`-&û-ý-ü) bR;qDR;k dj.ks ?k×k~çR;;a Lohdjksfr ^^vdrZfj p dkjds
laKk;ke~** (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ûù) bR;=k pdkjks fHkÂØe% rsu dq=kfpnlaKk;kefi dr`ZfHkÂs
dkjds dj.ks ?k×k~ çR;;% fl¼Ôrhfr dkf'kdkO;k[;kr¤.kka gjnÙkknhukek'k;%A Hkk";s¿fi
mifn';rs¿ususfr dj.ks ?k×k~ (ek-Hkk-&û-ý-ü) bR;qDre~A fdUrq Jhnhf{krk% dj.ks ?k×k~çR;;a
u LohdqoZfUrA ,rs"kka ers dj.ks ?k×k~ çR;;ks u lEHkofrA dj.ks Y;qV~çR;;su ?k×k~ ckè;rsA
îqafl laKk;ka ?k% çk;s.k* (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ûûø)bfr ?kçR;;ks¿fi u çkIuksfr] r=k laKk;kfefr
orZrAs v=k laKkRoa u HkofrA çk;s.k bR;L; lEcU/% laKk;ke~ bR;=k ÑRok DofpnlaKk;keihfr
O;k[;kua rq u lehphue~] ;rksfgµ ç/kuL;So fo'ks"k.kRoa Hkofr] v=k p ?k% (çR;;%)
ç/kua HkofrA vr% çk;s.k bR;L; ^?k%* bR;L;So fo'ks"k.kRoa dYiuh;a u rq vlaKk;kfeR;L;
vç/kuL;A rnqDra egkHkk";s ^ûáqik/s#ikf/HkZofr fo'ks"k.kL; ok fo'ks"k.ke~**A ÑR;Y;qVks
cgqye~(ik-lw-&ý-ý-ûûý) bR;L; LFkkus Hkk";Ñrk ^Ñrks cgqye~* bfr U;klsu p
74 ckgqydkr~ dj.ks ?k×k~ lkf/ra rnfi u] rL;kxfrdxfrRokfnfrA fd×Ó Hkk";dkj% dsoya
çkS<Ôk okfrZddkjU;kl[k.Muk;] dj.ks ?k×k~ çR;;a LohÑroku~] u rq rkfÙodr;sfr nhf{krk'k;%A mins'kinkFkZ%
4-3-4 'ks[kjfn'kk çkphuerçfriknue~

Jh ukxs'kHkV~V% 'ks[kjs çFker% çkphuerLFkkiua djksfrA vuUrja îjs rq*
bR;kfnuk rL; [k.Mua djksfrA r=k vk|ksPpkj.kfeR;=k vk|eqPpkj.kfefr deZ/kj;% u rq
"k"Bhlekl%A mins'k bR;=k Hkkos ?k×k~ çR;;'p HkofrA rPp vk|ksPpkj.ka çR;klÙ;k
,rPNkL=kizorZ dkukekpk;kZ.kka ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tyhukeso] mifLFkrR;kxs¿uqifLFkrL; dYius
ekuk¿Hkkokr~A vk|Ro×p vKkrLo:icks/dRoesoA
^mins'kinL;k|ksPpkj.kkFkZRoa dS;Vks¿fi leFkZ;frA rFkkfg ,dkp
mins'ks¿uqnkÙkkÙk~* (ik-lw-&÷-ü-ûú) bfr lw=ks ^^vFkok bRlaKkfo/kS mPpkj.kopu mifnf'kx`á
Z rsA
rnqDre~µ ^^mís'k'p çkfrifndkuka uksins'k%** bfrA ;|qP;rs vusu dS;Vopusu
mPpkj.kkFkZRoLohdkjs¿fi vk|ksPpkj.kkFkZdRoa u fl¼Ôrhfr psnija i';rqµ ^^vkns'k
mins'ks¿f'kfr** (ik-lw-&ö-û-þÿ) lw=ks Hkk";O;k[;kukUrs ^^;s"kka Lo:iKkuk;kiwoZeqPpkj.ka
rs"kkesoksins'kO;ogkj% bfr dS;VsuksP;rsA v=k viwo± uke çFkee~A fd×p v=kSo lw=ks
Hkk";s¿fi ^^mís'k'p çkfrifndkuka uksins'k%** bfr ir×tfyjczohr~A ,o×p Hkk";dS;V&
çek.kkH;ke~ Hkkos ,o ?k×k~ çR;;% mins'k bR;=kA ,rnfHkçk;s.kSo fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka Jhnhf{kr%
dFk;fr mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ke~ bfrA
cks/ç'u%&4-3
d- nhf{krersu mins'kinkFkZ% d%\
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[k- ,da fuf'puqr nhf{krersu mins'k bR;=kµ

û- Hkkos ?k×k~ çR;;%A
ü- deZf.k ?k×k~ çR;;%A
ý- dj.ks ?k×k~ çR;;%A
x- mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ke~ bR;=k mins'ks vkfnRoa fda Hkofr\

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?k- ^ckgqydkr~ dj.ks ?k×k~* bfr i{k% nhf{krsu dFka fujLr%\

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75

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ewyxzUFkikB%
vk|ksPÓkj.ke~A vk|eqPpkj.kfeR;FkZ%] Hkkos ?kf×kfr Hkko%A rPp çR;klÙ;SrPNkL=k&
çoÙkZdkpk;kZ.kkesoA vk|Ro×p vKkrLoLo:icks/dRoe~A miL;k|FkZRokfí'ks#Ppkj.kfØ;kRokr~A
vr ,o ^,dkp mins'ks* bfr lw=ks dS;VsuksDre~ ^^bRlaKkfo/koqPpkj.kopu mifnf'kxZ`árs**
bfrA ^vknsp* bfr lw=ks¿fi ;s"kka LoLo:iKkiuk;kiwoZeqPpkj.ka rs"kkesoksins'kO;ogkj% bfrA
r=k lw=ks Hkk";s¿fi ^^mís'k'p çkfrifndkuka uksins'k%** bfrA çÑrlw=ks Hkk";s¿fi
çR;{kek[;kueqins'k% bR;qDre~A rL; pksDr ,okFkZ%A
4-4 mins'kinkFkZfu:i.ke~
mifj Hkoku~ çkphuoS;kdj.kn`"VÔk mins'kinkFk± Kkroku~ ;r~ mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ka
HkofrA r=k Hkkos ?k×k~ LohfØ;rsA mPpkj.ks vkfnRo×p vKkrLoLo:icks/dRoa HkofrA
mins'kRo×pkUrr% /krql=w kknhuka HkofrA ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;=k p rkn`'kksins'kin&
xzg.kL;ko';drk HkorhfrA
'ks[kjs ;=k dq=kkfi Jhukxs'k% LokfHkçk;a Loera ok LFkkif;rqfePNfr] r=k çk;%
îjs rq* bfr 'kCnsu çfrikn;frA Jhukxs'kn`"VÔk ^^mins'kina Hkko?k×kUra ukfLr rr~
dj.k?k×kUra HkofrA rL;So p ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý)bR;=kkuqo`fÙk% LohfØ;rsA vFkok
mins'kinkuqo`fÙkjso uk=k Hkorhfr eU;rsA
Hkk";dkj'p dj.ks ?k×k~çR;;a LohdjksfrA mifn';rs vusu l mins'k%A rPp
'kkL=ka HkofrA ç;ksxk.kka 'kklua¾lk/ua ;S% Hkofr rs ,o mins'kinokP;k HkofUrA rs ,o p
O;oflrinkFkZr;k mP;UrsA ,o×p /krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk mins'kinokP;k HkofUrA
4-4-1 v=k Hkk";k'k;çn'kZue~

Hkk";dkj%µ ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bR;=k mins'kxzg.ka
fdeFkZe~\ ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;usuk=kkFkZ};eqn~?kkV;frA mins'kxzg.kkr~ ^vk¡* bR;L; bRllaKk
u Hkofr bR;sdks¿FkZ%A vij'p ^mins'kxzg.ks Ñrs¿fi ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;=k nks"kks
HkoR;so rnFk± d% mik;ks ;su ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;L; O;ko`fÙk% L;kfnfr ç'u:iks¿FkZ%A
,uesokfHkçk;ekfJR; Jhukxs'kHkV~V% mins'kinL; dj.k?k×kUrRoa LohdjksfrA rFkkfgµ Jh
ukxs'k% Hkk";çek.ksu mins'k bR;L; dj.klk/uRoa fu:i;frA Hkk";dkj% ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld
br~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr lw=ks 'kÄïrs& mins'kxzg.ka fdeFkZe~\ mÙkj×pµ ^vHkz vk¡
vi%* bfrA vFkkZr~ ;fn ^mins'ks vp~* bfr lw=ks mins'kxzg.ka u fØ;rs rnk ^vHkz vk¡
vi%* bR;=k ^vk¡* bR;L; mís'kL;kfi¾vuqins'kL;kfi vuqukfldRosukp% bRlaKk L;kr~A
mins'kxzg.ks fØ;ek.ks p v=k bRlaKk u HkofrA v=k fg ^vk¡* bfr mís'ks oÙkZrs u rq
mins'ksA d% iqu#ís'kksins'k;ksfoZ'ks"k%\ çR;{kek[;kueqins'k% xq.kS% çki.keqís'k% (ek-Hkk-&û-
ý-ü) ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* v=k ^vkÄ~* lIrE;FkZ|ksrdks orZrAs rL; p ^vkÄks¿uqukfld'NUnfl*
(ik-lw-&ö-û-ûüö) bfr lw=ks.k vuqukfld'kCnsu ^vk¡* bR;uqukfldfo/kukr~] çR;{kek[;kua
u HkofrA fdUrq xq.kS% çki.ka orZrsA çfl¼/eksZiknkusu ;r~ çfriknua l mís'k% (dS;V%&û-
ý-ü)A ;fn rq ^vkÄ vk¡ NUnfl* bR;soe~ vo{;r~ rnk¿Hkfo";ns"kks¿I;qins'k ,okuqukfld%A
fdUrq rFkk ukLrhfr uk;eqins'k% bR;qDre~ ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld** bfr lw=ks Hkk";sA
vxzs Hkk";s mins'kksí's k;ksyksd
Z O;ogkjs.k lÄïh.kZRoeqiikfnre~µ ^lÄïh.kkZoíq 's kks&
ins'kkSA çR;{kek[;kueqí's kks xq.kS% çki.keqins'k%A** (ek-Hkk-&û-ý-ü) ;fn çR;{kek[;kueqins'k%
76 xq.kS% çki.keqís'k% bR;soa LohfØ;rs rnk ^^ÆV% l}k** (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ûþ) bfr lw=ks.k (rkS
lr~&ý-ü-ûü÷) lr~insu fofgr;ks% 'kr`'kkup~çR;;;ks% ^fu’k* (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ûúü)bfr lw=ks.k mins'kinkFkZ%
(DrDrorw fu’k] ik-lw-&û-û-üö) fu’kinsu fofgr;ks% DrDrorqçR;;;ks'p] bRlaKk u
L;kr~ çR;{kk[;kuk¿Hkkokr~] rs"kkeqins'kRok¿Hkkokr~A uá=k 'kr`'kkup~Drorwuka çR;{kek[;kua
orZrAs fdUrq xq.kS%¾laKk}kjda çki.ka¾fo/kufefr uksins'kRoesr"s kke~A fd×Ó ^^jktlw;lw;eZ `"kks|&
#P;dqI;Ñ"VÔiP;kO;F;k%** (ik-lw-&ý-û-ûþ) ^fpR;kfXufpR;s p* (ik-lw-&ý-û-ûýü)
bR;kfnlw=ks.k 'kCnkuka fuikrua HkofrA r=k fuikrukuqferD;Ckknhuka çR;{kk[;kuk¿Hkkokr~&
mins'kRok¿Hkkosu D;Ckkfn?kVdkuka idkjknhuka ^gyUR;e~* brhRlaKk u L;kr~A ;|fi ôn%
lqfi D;i~ p* (ik-lw-&ý-û-ûúö) bR;=k D;i% çR;{kek[;kua orrZs] vr% rL;
mins'kRoa fl¼ÔfrA fdUrq vLekr~ D;i% fHkÂ% ,o jktlw;kfnfuikrukuqfer% D;i~ orrsZA
uSrr~ lEcU/h HkofrA vuqo`Ù;kfnda fouk ,dlEcfU/uks¿ijlEcfU/Roa u HkofrA vr
,o ^^rL;kiR;e~** (ik-lw-&þ-û-ùü) ^^vr b×k~** (ik-lw-&þ-û-ùÿ)bfr i`Fkd~lw=kLFkkus
^rL;kiR;er b×k~* (vdkjkUrkr~ "k"BÔUrkr~ viR;s¿FksZ b×k~) bfr U;kls vU;'kCnlEc¼L;
viR;kFkZL; (vdkjkUrkn~fHkÂksixq'kCnlEc¼L;kiR;kFkZL;) vuqDr:Ika 'ks"kRoeqDrekdjsA
;fn ,dlEcfU/u% vU;lEcfU/Roa L;kÙknk rq vdkjkUrsH;ks¿iR;kFksZ mDrs vU;sH;
mdkjkUrs H ;ks ¿ fi mDr% L;kr~ A fdUrq egkHkk";s vdkjkUrs H ;ks ¿ iR;kFks Z mDrs ¿ fi
mdkjkUrkfnH;ks¿iR;kFkZL; vuqDrRokr~ 'ks"kRoeqP;rsA vrks Kk;rs ;r~µ ,dlEcfU/u%
vU;lEcfU/rk u HkorhfrA vr% ôn% lqfi D;i~* (ik-lw-&ý-û-ûúö) bR;srr~lEcfU/
D;i~ ^jktlw;* (ik-lw-&ý-û-ûþ) bR;knkS ukfLrA r=k p çR;{kk[;kuksins'kinkFkZLohdkjs
mins'kk¿Hkkokr~ iknsfjRokukifÙk% orZr ,oA vr ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=ks mins'kinsu
mís'kL;kfi xzg.ka okP;a] ;su les"kkfe"VLFkykuka laxgz % L;kr~A ,o×p mins'kinsu mís'kL;kfi
xzg.kkr~ ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;knkoqís'ks¿fi bRlaKk çkIuksfrA ,o×p mins'kinsu ^ÆV%
ln~ok* bR;kfnfofgr'kr`'kkupknhuka laxzg% ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;L; p O;ko`fÙk% ;Fkk L;kr~
bfr ^^mins'k bfr fdeFkZe~\ ^vHkz vk¡ vi%** bfr Hkk";ç'uk'k;ks orZrsA u rq
mins'kxzg.klkeF;kZr~ ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;=k bRoa u bR;so xE;r bfr Hkko%A
4-5 Hkkolk/uLohdkjs ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k nks"kksn~Hkkoue~

,oa çdkjs.k Hkorka cks/ks¿Hkor~ ;r~ çR;{kek[;kueqins'k bfr yf{krL; Hkkos
?k×kUrL; vk|ksPpkj.k:ikFkZdL; ^mins'kinL;* ;fn xzg.ka Hkofr rnk ^gyUR;e~*
bR;knkS y{;klaxzgkifÙk:iks nks"kks HkofrA ufg lnkfnfHk% fofgrkuka 'kkupknhuka çR;{kek[;kua
orZrs] ;su rs"kke~ mins'kRoa L;kr~A ;fn p dj.ks ?k×k~ LohfØ;rs rnk rq rs"kkeI;qins'kRoa
fuRkjkeso fl¼ÔfrA dj.ks Lohdkjs Ñrs rqµ ;Fkk mins'k'kCnsu okfrZddkj% 'kkL=kxzg.ka
djksfrA rFkSo mins'kinsukfi 'kkL=kL;So xzg.ka HkofrA 'kkfLr vususfr 'kkL=ke~A
/krqçR;;kfnfHk% ç;ksxk.kka 'kklua¾O;qRiknua Hkorhfr lnkfnfofgr'kr`'kkupkfnfHkjfi
ç;ksxO;qRiknua Hkorhfr rs"kkeqins'kRoa HkoR;soA vr% Hkkolk/uksins'kLohdkjs gyUR;feR;knkS
y{;klaxzgkifÙk:iks nks"kks orZrsA rLekr~ dj.klk/ueqins'kine=k cksè;e~A
4-5-1 dj.ks ?k×lk/kua r=kkifrrnks"kfujkdj.k×p

iwoksZDrçdkjs.k Hkoku~ cksf/roku~ ;r~ Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs ^^ÆV%
ln~ ok** (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ûþ) bR;kfnuk fofgrkuka 'kr`'kkutkfnçR;;kukeqins'kRokHkkokr~] r=k
fo|ekukuka iknhukfeRlaKk u L;kr~A ukfi ^jktlw;knkS* fuikrkuqferD;cknhukfeRlaKk
L;kr~A mins'kkHkkokr~ ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ka u çorsZr bfr Hkko%A rnFk± okfrZddkj%µ rs"kka
lnkfnuk fofgrkuka 'kr`'kkupknhuka fuikrkuqferD;cknhuk×Ó mins'kinsu laxzgkFkZeso 77

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ yksdO;ogkjs.kkfi mins'kksí's k;ks% ¹yksdO;ogkjs.k lÄïh.kZRoa ;Fkkµ d'pu f'k";% xq#ekgµ
^vuqokda es Hkokuqfí'krq bfr l vkpk;Z% ^^'kÂks nsoh** bR;kfneU=kku~ mifn'kfr*A fdUrq
çR;{kek[;krefi f'k";% dFk;frµ mfí"Vks es¿uqokd%] reè;s";s bfrA ,oeso d'pu
ifFkd% d×pu tua i`PNfr xzkekUrja xfe";kfe iUFkkua es Hkokuqifn'krqA l rLeS
dFk;fr& veqf"eu~ vodk'ks gLrnf{k.kks xzghrO;% veqf"eu~ vodk'ks p gLrokeks
xzghrO;%A ,o×p xq.kS% çkI;ek.kefi dFk;fr mifn‘ks es iUFkk%A ,oa çdkjs.k yksdO;ogkjs.kkfi
mins'kksí's k;ks% lÄïh.kZRoek;kfrº ladh.kZRoeqiik| ^,rn~¾ vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;kfnO;ko`Ù;FkZ×p
^mins'kus¿tuqukfld br~* (fl¼Urwins'kus¿tuqukfldopukr~ e-Hkk-&û-ý-ü) fdEiqu#ins'kue~\
'kkL=ke~] bR;qDroku~A v=k 'kkL=kina dj.klk/ua orZrs& 'kkfLr vusrsfr 'kkL=ke~A ,o×p
'kkL=kinsu ç;ksx'kkludj.kHkwrk%µ ^/krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk%* gyUR;fefr lw=kksDrk
O;oflrinkFkZRosu mDrk% x`áUrsA ,oEçdkjs.k ^mins'kus¿uqukfld* bfr U;klsu losZ"kkeso
lnkfn'kCnfofgrkuka 'kr`'kkupknhuka D;cknhuka fuikrkuqferkukefi mins'kinsu xzg.ka HkofrA
HkoR;so fg ç;ksxlk/udj.kRoa losZ"kkesoA ^vk¡* bR;L; rq ç;ksxlk/us dj.kRoa u HkofrA
rs"kka ifjfuf"BrRokr~A rFkk pkusu U;klsu 'kr`'kkupknhuka laxzg% ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;L;
p O;ko`fÙk% fl¼Ôrhfr okfrZdÑrkek'k;%A fdUrq Hkk";dkj%µ ^^flè;frA lw=ka rfgZ
fHk|rsA ;FkkU;klesokLrqA ^mins'k* bfr ?k×k;a dj.klk/u%A--- ,oa rfgZ ^^ÑR;Y;qVks
cgqye~**(ik-lw-&ý-ûûý) bR;ssoe=k ?k×k~ Hkfo";fr]** bR;soa çdkjs.k ckgqydkr~ dj.ks
?k×k~çR;;a ÑRok ^mins'kus* bfr okfÙkZda çR;k[;kroku~A ,o×p Hkkos çR;; bfr onrka
çkpka era çR;k[;kre~ Hkorhfr ukxs'kkfHkçk;%A
4-5-2 Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`Ù;Hkkos lk/kdkUrjLFkkiue~

bnkuha ;konsrnkxra ;r~ mins'k bR;=k Hkkos ?k×k~ ukfLr] fdUrq dj.ks
?k×k~çR;;ks HkofrA ;|fi lk{kkr~ dj.ks¿FksZ ?k×k~çR;;fo/k;da rkn`'ka fdefr lw=ka ukfLr]
rFkkfi ^^ÑR; Y;qVks cgqye~**(ik-lw-&ý-ûûý) bR;=k cgqyxzg.kkr~ dj.ks¿Fks¿Z fi ?k×k~fo/h;rsA
r=k p ^^Ñrks cgqye~** bfr U;klsu ÑnUrs¿fi ço`fÙkHkZoR;soA vr ckgqydkr~ mifn';rs
vususfr dj.ks ?k×k~ bfr Hkk";s LohÑrefLrA
;fn d'pu dFk;sr~µ dj.klk/uksins'kinkJ;.ks ckgqydkJ;.kefuok;Za
Hkorhfr okfÙkZdÑÂÔkl[k.Muijda Hkk";e~ ,dns';qfDrfjfr] rfgZ u lehphue~] ;rksfg
Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs vijks¿fi nks"kks orZrsA rFkkfg& ;fn mins'k bfr Hkko?k×kUr ,o
LohfØ;rs rnk ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks.k ^^Hkor"Bd~NlkS** (ik-lw-&þ-ü-ûûÿ) bR;usu
fofgrL; bRlaKk u Hkfo";rhfrA rsu fg mins'kkUrL; bRlaKk L;kr~A fdUrwins'kkoLFkk;ka
^Bd~NlkS* bR;qpk;Zrs r=k p ijL; lÙosu ^Bd*~?kVdL; ddkjL;kUR;Rok¿Hkkokr~ bRlaKk
u çkIuksfrA vrks¿=k Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`ÙkkS nks"kks HkofrA ;fn rq dj.k?k×kUrL;
Lohdkj% rnk rq losZ"kkefi çR;;kuke~ mins'kRoa HkoR;soA ;fn rq çR;;Rokfnfof'k"VL;
leqnk;L; bR;qP;rs rnk rq v=k mins'kinkuqo`fÙkjso O;FkkZ HkofrA vfi p vUR;inlkeF;suZ oS
;r~fdf×pr~ leqnk;kUR;xzg.kk¿Hkkokr~ çR;;Rokfnfof'k"VL;So xzg.ka çkIuksrhR;rks¿fi&
mins'kina O;Fk± HkofrA
fd×p ^gyUR;e~* bR;=kksins'kinkuqo`fÙkfojgknso ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld
br~** bfr lw=ks mins'kinxzg.kL; ç;kstua ^gyUR;e~* bR;qÙkjkFk± Hkk";s uksDra] fdUrq
^vuqcU/k% vuo;ok%* bR;fl¼kUri{ks ^vHkz vk¡ vfVr* bR;=k mins'kk¿Hkkos¿fi ^vk¡*
bR;L;sRlaKk;ke~ ^vfVr* bR;=k bM~fu"ks/% L;kfnfr& bf.u"ks/k¿Hkko:ia iQyeqDre~A
78
;|=k ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks¿fi mins'kinkuqo`fÙk% vko';dh ,oL;kÙkfgZ vfl¼kUri{ks
ç;kstudFkukis{k;k mÙkjkFkZe~ bR;so Hkk";dkjks onsr~A rLekn=k mins'kinkuqo`fÙkuZHkorhfr mins'kinkFkZ%
cksè;e~] Hkofr psr~ dj.k?k×kUrL;Sosfr Jhukxs'kkfHkçk;%A
cks/ç'u%&4-4] 4-5
d- mins'kins dj.ks¿FksZ ?k×k~ çR;;a d% Lohdjksfr\ ,da fpfÉra dq#A
û- JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr%A
ü- Jhukxs'kHkV~V%A
ý- JhdS;V%A
[k- ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;=k vk¡ bfr mins'kks u Hkofr] v=k gsrqa çn'kZ;A
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x- mins'kksís'k;ks% y{k.ka y{k;A

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?k- okfÙkZddkjs.k mins'kksís'k;ksyksZdO;ogkjs.k ladh.kZRoek'kÄïÔ d% mik;% vkfJr%\

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Ä- mins'k bR;=k ckgqydkr~ ?k×k~ çR;;% dsu lw=ks.k\

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p- mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~ bR;=k mins'kxzg.kL; fda ç;kstue~\

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N- yksdO;ogkjs.k ladh.kZRoe~ miiknuh;e~A

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vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ewyxzUFkikB%
ijs rq ^^mins'kxzg.ka fdeFkZe~\ ^vHkz vk¡ vi%*A d% iqu#ís'kksins'k;ks& foZ'ks"k%\**
bfr Hkk";s mDre~A ;fn çR;{kek[;kueqins'k% xq.kS% çki.keqís'kLrfgZ] ^ÆV% l}k* (ik-lw-
&3-3-14) ^fu’k*(ik-lw - &3-2-102) bfr fofgrkuka Drr` & 'kkup~ & Dr&
'korwukeo;oL;sRlaKkukifÙk%A rFkk ^jktlw;lw;eZ `"kks|* (ik-lw-&3-1-114) ^fpR;kfXufpR;s*
(ik-lw-&3-1-132) bR;kfnfuikrukuqferD;Ckknhuka iknsfjRokukiÙk%A ôn% lqfi D;i~*(ik-
lw-&3-1-106) bR;=kksPpkfjrLrq uSrRlEcU/hA vr ,o ^rL;kiR;er b×k~* bfr U;kls
vU;'kCnlEc¼kiR;kFkZL;kuqDr:i'ks"kRoeqDrekdjsA rLekn=k lw=ks mins'kinsuksí's kL;kfi xzg.ka
oDrO;e~A ,oe~ ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;knkofi çkIuksrhfr rs"kka laxzgks¿L; O;ko`fÙk;sZu Hkofr
Lk fo'ks"k% d%\ bfr ç'u%A rRlaxgz kFkZeos yksdO;ogkjs.kkfi r;ks% lÄïh.kZRoeqiik|Srn~O;ko`Ùk;s
rRlaxzgk; p ^^mins'kus¿tuqukfld bfr oDrO;e~A fda iqu#ins'kue~\ 'kkL=ke~** bR;qDra
okfrZdÑrkA r=k 'kkL=kinsu ç;ksx'kkludj.kHkwrk /krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk% ^gyUR;e~*
lw=ks O;oflrinkFkZRosu Hkk";s mDrk x`áUrsA ,o×p rRlaxzgks] ^vHkz vk¡* bR;sn~O;ko`fÙk'p
fl¼kA rL; p okfrZdL; ckgqydkr~ dj.ks ?k×kk çR;k[;kua Hkxork Ñre~A
fd×p gyUR;lw=ks Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`ÙkkS ^^Hkor"Bd~NlkS** (ik-lw-&4-2-
115) bR;kfnfofgrsf"oRlaKkukifÙk% ijL; lÙosu dknsjUR;Rok¿Hkkokr~A ;fn rq mins'ks
çR;;Rokfnfof'k"VkUR; br~ bR;FkZ% bR;qP;rs rnksins'k bfr O;FkZe~A vUR;inlkeF;sZuSo
rYykHkkr~A vr ,ok=k lw=ks mins'kxzg.kL; ^vuqcU/k vusdkUrk* bR;fLFkri{ks ^^vHkz vk¡
vfVr** bfr ç;kstueqDra u rwÙkjkFkZfeR;qDre~A
4-6 dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs Ô;oflrkUR;e~* bfr

okfrZdklÄõfrfjukdj.ke~A
bnkuha ;kor~ Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ mins'k'kCns Hkkos¿FksZ ?k×k~ çR;;% LohdrqZa u
'kD;rsA ;rksfg mins'kksís'k;ks% yksds lÄïh.kZRoa HkofrA vr mins'kksís'k;ksO;ZoLFkk u
HkofrA rLekr~ dj.ks ?k×k~ bfr Lohdj.kh;e~A rsu les"kkfe"Vy{;k.kka laxzg.ka HkofrA
vfu"VLFkys p u çorZrsA
v=k ,"k foPkj% iqu% çorZrs ;r~ ^mins'ks¿t~* bfr lw=ks ;fn dj.k?k×kUreqins'kina
LohfØ;rs rnk rL;SokuqorZua ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks¿fi L;kr~A dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinxzg.ks rq
ç;ksx'kkludj.kHkwrkuka /krqçR;;k|Urkukeso gykfeRlaKk çkIuksfrA urq ;L; dL;kfi
gy%A ,o×p ^gyUR;e~ * bfr lw=ks Ô;oflrkUR;fer~* (ek-Hkk-ok-&û-ý-ý) bfr okfrZddkjL;
ç;klks O;FkksZ HkofrA ;rksfg dj.k?k×kUrsu ;s"kka ç;ksx'kkludj.kHkwrkuka /kRoknhuka xzg.ka
Hkofr] rs"kkeso O;oflrinkFkZRosu xzg.ka HkofrA rnqDrEk~µ ^^ds iquO;Zoflrk%\ /krq&
çkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk%** bfr (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý)A ,o×p dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinsuSo
fl¼s% okfrZddkjL; ^Ô;oflrkUR;fefr oDrO;e~** bfr dFkua fo#¼ÔrsA ;fn rq
v|ksPÓkj.kkFkZ:iL; Hkko?k×kUrL; xzg.ka Hkofr rnk rq ;r~fdf×Ór~ leqnk;kUR;L;sRlaKk;ka
çkIrk;ka okfrZddkjL; ç;kl% 'yk?kuh;ks Hkofr bfrA
v=kksP;rsµ okfrZddkjL; ç;kl% O;FkksZ u HkofrA ;r% /kRoknhuka leqnk;kuka
ç;ksx'kkludj.kr;k ;Fkk mins'kROka Hkofr rFkSo rno;os"ofi mins'kdj.kRoa HkofrA
leqnk;ksins'ks¿o;kokukeI;qins'kks HkoR;soA ,o×Ó mins'kdj.krk;k% /kRoo;os"ofi lÙosu
80 rnUrL;kfi bRlaKk çkIuksfrA vrks /kRok|o;okUR;L;kihRlaKkyksikS u L;krke~ bR;srnFk±
Ô;oflrkUR;fefr oDrO;e~* (ek-Hkk-ok-&û-ý-ý) bfr okfrZdL; lkFkZD;a HkofrA rsu mins'kinkFkZ%
leqnk;kUR;L;So bRlaKk HkofrA rs"kka leqnk;fof'k"Vkukeso O;oflrinkFkZRokfnfrA
4-6-1 O;oflrinkFkZfpUrue~
mifjruikB~;ka'ks Hkoku~ ifBroku~ ;r~ ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks O;oflrkUR;fefr
oDrO;e~ (e-Hkk-&û-ý-ý) bfr okfÙkZda dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs¿fi lkFkZda HkofrA
rsu p /kRok|o;okUR;L; bRlaKk u HkofrA Hkk";dkj'p ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks
vUR;xzg.klkeF;sZu loZgy~çlÄõkHkkosu ^Ô;oflrkUR;fefr oDrO;e~** bfr okfÙkZda
çR;k[;kroku~ bfrA bnkuha tkukrq ;r~ O;oflrinkFkZ% d% Hkofr bfrA
v;a Hkko%µ ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=kO;k[;kuØes r=k Hkoku~ Hkk";dkj%
ir×tfy% dFk;fr ^^gyUR;s loZgy~çlÄõ%A loZL; gy bRlaKk çkIuksfrA fda dkj.ke~\
lokZUR;Rokr~A loksZfg gy~ ra reof/a çR;Urks Hkofr** bfrA ,oa loZL;kfi gy bRlaKk
çkIrk HkofrA rnuUrja r=kSo okfÙkZddkj mÙkj;fr ^^fl¼a rq O;oflrkUR;Rokr~** (e-Hkk-&
û-ý-ý-ok-ü) vFkkZr~ O;oflrkUR;L;So bRlaKk okP;k] rsu loZL; gy% bRlaKk u
Hkfo";frA r=k Hkk";dkj vkgµ ^^fl¼ÔfrA lw=ka rfgZ fHk|rsA ;FkkU;kleLrqA ^gyUR;e~*
bR;=k vUR;xzg.klkeF;sZu çd"kZxfrfoZKkL;rsA lk/h;ks ;ks¿UR;% bfr**A v=k çdj.ks p
Hkk";dkj% ç'ueq[ksu O;oflrinkFk± n'kZ;keklA rFkkfgµ ^ds iquO;Zoflrk%\ /krq&
çkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk% bfrA
O;oflr'kCn'p O;oiwoZdkr~ ^"kks* (ik-/k-&û-þ÷)/krks% DrçR;;s lfr
fu"i|rsA fuf'prkFkZ% rL; dks"kknkS çfl¼ÔfrA fdURo=k 'kkL=ks ^/krqçkfrifnd&
çR;;fuikrkxekns'kk%* O;oflrinkFkZRosu x`áUrsA Hkk";s rFkSoksYys[kkr~A dFkesrs"kka
O;oflrRofeR;=k JhdS;V% çkgµ ^Ô;oflrk%¾ifjfPNÂk%** ('kkL=kÑrk ifjfPNÂRosu
cksf/rk%) ;s leqnk;k% /krqRoçR;;Rokfnuk /esZ.k rs"kka ;ks¿UR; bR;FkZ% (e-Hkk-çnhi-&û-
ý-ý)A ,o×Ó /krqRo& çR;;Rokfn/esZ.k ifjfPNÂk¾/krqRokfnfof'k"Vk% ;s /krqçkfrifnd&
çR;;kxefuikrk% rs ,o O;oflrinokP;k% HkofUr bfr fLFkre~A
/krqRokfnfof'k"VL; O;oflrinkFksZu xzg.ka HkorhR;qDre~A fdURo=k
Hkk";fojks/ks n`';rsA rFkkfgµ ,da lw=ka Hkofr ^û /krqyksi vk/Z/krqds** (ik-lw-&û-û-
þ) rsu fg /kRoa'kyksifufeÙkds vk/Z/krqds ijs xq.ko`¼h fuf"kè;srsA Hkk";s /krqxzg.kiQya
^yfork] ifork* bfr nÙke~A ;=k /kRoa'kL; yksiks Hkofr] r=kSo xq.kc`f¼fu"ks/%A v=k rq
iwo± ×kdkj:iL;kuqcU/L; bRlaKkyksikH;ka fuo`fÙk%A vuUrje~ vof'k"VL; ^yw* îw*
ek=kL; /krqlaKk HkofrA vrks ×kdkjyksiosyk;ka r=k /krqRok¿Hkkokr~ /kRoa'kyksikHkkosu
xq.kfu"ks/ks u HkofrA yfork] ifork p fl¼ÔfrA Ô;oflrkUR;e~ br~* bfr Lohdkjs
rkn`'kHkk";k'k;ks fo#¼ÔrsA ;rksfgµ /krqRokfnfof'k"VL; O;oflrkUR;L; bRlaKk HkofrA
vrks /krqlaKka fouk bRlaKk u L;kr~A Hkk";s rq iwo± bRlaKk] rrks /krqlaKk] vrks fojks/
vki|r bfr psr~ lR;e~A /krqlKa k rq fØ;kokpdL;So Hkofr] ^yw* bR;knsjos fØ;kokpdRoe~A
fdUrq v=k O;oflrinkFksZ /krqRokfn;ksX; ^yw* îw*çHk`fr?kfVrRosu vuqcU/fof'k"Vkuka
^yw×k~* bR;knhuka /krqRokHkkos¿fi /krqxzg.ksu xzg.ka HkofrA ;|fi ^yw×k~* bR;=ksnkuha ^yw*
bR;L; u /krqRoa ×kdkjsRlaKk;ka lR;ka rq ^yw* bR;L; /krqlaKk Hkfo";frA v=k yw×k~?kVds
yw'kCns¿fi /krqRo;ksX;rk orZrsA vr% /krqRo;ksX;ywçHk`fr?kfVrRokr~ yw×k~ bR;L;kfi /krq&
insu xzg.kfefr Hkko%A vrks Ô;oflrkUR;fer~* bfr Lohdkjs u d'pu Hkk";fojks/%A
;|fiµ ^^/krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk% O;oflrk%**A bR;=k 81

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ fuikrkukefi çkfrifndRosuSo xzg.ka lEHkofr] ;r% fuikrkukefi vFkZoRokr~ çkfrifndRoa
HkoR;soA fujFkZdL;kfi fuikrL; çkfrifndRoa HkofrA ,o×p v=k fuikrinL; i`FkXxzg.ka
fdeFkZe~ bfr psnqP;rsµ fuikrk |ksrdk%] çkfrifnda rq okpdfefr cks/f;rqa fuikrL;
i`Fkd~r;k xzg.ke~A vFkok ^czkã.kof'k"BU;k;su* rL; i`FkXxzg.ke~A ;Fkkµ czkã.kk% vk;krk%]
of'k"Bks¿I;kxr%* bfr yksds ç;qT;rs r=k of'k"BL; czkã.kinsu xzg.ks lR;fi of'k"BL;
brjczkã.ksH;% oSf'k"VÔa cks/f;rqa i`FkXxzg.ka HkofrA rFkSo brjçkfrindsH;% |ksrdRo:ia
oSf'k"VÔa cks/f;rqa fuikrL; i`FkXxzg.kfefr Hkko%A
,rkork O;k[;kusu bnek;kra ;r~µ ^mins'kus¿tuqukfld bfr oDrO;e~*
bfr okfÙkZdçR;k[;kuk; ;FkkU;klesokLrqµ ^mins'ks ?k×k;a dj.klk/u* bfr Hkk";s.k
mins'kine~ vk|ksPpkj.k:ia Hkko?k×kUra ukfLr] vfirq dj.k?k×kUra fo|rsA ^gyUR;e~*
bR;=k p vk|ksPpkj.kkFkZdksins'kinL;kuqof` ÙkuSoZ HkofrA vr ,o ^mnf'or~* bR;k|O;qRiÂçkfr&
ifndkUrL;kfi gy% yksi% çkIuksfr] rnFk± ^çkfrifndkUrkuka çfr"ks/ks okP;ks¿ÑÙkf¼rkUrkuke~*
bfr okfÙkZddkj mDroku~A ÑnUrrf¼rkUrfHkÂçkfrifndkuke~ bRlaKk u HkofrA fdUrq
iQykHkkokÂssRlaKk bR;kfnuk p okfÙkZdL; çR;k[;kua Ñra Hkxork Hkk";dkjs.kA ;fn p
vk|ksPpkj.kkFkZdL; (çR;{kk[;kukRedL;) mins'kinL; ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks¿uqo`fÙk%
L;kÙknk rq ^çkfrifndkuka çfr"ks/* bR;kfnokfÙkZdL; vuqRFkkueso L;kr~A ;rksfgµ eqfu=k;s.k
u Dofpnfi vO;qRiÂkfu çkfrifndkfu mPpkfjrkfu lfUrA ^mnf'or~* bR;=kkfi mndsu
'o;rs¾ o/Zrs bfr mnf'or~ ^rØe~* O;qRiÂesoA vr% Dokfi rs"kka çR;{kk[;kua u HkofrA
mís'k'p çkfrifndkuka uksins'k% (ek-Hkk-&ö-û-þÿ) bfr Hkk";ksDrs'pA rLekr~ Hkko?k×kUrksins'kL;
uk=kkuqo`fÙk%A
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dÙkZO;%** bfrA v=k çkfrifndkukeqins'k% dÙkZO;% bR;qDR;k çkfrifndkukeqins'kksHkorhfr
okP;e~ ^^vknsp mins'k** bfr lw=kLFkHkk";s.k lg ,dokD;rkykHkk;¾vfojks/k; çkfrifndkuka
çfr"ks/ks okP;% vÑÙkf¼rkUrkukfeR;=k vÑfnR;kfnxzg.kUrq vioknfo"k;ifjgkjs.k
mRlxZço`fÙkfjfrÑnUrkfrfjDrs bRlaKk u L;kr~A ^dqEHkdkj* bR;knkS p iwo± çkfrifndRos
lfr .kyksik¿çkIrkS] rnFkZeÑr~ bR;kfnA mins'k% dÙkZO;% bR;L; xzg.ka dÙkZO;e~ bR;FkZLohdkjkr~
lansgfuo`Ùk;s vuqokn:is.k xzg.ka dÙkZO;e~ bR;FkZ%A
cks/ç'u%&4-6
d- ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks ds O;oflrk%\
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[k- dj.k?k×kUrksins'kLohdkjs.k fl¼s% ^Ô;oflrkUR;fefr** okfrZdLohdkj% fdeFkZe~\

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82
x- ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=ks okfrZddkj% O;oflrkUR;fefr oDrO;e~ bfr okfrZda fdeFkZe~ mins'kinkFkZ%
Lohpdkj\
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?k- O;oflrRoa fda Hkofr\

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M- çkfrifndRosuSo fuikrkukefi xzg.kfl¼s% fuikrkuka i`Fkd~r;k xzg.ka fdeFkZe~\

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p- ^vxzg.kçkfrifndkukeqins'k% dÙkZO;%* bR;=k mins'k% drZO; bR;L; dks¿FkZ%\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
up dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinkuqoÙ` ;k fl¼s ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) lw=ks Ô;oflrkUR;&
fefr oDrO;e~A ds iquO;Zoflrk%\ /krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk%** bfr okfrZdk|uqRFkku&
fefr okP;e~_ leqnk;}kjk¿o;okukefi mins'kdj.kRokÙknUrL;kfi yksikifÙkfjR;k'k;kr~A
Hkk";Ñrk pkUR;xzg.klkeF;suZ çR;k[;kre~A r=kkuqcU/fo'k"Vkuka /krqRokfn rq /krqRokfn;ksX;&
?kfVrRokn~ cksè;e~A fuikrkuka |ksrdRosu czkã.kof'k"BU;k;su p çFkx~xgz .ke~A O;oflrRo×pµ
/krqRokfnukifjfPNÂRokfnfr dS;V%A ,o×pksnf'onkfnçkfrifndkURL;kfi yksi% çkIuksrhfr
^çkfrifndkuka çfr"ks/ks okP;ks¿ÑÙkf¼rkUrkuke~* bfr okfrZdÑrksDre~A ^^dqEHkdkj** bR;knkS
vioknfo"k;ifjgkjs.kksRlxZço`Ùks% iwo± çkfrifndRos .kkfnyksiks u L;kfnfr vÑfnR;kfnA
rPp îQykHkkokÂsRlaKk* bR;kfnuk Hkk";s çR;k[;kre~A vk|ksPpkj.kkFkZdksins'kinkuqo`ÙkkS
RoL; okfrZdL;kuqRFkkueso L;kr~A mís'k'p çkfrifndkuka uksins'k% bfr vkns (ik-lw-&6-
1-45) bfr lw=kHkk";s mDrs%A ,rn~Hkk";SdokD;r;k iLi'kkfÉdLFks ^^vxzg.kçkfr&
ifndkukeqins'k% drZO;% e×pdks e×td bfr ek Hkwr%** bfr Hkk";s mins'k'kCn% xzg.ka
drZO;e~ bR;FkZd%A rPpkuqokn:ieso lUnsgfuoÙkZdfefr cksè;e~A
4-7 Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`Ù;Hkkos rfLefÂfr lw=kHkk";fojks/% rr~

ifjgkj'p
mifjruO;k[;kusu fl¼a Hkofr ;r~ mins'k bR;=k Hkko?k×kUrLohdkjks¿uqfpr%]
83

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ dj.k?k×kUrksins'kineso Lohdk;ZfefrA fdUrq v=k i{ks ,d% Hkk";fojks/ vkirfrA rFkkfg
^rfLefÂfr fufnZ"Vs iwoZL;* (û-û-öö) bR;=k Hkk";s "k"BhçdYidRoa rL; bfr i{ks
(^rLekfnR;qÙkjL;* bfr lw=ka i×pE;Urkr~ ijka "k"Bha izdYi;fr bfr "k"BhçdYii{kkfHkçk;%)
^^xqi~frt~fdn~H;% lu~** (ik-lw-&ý-û-úÿ) bR;knkofi ^lu~* bfr çFkekUrL; "k"BhçDÆfIr&
HkZofrA xqi~frt~fdn~H;% lu% (LFkkus) Hkofr bR;FkZ% L;kr~A fda L;kr~ lu% LFkkus\ LFkkfu
funsZ'kk¿HkkokPp lu% LFkkus lu~ ,o Hkfo";frA rnuUrja Hkk";dkj% ^^bRlaKk u çdYirs
mins'k brhr~laKksP;rs** (ek-Hkk-&ûû-öö-ö÷) bR;qDroku~A vFkkZr~µ gyUR;fefr lw=ks.k
mins'ks fo|ekuL; gy% bRlaKk fo/h;rsA v=k "k’hçdYidRoi{ks p lu~ çR;;% u
lk{knqPpfjr% lk{knqPpfjrLFkkus tkr vkns'k:iks HkofrA vrks¿=k mins'kk¿Hkkokr~ udkjL;
bRlaKk u L;kfnfr Hkk";kfHkçk;%A ,rPÓ ^^mins'ks mP;ekuk bRlaKk u çdYirs** bfr
Hkk";e~] vk|ksPpkj.kkFkZdL; Hkko?k×kUrL; mins'kinL; Lohdkji{k ,o laxPNrsA
dj.k?k×kUrLohdkjs rq vkns'kL;kfi mins'kRoa HkoR;soA ,o×p dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`ÙkkS
Hkk";fojks/ks Hkorhfr psr~_ v=kksP;rsµ ^^mins'ks mP;ekuk bRlaKk u çdYirs** bR;kfn
Hkk";a fl¼kUrHkk";a ukfLrA rn~Hkk";a rq ,dns';qfDrHkk";a HkofrA vr ,dnsf'kHkk";cysu
Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`fÙklk/dRoa u ;qT;rsA
4-7-1 ^;FkkFk± ok "k’hfunsZ'k%* bR;sdns';qfDrRokn~ Hkko?k×kUr[k.Mue~

dFka rL; Hkk";L; ,dnsf'kHkk";Roe~ bR;srnFk± r=kR;% çlÄõk¿s oyksduh;%A
rFkkfgµ Hkk";s ,"k fopkj vkxr% ;=k ^bdks ;.kfp* bR;knkS lIrE;Ure~ ^vfp*
bR;kfnina r=k ^rfLefÂfr fufnZ"Vs iwoZL;* (ik-lw-&û-û-öö) bfr lw=kcysu vO;ofgrL;
iwoZL; LFkkus dk;± HkofrA ;=k i×ÓE;Ure~ ^^mn% LFkkLrEHkks% iwoZL;**(pk-lw&ø-þ-öû)r=k
^rLekfnÙ;qÙkjL;* (ik-lw-&û-û-ö÷)bfr lw=kcysukO;ofgrL; mÙkjL; LFkkus dk;± HkofrA
;=k rq ^^Äeks ßLoknfp Äeq.fuR;e~** (ik-lw-&ø-ý-ýü) bR;knkS lIreh] i×peh
psR;qHk;a fufnZ';rs r=k iwoZL; dk;± L;kr~ ijL; osfr lansgs tkrs l¼kUrh dFk;fr
îjRoknuodk'kRokPp* i×peh funsZ'kks cyoku~A vFkkZr~ ^rLekfnR;qÙkjL;* bfr fg
ij'kkL=ka Hkofr] vrks foçfr"ks/lw=kcysu ijL;So dk;± Hkfo";frA rnqDre~ Hkk";s ^mHk;funsZ'ks
foçfr"ks/kr~ i×pehfunsZ'kks Hkfo";fr* (ek-Hkk-&û-û-öö-ö÷) ,o×Ó ^Äeks ßLoknfp*
bR;knkS ßLoknpks ÄeqV~ HkofrA
,rnuUrja d'pu ,dns'khµ ^^;FkkFk± ok "k"Bh funsZ'k% drZO;%** bfr
lek/kukUrjeqDroku~A ;Fkkfo"k;a çns'ks"kq dkf;Z.k% "kBÔk funsZ"VO;k% (dS;V%&û-û-öö-ö÷)
vFkkZr~ r=k r=k lw=ks ,o "k"Bh funsZ'k% drZO;%A ^Äeks ßLoknfp*(ik-lw-&ø-ý-ýü) bR;=kSo
^vfp* bR;L; LFkkus ^Äeks ßLoknp%* bfr funsZ"VO;e~A ;=k ;Fkko';da r=k rFkk
funsZ"VO;e~A fdUrq ,rr~ lehphua u Hkofrµ ;rksfg ^^brks¿r~ loZukeLFkkus** (ik-lw-&÷-
û-øö) bgLFkL; lIrehfunsZ'kL; mÙkj=k ^^xksrks f.kr~** (ik-lw-&÷-û-ùú) (loZukeLFkkua
f.k}r~) vuko';dRos¿fi] iwoZ=k pko';dRosu_ rFkSo ^Äeks ßLoknfp* (ø-ý-ýü) bR;=k
lIrehfunsZ'kL;kuko';dRos¿fi ^ê; m×kks oks ok** (vfp) (ik-lw-&ø-ý-ýý)
bR;knkoko';dRosu mHk;funsZ'ks xkSjoxzLra HkofrA rnis{k;k foHkfDrfoifj.kkesuSo cks/s
yk?kofefr ^;FkkFk± ok "k"BhfunsZ'k% drZO;%* bfr i{kks xkSjoxzLrRoknsdnsf'kHkk";a HkofrA
vuUrja iqu% d'pu vij ,dns'kh dFk;frµ ^rfLefÂfr* ^^rLekfnR;qÙkjL;**
(ik-lw-&û-û-öö]ö÷) v=k lw=k};s¿fi ^^"k"Bh LFkkus;ksxk** (û-û-þø) lw=kkr~ ^"k"Bh*
bR;L;kuqorZua ÑRok "k"BhçdYidRoekfJre~A ,o×p mHkkH;ka ifjHkk"kklw=kkH;keso "k"Bh
84
çdYiuh;kA vusuSdnsf'kuk iwoZL; ,dnsf'ku% ^;FkkFk± ok "k"BhfunsZ'k% drZO;%* bfr i{k% mins'kinkFkZ%
çR;k[;kr%A ,rnfi dFkue~ ,dnsf'kHkk";eso ;rksfgµ v=k i{ks "k"Bhinkuqo`fÙkHkZofrA
fd×Ó ;=kksHk;ks% funsZ'k% r=k ijRokuodk'kRo;ksjkJ;.ke~A ^^vkn~xq.k%** (ik-lw-&ö-û-ø÷)
bR;knkS vknfp bR;knkSµ mHk;ks% i×pehlIrE;ks% "k"BhçdYiukokj.kk; ^^,d% iwoZij;ks%**
bR;L; KkidRoa Lohdj.kh;e~A vU;Fkk "k’hçdfYid;ks% mHk;ks% (v$b) LFkkus xq.ks fl¼s
lw=ka O;Fk± L;kr~ bfrA
rr% iqujfi çFke% ,dns'khµ ^^;FkkFk± ok "k"BhfunsZ'k% drZO;%** bfr
"k’hçDÆfIroknh mDroku~µ L;kns"k nks"kks ;nhRlaKk vkns'ka çrh{ksrA ;fn vkns'kkuUrjeso
bRlaKk dÙkZO;k r£g rq ,"kq mins'kkHkkokr~ bRlaKk u çkIuksfr bR;s"k nks"k% dFkf×pr~ L;kr~A
xqi~frt~fdn~H;% lu~ bR;=k rq vkns'kkr~ iwoZeso mins'kksÙkjdkyeso lu~?kVdL; uL;
Ñrk;kfeRlaKk;ka yksis p Ñrs vkns'kks Hkfo";frA
,oEçdkjs.k "k’hçdYidRoi{k% ,dnsf'kHkk";a HkofrA rnk/kjs.k Hkko?k×kUrks&
ins'kinkuqo`fÙkdYiua uksfpre~A
4-7-2 Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuuqo`ÙkkS Hkk";kUrjlEefr%

bnkuha ;konsrnk;kra ;r~ mins'kine~ vk|ksPpkj.kfeR;FkZda Hkko?k×kUra
UkkfLrA fdUrq dj.k?k×kUreso O;oflrinkfHk/s;e~A v=k Hkk";kUrjL;kfi lEefrHkZofrA
rFkkfgµ ;Fkk iwoksZDr% ,dns'kh vdFk;r~ ;r~& Ñrk;kfeRlaKk;ka yksis p Ñrs vkns'kks
Hkfo";fr bfrA rnUrja iqu% mins'kinL; vuqo`fÙke~ vufHkçsR;So dFk;frµ ^^vFkok
ukuqRiÂs lfu çDÆIR;k HkforO;e~] ;nkpksRiÂ% lu~ rnk ÑrlkeF;kZ i×pehfr çDÆfIruZ
Hkfo";fr** bfrA v;a Hkko%µ çFkea lu~çR;;% L;kr~ rnuUrjeso rL; LFkkus "k"BÔk%
çDÆfIr% L;kr~A ;fn rq çFkea ^lu~* bR;so ukfLr rnk rq dL; LFkkus "k"Bh L;kr~A fd×p
;nk çÑR;O;ofgrksÙkjRofof'k"V% lu~ mRi|rs rnk i×peh foHkfDr% çÑR;O;ofgrksÙkjRo&
fof'k"Va lu~çR;;eqRik| ÑrlkeF;kZ HkofrA vr% rL;k% "k"BhçdYidRoa u HkofrA
,o×p ^xqi~frt~fdn~H;%* (ik-lw-&ý-û-úÿ) bR;knkS "k"BhçdYidRoeso uk;krhfr rRi{ks
çnÙknks"kfujklk; mins'ks mP;ekuk bRlaKk u L;kfnR;L; lkFkZD;k; Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinkuqof` ÙkfoZ&
iQysfr Hkko%A
4-7-3 dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinL; çkSf<+oknRodYiukfujkl%

iwoksZDrikB~;ka'kekè;esu Hkoku~ ,rn~ cq¼oku~ ;r~ mins'kins dFkefi
Hkkos ?k×k~ LohdrqZa u 'kD;rsA Hkk";dkj'p okfrZdÑíf'kZrU;klL; ^^mins'kus¿uqukfld%**
bR;L; [k.Mu}kjk ^^gyUR;e~** (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ý) bR;L;kFkZçn'kZuk; dj.k?k×kUrksins'kina
LohÑroku~A ;fn lw=kr ,o okfrZdlEerL; mins'ku:iL; 'kkL=kL;¾'kkludj.kL;
dFkf×pn~ ykHk% L;kr~ rnk U;klkUrjdj.kL; dk¿o';drsfr Hkk";Ñrkek'k;%A ,o×p
okfrZddkj% ;eFkZe~ mins'kuinsu Lohdjksfr resokFk± Hkk";dkj% mins'kinsu LohdjksfrA
vr% Hkk";s dj.k?k×kUrL;ksins'kinL;Lohdkj bR;k;kfrA rFkkfiµ ;fn d'pu ^^rfLefÂfr**
bfr lw=kLFkSdnsf'kHkk";kuqjks/su Hkk";dkjs.kksDrL; dj.k?k×kUri{kL; çkSf<okndYiufefr
dFk;fr rÂ ;qT;rs bfr ukxs'kkfHkçk;%A JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr'p çkS<euksjek;ka ;|I;qifn';rs¿usufs r
dj.kO;qRiÙ;k 'kkL=keqins'k bfr Hkk";o`Ù;kfn"kq O;k[;kra] rFkkfi rr~ çkSf<oknek=ke~(çkS-e-
gyUR;e~) bfr mDroku~A rnsrUera 'ks[kjs [kf.Mra fo|rsA fd×p Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs
y{;k.kka losZ"kka laxzgks uSo Hkofr ^Hkor"Bd~NlkS* bR;=kksins'kkUR;kHkkokr~ ^Bd~* 85

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ?kVdddkjknsfjRoa u L;kr~A ^ÆV% ln~ ok* bfr fofgr'kr`'kkupknhuk×pksins'kRoa u L;kr~A
rLekr~ dj.k?k×kUri{k ,o leknj.kh; bfr 'ks[kjdkjân;e~A
bne=k fopk;Zrs ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k mins'kina Hkko?k×kUra rq ukuqorZrsA
fdUrq dj.k?k×kUrL; mins'kinL;kuqo`fÙkj=k Hkofr u osfr\ v=k dj.k?k×kUrksins'kineuqorZrs
bR;so lEçnk;%A fdUrq dspu LohdqoZfUr ;r~ v=k dj.k?k×kUrL;kI;qins'kinL; vuqo`fÙkuZSo
HkofrA Hkk";s¿uqo`fÙkdFkuk¿Hkkokr~A ^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~**(ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bfr lw=ks
Hkk";dkj% mins'k bfr fdeFkZe~ ^^vHkz vk¡ vi%** dk;kZHkkokfnRlaKk u Hkfo";frA
bneLrhRdk;Ze~¾^^vHkz vk¡ vfVr%** vuUrjy{k.kk;ke~ lR;kfeRlaKk;ka ;nk vusdkUrk
vuqcU/kLrnk vuUrj bRlaKd% dk;ZL; fo'ks"kdks Hkorhfr /krksjkfnRokfnV~çfr"ks/çlÄõ%
(ek-Hkk-&û-ý-ý&dS;V%)A ^vkfnr'p* (ik-lw-&÷-ü-ûö) brhV~ çfr"ks/% çlT;rs bR;dFk;r~A
,rsu vk;kfr ;r~ mins'kxzg.kL; ^^gyUR;e~** (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;=kkuqo`fÙk% ç;kstua u
HkofrA vU;Fkk Hkxoku~ Hkk";dkj% loZ=k fooj.k'kSY;k czwrs] v=kkfi dFk;sr~
^^mins'kxzg.keqÙkjkFkZe~** bfrA fdUrq rFkk Hkk";dkj% ukokspr~A Hkk";dkjks fg dsoye~
^vuqcU/k vusdkUrk%* bR;fl¼kUri{ks ^^vHkz vk¡ vfVr%** bR;=k bV~çfr"ks/kHkko:ieso
iQya çfrikn;fr vrks¿=k mins'kina ukuqorZrs&bR;k;kfrA
fd×p ^^gyUR;e~** (û-ý-ý) bR;=k 'kfÄïra ^^gyUR;s loZçlÄõ%A
loZL; gy bRlaKk çkIuksfrA fda dkj.ke~\ loksZ¿fi gy~ ra reof/a çR;Urks HkofrA**
bR;qDRok ^^fl¼a rq O;oflrkUR;Rokr~A O;oflrkUR;ks gy~ bRlaKks Hkorhfr oDrO;e~A ds
iquO;Zoflrk%\ /krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk%A fl¼ÔfrA lw=ka rfgZ fHk|rs** bfrA
rnuUrj×p ^^;FkkU;klesokLrq--- vkgk;a gyUR;feRlaKa Hkofr bfr loZ'p gy~ ra
reo¯/ çR;Urks HkofrA r=k çd"kZxfrfoZKkL;rsA ^lk/h;ks ;ks¿UR;* bfr] d'p lk/h;%]
O;oflrkuka ;ks¿UR;%** bR;qDre~A
,rsu ç?kêðdsu Hkk";dkj% vUR;xzg.klkeF;kZnso O;oflrincksè;kuka
/krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekuke~ vUR;gykfer~ laKk Hkorhfr ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=kL;
vFkksZ Hkorhfr euqr bR;k;kfrA ;|=kksins'kxzg.ka L;kr~ rnk Hkk";dkjks¿o';eso rFkksPpkj;sfnfr
cksè;e~A
^vfXufpr~* bR;knkS rqµ çkfrifndkuka çfr"ks/ks okP;ks¿ÑÙkf¼rkUrkuke~
bR;usu nks"kk¿Hkko%A r=k vÑÙkf¼rkUrkuke~ bR;=k vJw;ek.kÑnUrrf¼rkUrfHkÂ& çkfrifndkuka
bR;FkZLohdkjs.kA ^vfXufpr~* bR;knkS çR;;L; lokZigkfjyksisu vJw;ek.kÑnUrRoe~A
çkfrifndRo×p HkofrA vrks¿=k vJw;ek.kÑnUrçkfrifndRokr~ çfr"ks/ks HkoR;soA
^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* bR;=kkfi ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;knkS fo/kulkeF;kZnos
bRlaKk u çIuksfrA ;Fkk ^^m×k%] mQ¡%** (ik-lw-&û-û-û÷]ûø) bR;=k fo/kulkeF;kZnso
bRlaKk u HkofrA ,oeso ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;=kkfi vuqukfldfo/kulkeF;kZnso usRlaKk
Hkfo";rhfr mins'kina fouk¿fi u dks¿fi nks"k%A rFkk¿fi ,rkn`'kO;k[;kus cqf¼ÑrefrxkSjoa
Hkorhfr mins'kinlkFkZD;a cksè;e~A rFkk p ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`fÙkjso
oje~A fd×pksins'kinlRos¿cq/kuka ckykukefi lqyHkr;k cks/ks HkofrA
4-7-4 O;oflrkUR;fefr Lohdkjs ^vbm.k~* bR;knkS nks"k% rfÂjkdj.k×p

dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs.k vUR;xzg.klkeF;suZ ok O;oflrinkFkZcksè;kuka
86 /krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kkukeUR;L;So gy% bRlaKk ^^gyUR;e~** bfr lw=ks.k Hkorhfr
Kkroku~ Hkoku~A r=k ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnçR;kgkjlw=kk.kka rq r=k ifjx.kua ukfLrA vr ,"kka mins'kinkFkZ%
çR;kgkjlw=kk.kkeUR;L; gy% bRlaKk dFka L;kfnfr ftKklk L;kr~ Hkorka euflA v=kSoa
cksè;e~ ^vbm.k~* bR;knhuka lw=kk.kkefi Øecks/dRosu vFkZoRokr~ çkfrifndRoa HkorhfrA
,oeso ^ûeks ofjof'p=kÄ%** (ik-lw-&ý-û-ûù) bR;=k ifBr% fp=kÄ% çkfrifndRoe~
^^pks dq%** bR;=kkfi pdkjddkjkns% çkfrifndcks/dRokr~ çkfrifndRoe~A vr ,"kq
bRlaKk HkoR;soA ^?olksj¼ s koH;klyksi'p*(ik-lw-&ö-þ-ûûù) bR;=k çf'y"VL; 'kdkjL;kfi
LoLo:icks/dRosu çkfrifndRoa O;insf'kon~Hkkosu p çkfrifndkUR;RoferhRlaKk HkoR;soA
^?olks%* bR;=k fg ^nsfg* bR;knkS lEiw.kkZH;klyksikFk± yksi'p bR;=k ,d% 'kdkj% çf'y";rs]
l p 'kdkj% fHkÂine~ bRlaKd×pA f}'kdkjfunsZ'kks¿uqcU/kukeusdkUri{ks HkofrA fl¼kUrs
vo;oRoi{ks rq 'kdkjks u dL;kI;o;oks HkofrA r=k bRlaKk u L;kr~A vr% r=k i{ks
^nsghR;knkS* lokZns'krkfl¼;s ^yksiks f;* (ö-þ-ûûø) bfr lw=kkr~ yksixzg.keuqorZrs ^?olks*
fjfr lw=ks iquykZis xzg.ka lokZn's kkFk± cksè;e~A ^Fkeq*?kVdL; ^Fke~*bR;L; çR;;Rosu ifjfPNÂRoe~A
r=k rq Fkeq% IkzR;;ks Hkofr] u rq Fke~ bfrA vrks u r=k nks"k%A
,dkp mins'ks (ik-lw-&÷-ü-ûú) bfr lw=ks ^bRlaKkfo/kS mPpkj.kopu
mifnf'kx`Zárs* bfr Hkkolk/uijda O;k[;kua ukxs'kersu fpUR;e~A rFkSo Hkko?k×kUroknh
euksjekdkjks¿fi uknrZO;Z%A Jh ukxs'kersu ^mins'ks¿p~* ^gyUR;e~* bfr lw=k};s dj.k?k×kUrks&
ins'kine~A ^,dkp mins'ks* ^vknsp mins'ks* bR;knkS p Hkkolk/u ,osfr cksè;e~A
cks/ç'u%&4-7
û- çdks"Bkr~ fpRok fjDrLFkkua iwj;A
d- gyUR;e~ bR;=k ---------------------------------------------- inkuqo`fÙki{ks ^rfLefÂfr* bR;kfn
lw=kLFkHkk";fojks/ 'kadk Hkofr (dj.k?k×kUrksins'k@Hkko?k×kUrksins'k)
[k- "k"BhçdYidRoi{ks ^^xqif~ rt~fdn~H;% lu~** bR;=k lu% LFkkus --------------------------
Hkfo";fr (l ,o@lu~ ,o)

x- "k"BhçdYidRoi{k% ---------------------------------------------- Hkofr (vfl¼kUrokfni{k%@
fl¼kUrokfni{k%)
?k- vFkok ukuqRiÂs lfu bR;kfn Hkk";s.k ^gyUR;e~* bR;=kksins'kL; -------------------------------------
lefFkZr%A (vuqo`fÙki{k%@vuuqo`fÙki{k%)
ü- ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kk.kka O;oflrinkFksZ DokUrHkkZo%A

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ewyxzUFkikB%
rr ,dknsf'kuk ^^;FkkFk± ok "k"BhfunsZ'k% dÙkZO;%** bfr lek/kukUrjeqDre~A
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nks"kks ;nhRl×Kk vkns'ka çrh{ksrA r=k [kyq Ñrk;kfeRlaK;ka yksis p Ñrs vkns'kks Hkfo";frA
mins'k bfr ghRl×KksP;rs** bfrA ,o×p rnqfDrO;kZgrsR;k'k;%A rnxzs mins'kinkuuqof` ÙkefHkçsR;
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rTtkrh;f'pUR; ,oA ^^,dkp mins'ks** (ik-lw-&7-2-30) ^^vknsp mins'ks** (ik-lw-&6-1-
85) bR;knkS rq Hkkolk/u ,osfr lqf/;ks foHkko;fURoR;kgq%A
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bfr lw=ks Hkko?k×kUrksins'kinL;kuqo`fÙkjfLrA mins'kueqins'k%A miksilxkZr~ fn'k~/krks% ^Hkkos*
bfr ?k×k~ çR;;ks HkofrA rL; p vk|ksPpkj.keFkZ%A çÙ;klÙ;k p ,rPNkL=kçorZdkukek|ks&
Ppkj.keqins'kinkFkksZ HkofrA r=k vk|Ro×p vKkrLoLo:icks/dRoa HkofrA rnqDra Hkk";s
^^çR;{kek[;kueqins'k%** xq.kS% çki.keqís'k%A bRlaKkfo/kS mPpkj.kopu mifnf'kx`Zárs
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feR;=k LohfØ;rs rnk ^ÆV% ln~ok* bfr lw=kfofgrkuka 'kr`'kkupknhuka fuikrkuqferD;&
cknhukeqins'kk¿Hkkokr~ r=ksRlaKk u çdYirsA r=k fg lk{knqPpkj.ka ukfLrA vr% ^mins'k*
bR;=k dj.ks ?k×k~ çR;;% Lohdk;Z%A mifn'kfr vusu bfr mins'k%] rPp vUrr% 'kkL=ka
HkofrA 'kkfLr vususfr 'kkL=ke~A vFkkZr~ ç;ksx'kkludj.kHkwrk ;s /krqçkfrifnd&
çR;;fuikrkxekns'kk HkofUr r ,o mins'kinokP;k HkofUrA ,ueso okfrZddkjk%
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LohÑR;SueFk± LohdjksfrA mnf'onknkS bRlaKkokj.ka rq ^^çkfrifndkuka çfr"ks/ks
okP;ks¿ÑÙkf¼rkUrkuke~**bfr okfrZdkJ;.ksu fuf"kè;rsA uáO;qRiÂkfu çkfrifndkfu
f=keqfuLohÑrkfu lfUrA vJw;ek.kÑnUrrf¼rkUrfHkÂçkfrifndkuke~ bRlaKkçfr"ks/ks HkofrA
^mnf'or~* bR;=k fDoi% lokZigkfjyksisu vJw;ek.kÑnUrRokn~ bRlaKk u HkofrA
^vxzg.kçkfrifndkukeqins'k% drZO;%* bfr iLi'kk;ka mins'k'kCnks xzg.kkFkZd%A ^rfLefÂfr*
bR;kfnlw=kLFka Hkk";a rq ,dnsf'kuks HkofrA vrLrsu Hkk";s.k mins'kinL; Hkko?k×kUrRoa
LohdrqZa u 'kD;rsA ,o×Ó Hkk";dkjs.k çfrikfnrL; dj.k?k×kUri{kL; çkSf<oknr;k O;k[;kua
gs;esosR;ye~A
88
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/krq&çkfrifnd&çR;;&fuikrkxekns'kk%A
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bR;qHk;=kkfi lIrehfunsZ'ksu ;=k dk;± Hkofr
r=k lIrE;UrkFkkZUoÕ;FkZda ine~] ,oa i×Óeh&
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bR;fHkçk;%A
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dq=kfpnso rr~Lohdkj% loZ=kLohdkjs rq nks"k%A
4- ckgqyde~ µ DofpRço`fÙk% Dofpnço`fÙk% Dofpf}Hkk"kk
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4-11 lgk;dxzUFk%
1- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj% µ ia- czg~enÙkf}osnhÑrk VhdkA
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[k- û- Hkkos ?k×k~çR;;% 89

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ x- mins'k vk|ksPpkj.kfeR;=k mins'ks vk|Ro×p vKkrLoLo:icks/dRoa
HkofrA
?k- ^ckgqydkr~ dj.ks ?k×k~* bfr i{k% ^ckgqydRoa Roxfrdxfr%* bfr dFkusu
fujLr%A
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[k- ^vHkz vk¡ vi%* bR;=k lIrehçfr:idL; vk(Ä~) bR;L; ^vkÄks¿uqukfld%*
bfr vk¡ fo/kukr~] çR;{kk[;kuk¿Hkkokr~ uksins'k% --- çR;{kek[;kua fg
mins'kks HkofrA
x- çR;{kek[;kueqins'k%] xq.kS% çki.keqís'k%A
?k- okfrZddkjs.k mins'kksís'k;ks% yksdO;ogkjs.k ladh.kZRoe'kÄïÔ fl¼a
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Ä- mins'k bR;=k ^ÑR;Y;qVks% cgqye~* bfr lw=ks.k ckgqydkr~ dj.ks ?k×k~
HkofrA v=kfg Ñrks cgqye~ bfr U;kl vkfJrks¿fLrA
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Hkokuqfí'krq bfr] l vkpk;Z% ^'kÂks nsoh%* bR;kfn eU=kku~ mifn'kfrA
fdUrq çR;{kk[;kuLFkys¿fi f'k";ks czwrs mfí"Vks es¿uqokd%A v=kksins'kin&
ç;ksxLFkys mís'k'kCnç;ksx%A rFkSoµ veqf"eÂodk'ks okegLrks xzghrO;%A
veqf"eÂodk'ks p nf{k.kgLr% bR;soeqís'kLFkys¿fi mifn"Vks es iUFkk%
bfr dFk;frA vr% yksds mHk;ks% lkÄï;± HkofrA
4-6
d- /krqçkfrifndçR;;fuikrkxekns'kk% O;oflrk% HkofUrA
[k- /kRok|o;okukfeRlaKk¿HkkokFkZeso dj.k?k×kUri{ks¿fi okfrZdLohdkj%A
x- loksZ¿fi gy~ ra reof/a çR;Urks HkofrA vr% loZgYçlÄõokj.kk;
okfrZda LohpdkjA
?k- /krqRokfnuk ifjfPNUuRoa O;oflrRoe~A
Ä- çkfrifndRosuoS fuikrkukefi xzg.kfl¼s% rs"kka iqu% xzg.ka czkã.kof'k’U;k;su
oSf'k‘Ôa cks/f;rqa Ñre~A
p- xzg.ka drZO;e~ bR;FkZ%A
4-7
û- çkdks"Bkr~ ina fpRok fjDrLFkkua iwj;A
d ^gyUR;e~* bR;=k dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinkuqo`fÙki{ks ^rfLefÂfr* bR;kfn
lw=kLFkHkk";fojks/'kÄïk HkofrA
[k- "k"BhçdYidRoi{ks ^^xqfIrtfdn~H;% lu~** bR;=k lu% LFkkus lu~ ,o
90 Hkfo";frA
x- "k"BhçdYidRoi{k% vfl¼kUrokfni{k% HkofrA mins'kinkFkZ%
?k- vFkok ukuqRiÂs lfu--- bR;kfn Hkk";s.k ^gyUR;e~* bR;=kksins'kinL;
vuuqo`fÙki{k% lefFkZrks HkofrA
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HkofrA
4-13 vH;klç'uk%
û- vfry?kqç'uk%
d- ^mins'k vk|ksPpkj.ke~* bR;FkZ%] mins'kinL; Hkko?k×kUrRos Hkofr mr
dj.k?k×kUrRos\
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[k- bRlaKkfo/koqPpkj.kopu mifnf'kx`Zárs bfr dL; opue~\

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x- mins'k vk|ksPpkj.kfeR;=k vk|Roa fda Hkofr\

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?k- ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* bR;=kksins'kxzg.kL; fda iQye~\

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Ä- ^ÆV% ln~ok* bfr fofgrs 'kr`'kkupknkS nks"k% dfLeu~ i{ks Hkofr\

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p- mins'kus¿uqukfld bfr ok£rda Hkk";dkj% dFka çR;k[;kroku~\ ,dsu

okD;su mÙkj;A
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91
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vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ N- Ô;oflrkUR;fer~* bfr Hkk";dkj% dFka çR;k[;kroku~\
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ü- vufry?kqç'uk%
d- mins'k bR;=k Hkkos ?k×k~ bfr i×plq okD;s"kq leFkZuh;e~A
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[k- mins'kksís'k;ksHkkZ";ksDry{k.ka fofy[; r;ks% yksdO;ogkjs.k ladh.kZRoa

çfrikn;A
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x- dj.k?k×kUrksins'kinLohdkjs ^^rfLefÂfr** lw=kLFkHkk";fojks/% dFka Hkofr\

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ý- nh?kksÙZ kjh;ç'ukS
d- mins'kins ?k×kUrRoeqiik| [k.Muh;e~A
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[k- "k"BhçdYidRoi{kL;Sdns';qfDrRoa foosp;A

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92
i×Óe% ikB% (vpka Hksnk%) vpka Hksnk%
ikBlajpuk
5-1 çLrkouk
5-2 mís';e~
5-3 mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~
5-3-1 çfrKk¿uqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k%
5-3-2 çR;kgkjsf"orka xzg.kk¿Hkkofoospue~
5-3-3 çR;kgkj'kCnkFkZfopkj%
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
5-4 Ådkyks¿>zLonh?kZIyqr%
5-4-1 Ådky'kCnfoe'kZ%
5-4-2 O;k[;kukr~ dkyÑrlkn`';xzg.ke~
5-4-3 vftfro.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.ki{kfujkl%
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
5-5 mPpS#nkÙk%
5-5-1 mPpSLRoa LFkkuÑre~
5-5-2 rkYoknhuka lHkkxRoe~
5-5-3 mnkgj.kkfu
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
5-6 rL;kfnr mnkÙke/ZßLoe~
5-6-1 v=k ßLoxzg.kfoospue~
5-6-2 mÙkjk/Z'kCnfoosd%
5-6-3 mnkgj.kkfu
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
5-7 eq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%
5-7-1 lw=kL; inÑR;e~
5-7-2 vpka Hksnk%
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
5-8 lkjka'k%
5-9 'kCnkoyh
5-10 lUnHkZxzUFk%
5-11 lgk;dxzUFk%
5-13 vH;klç'uk%
5-1 çLrkouk
iwoZfLeu~ ikBs Hkoku~ mins'kinkFkZL; foospua i;kZIra çkIroku~A ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw- 93

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ &û-ý-ý) bfr lw=ks ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfr lw=kkr~ mins'kineuqorZrsA
rPp ina dj.k?k×kUrfefr fl¼kfUrra Jherk ukxs'kHkV~Vus 'ks[kjukeds oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSenq h&
O;k[;kukReds xzUFksA JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr% oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSe|q ka laKkçdj.ks çk;% laKkfo/k;dkfu
lw=kkf.k O;k[;kfrA r=k gykfeRlaKkfo/k;da lkekU;a lw=ka ^gyUR;e~* bfr HkofrA rL;
O;k[;kua lekIre~ br% iwoZfLeu~ ikBsA vfLeu~ ikBs Hkoku~ vt~HksnlEc¼ku~ fo"k;ku~
KkL;frA rnFkZe~ p loZçFkee~ vpkfeRlaKkfo/k;da lw=ke~ ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~*
bR;k;kfrA vuUrja ßLonh?kZIyqrlaKkfo/k;da lw=ke~] mnkÙkkfncks/da lw=ke~] vuqukfldlaKk&
fo/k;da lw=k×Ó HkofrA 'ks[kjdkj% rs"kkeso lw=kk.kka O;k[;kua djksfrA vfLeu~ ikBs p
mdkyks¿T>zLonh?kZIyqr%] mPpS#nkr%] rL;kfnr mnkÙke¼ZßLoe~] eq[kukfldkopuks¿uq&
ukfld% bR;srkfu lw=kkf.k çk/kU;su O;k[;kL;UrsA
Hkoku~ çLrqrikBekè;esu] çR;kgkjsf"orka xzg.ka dFka u HkorhR;fi KkL;frA
^mdkyks¿p~* bR;=k o.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.kfujklksik;% voxrks Hkfo";frA vuqukfldinkFkZL;
Kkua çkIL;frA çR;kgkj'kCnkFkZKku×p çkIL;frA ^mnkÙke¼ZßzLoe~* bR;=k ¯d jgL;a] dkfu
pksnkgj.kkfu] ,rr~ loZe=k ikBs Hkoku~ ifB";frA iwoksZDrßLokfnHksnsu vTHksnk¡'p KkL;frA
5-2 mís';e~
,ua ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~µ
Ø dq=k vpke~ bRlaKk Hkorhfr Kkrqa 'k{;frA
Ø vtkfnçR;kgkjs"kq bRlaKdkuka xzg.ka dLekÂ Hkorhfr cks¼qa ikjf;";frA
Ø mdkyks¿T>zLonh?kZIyqr% bfr lw=kLFkksdky'kCnL; rkRi;Zeqio.kZf;rqa
çHkfo";frA
Ø mPpS#nkr% bR;=k mPpSLRoa dhn`'kfefr cks¼qa leFkksZ Hkfo";frA
Ø Lofjrs fd;ku~ mnkÙkHkkx% fd;k¡'pkuqnkÙkHkkx bfr Hkkf"krqa çHkfo";frA
Ø vpka Hksnk% fd;Ur bfr p Hkoku~ Kkrqa leFkksZ Hkfo";frA
5-3 mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~

iwofZ Leu~ ikBs bRlaKkfo/k;dlw=ks"kq ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;L;kFk± Kkroku~A
,rr~ lw=ka fg gy~o.kkZuka¾O;×tuo.kkZukfeRlaKka Kki;frA ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~*(ik-lw-&
û-ý-ü) bna lw=ka rq vpka¾Lojo.kkZuke~ bRlaKka fufnZ'kfrA Hkxork ikf.kfuuk v"Vkè;kÕ;kfena
lw=ka çFkea fufnZ"Va rnuq p ^gyUR;e~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ý) bR;qPpkfjre~A v=k fl¼kUrdkSe| q ka rq
HkV~Vksftnhf{kr% çFkea ^gyUR;e~* bfr O;k[;kfrA rnuq p ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* bfrA
v=k dks gsrqfjfr psnqP;rsµ Jh nhf{kr% ekgs'ojlw=kfu:i.kçlÄõs dFk;fr& ^,"kkeUR;k
br%*A ^y.k~ lw=ks¿dkj'p* bfrA v=k çFkee~ ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kk.kkeUR;o.kkZuka gykfer~
laKkfo/k;da lw=ka fu:i;frA rnuq ^y.k~*lw=ks¿dkjL; bRlaKkfo/k;da lw=ke~ ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld
br~* (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) bfrA ;|fi vfLeu~ lw=ks¿uqukfld'kCnks HkofrA rnFk± çFkeeuqukfld&
laKklw=ka oDrO;e~] rFkkfi ;ksxkFkkZJ;.ksu vuqukfldKkulEHkokr~] rr~ lw=ka i'pkr~ fu:if;";rsA
bna lw=ke~ vt~o.kkZukfeRlaKka fufnZ'kfrA fl¼kUrdkSe|
q keL;kFkZ%µ ^mins'ks¿uqukfldks¿&
ftRlaK% L;kr~* bR;soa çfrikfnrks fo|rsA laKkçLrkokPp laKsR;L; ykHkks HkofrA mins'ks
94 vp~ vuqfud% br~ bfr inPNsnks HkofrA
5-3-1 çfrKk¿uqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k% vpka Hksnk%
^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* bfr lw=keuqukfldL; vp% bRlaKka djksfrA

vuqukfldks uke êq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%* (ik-lw-&û-û-ø) eq[klfgrukfld;ksPpk;Zek.kks
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bRlaKk vfHkerk rs¿=k O;kdj.k'kkL=ks¿uqukfldfpÉfof'k"Vk uksPpkfjrk% lfUrA ,o×p
dq=kkuqukfldRoa dq=k p fujuqukfldRofefr rÙoa Kkrqa u 'kD;rsA fd×p eU;s rSLrSjkpk;SZ%
vuqukfldRosukfHkerk% los¿Z fi vt~o.kkZ% vuqukfldfpÉsu ;ksftrk Hkos;%q ] fdUrq dkyØes.k
ys[kdkfnçeknsu vuqukfldfpÉkfu ifjHkz"Vkfu L;q%A vrks¿fi ds¿uqukfldk% ds p
fujuqukfldk bfr Kkua u L;kfnfr 'kÄï;k JhHkV~Vksftnhf{krks¿xzs fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka fy[kfrµ
çfrKkuqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k% bfrA
îkf.kus% bes* bR;FkZs ô`¼kPN*(ik-lw-&þ-ü-ûúþ) bfr lw=ks.k NçR;;s
lfr îkf.kuh;k* bR;L; flf¼HkZofrA v=k ikf.kfuina dkR;k;uir×tfyinL;ksjfi cks/
da HkofrA ,o×p ikf.kfuçHk`frçksDrk% o.kkZ%] çfrKkuqukflD;k% HkofUrA çfrKk;rs¾
çfrKk fo"k;hfØ;rs bfr çfrKkA ^vkr'pksilxsZ* bfr deZf.k vÄ~] çfrKk vkuqukflD;a
;s"kka rs o.kkZ% çfrKkuqukflD;k%A
çfrKk p vuqukfld'kCnsu dFkue~] vFkok o.kkZuka rÙoKkidks O;ogkj%A
¹vuqukfld'kCnsu dFkua ;Fkkµ ^^vn~îró jkfnH;% i×pH;%** (ik-lw-&÷-û-üÿ) bR;=k egkHk";s
'kfÄïraµ ^^vn~M~** bR;igk; ;fn vn~Hkko% fØ;rs rnk iwoZlo.kZnh?kZ% çkIuksfr (drjkfnfr
L;kr~) bfrA vuUrjeqÙkfjraµ ^^fl¼euqukfldksi/Rokr~ (e-Hkk-&÷-û-üÿ)** vn~?kVdkdkj&
L;kuqukfldRoeqDre~A rr'p bRlaKkyksikH;ka iwoZlo.kZnh?kZfu"ks/% fl¼ÔfrA O;ogkjks
;Fkkµ ^çR;;%* ^vuqukfld%* îj'p* bR;kfn'kCnkuka lqfoHkDR;Urkuka #RofolxZdj.kkr~
^lq* bR;=kksdkjks¿uqukfldks foKk;rsA ,rkH;keso lk{kkr~dFkuO;ogkjkH;keuqukfldKkua lqyHka
cksè;e~Aº ,o×p ikf.kfudkR;k;uir×tfyçfrKkfo"k;kuqukflD;oUr% ikf.kfuçHk`frçksDro.kkZ%
HkoUrhfr 'ks[kjÑrkefHkçk;ks Hkorhfr Ks;e~A
bnkuha Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ikf.kU;knhuka ;k rn~O;ogkjkfnçfrKk Hkofr]
r;Sok=k lw=ks vuqukfldRofof'k"Vk vp% Kk;UrsA ,o×p ^çfrKkuqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k%*
bR;usu rkn`'kkuqukfldRofof'k‘k% o.kkZ% foof{krk% lfUrA
vU;s rq fHkÂ:is.k O;k[;kua dqoZfUrA rFkkfgµ ikf.kfuuk çksDra O;kdj.ka
ikf.kuh;e~A ikf.kuh;e/h;rs fonfUr ok ikf.kuh;k%¾Nk=kk%A ,o×p çfrKkuqukflD;k%
ikf.kuh;k'Nk=kk% HkoUrhfr foKk;rsA vuqukfldfpÉL; Hkz‘Rokfnnkuha ikf.kfuf'k";ijEij;So
ikf.kfuO;kdj.kkè;sr¤.kkeuqukfldKkua HkofrA fdUrq v=k O;k[;kus¿lkSfoè;a HkofrA vkuqukflD;a
fg o.kZfu’ks /eZ%A çfrKk¿uqukflD;a ;s"kke~ bR;=k fu’Roa "k’ÔFkZ%A vkuqukflD;L;
f'k";fu’Roa nqyZHkeso HkofrA
5-3-2 çR;kgkjsf"orka xzg.kk¿Hkkofoospue~

HkokusrTKkroku~ ;n~ ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* bfr lw=ks.k vuqukfldRo&
fof'k‘kukepkfeRlaKk fo/h;rsA v=k p o.kkZukeuqukfldRoa çfrK;k Kk;rsA dS;Vnhf{krkfnersu
p ^y.k~* (ek-lw-&ö) lw=kLFkkdkjL;kfi vuqukfldRoa LohfØ;rsA rsu p y.k~lw=kLFkko.ksZu
lgksPpk;Zek.k% jsiQ% jçR;kgkj:is.k jy;ks% laKk HkofrA ukxs'kersu rq vL;kdkjL;kuqukfld&
Roeçkekf.kda HkofrA ,rUers jçR;kgkj% uSo LohfØ;r bfr iwoZeso Kkroku~ Hkoku~ 95

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ bnkuhfe;a ftKklk L;kr~ ;r~ vtkfnçR;kgkjs"kq ;Fkk eè;xkuka o.kkZuka xzg.ka Hkofr
rFkSokUR;kukfeRlaKdo.kkZukefi xzg.ka dLekÂ HkorhfrA r=k JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr% dFk;frµ
^^çR;kgkjsf"orka u xzg.ke~ vuqukfld bR;kfnfunsZ'kkr~**(oS-fl-dkS- mins'ks¿p~) bfrA
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;|fi laKkdksVkS ;Fkk vU;s"kka eè;xkuka o.kkZuka ços'kks Hkofr rFkSo bRlaKdo.kkZukefi
ços'kks HkofrA dqr% r=k brka xzg.ka u Hkofr\ v=kksP;rsµ ^vuqukfld bR;kfnfunsZ'kkr~*A
;fn çR;kgkjs"kq bRlaKdo.kkZukefi xzg.ka L;kÙknk vp~çR;kgkjs ^½Æd~*?kVdL;sRlaKdL;
ddkjL;kfi xzg.ka Hkosr~A ,o×Ó ^êq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%** bR;=k ^vuqukfld%*
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Ñre~A uá=k ddkjs ijs¿p~dk;± ;.kkfnda n`';rsA rsu Kk;rs ;r~ çR;kgkjs"kq bRlaKdo.kkZuka
xzg.ka u HkorhfrA
;|qP;rs ^^çR;;LFkkr~ dkr~ iwoZL;kr bnkI;lqi%** (ik-lw-&÷-ý-þþ-)
bfr lw=ks.k ^lfoZdk* bR;knkS ddkjkr~ iwo± bRoa fo/h;rsA ;fn ddkjkr~ iwoZL; bdkjL;
;.k~ L;kr~ rnk rq rL; bRofo/kua O;Fk± L;kr~A rLekr~ bRofo/kulkeF;kZnsok=k ;.kHkko%
dYiuh; bfr rfgZ vu;k dYiu;k lk{kkr~ ^^bdks ;.kfp**(ik-lw-&ö-û-÷÷) bfr lw=kL;
ck/ks HkofrA rnis{k;k bRofo/kulkeF;kZr~ çR;kgkjs"ouqcU/xzg.kk¿Hkko bR;so Kkiua
oje~A rsuSo p ;.kHkko% fl¼ÔfrA v=k vç/kuL; ^^vkfn:R;su lgsrk** bfr laKklw=kL;So
ck/a LohÑR; izR;kgkjsf"orka xzg.ka usfr ifjdYiuSo T;k;lhA rnqDra 'ks[kjs çÑrlw=ksµ
^^lk{kkr~'kkL=kck/dYiukis{k;k vL;kFkZL;kSfpR;kr~**A funs'Z kkfnR;L; rUewyHkwrRs ofo/kulkeF;kZr~
bR;fLeÂFksZ rkRi;ZefLrA
ewys ^vuqukfld bR;kfnfunsZ'kkn~* bR;qDre~A r=k vkfnuk ^r`f"ke`f"kÑ"ks%
dk';iL;* (ik-lw-&û-ü-üÿ) ^,d% iwoZij;ks%* (ik-lw-&ö-û-øþ) bR;kn;% ikf.kfufunsZ'kk%
laxzkák%A v=k ê`f"k Ñ"ks%* bR;=k ;.k~ L;kr~] ^,d* bR;=k rq ,dkjL; v;kns'k% L;kr~A
fdUrq egf"kZ.kk rFkk u Ñrerks Kk;rsµ çR;kgkjsf"orka xzg.ka u Hkofr bfrA
5-3-3 çR;kgkj'kCnkFkZfopkj%
Hkork ,rnoxra ;r~ ^gyUR;e~* ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* bfr lw=kkH;ke~
bRinkFkksZ cksè;rsA rnuUrje~ ^vkfnjRU;su lgsrk* bR;usu v.k~ vd~ vp~ bR;kfnlaKk%
fo/h;UrsA vtkfnlaKk% çR;kgkj'kCnokP;k% HkoUrhR;fHkçsR;kg JhHkV~Vksftnhf{kr%µ
^çR;kgkjsf"orka u xzg.ke~ vuqukfld bR;kfnfuns'Z kkr~*A Hkk";dkjLrq çR;kgkj'kCna o.kZlekEuk;s"kq
ç;qqÄ~Drs ^^çR;kgkjs¿uqcU/kuka dFkeTxzg.ks"kq u** (e-Hkk-ok-&û-ý-ý)bfrA çR;kgkj'kCnL;
dks¿FkZ bfr ftKklk;keqP;rsµçR;kfß;Urs¾laf{kI;Urs¾cksè;Urs o.kkZ% ;=k l% çR;gkj%A
ckgqydkr~ vf/dj.ks¿FksZ ?k×k~çR;;%A
vTkkfnlaKklq o.ksZuSo rn~?kVdkuka losZ"kka o.kkZuka cks/ks HkofrA ,o×p
^^v.kqfnr~ lo.kZL; pk¿çR;;%** bR;usu cksf/rklq ^v* ^b* ^m* bR;kfnlaKklq v;a
çR;kgkj'kCnks¿frO;kIrks HkofrA ;rksfg çR;sde~ vdkjkfnH;% v‘kn'kkuka cks/ks HkofrA
vrks¿=k u ;kSfxdkFkZek=ka LohfØ;rs] fdUrq ;ksx:f<fjfr LohfØ;rsA rnqraQ fl¼kUrdkSeq|ke~
^^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk] bR;usu Ñrk% laKk% çR;kgkj'kCnsu O;ofß;UrsA ,o×p ^^vkfnjUR;su**
bfr lw=kÑrlaKklq çR;kgkj'kCnks ;ksx:< bfr Hkko%A çR;kgkjs¿uqcU/kukfeR;kfnokfÙkZds rq
rknF;kZÙkkPNCnÔfefr cksè;e~A çR;kgkjkFkZRosu o.kZlekEuk;lw=ks"ofi çR;kgkj'kCnç;ksx
96 bfr cksè;e~A
cks/ç'u%&5-3 vpka Hksnk%
d- ^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~* bfr lw=ks vuqukfldKkua dFka Hkofr\

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[k- v=k çfrKk dk Hkofr\

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x- çR;kgkjsf"orka xzg.ka dLekÂ Hkofr\ ,dsu okD;su mÙkj;A

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?k- çR;kgkj'kCnL; dk O;qRifÙk%\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
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çfrKk p ^v;esoe~* bfr dFkue~] o.kkZuka rÙoKkidks O;ogkj'pA rkH;ka rÙoKkua
lqyHkfefr Hkko%A çfrKkrkj'p çÙ;klÙ;SrPNkL=kdrkZj ,osfr fnd~A funsZ'kkfnfrA rs"kka r=k
xzg.ks fg ukfldknkS ;.kkifÙkfjfr Hkko%A upsÙofo/kulkeF;kZn~ ;.kHkko% fl¼%] rL;kfi
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çR;kgkj'kCnL; o.kZlekEuk;s çfl¼s% çR;kgkjsf"orkfeR;uqiiÂe~ bR;r vkgµ vkfnjUR;sufs rA
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bnkuha ;kor~ Hkoku~ gyke~ vpk×psRlaKkKkidL; lw=k};L; jgL;a Kkroku~A r=k
bRlaKdo.kSZ% lg çR;kgkjfuekZ.ka HkorhR;fi Kkroku~A mins'ks¿ftfr (ik-lw-&û-ý-ü) lw=ks
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iØeek.k% Jhnhf{kr% fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka vpks ßLokfnlaKkcks/uk; lw=keorkj;frµ 97

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lw=kL;kFkZ ,oa fu:fir%µ m'p Å'p Åý'p o%A oka dky bo dkyks ;L; lks¿p~ Øekn~
ßLonh?kZIyqrlaK% L;kr~A ,dekf=kdksdkjdkyln`'k% dkyks ;L; lks¿p~ ßLolaK%]
f}ekf=kdksdkjdkyln`'k% dkyks ;L; lks¿p~ nh?kZ%A f=kekf=kdksdkjdkyln`'k% dkyks ;L;
lks¿p~ Iyqr bR;qP;rsA lw=ks ^ßLonh?kZIyqr%* bR;=k lekgkj}U}%A lkS=kRokPp iqaLRoa HkofrA
;|fi o.kZlekEuk;s vdkjL; çFkeksins'kks orZrsA v=kkfi ^Ådky* bR;igk; ^vkýdky*
bfr oDrO;fefr çrh;rs] rFkk¿fi dqDdqVL; 'kCns (dq dw dwý) ,df}f=kek=kk.kka
Li"Vr;k Jo.kL; çfl¼Rokr~ mdkjL;Sok=k xzg.ka Ñrfefr cksè;e~A
5-4-1 Ådky'kCnfoe'kZ%
Ådky'kCn?kVds Å'kCns =k;k.kke~ mdkjk.kka esyua HkofrA m'p Å'p
Åý'psfrµ ,df}f=kek=kk.kkeqdkjk.kka }U}leklks HkorhfrA rr'p ^m$Å$Åý* bR;=k
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5-4-2 O;k[;kukr~ dkyÑrlkn`';xzg.ke~

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^çnk;* ^çyw;* bR;=kµ vkdkje~ Ådkj×p ßLoa eRok ^ßLoL; fifr Ñfr rqd~* (ik-
lw-&ö-û-û÷û) bfr rqxkifÙk% L;kfnfrA
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ÅdkjL; Lor% vPRokr~ iqu% vt~xzg.ka O;Fk± lTKki;frµ ^Åln`'kks¿p~* bfrA lkn`';×p
O;k[;kukr~ dkyÑrL;So Hkfo";frA ,o×p dkyxzg.kkHkkos¿fi Ådkjln`'kdkyks¿t~
ßLokfnlaK% L;kfnR;FkZykHks fl¼s] iqu% lw=ks vf/ddkyxzg.ka Kki;frµ çFkeokD;s
(Ådkyks¿p~) mPpkfjrlEcfU/dkyln`'kdkyL;So ßLolaKk Hkofr] u rq rsu ßLoksdkjs.k
^^v.kqfnr~** bfr lw=kcysu x`ghro.kZlEcfU/dkyln`'kdkyL;kfi laKkA ^çnk;* bR;kfn rq
^^v.kqfnr~**lw=kcysu x`ghro.kZnh?kksd
Z kjdkyln`'kdkylkn`';a HkofrA vr% u rL; ßLolaKfs r
cksè;e~A ^mQdkyks¿p~* bfr f}rh;s okD;s] ^mQýdkyks¿p~* bfr r`rh;s okD;s rq u nks"k%A
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98
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fl¼a rq rijfunsZ'kkr~A mn~dky bfrA l rfgZ rijfunsZ'k% dÙkZO;%\ u dÙkZO;%A bg
dkyxzg.ka fØ;rsA ;koPp rijdj.ka rkor~ dkyxzg.ke~A çR;sd×p dky'kCn% ifjlekI;rsµ
mdky Ådky Åýdky'psfr**A ,rsu ç?kV~Vdsu dky'kCnefgEuk iwoksZDrkFkksZ uwua lefFZkrks
HkofrAº
5-4-3 vftfro.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.ki{kfujkl%

mi;ZqDrO;k[;kusu ^çnk;* bR;knkS nks"ks okfjrs¿fi] ^frrmPN=ke~* bR;knkS
nks"kks HkoR;soA rFkkfgµ ^^fuikr ,dktukÄ~** (ik-lw-&û-û-ûþ) bfr lw=ks ,dk ifjHkk"kk
^ô.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.ke~ bfr** LohÑrk Hkk";dkjs.kA rL;k vFkksZ Hkofrµ ;=k o.kZxzg.ka
Hkofr r=k o.kZo`fÙktkfr% o.kZleqnk;s vkjksI;rs bfr ^^fuikr ,dktukÄ~** bfr lw=ks
,dxzg.ksu b;a ifjHkk"kk KkfirkA r=k lw=ks ,dxzg.kkHkkos¿fi vp~ bfr ins ,dRoL;
foo{k.ksu ,d% vp~ bR;FkZykHks] ,dxzg.ka O;Fk± lr~ o.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.ke~ bfr ifjHkk"kka
Kki;frA rr'pk=k ,dxzg.kkHkkos vPleqnk;s vPRoekjksI;r bfr leqnk;L; izx`álaKkizlÄõ
bfr ,dxzg.ka pfjrkFkZe~A ifjHkk"kk;k% iQya rq f/Ilfr bfrA ^nEHk~* /krks% lUizR;;s
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fdRoa fo/h;rsA bDlehik¼y% ij% >ykfn% lu~ fdRL;kfnR;FkZ%A rrks /krks#i/kHkwrL;
uL; yksi% fØ;rsA v=k lu% bDlehik¼y% ijRoa ukfLrA ;rks fg bDlehiks gy~ edkj%]
rrsk Hkdkjs.k lu~ O;jfgr%A o.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.kfefr ifjHkk"kkLohdkjs rq e~ Hk~ bfr
leqnk;s gYRotkfrjkjksI;r bfr bDlehik¼y% ijRoa lu% Hkorhfr u nks"k%A ,o×p
^mQdkyks¿p~ * bfr f}rh;okD;s ^vp~* bfr o.kZxzg.ka orZrsA rsu p o.kZo`fÙktkrs%
o.kZleqnk;s vkjksi% L;kr~A ^mQdkyks¿p~* mQdkyln`'kdkyks¿PRokofPNÂks¿Pk~ nh?kZ% L;kfnR;FkksZ
Hkosr~A rFkk p ^frrmPN=ke~* bR;=k (r m) v m leqnk;s¿PRokofPNÂs o.kZo`fÙktkrs%
vPRoL;kjksikr~ ^v m* bfr leqnk;s vuk;klsuSo }Sekf=kdL; ln~Hkkokr~ nh?kZlaKk L;kr~A
rFkk lfr ^nh?kkZr~] inkUrk}k* (ik-lw-&ö-û-þ÷) bfr lw=ks.k fodYisu rqxkifÙk% L;kr~A
b";rs rq fuR;a rqd~ bfrA
v=ksna lek/kua cksè;e~ ^ô.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.ke~** bfr fg Kkidfl¼a
orZrsA ^^fuikr ,dktukÄ~** bfr lw=ks KkfirS"kk ifjHkk"kkA Kkidfl¼fu;e'p u lkoZf=kdks
Hkorhfr foKk;rsA rFkk p ifjHkk"kk Hkofr ^^Kkidfl¼a u loZ=k** bfr (ifj-&ûüÿ)
vrks¿=k f}rh;okD;s ^mdkyks¿p~* bR;=k o.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.ke~ bR;s"k fu;eks u LohfØ;rs
bfr Hkko%A
fd×Ó ^frrmPN=ke~* bR;=k };ksjfi çkfIr% HkofrA mdkj:ie~ ßLoa
LohÑR; ßLofufeÙkdks fuR;% rqd~ çkIuksfr] ^v m* bfr leqnk;ekfJR; nh?kZfufeÙkdks
oSdfYid% p rqd~ çkIuksfrA r=k ^v m* bfr fufeÙkekfJR; çorZekua ^înkUrk}k** bfr
'kkL=ka cfgjÄõe~A rnis{k;k ^v* bfr fufeÙkda 'kkL=ka ^^Ns p** bfr vYikis{kRosu vUrjÄa
Hkorhfr ^^vfl¼a cfgjÄõeUrjÄõs (ifj-&ÿû) bfr ifjHkk"kkcysu p ßLoRo& fufeÙkdrqd
,o çkfIr% Hkorhfr nks"kk¿Hkko%A çÑrlw=ks vt~xzg.kk¿Hkkos rq ^çr{;* v=k d~"k~o.kZ;ksjsdk
ek=kk Hkorhfr rL;kfi ßLolaKk L;kr~A rsu p v=kkfi ^^ßLoL;sfr** rqxkifÙk% L;kr~
vt~xzg.ksu rq d~"k~ bR;srL; vPRok¿Hkkokr~ ßLoLkaKk u HkofrA
cks/ç'u%&ÿ-þ
99

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ d- ^^Ådkyks¿t~** v=k çFkeksifLFkrRokr~ ^^vkýdkykst~** bR;so dFka uksDre~\
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[k- ^mQdky%* bR;=k mQ'kCns ds"kka o.kkZuka esyua Hkofr\

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x- ^mQdky* bR;=k mQ'kCnsu fda y{;rs\

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?k- ^mQdkyks¿t~* bfr lw=ks dkyxzg.ksu fda KkI;rs\

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Ä- ^mdkyks¿p~* bR;=k o.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.kfefr fu;e% d;k ifjHkk"k;k ok;ZrsA

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ewyxzUFkikB%
Ådkyks¿p~A dqDdqV#rs mdkjs ,df}f=kek=kRoçfl¼sjdkjkn;ks uksDrk%A ^mQ* bfr
,df}f=kek=kk.kka Øes.k ç'ys'kfunsZ'kks O;k[;kukr~A rsu LoksPpkj.kdkyln`'kks y{;rsA l
dkyks ;L;sfr cgqczhfg%] rr~iQfyrekgµ m'p m'p mQý'psfrA uuq ^mdkyks ßLo%* bfr
okD;s¿.k~Rokr~ lo.kZxzg.ks f}f=kek=k;ksjfi ßLolaKk;ka ^çnk;* ^çyw;* bR;knkS ßLoL;sfr
rqd~ L;kfnfr psÂ ^mQ vt~* bR;sokt~xzg.klkeF;kZr~ mQln`'kks¿ftR;FksZ lkn`';L; O;k[;kukr~
dkyÑrL;So xzg.kfefr fl¼s vf/da dkyxzg.keqPpkfjrlEcfU/dkyln`'kdkyL;So laKk
u rq rsu x`ghrlEcfU/dkyln`'kdkyL;kihR;FksuZ knks"kkr~A rnqDra Hkk";s&;koÙkijdj.ka rkon=k
dkyxzg.ke~ bfrA u pkftfr o.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.kL; nqokZjRokr~ ^frrmPN=ke~* bR;=k
^nh?kkZr~* înkUr}k* bfr rqxkifÙkfjfr okP;e~] Kkidfl¼Rosu rL;klkoZf=kdRokr~_ vUrjÄõRosu
ßLoRofufeÙkdfuR;rqd ,o çkIrs'pA vt~xgz .ka ^çr{;* bR;knkS ßLoL; bfr rqx~O;ko`R;FkZe~A
100
5-5 mPpS#nkÙk% vpka Hksnk%
mifj Hkork voxra ;r~µ ,dekf=kdkssdkjdkyln`'k% dkyks ;L; lks¿p~ ßLolaKks

HkofrA f}ekf=kdksdkjdkyln`'k% dkyks ;L; lks¿p~ nh?kZlaK%A f=kekf=kdksdkjdkyln`'k%
dkyks ;L; lks¿p~ IyqrlaKks Hkofr bR;soa çdkjs.k ,d ,o vp~ ßLonh?kZIyqrHksnsu
f=kizdkjdks Hkofr bfrA iqu'p yC/ßLokfnlaKd% çR;sdeqnkÙkkfnHksnsu f=k/k HkofrA r=k
mnkÙkcks/da lw=keqP;rsµ mPpS#nkÙk% (ik-lw-&û-ü-üù) v=k ^^Ådkyks¿T>zLonh?kZIyqr%**
bfr lw=kkr~ ^vp~* bR;uqorZrsA mnkÙkkn;ks o.kZ/ekZ% HkofUrA vL;kFk± Jhnhf{krks fy[kfrµ
rkYokfn"kq lHkkxs"kq LFkkus"kq mQèoZHkkxs fu"iÂks¿tqnkr%A
5-5-1 mPpSLRoa LFkkuÑre~

Hkorka eufl ftKklk L;kr~ ;r~µ lw=ks rq mPpS% 'kCn% ifBrks orZrsA
o`ÙkkS ,rkn`'kks¿FkZ% dqr% dfYir%A fd×p mPpSLRoa fda HkorhfrA Jw;rke~µ ^mPpS%*
bR;O;;ina HkofrA ^mPpS%* vkØks'kfr bR;knkS ;Fkk mPpSLRoa Jqfrçd"kZ:ia x`árs] rFkk
uk=k x`ársA vU;Fkk mPpSLRosu Jw;ek.kks¿tqnkÙklaK% L;kfnR;sokFkZ% L;kr~A eUnRosu Jw;ek.kL;
mnkÙk/eZdL; mnkÙklaKk u Hkosr~A r=kkfi laKk b";rsA fd×p 'kCnxre~ ,rkn`'keqPpSLRoa
fu;ra ukfLrA d'pu reso 'kCna mPpS% Ük`.kksfrA df'pPÓ uhpS% Ük`.kksfrA mPpS% uhpS% ok
Jo.ks d.ksZfUnz;L; rh{.krk LFkwyrk ok gsrq% HkofrA ,o×Ó O;fDrHksnsu ,dL;So o.kZL;
mnkÙkRoeuqnkÙkRoa ok L;kr~A us";rs psne~A vfi p mnkÙkRokfndeqika'kqç;ksxs¿ih";rsA
'kCnxrs mPpSLRos foof{krs rq mika'kqç;ksxks u L;kr~A mika'kq%¾lw{eksPpfjr% 'kCn% tiknkS
ç;qT;rsA r=k mnkÙklaKk u L;kr~A ,o×pk=k lw=ks mPpSLRoa u 'kCnxra foof{kre~] fdUrq
LFkkuÑrfefrA ^^mPpS%** bR;O;;e~ vf/dj.k'kfDrç/kue~ mQèokZo;ocks/da x`ársA
,o×p mPpS%¾mQèoZHkkxs mPpfjrks¿tqnkr bR;FkksZ HkofrA dL; mQèoZHkkxs bfr ftKklk;ka
çÑrksi;ksfxRokr~ ^rkYokfn* bR;k;kfrA ,o×p rkYokfnLFkkuksèoZHkkxs fu"iÂks¿tqnkÙklaKks
HkorhR;FkZ% lEi|rsA
5-5-2 rkYoknhuka lHkkxRoe~

,oa çdkjs.k Hkork Kkra ;r~ rkYokfnLFkkuL; mQèoZHkkxsu ;L;kp%
mPpkj.ka Hkofr] rL; mnkÙklaKkA fdUrq rkYokfnLFkkukukewèokZfnHkkxdFkua rnSo lEHkofr
;nk rkYokfnLFkkua lko;oa Hkkxlfgra ok L;kr~A ,rr~ lo± eufl fu/k;So nhf{kregksn;ks¿L;
lw=kL; o`fÙka fy[kfrµ rkYokfn"kq lHkkxs"kwèoZHkkxs fu"iÂks¿tqnkÙk% bfrA
v;a Hkko%µ ;|fi o.kksZPpkj.kosyk;kfena ukuqHkw;rs ;nL; o.kZL;ksPpkj.ka
rkYokfnLFkkuL;ksèoZHkkxsu tkr%] v/ksHkkxsu tkr%] eè;Hkkxsu ok¿HkofnfrA rFkk¿fi dk;Zn'kZukr~
dkj.kkuqekua HkofrA ;Fkk 'krdeynyHksnun'kk;ke~ ,dnSo Hksnua çrh;rs] okLrfodr;k
rq r=kkfi Øe% orZrs ,oA ,oesok=kkI;qPpkj.kLFkkus Hkkxk% HkofUr] vLekfHkLrq >fVfr
ukuqHkw;Ur bfrA
bnkuheijk ftKklk Hkorka eufl Hkosr~ ;r~ o.kZlekEuk;s vdkjL;
çFke% ikBks HkofrA nhf{krsu ^d.BkfnLFkkus"kq* bR;igk; ^rkYokfnLFkkus"kq* bfr dFkeqDre~A
v=k 'ks[kjdkj% Jhukxs'k% dFk;frµ ^^bna çkpkeuqjks/su] o.kZlekEuk;s¿dkjL; çkFkE;kr~
d.Bknhfr oDrqeqfpre~** (y-'k-'ks-çÑrlw=ks)A çfØ;kdkjk|uqlkjfeR;FkZ%A Hkk";dkj'p
Hkk";L; çFkekfÉdsµ ^^vuq{kjfUr dkdqne~** bfr mDroku~A lIrflU/q:ik% lIrfoHkDr;%
dkdqna¾rkyqLFkkueuq{kjfUr bR;FkZ%A o.kkZfHkO;fDrLFkkua dkdqna HkofrA vusu rkyqLFkkuL; 101

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ çkFkE;a çfrikfnra HkofrA rnso p çfØ;kdkjk% LohpØq%A nhf{kregksn;ks¿fi rnsokuqljfrA
oLrqrLrq vdkjL; çkFkE;kr~ rL; p d.BLFkkudRokr~ d.BkfnLFkkufefr oDrO;e~A
,oeso vU;=k ^ûhpSjuqnkÙk%** ^^rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~** bR;knkofi cksè;e~A
v;a Hkko%µ oDrk ;nk o.kkZu~ mPpkjf;rqfePNfr rnk rRç;Ruçsfjrks
ok;q% ;fn LFkkuL;ksèoZHkkxa çfrgR;kpa O;×t;fr] rnk rL;kTo.kZL; mnkÙklaKk HkofrA ;nk
LFkkuL;k/ksHkkxa çfrgR;kTo.k± O;×t;fr rnk rL; vuqnkÙklaKk HkofrA ,rs mnkÙkRokn;ks
/ekZ vp ,o HkofUrA ;=kkfi p gYLojL; çkfIrHkZofr] r=k O;×tuefo|ekuon~ HkofrA
rFkk p ifjHkk"kk ^^gy~Lojfo/kS O;×tuefo|ekuor~ (ifj-&øû)A vrLr=k gy~o.kkZukeln~&
Hkkosu gy~Lojks¿fi vp ,o çkIuksfrA ,o×p mnkÙkRokn;ks /ekZ vp ,o HkoUrhfr
^mPpS#nkÙk%* bR;knkS vtuqo`fÙkuZ rFkk¿o';D;fi rq Lo:idFkuesosfr cksè;e~A
uhpSjuqnkÙk% (ik-lw-&û-ü-ýú) bfr lw=kfo"k;s Jh HkV~Vksthnhf{kr% fdefi
u fy[kfrA ;rksfg vL; lw=kL; mPpS#nkÙk bfr O;k[;kusuSo O;k[;kua cks¼aq 'kD;rsA
rnsoe~µrkYokfn"kq lHkkxs"kq LFkkus"o/ksHkkxss fu"iÂks¿tuqnkÙk% bR;FkksZ HkofrA v=kk¿fi lo±
iwoZonso cksè;e~A
5-5-3 mnkgj.kkfu
^^mPpS#nkÙk%** (ik-lw-&û-ü-üù) bfr lw=kL; mnkgj.ka dkSeq|ke~ ^^vk
;s** bfr nÙkefLrA eU=kSdns'kks¿;a HkofrA ^vk ;s rUofUr jf'efHkfLrj% leqnzekstlkA
e#n~fHkjXu vkxfgA (½xosn%&û-ûù-ø) bfrA eU=ks ^vk* ^;s* bR;qHk;efi mnkÙke~
HkofrA ^vk* bfr fuikr% HkofrA rL; ^^fuikrk% vk|qnkÙkk%** (fiQlw-&þ-øú) bfr lw=ks.k
vk|qnkÙkks HkofrA ^;s* bfr ;r~'kCnL; tfl :ia HkofrA v=k ;fnfr çkfrifnda fo|rsA
rL; ^^fiQ"kks¿Ur mnkÙk%** (fiQlw-&û-û) bfr lw=ks.k vUrksnkÙkRoa HkofrA rr'p ;n~ tl~
^^R;nknhuke%** (ik-lw-&÷-ü-ûúü) bfr ndkjL; vdkjks HkofrA ^; v* ^vrks xq.ks*
(ik-lw-&ö-û-ù÷) bfr ij:is Ñrs ^^,dkns'k mnkÙksuksnkÙk%** (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ÿ) bfr
;'kCnkdkjL;ksnkÙkRos ^^tl%** lqIRokr~ ^^vuqnkÙkkS lqi~firkS**(ik-lw-&ý-û-þ)bfr vuqnkÙkRos
^^tl% 'kh** bfr tl% ';kns'ks ;$bZ bR;=k ^^vkn~xq.k%** (ik-lw-&ö-û-ø÷) bfr xq.kSdkns'ks
vk|qnkÙkL; mnkÙksu ,dkns'ks ^^,dkns'k mnkÙksuksnkÙk% (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ÿ) bfr mnkÙkRos p
^;s* bR;=k ,dkj% mnkÙkks HkofrA
ûhpSjuqnkÙk%* bR;L;ksnkgj.ke~µ ^vokZÄ~* bfr HkofrA v=k ;fn
vfHkeq[kokfp vO;qRiÂa çkfrifnda Hkofr rnk rq ^^fiQ"kks¿Ur mnkÙk%** (fiQ-lw-&û-û)
bfr lw=ks.k vUrksnkÙkks HkofrA ok?kVd% vkdkj% mnkÙk%A rr'p 'ks"kfu?kkrsu¾^vuqnkÙka
inesdotZe~* (ik-lw-&ö-û-ûÿø) bfr lw=ks.k vk|L; vdkjL;kuqnkÙkfo/kusu vk|qnkÙkRoa
HkofrA vFkokµ voZUre×prhfr foxzgs voZUiwod Z kr~ v×p~/krks% fDou~çR;;kUr% voZ×p~'kCn%
rL; çFkeSdopus vokZÄ~ bfr :ie~ v=k ^^xfrdkjdksiinkr~Ñr~** bfr vUrksnkÙkRoa
HkofrA rr'p vk|L; vdkjL; iwoZonso ^vuqnkÙka inesdotZe~* (ik-lw-&ö-û-ûÿø)
bfr vk|qnkÙkRoa Hkorhfr cksè;e~A
cks/ç'u%&ÿ-ÿ
d- ^^mPpS#nkÙk%** bR;=k mPpSLRoa dhn`'ka foof{kre~\
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vpka Hksnk%
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[k- mnkÙk% o.kZ% d% Hkofr\

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x- ^^mPpS#nkÙk%** bfr lw=ks rkYoknhuka lHkkxRoa dFka Hkofr\

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?k- ,da fuf'pR; iwj;A

mnkÙkkn;ks /ekZ% -------------------------------------- HkofUr (vpkeso] gykeso] mHk;s"kke~)
ewyxzUFkikB%
mPpS#A uk=k JqfrÑreqPpSLRoe~] mika'kqç;ksx¿s O;kIrs%A Jqfrçd"kZL;kO;ofLFkrRokPp]
fdUrq LFkkuÑre~A mPpSfjR;f/dj.k'kfDrç/kue~A vf/dj.kRo×pksPpkj.ka çfr] rPp
rkYoknhuka lHkkxRos ,osR;k'k;sukgrkYoknhfrA bna çkpkeuqjks/suA o.kZlekEuk;s¿dkjL;
çkFkE;kr~ d.Bknhfr oDrqeqfpre~A ,oeU;=kkfi cksè;e~A vftfrA ^mQdky* bR;rLrnuqorZrsA
mnkÙkRoknhuket~/eZr;k ,o yksdçfl¼Rosu gy~LojçkIrkS O;×tuL; vfo|ekuRokPpsna
Lo:idFkuija cksè;e~A vk ;s bfrA ;PNCnL; fiQ"kks¿Ur bR;UrksnkÙk%A tl~ lqIRoknuqnkÙk%A
^,dkns'k mnkÙksu* bR;sdkj% mnkÙk%A
vokZfÄfrA vfHkeq[kokP;O;qRiÂa ^fiQ"kks¿Ur* bR;UrksnkÙke~A vk|L; 'ks"kfu?kkrsukuq&
nkÙkRoe~A voZUre×prhR;FksZ ÑnqÙkjinçÑfrLojs.k okUrksnkÙkRoe~A
5-6 rL;kfnr mnkÙke/ZßLoe~

Hkoku~ ßLonh?kZIyqrfo"k;s i;kZIra Kkroku~A Lojfo"k;s¿fi d mnkÙk%] d'pkuqnkÙk
bR;fi Hkoku~ vcqè;rA Lojfo"k;s ,d% Loj% Lofjrks orZrsA rf}"k;s fdf×pr~ tkukrqA
LofjrlaKkcks/da lw=ka ^^lekgkj% Lofjr%** (ik-lw-&û-ü-ýû) bR;fLrA v=k ^mPpS#nkÙk%*(ik-
lw-&û-ü-üù) ûhpSjuqnkÙk%*(ik-lw-&û-ü-ýú) bfr lw=kkH;keqnkÙk bfr vuqnkÙk bfr pkuqorZrAs
^mQdkyks¿t~* bfr lw=kkPp ^vp~* bR;I;uqorZrsA ,o×p mnkÙkkuqnkÙk;ks% lekgkj%¾esyua
;fLeu~ vfp Hkofr rL; LofjrlaKk L;kfnR;k;kfrA fdUrq ,dfLeÂfp mHk;ks%
mnkÙkkuqnkÙk;ksesZyua Hkforqa ukgZfr] mHk;ksfoZ#¼Rokr~A vrks¿=k y{k.k;k mnkÙkkuqnkÙkins
/eZç/kus mnkÙkRokuqnkÙkRoijds Hkor%A rFkk pkL; fl¼kUrdkSeq|keFkZ%µ mnkÙkRokuqnkÙkRos
o.kZ/ekSZ lekfß;srs ;fLeu~ lks¿p~ LofjrlaK% L;kfnfr HkofrA v=k lekgkj'kCn% ^lekfß;srs
;fLeu~* bfr foxzgs ckgqydkn~ vf/dj.ks¿FksZ ^vdrZfj p dkjds laKk;ke~* bfr lw=ks.k
?k×izR;;kUrks Ks;%A vFkok lekgj.ka lekgkj bfr Hkkos ?k×kUrkr~ rnL;kLrhR;FksZ ^^v'kZ
vkfnH;ks¿p~** (ik-lw-&5-2-127) bfr vPizR;kUr%A ,o×p ;fLeÂfp mHk;ks% 103

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ mnkÙkRokuqnkÙkRo;ks% lekgkjks Hkofr lks¿p~ LofjrlaKks HkofrA ;|fi yksdosn;ks% mnkÙkkn;%
çfl¼k% lfUrA vr% Lojfo"k;desrr~ lw=k=k;a Li"VçfriÙk;s ,o cksè;e~A r=k Lofjrs vfp
fd;ku~ va'k% mnkÙk%] fd;ku~ pkuqnkÙk% bfr cks/uk; lw=kek;kfr ^^rL;kfnr mnkÙke/
ZßLoe~** (ik-lw-&û-ü-ýü) bfrA v=k ßLoxzg.ke~ vrU=ka HkofrA vrU=ke~¾vfoof{kre~A ,o×p
loZfo/L; LofjrL; vkfnrks¿/Zenq kÙka HkofrA mÙkjk/Za rq ifj'ks"kknuqnkÙka Hkorhfr Ks;e~A
5-6-1 v=k ßLoxzg.kfoospue~

Lofjrs mnkÙkRokuqnkÙkRo;ks% lekgkjks HkofrA fdUrq r=k mnkÙkL; dfr
ek=kk dfr ek=kk pkuqnkÙkL;sfr ftKklk;ka ^rL;kfnr mnkÙke/ZßLoe~* (ik-lw-&û-ü-ýü)
bfr lw=kek;kfrA v=k ^v/ZßLoe~* bR;=k v/ZZßLo'kCnks f}/k¿Fk± cks/;fr& v/Z'pklkS
ßLo'psfr deZ/kj;s nh?kZLofjrs ,o v/ZeqnkÙka Hkosr~A r=kSo v/ZHkkxL; ßLoL; lEHkokr~A
^ßLoL; v/Ze~* bfr rRiq#"klekls rq ßLoLofjrs ,o v/ZeqnkÙka L;kr~A b";rs rq loZ=k]
ßLoLofjrs] nh?kZLofjrs] IyqrLofjrs ok v/ZeqnkÙke~A vrks¿=k ßLoxzg.kerU=kfeR;qDre~A
nhf{krL;kfHkçk;ks¿;a Hkofr ;n=k lw=ks ßLoxzg.kefoof{kra HkofrA vrU=ke~¾vfoof{kre~A
,o×p loZ=k LofjrL; iwokZ/kZa'k% mnkÙkks HkofrA ßLoLofjrs v/Zek=kk mnkr%] v/Zek=kk&
¿uqnkÙk%A nh?kZLofjrs ,dek=kk mnkÙk%] ,dek=kk pkuqnkÙk%] IyqrLofjrs rq lk/SZdek=kksnkÙk%
lk/SdZ ek=kk pkuqnkÙk bfrA
v=k ukxs'kers rqµ ^ßLoxzg.ke~* bR;L; ßLoin?kfVrxzg.ke~ bR;FkksZ
HkofrA r=kµ ßLoL; xzg.ka ;=ksfr ^rn~ ßLoxzg.ke~* v/ZßLofefr infeR;FkZ%A
v/ZßLoxzg.kerU=kfeR;FkZ%A v=k vrU=kfeR;L; dsoye~ vfoof{krRofeR;FkksZ u LohfØ;rsA
fdUrq vrU=ke~¾Lo'kkL=klÄïsfrr:is.kkcks/de~ bR;FkksZ HkofrA vfHkçk;ks¿;aµ ßLo'kCnL;
ikf.kfuO;kdj.ks ;% ,dek=kkdkfydkt~:iks¿FkZ% lÄïsfrrks orZrs] rkn`'kßLo'kCn:is.k cks/
de=k lw=ks u HkofrA fdUrq v/Zek=kk:ikFkZcks/dfefrA ukxs'kersu v/ZßLo'kCnks¿/Zek=kk
cks/dks HkofrA loZFkkuFkZda u HkofrA ,o×p loZ=kSo ,dek=kk¿/kZa'k%¾v/Zek=kk] vknkS
mnkÙkks HkofrA vof'k"VHkkx'pkuqnkÙkks HkofrA ßLoLofjrs v/Zek=kk mnkÙk%] v/Zek=kk
pkuqnkÙk%A nh?kZLofjrs v/Zek=kk mnkÙk% lk¼ZSdek=kkuqnkÙk%] IyqrLofjrs rq v/Zek=kk mnkÙk%
vfof'k"V% lk/Zf}ek=kk rq vuqnkÙkks HkofrA v/ZeqnkÙkfefr lR;k Hkkek bfronsdns'kxzg.ke~A
^v/Zek=kk* mnkÙkfefr oDrO;s rRLFkkus v/ZfeR;qDrfefr Hkko%A ^^rL;kfnr mnkÙke/ZßLoe~**
(ik-lw-&û-ü-ýü) bfr lw=kekjH; ^mnkÙkLofjrijL; lÂrj%* (ik-lw-&û-ü-þú) bR;Urkuka
uokuka lw=kk.kke~ v"Vkè;kÕ;k vfUrelw=kkr~ ^^v v** (ik-lw-&ø-þ-öø) bR;Lekr~ çkd~
mRd"ksZ.k ikB% dYI;rs rsu p rs"kka uokuka lw=kk.kka ço`fÙk% f=kik|kefi HkofrA vU;Fkk ,"kka
lw=kk.kka liknlIrkè;k;hLFkRosu f=kik|ka ço`fÙk% u L;kr~A ,rr~lo± Hkk";s Li‘e~A
5-6-2 mÙkjk/Z'kCnfoosd%
JhHkêðksftnhf{kr% ^^rL;kfnr mnkÙke/ZßLoe~** bfr lw=ks fy[kfr
^LofjrL;kfnrks¿/ZeqnkÙka* cksè;e~A mÙkjk/Za rq ifj'ks"kknuqnkÙke~ bfrA r=k mÙkjk/Ze~ bR;=kkfi
folaoknks HkofrA nhf{krers LofjrL;kfnrks¿/ZeqnkÙka HkofrA v=k leka'kokph v/Z'kCnks
HkofrA ßLojLofjrs nh?kZLofjrs IyqrLofjrs ok v/ZeqnkÙka Hkofr v/Z×p vuqnkÙka HkofrA
Jhukxs'kers rq loZ=kSo v/Zek=kk ,o mnkÙke~A v=k v/Zek=kkokph v/Z'kCn%A vof'k‘ka'kHkkxLrwnkÙkks
HkofrA rnsoesrs"kka ers mÙkjk/Ze~¾v/Zek=kkrks¿of'k"V% mÙkjk/ZHkkx% bfr HkofrA nhf{krers rq
mÙkjks¿/ZHkkx bfr HkofrA
104 5-6-3 mnkgj.kkfu
Hkokusrn~ Kkroku~ ;r~ Lofjro.ksZ mHk;ks/ZeZ;ksesZyua Hkofrµ mnkÙkRokuq& vpka Hksnk%
nkÙkRo;ksfjfrA fdUrq Lofjrs fo|ekuL; vuqnkÙkka'kL; loZnk Jo.ka u HkofrA Lofjro.kkZRijs
;fn mnkÙk% Lofjrks ok Hkofr] rnSo Lofjr?kVdL;kuqnkÙkL;ksÙkjHkkxL; Jo.ka HkofrA
rnqDre~µ ^^rL; pksnkÙkLofjrijRos Jo.ka Li"Ve~] vU;=k rwnkÙkJqfr% çkfr'kk[;s çfl¼k**
(oS-fl-dkS-)A vU;=k¾mnkÙkLofjrijRok¿Hkkos LofjrL; mÙkjka'kL;kuqnkÙkL; mnkÙkJqfr%
çkfr'kk[; ,o HkofrA yksds rq rL;kuqnkÙkJqfrjsosfr cksè;e~A mnkÙkLofjr;ks% ijRo×pks&
ifLFkrRokn~ vuqnkÙkkis{kesosfr Ks;e~A
v=kksnkgj.kkfuµ ßLoLofjrksnkgj.ka ;Fkkµ ^Do1µ© oks¿'ok©%* bfrA v=k
^Do* bR;=k vdkjks ßLoLofjrks HkofrA ôks* bR;=k p vksdkj mnkÙk%A vrks¿=kk¿uqnkÙkHkkxL;
Jo.ka Li"Va HkofrA ¹^Do* bR;=k fde~ bR;Lekr~ 'kCnkr~ ^fdeks¿r~* (ik-lw-&ÿ-ý-ûü)
bfr lw=ks.k ^vr~ çR;;s* ^Dokfr* (ik-lw-&÷-ü-ûúÿ) bfr lw=ks.k p fde~'kCnL; Dokns'ks
lfr :ia fl¼ÔfrA ^frr~ Lofjre~* (ik-lw-&ö-û-ûøÿ) bfr Do?kVdkdkj% Lofjrks
HkofrA ôks¿'ok* bR;=k ôks*?kVdkSdkjks¿uqnkÙkks HkofrA v=k vksdkj% ,dkns'kks orZrsA
ol~$v'ok% bR;=k ol~?kVdkdkj% vuqnkÙka loZeinknkS (ik-lq-&ø-û-ûø) bfr lw=ks.k
vuqnkÙk%] iqu'p ol% lL; #Ros rL; mRos o$m bR;=k O;×tuLFkkfudL;ksdkjL;
vuqnkÙkRos ^vkn~ xq.k* bfr xq.ks p Ñrs ôks* bfr vdkjks¿fi vuqnkÙkLFkkfudr;k
vuqnkÙk%A ^v'o* ?kVd% çFkeks¿dkj% ^^f×uR;kfnfuZR;e~** (ik-lw-&ö-û-ûù÷)bfr vk|qnkÙk%
ôks$v'ok%* bR;=k ^^,Ä% inkUrknfr** bfr iwoZ:iSdkns'ks rr'p ^^,dkns'k mnkÙksu**
(ik-lw-&ø-ü-ÿ) bfr lw=ks.k mnkÙkks HkofrAº ,o×pµ ^Do1µ© oks¿'ok©%* bR;=k ßLoLofjrknqnkÙk&
ijRoa Hkorhfr gsrksj=k mÙkjHkkxL;kuqnkÙkL; Jo.ka Li"Va HkofrA
nh?kZLofjrks ;Fkkµ ^jFkk©uµka© u ;s2µ© jk%* bR;sdkj% nh?kZLofjrks HkofrA ^jk*
?kVddkj'pksnkÙkks HkofrA vrks¿=kksnkÙkijRokr~] LofjrksÙkjka'kL;kuqnkÙkL; Jo.ka Li"Va HkofrA
¹^;s* bfr v=k ;PNCnkTtfl ;PNCnL; ^^fiQ"kks¿Urksnkr%** (fiQ-lw-&û-û) bfr lw=ks.kkUrksnkÙkks
HkofrA ndkjL; O;×tuL; R;nknhuke% (ik-lw-&÷-û-ûúü)bfr vuqnkÙkkdkjks HkofrA
^;$v* bR;=k ij:iSdkns'ks r=k ^,dkns'k mnkÙksuksnkÙk* bfr ^;*dkj?kVdkdkj mnkÙkks
HkofrA tl~foHkDrs% lqIRokr~ ^vuqnkÙkkS lqi~firkS* (ik-lw-&ý-û-þ) bfr lw=ks.k tl%
vuqnkÙkRosu rRLFkkus ';kns'kL;kfi vuqnkÙkRoe~A rr'p ;$bZ bR;=k xq.kSdkns'kL; ,dkjL;
^,dkns'k mnkÙksu* bfr mnkÙkÙoa HkofrA rr'p ^;s$vjk* bR;=k vdkjL; 'ks"kfu?kkrsu
vuqnkÙkRoa HkofrA rr'p ^^Lofjrksok¿uqnkÙks inknkS** bfr ^;s*?kVdSdkj% Lofjr% lEi|rsA
v=k ûksnkÙkLofjrksn;e~* bfr fu"ks/ks u Hkofr ^mnkÙkknuqnkÙkL; Lofjr%* bR;uUrjL;So
rsu fu"ks/kr~A ^vjk* ?kVdL; vkdkjL; vp~ çR;;kUrr;k fpr% (ik-lw-&ö-û-öý)
bR;usu mnkÙkRoa HkofrAº ,o×pk=k ,dkjkr~ Lofjrkr~ vkdkjs mnkÙks ijs LofjrksÙkjka'kL;kuqnkÙkL;
Jo.ka Li"Va HkofrA mi;qZDreqnkgj.k};a LofjrknqnkÙkijRoL; cksè;e~A
LofjrijL; LofjrL;ksnkgj.ka ;Fkkµ 'krp©Øµa© ;ks3µ© ¿á©% bfrA v=k ^;ks*
bfr Lofjr% ¹;% (;l~)$vá v=k ^;* bR;dkj% iwooZ nsokUrksnkÙk% rr% lL; #RoksRolEiÂL;
mdkjL;kuqnkÙkRoe~ ;$m bR;=k xq.kSdkns'kL; vksdkjL; ^,dkns'k mnkÙksuksnkÙk%* bfr
mnkÙkRoe~A ^;ks$vá%* bR;=k vk|kdkj% vuqnkÙk% vUrkdkj'p Lofjr% ^,fÄ ij:ie~*
bfr ij:is vksdkjL; ^^Lofjrks okuqnkÙks inknkS**(ik-lw-) bfr LofjÙkRoe~Aº rL;kSdkjL;
^á?kVdLofjrkdkjijRoa HkofrA vrks¿=kkfi vuqnkÙkJqfr% HkofrA çÑrksnkgj.ks ^vgs%*
bR;FksZ ^vá%* bfr Hkofr vfg'kCnkr~ Äl~foHkDrkS v=k ^?ksfÄZfr* bfr xq.ks çkIrs ^^tlkfn"kq
105

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ NUnfl okopua çkÄ~.kkS pÄÔqi/k;k%** (ik-lw-ok-&÷-ý-ù÷) bfr NUnfl xq.kL; oSdfYidRosu
xq.kkHkkos ;f.k :ia HkofrA ^vá%* bR;=k vfg'kCn% xzkekfnRokr~ o`"kkfnRok}k vk|qnkÙk%
'ks"kfu?kkrsu p bdkjks¿uqnkÙk%A ^mnkÙkknuqnkÙkL; Lofjr%* (ik-lw-& ø-þ-þö) bfr rL;
Lofjr% vfg$vl~ bR;=k LofjrL; bdkjL; ;f.k foHkDR;dkjL; ^^mnkÙkLofjr;ks;Z.k%
Lofjrks¿okuqnkÙkL; (ik-lw-&ø-ü-þ) bfr Lofjrks HkofrA v=k =kSikfndr;k ^mnkÙkknuqnkÙkL;*
bR;L; ;.k~ n`"VÔk¿fl¼Rokr~ iwo± ;f.k] rr'p LofjrLFkkfud;.kHkkokr~ ^^mnkÙkLofjr;ks%**
(ik-lw-&ø-ü-þ) bR;L; çkfIrfojgkr~ ^^mnkÙk;.kks gy~iow kZr*~ * (ik-lw-ö-û-û÷þ) bfr foHkDR;dkj
mnkÙk% L;kr~ bfr rq u 'kÄ~D;e~] NkUnlRokr~ v=k rnço`Ùks% bfrA vFkok ;PNCn%
fiQ"kks¿Urksnkr% bR;UrksnkÙkks HkofrA lqfoHkDrsjuqnkÙkRosu lqLFkkfudksdkjs.kSdkns'k% ^^,dkns'k
mnkÙksu** bfr mnkÙkRosA rr'p ^^Lofjrks ok** (ik-lw-& ø-ü-ö) bfr LofjrL; oSdfYidr;k
iwoZ:iSdkns'kks¿fi mnkÙk%A rr'p mnkÙkknuqnkÙkL; Lofjr% bfr vfg?kVdks¿uqnkÙkks¿dkj%
Lofjrks cksè;%A ^vfXuehŸs iqjksfgre~* bR;=k rq Lofjr?kVdL;ksÙkjka'kL;kuqnkÙkL;kfi
mnkÙkLofjrijdRok¿Hkkosu mnkÙkJqfrHkZorhfr cksè;e~A
,oa çdkjs.k ,d ,o vdkjkfn% çFker% ßLonh?kZIyqrHksnus f=k/k foHkDr%]
iqu'p l çR;sdeqnkÙkkfnfHknsu f=k/k HkofrA ,oa çdkjs.k l uofo/% l×tkr%A l uofo/ks¿fi
çR;sdeuqukfldRokuuqukfldRokH;ka f}fo/ks HkofrA ladyu;k p v"Vkn'k Hksnks HkoR;sdL;So
vdkjkns%A
cks/ç'u%&ÿ-ö
d- ßLoxzg.kerU=ke=k ^vrU=ke~* bR;L;kFkZ% ^vfoof{krRoe~* bfr ds"kka ersu\
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[k- ukxs'kers ^vrU=ke~* bR;L; dks¿FkZ%\

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x- ^v/ZßLoe~* bR;L;kFkZ% ukxs'kersu -------------------------- Hkofr] nhf{krersu rq --------------------------
bfr HkofrA
?k- ^Do1µ© oks¿'ok* bR;=k Do bR;=k LofjrRoa dsu lw=ks.k\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
ßLoxzg.kfefrA ßLoin?kfVrxzg.kfeR;FkZ%A vrU=kfefrA Lo'kkL=kladsfrr:is.kk&
106 cks/dfeR;FkZ%] fdURo/Zek=kk:ikFkZcks/dfefr Hkko%A ,o×Ó nh?kkZfn"oI;/Zek=kSoksnkÙkrkA br
vkjH; uolw=;k ^v v* (ik-lw-&8-4-68) bR;r% çkxqRd"kZs.kkL; f=kik|kefi ço`fÙk%A vpka Hksnk%
loZ×psna Hkk";s Li"Ve~A ^v/ZeqnkÙke~* bfr o`fÙkLrq lR;k Hkkesfron~ O;k[;s;kA mÙkjk/Z
ZfeR;L; pk/Zek=kkrks¿of'k"V mÙkjks Hkkx bR;FkZ%A osns rq ;Fkkç;ksxa çkfr'kk[;knLekPp
O;oLFkkA rL; psfrA vuqnkÙkL;sR;FkZ%A mnkÙksfrA mnkÙkLofjr;ks% ijRos lrhR;FkZ%A r;ks%
ijRo×pksifLFkrkuqnkÙkkis{k;SoA vU;=kµ mnkÙkLofjr;ks% ijRok¿HkkosA çkfr'kk[;s bfrA
yksds RouqnkÙk ,osfr Hkko%A ßLoLofjreqnkgjfrµ DosfrA ^^fdeks¿r~** (ik-lw-&5-3-
12) bR;r~ ^^Dokfr** (ik-lw-&7-2-105) bfr Dokns'ks ^^frr~Lofjre~** (ik-lw-&6-1-
185) bfr Lofjr%A nh?kZeqnkgjfrµ jFkkukfefrA ;s¿jk bfrA ^Lofjrks ok¿uqnkÙks inknkS*
(ik-lw-&8-2-6) bR;sdkj% Lofjr% ^ûksnkÙkLofjrksn;e~** (ik-lw-&8-4-67) bfr fu"ks/
Lrq ^^mnkÙkknuqnkÙkL; Lofjr%** (ik-lw-&8-4-66) bR;L;So vuUrjL;sfr U;k;kr~A
Lofjreqnkgjfrµ 'krpØfefrA vgsfjR;FksZ¿á%A o`=kL;sR;FkZ%A NUnfl ok opua çkÄ~.kkS
pÄÔqi/k;k% bfr opukr~ xq.kk¿Hkko%A mnkÙkLofjr;ks% (ik-lw-&8-2-3) bfr Lofjr%A
^^mnkÙk;.kks gy~iow kZr*~ * (ik-lw-&1-1-174) bfr rq u NkUnlRokr~A ;PNCn% ^^fiQ"k** (fiQ-lw-)
bR;UrksnkÙk% rnsdkns'k'p ok Lofjr%A l bfrA mnkÙkLofjrßLokfnlaKd% bR;FkZ%A
5-7 eq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%
Hkoku~ Kkroku~ ;r~ ßLokfnHksnsu mnkÙkkfnfHknsu fHkÂks uofo/ks¿fi ^vp~*
vuqukfldfujuqukfldHksnkH;ka iqu% f}fo/% HkofrA r=k ^vuqukfld*laKkcks/uk; lw=kek;kfr
^êq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%** (ik-lw-&û-û-ø) bfrA v=k lw=ks in};a HkofrA eq[kukfldkopu%
bR;sda ine~A vuqukfld% bR;ije~A eq[kukfldkopu% bfr leLra ina HkofrA eq[ksu
lfgrk eq[klfgrk] eq[klfgrk ukfldk] eq[kukfldkµ v=k ^^'kkdikfFkZoknhukeqila[;kueqÙkj&
inyksi'p** (ok-ik-lw-&ü-û-öú) bfr okfrZdus eè;einL; lfgrsR;L; yksis êq[kukfldk*
bfr fl¼ÔfrA mP;rs¿lkS opu%A ckgqydkr~ deZf.k Y;qV~ çR;;ks HkofrA rr'p
eq[kukfld;kopu%¾eq[kukfldkopu bfr r`rh;krRiq#"k%A v=k Jhukxs'k% ^lk/ua Ñrk*
(e-Hkk-&ü-û-ýý) bfr okfÙkZdus leklekgA ;|I;=k ^dr`d Z j.ks Ñrk cgqyde~* (ik-lw-&
ü-û-ýü) bR;usukfi lekl% oDrqa 'kD;rs] rFkkfi îkngkjd%] xyspksid%* bR;knkS
i×pE;UrL; lIrE;UrL; p lekL;L;ko';dRosu v=kkfi rsuSo lekl bfr ukxs'kk'k;%A
,o×p eq[ksu ukfld;k p mPpk;Zek.k% o.kZ% vuqukfldlaK% HkofrA
eq[kukfldk bfr 'kCns ;fn }U}lekl% eq[k×p ukfldk psfr LohfØ;rs] rnk rq
v=k ^^}U}'p çkf.krw;ZlsukÄõkuke~** (ik-lw-&û-û-ø) bfr lw=ks.k lekgkj}U} ,o L;kr~]
r=k uiqaldRokr~ ßLoRosu êq[kukfldopu* bfr L;kr~A vrks¿=k eè;einyksfilekl%
LohfØ;rsA fdUrq eè;einyksfilekls mÙkjinyksiL; fuR;Rokr~ o`ÙkkSµ ^êq[klfgrukfld;k**
bfr HkV~Vksftnhf{krL; dFkue~ vlÄõre~ HkofrA vrks¿=k o`ÙkkS ^^ eq[klfgr;k ukfld;k
mPpk;Zek.k%** bR;so ikB% dYI;rsA vFkokµ r=k iQfyrkFkZdFkua cksè;e~A vFkok
eq[kf}rh;k ukfldk bfr foxzgks cksè;%A vFkokµ eq[kina eq[kln`'ks yk{kf.kda cksè;e~A
Hkk";s rq ^mP;rs ;suklkS opu%* eq[ka p ukfldk p eq[kukflde~] bZ"kn~opue~¾
vkopue~] eq[kukfldekopua ;L; l eq[kukfldkopu% (}U}xHkZ% lekl% LohÑrks¿fLrA)
fdf×pr~ eq[kopua fdf×pÂkfldkopue~ bR;qDre~A

,o×Ósnek;kra ;r~ eq[klfgr;k ukfld;k mPÓk;Zek.kL; o.kZL; vuqukfldlaKk 107

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ Hkofr ;Fkk ×k~ e~ Ä~ bR;kn;%A ×keÄ.kukuka ukfldk p bfr pdkjs.k rÙkn~oxZLFkkuleqPp;ks
HkofrA
v=k lw=ks eq[kxzg.ka fdeFkZe~\ ûkfldkopuks¿uqukfld%* bR;so lw=keLrqA
rFkk lfr dsoya ukfld;ksPpk;Zek.kkuka ;ekuqLokjk.kkesokuqukfldlaKk L;kr~ ^vuqLokj
;ekuk×p ukfldkLFkkufe";rs* (ik-f'k-&üü) bfr f'k{kkopukr~ rs"kka ukfldkLFkkulÙokr~A
vuqLokjL;kuqukfldlaKk;k×p lR;ke~ ^vkÄks¿uqukfld'NUnfl* bfr vuqukfldLFkys¿fi
vuqLokj% L;kr~A vrks¿=k eq[kxzg.ke~A
ukfldkxzg.ka fdeFk±\ eq[kopuks¿uqukfld bR;qP;ekus ddkjknhukefi
vuqukfldlaKk L;kr~A rr'p ^'kDrk* bR;=k ddkjL;kuqukfldRokr~ ^^vuqnkÙkksins'k**
(ik-lw-&ö-þ-ý÷) bfr dL; yksi% L;kr~A vrks¿=k ukfldkxzg.keI;ko';de~A
uuq ;fn eq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld% bR;qP;rs rnk vuqLokj;ekuka
ukfldkLFkkuek=kdRokr~ rs"kkeuqukfldlaKk u L;kr~] r=k ç;kstuk¿Hkkokr~ b"VkiÙks% lRokr~A
Hkk";s rq çklknokflU;k;suk=k lw=ks eq[kxzg.ka çR;k[;kre~A ;s mHk;opuk% lfUr rs"kka
eq[kxzg.ksukfi xzg.ka Hkofr] ukfldkxzg.ksukfi xzg.ka HkofrA
5-7-2 vpka Hksnk%

bnkuha ;kor~ Hkork Kkra ;r~µ ßLonh?kZIyqrHksnkr~ mnÙkkuqnkÙkLofjrHksnkr~
vuqukfldfujuqukfldHksnkPp vp% v"Vkn'kHksnk% HkofUr bfrA rnqDra nhf{krsu dkSe| q ke~µ
v b m ½ ,"kka o.kkZuke"Vkn'kHksnk% bfrA fdUrq v=kSdk ftKklk tk;srA O;fDri{ks rq
vuUrk% o.kkZ% ^dFke‘kn'kHksnk%* bfr dFkua lÄõPNrs bfrA v=kksP;rsµ vdkjtkrh;knsj"Vkn'k/
eZRoe~ bR;FkksZ¿=k LohfØ;rsA ,o×p vRokfntkfreku~ vdkj% v"Vkn'k/eZRookfufr
rnFkZ%A v=k vkfninsu bdkjtkrh;kns% xzg.ka cksè;e~A ,rs v‘kn'kHksnk% ßLoRo&nh?kZRo&IqyrRo&
lekukf/dj.kksnkÙkRokuqnkÙkRoLofjrRolekukf/dj.kkuqukfldRofujuqukfldRoeknk; HkofUrA
rfnRFke~µ
1- mnkÙkRolekukf/dj.kkuqukfldRolekukf/dj.kßLoRoe~A
2- mnkÙkRolekukf/dj.kfujuqukfldRolekukf/dj.kßLoRoe~A
3- vuqnkÙkRolekukf/dj.kkuqukfldRolekukf/dj.kßLoRoe~A
4- vuqnkÙkRolekukf/dj.kfujuqukfldRolekukf/dj.kßLoRoe~A
5- LofjrRolekukf/dj.kkuqukfldRolekukf/dj.kßLoRoe~A
6- LofjrRolekukf/dj.kfujuqukfldRolekukf/dj.kßLoRoe~A
,oa çdkjs.k nh?kZL;kfi "kM~HksnoRoe~] IyqrL;kfi "kM~HksnoRofefr lÄïyu;k
v"Vkn'kHksnk HkofUrAº
Æo.kZL; }kn'k ,o Hksnk% mDrçdkjs.kSo cksè;k%A ;rksfg foo`rç;RudL;
ÆdkjL; nh?kZHksnk% u HkofUrA bZ"kRLi`"Vç;RudL; ^Æfr YÆ ok* (ok- vd lo.ksZ) bfr
fo/s;L; rq nh?kZRoa HkoR;soA foo`rç;RudL; ÆdkjL; nh?kkZ¿Hkkoknso ^rqY;kL;ç;Rua
lo.kZe~ (ik-lw-&û-û-ù)* bfr lw=ks Hkk";s ^Æfr YÆ ok* bfr okfrZdço`Ù;Hkkos f}ydkjdk¿Hkkos
^vd% lo.ksZ (ik-lw-&ö-û-ûúû)* bfr nh?kZRos ^gksr¤dkj* bR;=k nh?kZRos Îdkj?kfVr ,o
108 ç;ksxks nf'kZr%A ,p~çR;kgkjcksè;o.kkZukefi }kn'k ,o Hksnk% HkofUrA ;rksfg ^, vks*
çHk`fro.kkZuka ßLok¿Hkkoks Hkorhfr ßLoHksnk% u HkofUrA ,pka ßLok¿HkkodFkue~ ^,vksÄ*~ vpka Hksnk%
lw=ks (ek-lw-&ýegk) Li"VefLrA rFkkfgµ ^ûuq p lLFkkurjko/Z ,dkj%] v/Z vksdkj%
(,dekr`dSdkjksdkjkS) u rkS Lr%** bR;qDre~A ,rsu Li"Va Hkofr ;r~ ,"kka ßLokHkkoks HkofrA
;|fi xkujksnuknkS prqekZ=kk/Zek=kkn;ks HkofUr] rFkkfi 'kkL=kh;dk;sZ rFkkfo/kukeq&
i;ksxkHkkokr~µ ßLonh?kZIyqrkukeso x.kuk ÑrkA ykSfddç;ksx¿s fi rkn`'kuka ek=kk.kka ç;ksxkHkko
,o cksè;%A 'kkL=kh;dk;sZ ykSfddç;ksxs ok vHkkoknso vuqnkÙkrjL; dFkua u HkofrA
,dJqfr%] lÂrj% bR;knhukefi LojkUrjRoa Hkofr] rs"kka yksds¿fi ç;ksxks HkoR;soA
vrks¿;eqnkÙkknhuka foHkkx miy{k.ka Hkorhfr cksè;e~A
cks/ç'u%&5-7
d- êq[kukfldkopu%* bR;=k dhn`'k% leklks Hkofr\
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x- ^êq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%** v=k ukfldkxzg.kk¿Hkkos dq=k d% nks"k%\

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?k- ,pka ßLokHkko% bfr Hkk";s dq=k Li"Ve~\

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Ä- dhn`'kL; ÆdkjL; nh?kkZHkko%\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
eq[kukfldk-A (ik-lw-&1-1-9) mP;rs¿lkS opu%] ckgqydkr~ deZf.k Y;qV~A
eq[klfgrk ukfldsfr foxzg%A r;k opu bfr ^lk/ua Ñrk* (Hkk-b-) bfr lekl%] rnkg
eq[klfgrsR;kfnA eq[ksfr fde~\ ;ekuqLokjk.kkeso çlT;srA ,o×p ^^vkÄks¿uqukfld%** (ik- 109

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ lw-&6-1-126) bR;=kkuqLokj% L;kr~A ukfldsfr fde~\ ^'kDrk* bR;knkS vuqnkÙkksins'k (ik-
lw-&6-4-37) bR;kfnuk dyksiks ek Hkwr~A v‘kn'ksfrA ;|ihna u O;fDri{ks O;DrhukekuUR;kr~]
rFkkI;"Vkn'k/eZ R oe~ vdkjtkrh;kns f jR;FkZ % A ßLoRoknhuka rÙkRlekukf/
dj.kksnkÙkRokuqukfldRoknhuka p HksnekfJR;sna cksè;e~A ,oexz¿s fiA Æo.kZL;sfrA foo`rL;sR;FkZ%A
rsu ^Æfr YÆ ok* bfr fo/s;L;s"kRLi`"VL; nh?kZRos¿fi u{kfr%A nh?kkZ¿HkkokfnfrA vr ,o
rqY;kL;lw=ks Hkk";s ^Æfr lo.ksZ* bR;usu i{ks f}ydkjk¿Hkkos ^^vd% lo.ksZ** (ik-lw-&6-
1-101) bfr nh?kZRos ^gksr¤dkj* bfr Îdkj?kfVrç;ksx% lÄõPNrsA ßLok¿HkkokfnfrA
bne~ ^,vksÄ~*bR;knkS Hkk";s Li"Ve~A xkujksnuknkS prqekZ=kknhuke~ miyEHks¿fi 'kkL=kh;dk;sZ
mi;ksxk¿HkkokŠksds ç;ksx"s oç;ksxkPPk uksDrk%A vr ,okuqnkÙkrjL;kuqfDr%A ,dJqr%s LojkUrjRoss
bneqiy{k.ke~A rL;k yksds¿fi lÙokr~A
5-8 lkjka'k%
vfLeu~ ikBs vPçR;kgkjlEc¼k% fofo/fo"k;k% vkxrk lfUrA loZçFkee~
^^mins'ks¿tuqukfld br~** bR;L;kFkZfopkj% Ñrks orZrsA mins'kkoLFkk;keuqukfldkuke~
vpkfeRlaKk HkofrA v=k vkuqukflD;KkukFkZe~µ ^^çfrKkuqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k%** bR;qDre~A
vL;kFkZ% ikf.kfuçHk`frçksDrk% o.kkZ% çfrK;k ,o vuqukfldRofof'k"Vk% Kk;UrsA
çR;kgkjs"kq bRlaKdkuka xzg.ka u HkofrA r=k ^vuqukfld%* bR;kfnfuns'Z k ,o çek.ke~A
vU;Fkk r=kkfi ;.k~?kfVrç;ksx% L;kr~A çR;kfß;Urs laf{kI;Urs o.kkZ% ;=k l% çR;kgkj%A v=k
ckgqydkr~ vf/dj.ks ?k×k~ Lohdk;Z%A
ßLonh?kZIyqrlaKkfo/k;da lw=ke~ Hkofrµ ^^mQdkyks¿T>zLonh?kZIyqr%** v=k
mQdky'kCn?kVds mQ'kCns ,dekf=kdf}ekf=kdf=kekf=kdkssdkjk.kka Øes.k fuos'kks cksè;%A l%
dkyks ;L;sfr lekukf/dj.kcgqczhfgleklks cksè;%A ,o×p ,dekf=kdksdkyln`'k% dkyks
;L; l ßLolaKks HkorhR;soa çdkjs.k Øes.kkFkksZ HkofrA v=k O;k[;kukr~ mPpkfjrdkylEcfU/
dkyL;Sokp% ßLokfnlaKk u rq rn~x`ghro.kZlEcfU/dkyln`'kL;sfr cksè;e~A vftfr o.kZxgz .ks
tkfrxzg.ki{kL;k=kxzg.ka u Hkofr] ^fuikr ,dktukÄ~* bR;=k ,dxzg.ksuµ vU;=k o.kZxzg.ks
tkfrxzg.kkHkkoL; Kkiukr~A
^^mPpS#nkÙk%** bR;kfnuk lw=ks.k mnkÙkkfnlaKk cksè;rsA v=k mPpSLRoa LFkkuÑra
foof{kra Hkofr u rq Jqfrçd"kZ:ie~A rsu mika'kqç;ksxs nks"kks u HkofrA o`ÙkkS rkYokfndFkua
çkpkeuqjks/su cksè;e~A
Lofjro.ksZ mnkÙkRokuqnkÙkRo;ks% esyua HkofrA r=kknkS mnkÙkRoa HkofrA mÙkjHkkxs p
vuqnkÙkRoe~A Lofjrs fo|ekuL;kuqnkÙkka'kL; mnkÙkijRos LofjrijRos ok Jo.ka HkofrA
vuqnkÙkijRos rq rL;kfi mnkÙkJqfrjso HkofrA ^rL;kfnr mnkÙke/ZßLoe~* v=k v/ZßLoe~
bR;=k ukxs'kersu v/Zek=kkRedeso loZ=k mnkÙkRoa Kk;rsA nhf{krkfners rq losZ"kq Lofjrs"kq
v/kZ'a kHkkx% mnkÙkks Kk;rsA ^êq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld%** bR;=k eq[kukfldk'kCns] }U}leklks
u LohfØ;rsA rFkk lfr eq[kukfldfefr L;kr~A v=k eè;einyksfilekl% LohfØ;rsA
r=kkfi eq[kf}rh;k ukfldk bR;soa çdkjs.kA êq[klfgrukfld;k* bfr o`frxzUFkLrq
rnfHkçk;s.kSo cksè;%A
,oa lkekU;r;k vp~ loZçFkea ßLonh?kZIyqrHksnsu f=k/k foHkT;rsA iqu'p
ßLokfnHksnfHkÂL; vPk% çR;sda f=k/k Hksnks HkofrA ,o×p ,d ,okp~ uo/k foHkDr%A
iqu'p vuqukfldfujuqukfldHksnus rs Lkos¿Z fi f}fo/k% tk;UrsA vkgR; v"Vkn'k/ vdkjkn;%A
ÆdkjL; nh?kkZ¿Hkkokr~ }kn'kHksnk%A ,pkefi }kn'kHksnk% rs"kka ßLokHkkokfnfrA
110
5-9 'kCnkoyh vpka Hksnk%
1- çR;kgkj% µ ^vkfnjUR;su lgsrk* bfr lw=ks.k ;k v.kkfnlaKk

Ñrk rL;k ,o ukekUrja ^çR;kgkj%* bfrA
çR;kfß;Urs laf{kI; cksè;Urs o.kkZ ;=k bfr
foxzgs ckgqydknf/dj.ks ?k×k~A
2- mnkÙk% µ ,d% Lojks HkofrA l p vT/eZ%A rkYokfn&
LFkkus"kwèoZHkkxs fu"iÂ% vp~ mnkÙk% dF;rsA
3- mika'kq% µ lw{eksPpkj.ka tiknkS ç;qT;rs rnqDre~µ 'kuS&
#Ppkj;sUe=keh"knks’kS p pky;sr~A fdf×pPNCna
Lo;a fo|knqika'kq% l ti% Le`r%A bfrA
4- ,dJqfr% µ mnkÙkknhukefoHkkx% ,dJqfr%A çp;kiji;kZ;%A
5- lÂrj% µ mnkÙkrj%A
6- ;e% µ oxsZ"ok|kuka prq..kkZa i×pes ijs eè;s ;eks
uke iwoZln`'kks o.kZ% HkofrA
5-10 lUnHkZxzUFk%
1- ikf.kuh;lw=kk‘kè;k;h]
2- ikf.kuh;f'k{kk]
3- egkHkk";e~]
4- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh]
5- dkf'kdko`fÙk% bR;kn;% v=k ikBsµ lUnHkZxzUFkk% HkofUrA
5-11 lgk;dxzUFk%
Vhdk% Vhdkdkj%
1- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj% jkf/dk czãnÙk f}osnh
2- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj% lqcksf/uh vkpk;Z fo'oukFk feJ%
3- y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kj% nhfidk ia- rkjkdkUr >k
4- oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeqnh y{eh ia- lHkkifr'kekZsikè;k;%
ÿ-ý
d- v=k lw=ks ikf.kfuçHk`fÙkçfrK;k ,okuqukfldKkua HkofrA rnqrQaµ
çfrKkuqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k%A çfrKkfo"k;kuqukflD;oUr% ikf.kfuçHk`fr&
çksDrk% o.kkZ HkoUrhfr Hkko%A 111

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ [k- v=k çfrKk p o.kkZukeuqukfldRoKkidks O;ogkj%] vuqukfldkfn'kCnsu
dFku×pA
x- çR;kgkjs"kq brka xzg.ka ikf.kus ^êq[kukfldk opuks¿uqukfld%** bR;kfnlw=ks
vuqukfldkfnfunsZ'kkÂ HkofrA
?k- çR;kfß;Urs laf{kI; cksè;Urs ;=k l% çR;kgkj%] ckgqydkr~ vf/dj.ks
?k×k~ çR;;%A
ÿ-þ
d- dqDdqVL; 'kCns ,df}f=kek=kk.kka yksds çfl¼Rokr~ çFkeksifLFkrRos¿fi
vdkjs ^výdkyks¿t~* bfr uksDre~A
[k- ^mQdkykst*~ bR;=k mQ'kCns ,dekf=kdf}ekf=kdf=kekf=kdksdkjk.kka esyuefLrA
x- v=k mQ'kCnsu LoksPpkj.kdkyln`'kks y{;rsA mQdkjksPpkj.kdkyln`'k%
dkyks ;L;% l% mQdky% vp~ rÙkRlaK%A
?k- ^mQdkyks¿t~ * bfr lw=ks dkyxzg.ksuµ ^^mPpkfjrlEcfU/dkyln`'kdkyL;So
ßLokfnlaKk** bfr Kk;rsA
Ä- ^ô.kZxgz .ks tkfrxzg.ke~** bfr ifjHkk"kk Kkidfl¼k HkofrA vr% ^Kkidfl¼a
u loZ=k * bfr ifjHkk"k;k rL;k okj.ka HkofrA
ÿ-ÿ
d- ^^mPpS#nkÙk%** bR;=k mPpSLRoa LFkkuÑra foof{krefLr Jqfrçd"kZ:iL;
foo{k.ks mika'kqç;ksxknkS nks"kks HkofrA
[k- rkYokfnLFkkus"kq mQèoZHkkxs fu"iÂks¿tqnkÙklaKks HkofrA
x- ^mPpS#nkÙk%* bR;=k mPpSfjR;O;;e~ vf/dj.k'kfDrç/kua Hkofr]
vf/dj.k×PkksPpkj.ka çfrA rkYoknhuka lHkkxRok¿Hkkos p mPpSLRokfnda u
flè;fr vr% rkYoknhUkka lHkkxRoa HkofrA
?k- mnkÙkn;ks /ekZ vpkeso HkofUrA
ÿ-ö
d- nhf{krkfnersu vrU=ke~ bR;L; vfoof{kre~ bR;FkZ% HkofrA
[k- ukxs'kersu ^vrU=ke~* bR;L; v/Zek=kk:ikFkZcks/dRoa Lo'kkL=kladsfrrSd&
ek=kk:ikFkkZcks/dRoe~A
x- v/Z ß Loe~ bR;L;kFkZ % ukxs ' kers u v/Z e k=kk:i% nhf{krers u p
v/kZa'k:i% HkofrA
?k- ^Do1µ© oks¿'ok%* bR;=k Do bR;=k ^^fdeks¿r~** bfr vr~ çR;;ks HkofrA
vr% ^^frRLofjre~** bR;usu LofjrRoa HkofrA
ÿ-÷
d- êq[kukfldk* bR;=k eè;einyksfileklks HkofrA eq[klfgrk ukfldkA
v=k eè;einL; lfgrsR;L; yksi%A vFkok eq[kf}rh;k ukfldk bfr
112
foxzgs f}rh;k inL; yksi%A lw=ko`ÙkkS p êq[klfgrukfldk* bfr dFkua rq vpka Hksnk%
rnFkZdFkuek=ke~A
[k- êq[kukfldk* bR;=k eq[k×p ukfldk p bR;soa }U}lekl% u LohfØ;rsA
rFkk lfr ^}U}'p çkf.krw;ZlsukÄõkuke~ bfr ,don~Hkkosu eq[kukfldfefr
L;kr~A
x- ukfldkxzg.kk¿Hkkos ^'kDrk* bR;knkS ddkjL;kuqukfldlaKk;ka ^vuqnkÙkksins'k*
bR;kfnuk dyksi% L;kr~A
?k- ,pka ßLokHkko% Hkofr bfr ^,vksÄ~* bfr lw=ks Li"Ve~ HkofrA
Ä- foo`rL; ÆdkjL; nh?kkZ¿Hkko%] ^^Æfr lo.ksZ YÆok** bfr fofgrL; rq
nh?kZ% HkoR;soA
5-13 vH;klç'uk%
1- vfry?kqç'uk%
d- ^çfrKkuqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k%* v=k ^çfrKk*insu dL; xzg.ke~A
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[k- bRlaKdkuka çR;kgkjs"kq xzg.ksu ^vuqukfld* bR;=k d% nks"k%\

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x- Ådkyks¿T>zLonh?kZIyqr% bR;=k d% lekl%\

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?k- ^mdkyks¿t~* bR;=kksdkjs.k nh?kkZ.kkefi xzg.ks dq=k d% nks"k%\

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Ä- mPpS#nkÙk% v=k mPpSLRoa dhn`'ka x`árs\

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113

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ p- rL;kfnr mnkÙke/ZßLoe~ v=k ^rL;* insu dL; xzg.ke~A
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2- vufry?kqç'uk%
d- çfrKkuqukflD;k% ikf.kuh;k% bfr iÄ~Drs% vFk± fu:i;A
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[k- çR;kgkjs"kq bRlaKdkuka xzg.ka dLekÂ Hkofr ukfrfoLrja fu:i.kh;e~A

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x- ^^vftfro.kZxzg.ks tkfrxzg.ke~** bR;usu Hkoku~ fda cq¼oku~

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?k- ^mPpS#nkÙk%* bR;L; laf{kIrO;k[;k fo/s;kA

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3- nh?kksÙZ kjh;ç'uk%
d- Ådkyks¿T>zLonh?kZIyqr% bfr lw=ka lE;x~ O;[;k;rke~A
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[k- rL;kfnr% bfr lw=kL;kFk± fu:I; ßLoxzg.kerU=ke~ bfr O;k[;k;rke~A

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114
x- eq[kukfldkopuks¿uqukfld% vL; O;k[;k dk;kZA vpka Hksnk%
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115

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ "k"B% ikB% (lo.kZlaKk)
ikBlajpuk
6-1 çLrkouk
6-2 mís';e~
6-3 rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~
6-3-1 inPNsn%] info'ys"k.ke~] leklkfnd×p
6-3-2 ;konkL;HkorqY;Rofopkj%
6-3-3 ;konkL;HkorqY;Roxzg.ks vkxrnks"kks¼kjksik;%A
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
6-4 mPpkj.kLFkkufopkj%
6-4-1 ×keÄ.kukuka ufldk p
6-4-2 ^^vuqLokj;ekuk×p ukfldkdj.ka u LFkkue~** bfr ijer[k.Mue~
6-4-3 ftàkxzknkS Li`"VrknkS p dj.kRoksiifÙkfopkj%
6-4-4 mnkÙkknhukefi xq.kRofoospue~
6-4-5 Ädkjknhuke~ mHk;LFkkudRofopkj%
6-4-6 dÄ;ks%lko.;Zçfriknue~
6-4-7 IyqrSdkjknhukefi rÙkRLFkkue~
6-4-8 nUrks’knhuka leqfnrLFkku[k.Mue~
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
6-5 ç;Rufu:i.ke~
6-5-1 vkH;Urjç;RuHksnfu:i.ke~] çkphuer[k.Mu×p
6-5-2 Li`"VrknhukekH;UrjRoçfriknue~] çek.k×p
6-5-3 n.Mk<dfeR;=k nh?kZlk/kue~
6-5-4 ^v v* v=k nh?kkZHkkodkj.ke~
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
6-6 iwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~
6-6-1 vL;kf/dkjRos iQyçn'kZue~
6-6-2 'kkL=kkfl¼Rofoospue~
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
6-7 ckáç;Rufoosd%
6-7-1 ^[k;ka ;ek%* bR;kns% O;k[;kue~
6-7-2 Li'kkZfninkFkZfoospue~
cks/ç'u%
ewyxzUFkikB%
6-8 lkjka'k%
6-9 'kCnkoyh
6-10 lUnHkZxzUFk%
116
6-11 lgk;dxzUFk% lo.kZlKa k
6-13 vH;klç'uk%
6-1 çLrkouk
Hkk";s mDrefLrµ ^ô.kkZukeqins'kLrkor~A mins'kksÙkjdkysRlaKkA bRlaKksÙkjdky
vkfnjUR;su lgsrk bfr çR;kgkj%A çR;kgkjksÙkjdkyk lo.kZlaKkA lo.kZlaKksÙkjdkye~
v.kqfnRlo.kZL; pkçR;;% bfr lo.kZxzg.ke~A ,rsu losZ.k leqfnrsu okD;sukU;=k lo.kZxzg.ka
Hkofr** (e-Hkk-&û-û-ûú) bfrA ,rn~Hkk";kuqlkja Hkoku~ eÄõykpj.kkuUrje~ ^vbm.k~*
bR;kfnuk o.kZØeKkua çkIroku~A rnuUrje~ bRlaKkfo/k;d'kkL=kjgL;a cq¼oku~A çR;kgkj&
laKkKkida lw=ka ifj'khfyroku~A çR;kgkjKkuksÙkj×p lo.kZKkueis{;rsA r=kkfi lo.kZlKa ksi;ksfxua
vTHksna rRçfriknda lw=k×p ifBroku~A bnkuha lo.kZlaKklEc¼a jgL;a KkL;frA
çÑrikBs Hkoku~ lo.kZlaKkfo/k;da ^^rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~** (ik-lw-&û-û-ûú)
bfr lw=kL; jgL;su ifjfprks Hkfo";frA ds"kka o.kkZuka fdeqPpkj.kLFkkue~\ r=k LFkkuinsu
fda x`árs\ dj.k'kCnsu p dL; xzg.ke~\ dÄ;ks% lko.;± dFka Hkofr\ ç;Ruk% dfr
fo/k%\ vkH;Urjç;RuL; dfr Hksnk%\ ds ckáç;Ruk%\ d% Li'kkZfn%\ bR;kfn loZ×pkfLeu~
ikBs Hkoku~ ifB";frA vfLeUizlÄõs ^v v* ^îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~** bfr lw=kfo"k;s¿fi i;kZIra
jgL;a KkL;frA
6-2 mís';e~
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~µ
Ø ds"kka o.kkZuka feFk% lo.kZlaKk Hkorhfr fo"k;a lE;Dr;k fu:if;rqa
leFkksZ Hkfo";frA
Ø lo.kZlaKklw=ks ;konkL;HkorqY;Roxzg.ka Hkorhfr Kkrqa 'k{;frA
Ø vuqLokj;ekuk×p ukfldkdj.keqr LFkkufefrjgL;a cks¼qa ikjf;";frA
Ø nUrks"Bknhuka leqfnra LFkkua u Hkorhfr KkL;frA
Ø Li`"VknhukekH;Urjç;RuRoa dFka Hkorhfr Kkua çkIL;frA
Ø îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* bR;L; vf/dkjlw=kRos 'kkL=kkfl¼Ros p n`<rjiQya
fu:if;rqa l{ke% Hkfo";frA
Ø ^^[k;ka ;ek%** bR;kns% O;k[;kua çLrksrqa 'k{;frA
6-3 rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~

bna lw=ka lo.kZlaKka Kki;frA ,rr~lw=kekè;esuSo Kkrqa 'D;rs ;r~µ ds"kka o.kkZuka
dS% o.kSZ% lg lo.kZlaKk Hkofr bfrA rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.k± Hkorhfr lkekU;lw=kkFkZ%A v=k
p laKkçLrkokr~ laKk bfr yH;rsA v=k vkL;'kCnsu mPpkj.kLFkkua cq¼Ôrs ç;Ru'kCnsu p
vkH;Urjç;RuL; xzg.ka HkofrA rqY;a¾lea lekue~ bfrA ,o×p ;L; o.kZL; ;su o.ksZu
lg mPpkj.kLFkkue~ vkH;Urjç;Ru'psR;srn~};a rqY;a lekua Hkofr] rL; o.kZL; rsu
o.ksZu lg lko.;± HkofrA rFkk pkL; o`fÙk%µ rkYokfnLFkkue~ vkH;Erjç;Ru'psR;srn~};a
;L; ;su rqY;a rfUeFk% lo.kZlaKa L;kr~A 117

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 6-3-1 inPNsn% info'ys"k.ka leklkfnd×p
inPNsn%µ ^rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~* (ik-lw-&û-û-ûú) bR;fLeu~ lw=ks }s
ins Hkor%A ,da ^rqY;kL;ç;Rue~* bfr leLre~] vija ^lo.kZe~* bfr pA mHk;efi ina
çFkekUra HkofrA
info'ys"k.ke~µ ^rqY;kL;ç;Rue~* v=k leLrs ins =k;% 'kCnk% lfEefyrk%
lfUr] rqY;$vkL;$ç;Rue~A rksY;rs vu;k bfr rqykA rqy;k lfEere~ bR;FksZ ^ûkSo;ks/eZ**
(ik-lw-&þ-þ-ûú) bfr lw=ks.k ;r~çR;;s lfr rqY;'kCnks fu"i|rsA rqY;%¾ln`'k%A ln`'ks¿FkZs
,o rqY;'kCnks :<ks orZrsA vkL;'kCnks eq[ki;kZ;%A vkL;Urs¾o.kkZ% vusuA vkL;rs¾f{kI;rs
xzkl% okfLeu~ vlq {ksi.ks (fn-/k-&ûüûú) bR;Lek¼krks% .;fr çR;;s lfr vkL;'kCnks
O;qRik|rsA rFkk p Hkk";e~ ^vL;fUr vusu o.kkZu~ bfr vkL;e~* (ek-Hkk-&û-û-ù) rr'p
vkL;s Hkoe~ bR;fLeÂFksZ ^^'kjhjko;okPÓ** (ik-lw-&þ-ý-ÿü) bfr lw=ks.k ;r~ çR;;s p
Ñrs vkL;'kCnks fu"iÂ% ;L;kFkZ'p eq[ks Hkokfu rkyqd.BkfnLFkkukfu HkofUrA eq[kokpdL;
vkL;'kCnL; xzg.ks rq v=k fdefi ç;kstua u HkofrA ;rksfg eq[kLFkkuRoa rq losZ"kka o.kkZuka
rqY;a HkoR;so] fde~ vkL;xzg.ksu\ vr% lw=ks vkL;'kCnks ;r~ çR;;kUr% rkYokfnLFkkuokph
HkofrA ç;Ru'kCnks uÄ~çR;;kUr% iqafyÄõ%A izbR;qilxZiwoZd ^;rh iz;Rus* bfr /krks%
^^;t;kp;rfoPNçPNj{kks uÄ~** (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ùú) bfr lw=ks.k uÄ~çR;;ks HkofrA
ç;Ru%¾o.kksZpkj.ks t;eku% ç;kl%A l p ç;kl% f}fo/ks Hkofr vkH;Urj% cká'pA
v=k p ç'kCncykr~ çÑ"Vks ;Ru%¾vkH;Urj% x`ársA vkH;Urj% Li`"Vkfnç;Ruks fg
o.kksZiÙks% vO;ofgriwoZdkys tk;rsA ,rnsokL; ç;RuL; çÑ"VRoa HkofrA ckáç;Ruk'p
d.Bfookjlaokjkn;% o.kksZRiÙ;uUrja HkofrA vr% rL; rFkk çk'kLR;a u Hkofr]
;Fkk¿H;Urjç;RuL; HkofrA çFkeksifLFkrRok}¿L; çÑ‘Roe~A ,o×Ó ç;Ru'kCnsuk=k
vkH;Urjç;Ruks foof{krks HkofrA ^lo.kZe~* bfr laKk HkofrA
leklçn'kZue~µ rqY;kS¾ln`'kkS lekS] vkL;ç;RukS ;L; rr~ rqY;kL;ç;Rue~A
v=k cgqczhfglekl%A ç;Ru'kCn% iq¡fYyÄõ%A vkL;'kCn'p uiqaldfyÄõd%A ,o×pk=k
rqY;e~ vkL;e~A rqY;% ç;Ru% bR;soa rqY;'kCnL; fo'ks"k.kr;k mHk;fyÄõdRoa HkofrA
rFkk pµ rqY;×p rqY;'p bfr foxzgs iaqfyÄõL; rqY;'kCnL;Sd'ks"ks] vkL;×p ç;Ru'p
vkL;ç;RukS] v=k }U}lekls p Ñrs rqY;kS vkL;ç;RukS ;L; rr~ rqY;kL;ç;Rua o.kZe~
(o.kZ'kCn%iqafyÄõd% uiqaldfyÄõ'p)A rqY;kS vkL;ç;RukS ;L; bR;=k "k"BÔFkZ% tudRoe~A
;L; tudkS vkL;ç;RukS rkYok|qPpkj.kLFkkukH;Urjç;RukS rqY;kS¾ln`'kkS rr~ o.kZa
lo.kZlKa feR;FkksZ HkofrA oS;kdj.kk 'kCnkuka fuR;Roa LohdqofZ UrA vr% tudRoa¾O;×tdRoe~
bfr Lohdk;Ze~A
fdUrq ;L; o.kZL; ;su o.ksZu lg vkL;ç;RukS rqY;kS¾ ln`'kkS Hkor%
r;ksfeZFk% lo.kZlaKk Hkofr bR;FkZLohdkjs nSR;$vfj%¾nSR;kfj% bR;knkS lo.kZlaKk u L;kr~A
;rksfg Hksns ,o lkn`';O;ogkjks HkofrA rn~fHkÂRos lfr rn~xrHkw;ks/eZoRoa fg lkn`';e~
HkofrA nSR;kfj% bR;knkS mHk;ksjdkj;ks% mPpkj.kÑrHksns¿fi] mHk;ksjdkj;ks% mPpkj.kLFkkue~
,deso d.B:ia HkofrA vrks¿=k dFka rqY;Roa¾lkn`';a L;kr~A lkn`';k¿Hkkokr~ lo.kZlaKk
u L;kr~A rsu pk=k nh?kZ% dFka L;kfnfrA v=kkg Jhukxs'kHkV~Vegksn;% rÙkRdk;Zxra Hksna
LFkkus"okjksI; Hksn?kfVrrqY;RoL; fuokZg% bfrA vfHkç;ks¿;e~µ ;|fi mHk;ks% mPpkj.kLFkkua
d.B% ,d ,o HkofrA rFkkfi mPpkfjrkuka o.kkZuka HksnLrq HkoR;so ^^çR;qPÓkj.ka 'kCnk%
fHk|Urs** bR;qDrs%] rLekr~ rnqPpkj.k:idk;ZHksne~ vdkjkfnfu"BesdfLeÂso d.BLFkkus
118 vkjksI; mHk;ks% fHkÂRokr~ v=k lkn`';a dYI;e~A oLrqr% lkn`';a u ^^rn~fHkÂRos lfr
rn~xrHkw;ks/eZoRoe~** bR;soa:ia Hksn?kfVre~A fdUrq v[k.Mksikf/:ia rn~ HkofrA vdrZfj p lo.kZlKa k
dkjds (ik-lw-&ý-ý-ýù) bfr lw=ks Hkk";dkj% dFk;fr ^ûf×ko;qDreU;ln`'kkf/dj.ks
rFkkáFkZxfr%** u×k~;qDre~ bo;qDra p vU;fLeu~ rRln`'ks dk;± foKk;rsA vusu Hkk";s.k
Li"Va çrh;rs ;r~ vHksns¿fi lkn`';a HkofrA vU;Fkk v=k rRln`'kkf/dj.ks vFkok
ln`'kkf/dj.ks bR;so Hkk";dkjks czw;kr~] Hkk";dkjL; vU;fLeu~ bfr dFkuelÄõra L;kr~]
ln`'kinsuSo rn~fHkÂrRlkn`';L; ykHkkr~A ,rkn`'ka lkn`';e~ vfHkÂs¿fi LFkkus HkofrA vrks
u nks"k%A ,rnfHkçk;s.kSo Jhnhf{kr% o`fÙka fy[kfr rkYokfnLFkkue~ vkH;Urjç;Ru'psR;srn~};a
;L; ;su rqY;a rfUeFk% lo.kZlaKa L;kr~A
v=kkFksZ Hkorka eufl ,"kk 'kÄïk uwueqRi|sr ;r~ lo.kZlaKk;ke~
mPpkj.kLFkkuL;kfi rqY;rk visf{krk HkofrA mnkÙkknhuka o.kkZuka ijLija laKk u L;kr~A
;rksfg rs"kka d.BkfnLFkkulkE;sfi mPpkj.kLFkkua lekua u HkofrA mnkÙkL; LFkkuksèoZHkkxsuksPpkj.ka
HkofrA vuqnkÙkL; rq LFkkuL;k/ksHkkxsuksPpkj.ka HkofrA vr mPpkj.kLFkkua rqY;a u HkofrA
dFkfeo ,"kka lo.kZlaKk L;kfnfrA v=kSoa lek/kua cksè;e~µ ;|fi LFkkuL; rÙkn~Hksneknk;
Hksnks n`';rsA rFkk¿fi ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;ka d.Bknhuka d.BRorkyqRokfnuSo lekuRoa dfFkrefLrA
rFkkfgµ ^^d.BÔkogkfopq;'kkLrkyO;k vks’tkoqi*w * (ik-f'k&û÷) vr% d.BkfnuSo lkn`';a
x`ársA mQèokZfnHkkxHksnsu mnkÙkknhuka oS"kE;s¿fi lko.;± HkoR;sosfr Ks;e~A ;L; o.kZL;
mPpkj.kLFkkukH;Urjç;RukS ;su¾;nh;su ;TtudsuksPÓkj.kLFkkukH;Urjç;Rusu rqY;a r;ks%
o.kZ;ks% ijLija lo.kZlaKk Hkorhfr cksè;e~A
6-3-2 ;konkL;HkorqY;Rofopkj%
bnkuha ;konsrnkxra ;r~µ mPpkj.kLFkkukH;Urjç;Ru;ks% lkE;s lo.kZlaKk
HkofrA r=kkfi d.BRokfnuSo LFkkuL; rqY;rk x`ársA rsu mnkÙkRokfnuk Hksns¿fi lo.kZlaKk
HkofrA iqu% ,d% ç'u% mnsfr] ;r~µ bdkjL; ,dkjL; p mPpkj.kLFkkua rkyq Hkofr]
bpq;'kkuka rkyqA ,nSrks% d.Brkyq (oS-fl-dkS-laKk-) bR;qDrs%A mHk;ks% vkH;Urjç;Ru'p
foo`rç;Ru% ,d ,oA ,dkjL; d.Bkf/D;s¿fiµ vf/da rq u nks"kk;A ,o×p bdkjL;
,dkjL; p lo.kZlaKk L;kr~A lR;ka p lo.kZlaKk;ka ^vXus $ bUnz* bR;knkS ^^vd% lo.ksZ
nh?kZ% (ik-lw-&ö-û-ûúü)** bfr lw=ks.k nh?kZ% L;kfnfrA v=ksna lek/kue~µ v=k lw=ks
;r~fdf×ÓRLFkkulkE;a u x`ársA v=k rq ;konkL;HkorqY;Roa foof{kre~A ;korke~ vkL;Hkokuke~
mPpkj.kLFkkukuka rqY;rk;keso lo.kZlaKk HkofrA ,dL; o.kZL; ;konkL;HkoksPpkj.kLFkkua
Hkofr rkonso ;fn vU;L; o.kZL;kfi vkL;HkoksPÓkj.kLFkkua Hkofr] rnSo r;ks% lo.kZlaKk
Hkofr ukU;FksfrHkko%A ;konsdkjL;ksP;kj.kLFkkua rkonso bdkjL;kfi ukfLrA vrks¿=k u
lko.;Ze~A v=k p çek.ka Hkxor% ikf.kus% ^^;tq";sds"kke~** (ik-lw-&ø-ý-ûúþ) bfr funsZ'k
,oA ;r~fdf×pr~ LFkkulkE;s¿fi lo.kZlaKk;ka rq v=kkfi nh?kZ% L;kr~A ;konkL;HkorqY;Ro&
foo{k.kknso Hkk";s ,spks% lko.;Zek'kÄïÔ] ,sdkjL; vkSdkjL; p d.BLFkkufoo`rç;RukH;ka
lkE;eknk; ,dkjkSdk;ks% lo.kZlaKkek'kÄïÔ ^ûSrkS rqY;LFkkukS** (ek-Hkk-&û-û-ù) bfr
lekfgra Hkk";sA mHk;ks% d.BLFkkulkE;s¿fi ,sdkjL; rkyqLFkkudRokr~ vkSdkjL; p
vks"BLFkkudRosuksHk;ks% ;kor~LFkkurqY;rk¿Hkkoknsr;ks% u lo.kZlaKsfr Hkko%A
;konkL;HkorqY;Roeso lo.kZlaKkç;kstda HkofrA ,rLEkknso dkj.kkr~µ
oy;ksjfi lo.kZlKa k u Hkofr] ôdkjL; nUrks"Be~* ^^Ærqylkuka nUrk%** (oS-fl-dkS-rqY;k-)
bR;qDR;k mHk;ks% nURkLFkkulkE;s¿fi odkjL; vks"BLFkkukf/D;kr~ lo.kZlaKk u HkofrA
rFkk p ^^r}kuklkeqi/kuks eU=k brhf‘dklq yqd~ p erks%** (ik-lw-&þ-þ-ûüÿ) bfr
ikf.kfufuns'Z k% lÄõPNrsA ;fRdf×pr~LFkkulkE;foo{kk;ka rq odkjydkj;ks% lko.;kZr~ odkjeso 119

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ydkja eRok v=k ydkjijdRoefHkçsR; ^rksfyZ* (ik-lw-&ø-þ-öú) bR;L; ço`fÙk% L;kr~A
;konkL;HkorqY;RoL;kJ;k.kknso] ^^rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~** bfr lw=ks
ç;Ru'kCnsu ;Ruek=kL; xzg.ke~¾vkH;UrjckáksHk;ç;Ruxzg.kfefr i{ks ^f'k.M~f<* ^fi.M~
f<* bR;knkS Mdkj<dkj;ks% vkH;UrjlkE;s¿fi ckáç;RuHksnsu mHk;ks% lo.kZlaKk¿çkIrkS
^f'kf.<* ^fif.<* bR;kfn u fl¼Ôsr~ bR;k'kÄïÔ] Hkk";dkj ,rr~ lek/kuk; ^^;r~fd×pr~
ç;RulkE;s¿fi lo.kZlaKk Hkofr ** bfr ^>jks >fj lo.ksZ* bR;=k lo.kZxzg.kL; KkidRoe~
mrQoku~A Hkk";dkjL;k'k;ks¿;e~µ ;fn ;kor~ç;RulkE;s ,o lo=k lo.kZlaKk L;kr~ rnk
^>jks >fj lo.ks(Z ø-þ-öÿ)* bfr lw=ks lo.kZxgz .kL; ç;kstueso u HkofrA ;rksfg LFkkulkE;su
lg ;kor~ç;RulkE;a rq rn~o.kZL; rn~o.ksZuSo lkda HkofrA l pk;eFkksZ ;Fkkla[;suk¿fi
lEHkofrA rFkkfg ^>jks >fj lo.ksZ* bfr lw=ks lo.kZxzg.ka ekLrqA ^>jks >fj* bR;so lw=keLrq
^^;Fkkla[;euqns'k% lekuke~** bfr lw=kcysu lekus >fj ijs >j% yksiks Hkfo";frA vrks¿=k
lw=ks lo.kZxzg.keuFkZda lt~Kki;fr ;r~ ^^rqY;kL; lw=ks** ;fRdf×pr~ ç;RulkE;s¿fi
lo.kZlaKk HkorhfrA rsu f'kf.< bR;kfn fl¼;frA
;fn lo.kZlKa klw=ks ;fRdf×pr~LFkkulkE;s¿fi lo.kZlKa k L;kÙknk rq rnuqlkja
ç;Ruka'ks¿fi ;fRdf×pr~ ç;RulkE;eknk; lo.kZlaKk fl¼kS rnFk± ^>jks >fj* bR;=k
lo.kZxzg.kL; KkidRoa Hkk";dkjL; O;FkZeso HkofrA ,rr~ lo± ^>jks >fj* (ik-lw-&ø-þ-
öÿ) bR;=kµ ^>jks >fj lo.kZxzg.ka fØ;rsA lela[;çfr"ks/kFkZe~A la[;krkuqns'kks ek
HkwfnfrA fd×p L;kr~\ bg u L;kr~µ f'kf.< fif.<* bfr Hkk";s.k èoU;rsA vr% LFkkuka'ks
;r~ fdf×pr~ LFkkulkE;a u foof{kre~A v=k ;kor~LFkkulkE;eso foof{kre~] ç;Ruka'ks rq
^f'k.f<* bR;kfnfl¼ÔFk± rq ç;RulkE;a ukfHkçsre~ bfr fl¼ÔfrA
6-3-3 ;konkL;HkorqY;Roxzg.ks&vkxrnks"kks¼kjksik;%
^^rqY;kL; ç;Rua lo.k±** bR;=k ,dkjSdkjknhuka feFk% lko.;± u
L;kfnR;snFk± ;konkL;HkorqY;RoL; foo{kk HkofrA fdUrq ,rr~ Lohdkjs¿fi nks"k vkirfrA
;konkL;HkorqY;Roa uke vkL;s Hkokuka losZ"kka rqY;rk¾lekurk ,oA vkH;Urjç;Ruk vfi
vkL;Hkok ,o HkofUrA vr vkL;HkoRosuoS rs"kkefi xzg.ka Hkfo";rhfr lw=ks ç;Ruxzg.kkuFkZD;a
HkofrA vL;ksÙkjesoa cksè;e~µ ;Fkk vkL;Hkok% ç;Ruk% HkofUr rFkSo o.kZtud% ok;ql;a ksxks¿fi
vkL;Hko ,oA ,o×p ;fn ok;qla;ksx:iL; vkL;HkoL;kfi ;konkL;Hko'kCnsu xzg.ka
L;kr~ rnk rq ßLonh?kZ;ks% ijLija lo.kZlaKk u Hkosr~] ßLoksPpkj.ks nh?kksZPpkj.ks p
ok;qla;ksx% leku% u Hkorhfr dkj.kkr~A vr% vkL;Hko'kCnsu vkL;Hkokuka d.Bknhukeso
xzg.kfefr cks/f;rqa Kkif;rqa ok ç;Ruxzg.kL;ko';drsfr cksè;e~A

Hkoku~ tkukfr ;nkL;ç;Ru;ks% lkE;s ,o lo.kZlaKk HkofrA v=k fopkj;rq
;fn lw=ks vkL;inksiknkua u fØ;rs rfgZ dks nks"k%\ fdeFkZekL;inksiknkue~\ v=k ;fn
vkLinL;ksiknkua u Hkofr rnk ^^rqY;ç;Rua lo.k±** bR;so lw=kLo:ia Hkosr~A ,o×p ;=k
dsoya ç;RulkE;a Hkofr r=kkfi lo.kZlaKk L;kr~A vL;ka fLFkrkS ^rIrkZ* bfr ç;ksxs
jdkj:ikr~ gy% ijL; >j%¾idkjL; yksi% L;kr~ rdkj:is >fj ijs Li`‘ç;RuSD;kr~
vkL;xzg.ksu rq mPpkj.kLFkkulkE;efi foof{kra HkofrA vrks¿=k LFkkuoS"kE;kr~ ^>jks >fj*
(ik-lw-&ø-þ-öÿ)bfr iyksiks u HkofrA
120
Hkorq vkL;xzg.ka rfgZ ç;Ruxzg.ka fdeFk±\ ;|=k ç;Ruxzg.ka u L;kr~ lo.kZlKa k
rnk ^^rqY;kL;a lo.kZe~** bR;soa lw=ka L;kr~A rnk dsoya LFkkulkE;s¿fi lo.kZlaKk L;kr~A
rsu p ^ôkd~'pksrfr** v=k 'kdkjpdkj;ks% rkyqLFkkulkE;kr~ lko.;kZr~ ^>jks >fj* (ø-
þ-öÿ)bfr pdkjyksi% L;kr~A vr mHk;ks#iknkua fØ;rs rsu u nks"k%A
^v/Zek=kkyk?kosu iq=kksRloa eU;Urs oS;kdj.kk%* bfr ifjHkk"kkuqlkja ;fn
lw=ks ;Ru'kCnL;So xzg.ka L;kr~] rnk rq dnkfpr~ okáç;RulkE;s¿fi lo.kZlaKk izlÄõ%
L;kr~ rnk ôkD'pksrfr* bR;=kSo 'kdkjpdkj;ks% [kj~o.kZRokr~ fookj'oklk¿?kks"kk[;&
ckáç;RulkE;s¿fi lko.;kZr~ l ,o nks"k% L;kr~A ;|I;=k vYiçk.kegkçk.kÑrHksnks orZrs]
fdUrq ç;Ruka'ks ;kor~ç;RulkE;L; foo{kk ukfLrA vr% fdf×Ór~ç;RulkE;s¿fi lo.kZlaKk
L;knsosfr Hkko%A
cks/ç'u%&ö-ý
d- ^^rqY;kL; ç;Rua lo.kZe~** bR;=k vkL;'kCnsu ----------------------------------------- xzg.ka HkofrA
(eq[;L;@ mPpkj.kLFkkuL;@czkáç;RuL;) ,da fuf'pR; iwj;A
[k- v=k ç;RulkE;a dhn`'ka foof{kre~\
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x- ^^rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~** bR;=k ;konkL;HkorqY;RoL; vfo{kk;ka dq=k nks"k%\

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?k- lw=ks ^vkL;xzg.kk¿Hkkos* dq=k nks"k%\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
rqY;kL;sfrA rqY;kokL;ç;RukS ;L;sR;FkZ%A vkL;s HkoekL;e~_ O;k[;kukr~A rPp
o.kksZi;ksfxRokr~ LFkkueso_ ç;RuL; i`Fkxqiknkukr~A çÑ‘ks ;Ru% vkH;Urj%A rL;
o.kksÙZ iÙ;O;ofgrçkx~HkkfoRo:içd"kZoRokr~A tudRoa "k’ÔFkZ%A rÙkRdk;ZxrHksna LFkkus"okjksI;
Hksn?kfVrrqY;RoL; fuokZg%A oLrqr% lkn`';a u Hksn?kfVrfefr Hkk";lEerfefr u df'píks"k%A
Li"V×psna Hkk";sA rnkgµ rkYoknhfrA f'k{kk;ka d.Bknhuka d.BRokfnuSo LFkkurksDR;k
rn~:is.kSok¿¿L;'kCnsu xzg.kfefr rn~HkkxHksneknk; uksnkÙkkfn"kq lko.;ZHkÄõ bfr cksè;e~A
;L;Srn~};a ;su ;nh;suSrn~};su rqY;feR;FkZ%A ^;tq";sds"kke~* (ik-lw-&8-3-104) bfr
funsZ'kkn~ ;konkL;HkorqY;Roa xzkáe~A vr ,oSpks% lko.;Zek'kÄ~D; ûSrkS rqY;LFkkukS* bfr
Hkk";s lekfgre~A vr ,o oy;ksuZ lko.;Ze~A rsu ^r}kuklke~* (ik-lw-&þ-þ-ûüÿ) bR;knkS
^rksfyZ* (ik-lw-&ø-þ-öú) bfr uA vr ,o ç;Ru'kCnsu ;Ruek=kxzg.kfefr i{ks 121

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ;fRdf×pr~ç;RuHksns ;fRdf×pr~ç;Rueknk; lo.kZlaKsR;FkksZ ^>jks >fj lo.ksZ* (ik-lw-&ø-þ-
öÿ) bfr lo.kZxzg.ksu Kkidsu lkf/rks Hkk";sA rsu LFkkuka'ks ^;kor~LFkkulkE;s* bR;so
Lokjfldks¿FkZ bfrA u p ;konkL;HkorqY;Rofoo{k.ks ç;Ruxzg.ka O;FkZe~] ç;RuL;kI;kL;&
HkoRokfnfr okP;e~_ ßLonh?kZ;ks% lko.;kZukiÙks_ r;kstZudkuke~ vkL;Hkokuka ok;qla;ksxkuke~
vrqY;Rokr~A rLeknkL;Hkokuka d.Bknhukeso xzg.kfefr cks/uk; rRlkFkZD;kr~A vkL;sfr
fde~\ rIrkZA ^^>jks >fj* (ik-lw-&ø-þ-öÿ) bfr yksiks ek Hkwr~A ç;Rusfr fde~\
okd~'pksrfrA çsfr fde~\ 'kp;ks% 'oklk?kks"kfookjk[;ckáç;RulkE;su r=kSo nks"kkr~A
6-4 mPpkj.kLFkkufopkj%
lo.kZlaKk;ka };eko';da HkofrA mPÓkj.kLFkkue~ ç;Ru'pA mHk;ks% lkE;s ,o
lo.kZlaKk HkofrA vr% dL; o.kZL; fde~ mPÓkj.kLFkkufefr KkueR;ko';da HkofrA
mPpkj.kLFkkufoKkua fouk lo.kZlaKkKkua u lEHkofrA mPÓkj.kLFkkuKkiuk; JhHkêðksftnhf{kr%
oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|ka fy[kfrµ ^vdqgfoltZuh;kuka d.B%*A bpq;'kkuka rkyqA ½Vqj"kk.kka
ew/kZA Ærqylkuka nUrk%A miwièekuh;kukeks"BkSA ×keÄ.kukuka ukfldk pA ,nSrks% d.BrkyqA
vksnkSrks% d.Bks"Be~A odkjL; nUrks"Be~A ftàkewyh;L; ftàkewye~A ukfldk¿uqLokjL;
bfrA vL; lekU;kFk± rq Hkoku~ tkukR;soA 'ks[kjdkj'pk=k ;n~oSf'k"VÔa] rnso çfrikn;frA
vdqgfoltZuh;kuka d.B%A vdkjdoxZgdkjfolxkZ.kke~ mPÓkj.kLFkkua d.Bks
HkorhR;FkZ%A v=kSdk ftKklk Hkorks eufl uwua Hkosr~ ;r~ d.Ba fouk rq dL;kfi
o.kZL;ksPpkj.ka u lEHkofrA vr% losZ"kka o.kkZuka d.B mPÓkj.kLFkkua Hkorhfr oDrO;e~A
v=kSoefHkçk;ks cksè;%µ ;|fi losZ"kka o.kkZukeqPpkj.ks d.BO;kikj vko';dks HkofrA
rFkkfi pdkjk|qPpkj.ks rkYoknhukefi O;kikj% vko';d% HkofrA vdkjknhukeqPpkj.ks rq
d.BO;kikj ,o Hkofr] u rkYoknhukfefrA ;|fi ,oa jhR;k ddkjpdkj;ks% d.BLFkkudRokr~
Li`"Vç;RudRokPp lko.;± çkIuksfr rFkkfiµ LFkkuka'ks ;kor~LFkkulkE;foo{k.kkn=k u
lko.;Ze~A fd×p ;|soa lo.kZlaKk L;kr~A rnk rq dp;ks% ddkjL; d.B%] pdkjL;
rkyq] bfr fHkÂLFkkuçfriknueso fujFkZda HkofrA ,o×p vdkjknhuka d.B ,o mPpkj.kLFkkue~A
bdkjknhuka rq LFkku};e~A ;=k ;kor~LFkkurqY;rk r=kSo p lo.kZlaKsfr cksè;e~A
vdqgfoltZuh;kuka d.B% bR;=k d.Bina d.BLFkkua d.BLFkkulehiftàk&
ewyLFkku×pksHk;a cks/;frA vr% ^^ftàkewys rq dq% çksDr%** (ik-f'k-&ûø) bR;=k doxZL;
ftàkewyLFkkufefr dFkus¿fi u vusu f'k{kkopusu fojks/ks eUrO;%A doxZL; ftàkewy&
eqPpkj.kLFkkua rnk rq ftàkewyh;insu doxZL;kfi xzg.ka L;kfnfr 'kÄïk tkxfrZ] rFkk¿fi
ftàkewyh;ina o.kZfo'ks"ks¾d [k bfr ddkj[kdkjkH;ka çkx/ZfolxZln`'ks :<a orZrsA vrks
^^:f<;ksZxkn~ cyh;lh** bfr U;k;su :<Ôk ,o O;ogkjks Hkofr u ;kSfxdkFkZek=keknk;A
ftàkewyh;L; :<ÔFkZLohdkjknso v;ksxokgs"kq ftàkewyh;inL; x.kuk orZrsA rFkkfgµ
^ds iquj;ksxokgk%\ foltZuh;ftàkewyh;ksièekuh;kuqLokjukflD;;ek%*(e-Hkk-vk-&ü) ;fn
doxksZ ftàkewyh;ks HkosÙknk fdeFk± Hkk";dkj% ftàkewyh;L; i`Fkd~r;k o.kZlekEuk;s ikBa
dYi;sr~A doxZL;k{kjlekEuk;s rq ikBks HkoR;soA vrks ftàkewyh;'kCnks o.kZfo'ks"ks :<%A
^vdqgfoltZuh;kuka d.B%* bR;kfnokD;a doxkkZnhuka rÙkr~LFkkufo/k;da u orZrsA
,rn~ vuqoknda okD;a HkofrA rÙkn~o.kksZRiÙks% çkd~ rÙkr~LFkkuknkS ftàkLi'kkZ|uqHkosu
rÙk}.kkZuka rÙkRLFkkufu.kZ;ks HkofrA vr ,o vuqHkosuSo ds"kka fda LFkkufefr fl¼ÔfrA
vFkkfi loZlk/kj.ktucks/k;Srn~okD;euqoknda HkofrA ;|fi foltZuh;L; (%) LorU=kr;k
122 mPpkj.ka u HkofrA vr% rL;ksPpkj.kLFkkua dFka d.B% L;kr~] rFkk¿fi foltZuh;insuk=k
lkgp;kZr~ vdkjkJ;L;So folxZL; xzg.ka cksè;e~A folxZL; rnkJ;r;k ,oksPpkj.kLFkkua lo.kZlKa k
fHkÂa fHkÂa HkofrA bdkjkJ;L; ^gfj%* bR;knkS folxZL; rkyqLFkkuRoa HkofrA rnqDra
f'k{kk;ke~µ vk;ksxokgk% foKs;k% vkJ;LFkkuHkkfxu% (ik-f'k-&üü)A ,o×pkusu f'k{kkopusu
fojks/ks u HkofrA foltZuh;insukdkjkJ;foltZuh;L;Sok=k xzg.kkfnfr Hkko%A
^Ærqylkuka nUrk%* v=k ^nUrk%* bR;usu nUrla;qDrçns'kk% x`áUrsA rsu HkXunUrsu
o`¼us kfi mPpkfjrs 'kCns nUrLFkkua u fo#¼ÔrsA ^miwièekuh;kukeks"BkS* bR;=kkfi mièekuh;'kCn%
:<ÔFk± cks/;frA m'p i'p èek;srs¾mPpk;sZrs vususfrµ mièekue~] dj.ks Y;qV~çR;;%]
rr'p NçR;;s mièekuh;'kCnks HkofrA ,o×p ;ksx'kDR;k fl¼L; vks’LFkkuL;So dFkua
orZrs] uk¿iwoZfo/kue~A v=kk¿fi :<ÔFkZ ,o LohfØ;rsA vr% IkiQkH;ka çkx/ZfolxZL;So
mièekuh;laKk u ioxkZns%A
6-4-1 ×keÄ.kukuka ukfldk p

^×keÄ.kukuka ukfldk p*A v=k pdkjs.k LoLOkoxkZudq y
w a LFkkua leqPph;rsA
,o×p ,rs"kka o.kkZuka LoLooxkZ¿uqdwyekL;HkoLFkkua rq HkoR;so] lgSo ukfldkLFkkuefi
HkofrA ;konkL;HkorqYoRofoo{k;k pA lo.kZlaKk;ka nks"kks u HkofrA ukfldk p vkL;kn~
cfg% orZrsA vr vkL;HkoRosu ukfldksPpkj.kLFkkuL; xzg.ka u HkofrA
6-4-2 ^vuqLokj;ekuk×p ukfldk dj.ka u LFkkue~* bfr ijer[k.Mue~

dspu ^×keÄ.kukuka* ukfldkLFkkue~ bfr u LohdqoZfUrA ;rksfg
ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;kes"kka ukfldkLFkkufefr uksDre~A r=k rqµ ^vuqLokj;ekuk×p ukfldkLFkkufe";rs*
(ik-f'k-üü) bR;soksDre~A
ukfldkdj.kRookfnukek'k;%µ ;fn ukfldk¿fi mPpkj.kLFkkufefr
LohfØ;rs rnk ddkjÄdkjknhuka feFk% lo.kZlaKk u lsRL;frA ;rksfg rqY;kL;lw=ks
;kor~LFkkulkE;a foof{krefLrA ;=k ;kor~LFkkuSD;a r=kSo lo.kZlaKk HkofrA dÄ;ks%
mPpkj.kLFkkua u lekua ÄdkjL; ukfldkLFkkuef/da Hkosr~A ;fRdf×pRLFkkulkE;s¿fi
lo.kZlKa kLohdkjs rq ×kdkjedkj;ksjfi ijLija lko.;± L;kr~A vr% ×keÄ.kukuka ukfldkLFkkua
u HkofrA ,"kka ukfldk dj.kfefr Lohdj.kh;e~ bfr rs"kkefHkçk;%A
v=k Jhukxs'kHkV~Vk% çfrikn;fUrµ dj.kRoa rq losZ"kkeso LFkkukuka HkofrA
^vL;UR;usu o.kkZu~ bfr vkL;e~* (e-Hkk-&û-û-ûû) bfr Hkk";kf¼ vkL;LFkkuka d.Bknhukefi
dj.kRoçrhrs%A rfgZ LFkkuRosu O;ogkj% dFkfefr psr~µ mP;rs o.kZL;kfHkO;fDr% ok;ql;a ksxus
HkofrA ok;ql;a ksx'p rÙkRd.BkfnLFkkus HkofrA o.kZtudok;ql;a ksxk/kjs o.kkZ¿¿/kjRok¿¿jksi.s k
p d.BrkYoknhukefi o.kkZ/kjr;k LFkkuRoO;ogkjks HkofrA o.kkZ/kjr;k ,oSr"s kka LFkkuRofefr
Hkko%A ,oeso ukfldk;kefi o.kZRok/kjL; vkjksis.k LFkkuRoO;ogkjks ;qT;rs ,oA
6-4-3 ftàkxzknkS Li`"VrknkS p dj.kRoksiifÙkfopkj%

Hkokusrn~ cq¼oku~ ;r~ d.BknkS o.kkZ/kjRokjksis.k LFkkuRoO;ogkjks HkofrA
bnkuhfena rkonqP;rs ;r~ ftàkxzknkS Li`"VrknkS ok dj.kRoO;ogkj% dFkeqiifÙke×prhfrA
d.BkfnrÙkRLFkkus"kq ;nk ftàkxzkfnHkkxL; lEcU/ks Hkofr rnk ok;qcysu o.kkZ% vkfoHkZofUrA
r=k ftàkxzkfnHkkxs"kq] ,o ftàkxzkfnlEcU/tuds ç;Rufo'ks"ks Li`"VrknkS vkH;Urjç;Rus p
dj.kRoO;ogkjks HkofrA 123

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ v;efHkçk;%µ O;kikjonlk/kj.ka dkj.ka dj.ka HkofrA rTtU;Ros lfr
rTtU;tudRoa O;kikjRoa HkofrA v=k p ftàkxzkfnlEcU/:i% O;kikj% vkH;Urj&
ç;RutU;ks¿fi HkofrA rFkk vkH;Urjç;RukfntU;o.kksZRiÙks% tudks¿fi (ftàkxzkfnlEcU/
:i%O;kikj%) HkofrA lp O;kikj% ftàkxzkns% Li`"Vrkns'p HkofrA vr% mHk;ks% dj.kRoe~A
ckáç;Rus xq.kRoksiiknuesoa cksè;e~µ iwoeZ kH;Urjç;Rusu o.kkZ% vfHkO;Drk%
HkofUrA i'pkr~ ckáç;Rusu fookjkfnuk xyfookjladkspkfnHkZofrA ,rs fookjkn;% ç;Ruk%
eq[ks u HkofUr] fdUrq vL;kn~ cfg% xyfoojfodklladkspkfntudk% HkofUrA vrks ckák
mP;UrsA ,o×p ,rs lo.kZlaKk¿uqi;qDrk vkUrjrE;ijh{kksi;qDrk ckáç;Ruk% xq.k'kCnsu
mP;UrsA ;Fkk iVksRiÙ;uUrjHkkfou% :ikns% xq.k'kCnsukfHk/kua Hkofr rn~onso fg o.kksZRiÙ;&
uUrjHkkfouks ckáç;RuL; xq.kRodFkua laxPNrsA
^xq.kk% Hksndk* bR;=k fg xq.k'kCnsu vdkjkfnfu"BL; vuqukfldRoL;
dFkua ÑrefLrA vkuqukflD;es"kka xq.k% (e-Hkk-&û-û-û)A r=kkuqukfldRoL; xq.kRodFkuesoa
cksè;e~µ vdkj% çFker% d.Bk|ofPNÂok;ql;a kxsus mRi|rsA vuUrja ukfldkofPNÂok;ql;a ksxus
r=kkuqukflD;/eZL; mRifÙkHkZofrA ,o×p nzO;:is 'kCns i'pkn~HkkfoR;su vuqukfldRos
xq.kRodFkua ;qT;rsA Hkk";s nzO;s i'pkn~Hkkfou% xq.kRosu dFkueI;=k çek.ke~A rFkkfgµ ,oa
fg n`';rs yksds] ,dks¿;ekReksnda uke rL; xq.kHksnknU;Roa Hkofrµ vU;fnna 'khre~]
vU;fnneq".ke~A v=k vkRek¾nzO;e~A vusukfi n`"VkUrijHkk";s.k fl¼s oLrqfu xq.kk HkoUrhfr
èoU;rsA
6-4-4 mnkÙkknhukefi xq.kRofoospue~

ckáç;RukukekuqukflD;L; ok o.kksZRifÙki'pkn~HkkfoRosu xq.kRodFkua
fo|r bfr Kkroku~A bnkuha fopkj;Urq ;r~ mnkÙkknhuka xq.kRosu dFkua ;qT;rs u osfrA
mnkÙkRokn;ks fg o.kksZiÙks% iwoZeso tk;UrsA fd×p ,rs mnkÙkRokn;% vkL;Hkok vfi
lfUrA vrks¿=k xq.kRodFkua u ;qT;rs bfr HkkfrA rFkk¿fi ;Fkk ckáç;Rukn;%
lo.kZlaKk;keuqi;qDrk%] vkUrrjrE;ijh{kksi;ksfxu'p HkofUrA rn~or~ mnkÙkRokn;ks¿fi
HkofUrA vr% rkn`'klkn`';ekfJR;Sok=k xq.kRodFkua cksè;e~A
6-4-5 Ädkjknhuke~ mHk;LFkkudRofopkj%

bnkuha iqu% Hkorka eufl ç'uks Hkosr~ ;r~& ;Fkk vdkjknhuke~ vkuqukflD;a
xq.kks Hkofr rFkSo ×keÄ.kukukefi vkuqukflD;a xq.k ,o fda u L;kr~\ dFkes"kka
ukfldkLFkkufefrA Ük`.kksrqµ ;Fkk vdkjkn;ks fujuqukfldk vfi miyH;Urs r}n~ ,rs
Ädkjkn;% dnkfpnfi fujuqukfldr;k uSoksiyH;UrsA vuqukfldRoxq.kjfgrk% ,rs uksiyH;Urs
bfr gsrks% Ädkjknhuka mHk;koPNsnus ¾d.BkfnLFkkukoPNsnus uklkoPNsnus p] ok;ql;a ksxksÙkjeso
Lo:ikfHkO;fDrHkZorhfr fl¼ÔfrA v=k ,rkn`'ka fdefi fu;keda rÙoa ukfLr] ;su ,dL;
LFkkuRoa uk¿ijL; bfr oDrqa 'kD;rsA vr% fofuxeukfojgknqHk;ks% LFkkuRoa LohfØ;rsA
vuqLokj;ekuk×p ukfldkLFkkufe";rs (ik-f'k-&üü) bfr ikf.kuh;f'k{k;k
dsoyeuqLokj;ekukeso ukfldkLFkkua dfFkre~A Ädkjknhuka rq ukfldkLFkkua uksDrfefr
'kÄïk rq u dj.kh;k ;rksfg v=k f'k{kkokD;sµ ^;ekuk×p* bR;=k pdkj mikÙkks orZrsA rsu
pdkjs.k ,rs"kka Ädkjknhukefi laxzgks HkofrA ÄdkjkfnoxZi×pekuka ukfldk¿fi LFkkueso
bfr Lohdkjknso çkfr'kk[;a lÄõPNrs] rFkkfgµ r=k ^^d.BÔks¿dkj%** vdkj% d.BLFkkud
124 bR;k|qDRok ûkflD;kÂkflD;;ekuqLokjkfufr LFkkukfu* bR;qDre~A ukflD;;ekuqLokjk.kka
ukfld;k O;T;ekukuka o.kkZuka ukfldkLFkkufeR;FkZ%A r=k ukflD;'kCnsu p ×keÄ.kukuka lo.kZlKa k
xzg.ka HkofrA ;fn ukfldk;k% LFkkuRoa u LohfØ;rs rnk çkfr'kk[;s ^bfr LFkkukfu* bfr
dFkua furjka fo#¼ÔsrA ,o×Ó Ädkjknhuka LFkku};a HkofrA rÙkn~oxkZuqdwyLFkkua
ukfldkLFkku×psfr cksè;e~A
6-4-6 dÄ;ks% lko.;Zçfriknue~

mifjruO;k[;kususnek;kra ;r~ ukflD;'kCnsu ×keÄ.kukuka xzg.ka HkofrA
rsu p ^×keÄ.kukuka ukfldk p* bfr JhHkV~Vksftnhf{krksDre~ ,"kka ukfldkLFkkufefr
fl¼ÔfrA rFkk p dÄ;ks%¾ddkjÄdkj;ks% o.kZ;ks% ijLija lko.;± u L;kr~] ;rksfg
×keÄ.kukuka rÙkn~oxZo.kS%Z lg ;kor~LFkkulkE;a u HkofrA oxZi×pekuka ukfldkLFkkuef/da
Hkorhfr dFka lko.;± ddkjÄdkjknhukfefr ftKklk¿o';eso L;kr~A
v=kSoa lek/kua cksè;e~µ Hkk";s fg fl¼a RokL;s rqY;ns'kç;Rue~ (dk-
okk) bfr okfrZdO;k[;kukoljs mDre~µ fdekL;ksiknkus ç;kstue~\ losZ"kka fg rÙkqY;Rokr~\
ç;Rufo'ks"k.kekL;ksikuknkue~ (e-Hkk-&û-û-ù) bR;qDre~A rnuUrja lfUr ákL;kn~ ckák%
ç;RukLrs gkfirk HkofUrA bR;soa çdkjs.k vkL;xzg.kL; O;koÙ;ZRosu ckáç;Ruku~ n'kZf;Rok]
;Fkk r`rh;kLrFkk% i×pek% vkuqukflD;es"kkef/dks xq.k% (e-Hkk-&û-û-ù) bR;qDre~A ,rsu
rqY;kL;lw=kLFkHkk";s.k vkuqukflD;L;kfi ckáç;Rulkn`';kr~ v=k lw=ks vkL;'kCnsu rs"kka
xzg.ka u Hkorhfr foKk;rsA fd×p ukfldkLFkç;RuL;kfi vkL;'kCnsu u xzg.kfefr
cksè;e~A fd×p ;s"kka ers ^ûkfldk vkL;kn~ ckák** bfr LohfØ;rs rUers rq rqY;kL;lw=ks
vkL;insu ukfldk;k% xzg.keso u Hkfo";frA vr% ^^;konkL;HkorqY;Roe~** v=k rs"kka
ers¿fi HkoR;sosfr cksè;e~A vuqukfldRoL; xq.kRosu ckáç;Rur;k xzg.ksuSo p f'k{kk;ka
ckáç;RuksiØesµ ^^veks¿uqukfldk u ßkS** bR;qDre~A gdkjjdkjkfrfjDrk% ve~çR;kgkjLFko.kkZ%
vuqukfldk bfr rnFkZ%A v=kR;a f'k{kkopuesoa Hkofrµ veks¿uqukfldk u ßkS] ukfnuks
g>"k% Le`rk%A
bZ"kÂknk ;.k'pSo 'okfluLrq [kiQkn;%AA
bZ"kPN~ok|k¡'pojks folkr~ (ik-f'k-&39] 40) bfr
n`';rs fg ^gls glus* (Hok-/k-&÷üû) Vqvksf'o (Hok-/k-&ûúûú)
bR;knkS ,dkjkSsdkj;ksjuqukfldRoe~A vU;Fkk r;ks% ^mins'ks* bfr br~laKk u L;kr~A v=k
ußkS bfr ,sp% IyqrÆdkjL; p miy{k.ka HkofrA ;rksfg IyqrÆdkjL; ,sp'p vuqukfldk%
u HkofUrA
6-4-7 IyqrSdkjknhukefi rÙkRLFkkue~

,dkjSdkjknhuka fdeqPpkj.kLFkkufefr ftKklk;ka fl¼kUrdkSeq|keqDre~µ
,nSrks% d.BrkyqA ^^vksnksrks% d.Bks"Be~**A v=k rijdj.ka HkofrA ;=k p rijdj.ka Hkofr
r=k rRdkyL; xzg.ka HkofrA rFkk p lw=ka ^rijLrRdkyL;* (ik-lw-&û-ü) bfrA ,o×p
f}ek=kSdkjknhuka rÙkRLFkkua L;kr~] u rq IyqrkukeihR;soa 'kÄïk mRi|sr Hkorka euflA v=kSoa
cksè;e~µ v=kkfi ^,nSrks% d.Brkyq* bfr okD;a fg fo/k;da u HkofrA fdUrq
yksdkuqHkofl¼L; vFkZL; vuqoknda HkofrA yksds p IyqrSdkjknhukefi vuqHkofl¼a
d.BrkyqLFkkufefr] r=k rijlw=kL; ço`fÙkuZ HkofrA rijlw=kL; fo/kS ,o ço`fÙkHkZofr] u
Rouqokns bfr Ks;e~A vr% IyqrSdkjknhukefi d.BrkyqLFkkuRoeoxUrO;e~A v=k p ^, ,s
rq d.BrkyO;koks vkS d.Bks"BtkS Le`rkS* (ik-f'k-&ûø) bfr f'k{kkopuefi çek.kRosu 125

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ cksè;e~A ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;ka dL; fda LFkkufefr fo"k;s ,oeqDre~µ
d.BÔkogkfopq;'kkLrkyO;k vks"BtkoqiwA
L;qe/Zw UZ ;k ÍVqj"kk nUR;k% Ærqylk Le`rk%AA
(ik-f'k-&17)
ftàkewys rq dq% çksDrks nUR;ks"Bks o% Le`rks cq/S%A
, ,s rq d.BrkyO;koks vkS d.Bks"BtkS Le`rkSAA
(ik-f'k-&18)
v"VkS LFkkukfu o.kkZukeqj% d.B% f'kjLrFkkA
ftàkewy×p nUrk'p ukfldks"BkS p rkyq pAA
(ik-f'k-&13)
gdkja i×peS;rZq QeUrLFkkfHk'p la;rq e~A
mjL;a ra fotkuh;kr~ d.BÔekgqjla;qre~AA bfr
(ik-f'k-&16)
vL;kFkZ%µ d.BÔkS vgkS¾vdkjL; gdkjL; pksPpkj.kLFkkua d.B%
orZrsA vr ,o ,rkS d.BÔkS dF;srsA bpq;'kk% rkyO;k%¾bdkjL; poxZL; ;dkjL;
'kdkjL; p rkyq LFkkua HkofrA vr ,rs rkyO;k% mP;UrsA vks"BtkS miw Hkor%A mdkjL;
ioxZL; p LFkkue~ vkS"BkS Hkor%A ½Vqj"kk% ew/ZU;k% L;q% ½Vqj"kk.kka ew/kZLFkkua HkofrA
Ærqylk% nUR;k% Le`rk%A ÆdkjL; roxZL; ydkjL; ldkjL; p nUrk% mPpkj.kLFkkua
HkofrA vr% rs nUR;k% dF;UrsA
dq% rq ftàkewys çksDr%A doxZL; ftàkewyeqPpkj.kLFkkua HkofrA cq/S%
o% nUR;ks’Ô% Le`r%A odkjL; nUr% vks"B"p LFkkua HkofrA , ,s rq d.BrkyO;kS Hkor%A
,dkjL; ,sdkjL; p d.B% rkyq p LFkkua HkofrA vr ,rkS d.BrkyO;kS mP;srsA vks vkS
d.Bks"BtkS Le`rkSA vksdkjL; vkSdkjL; pksPpkj.ka d.Bsu vks"BkH;ka p HkofrA vr ,rkS
d.Bks"BkS dF;srsA
o.kkZuke~ v"VkS LFkkukfu HkofUrA rFkkfgµ mj%] d.B%] f'kj% (ew/kZ)]
ftàkewye~] nUrk%] ukfldk] vks"BkS rkyq bfrA i×peo.kSZ% vUrLFko.kSZ'p lg ;nk gdkj%
Hkofr rnk l mjL;% HkofrA vU;Fkk l% d.BÔks HkofrA
6-4-8 nUrks’knhuka leqfnrLFkku[k.Mue~

bnkuha Hkor% eufl 'kÄïk L;kr~ ;r~ f'k{kk;ka LFkkufu:i.kØes ^nUrks"BÔkS*]
^d.BrkyO;kS* bR;so leqfnr:is.k ifBra HkofrA vr% odkjL; nUrks’a leqfnra LFkkua
L;kfnfrA v=k fopkj.kh;a ;fn nUrks"B:iL; leqfnrL; LFkkuRoa LohfØ;rs rnk ^nUR;ks"BÔkS*
^d.BÔrkyO;kS* bfr :ia Hkforqa ukgZfrA ;rksfg v=k ^r=k Hko%* (ik-lw-&þ-ý-ÿý) bR;f/dkjs
^^'kjhjko;okPÓ** (ik-lw-&þ-ý-) bfr lw=ks.k ;r~ çR;;ks HkofrA leqfnrLFkkuRoLohdkjs rq
çR;sda çR;;ks u L;kr~A ;fn d'pu dFk;sr~ ;r~ v=k ^nUrks"BÔe~* bR;so ikB% rnfi
u lehphue~A ;rksfg ;Fkk gLriknknhuka çR;sde~ vÄõRos¿fi îkf.kikne~* bR;kfnleqfnresdeÄõa
u HkofrA LokÄõleqnk;s ('kjhjo`{kknkS ok) LokÄõRoa u LohfØ;rsµ 'kjhjko;ogLriknd.kkZ&
f{kuklkfnleqnk;L; 'kjhjL; 'kjhjko;oRok¿Hkkokr~A vr% nUrks"Bknhuka 'kjhjko;oRok¿Hkkokr~]
r=k leqnk;kr~ ;RçR;; ,o u L;kr~A vr% nUrks"B:ie~ vfrfjDra LFkkua u dYiuh;e~A
126 fd×p f'k{kk;ke~ ^v"VkS LFkkukfu* bR;so mDre~A vr% f'k{kkopukr~ fojks/ks¿fi HkofrA
cks/ç'u%&ö-þ lo.kZlKa k
d- ^vdqgfoltZuh;kuka d.B%* bR;=k ^d.Bina* da cks/;fr\ ,da fu/kZj;A

û- d.Ba cks/;frA
ü- d.Ba rkyq p cks/;frA
ý- d.Ba ftàkewyh;×pksHk;a cks/;frA
[k- d.BknkS LFkkuRoO;ogkj% dFka Hkofr\

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x- ,dsu insu lek/sfgA

û- vkH;Urjç;Rukukeqi;ksx% dq=k Hkofr\
ü- ×keÄ.kukuka ukfldk pA v=k p'kCnsu dL; xzg.ke~A
?k- dfr LFkkukfu HkofUr\ rs"kka ukekfu fy[kUrq\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
dL; fda LFkkufeR;k'kÄïk;kekgµ vdqgsfrA ;|fi loZo.kksZPpkj.ks d.BO;kikj
vko';dLrFkkfi pdkjk|qPpkj.ks rkYokfnO;kikjks¿fi] rFkk¿dkjknhukeqPpkj.ks rq usfr
Hkko%A dp;ksLrq u lko.;Ze~A ;koRLFkkulkE;kHkkokr~] fHkÂLFkkudFkuoS;F;kZiÙks'pA v=k
d.Bina d.BLFkkurRlehiftàkewyLFkkuksHk;ije~A rsu ^^d.BÔkogkS** (ik-f'k-&17)
^^ftàkewys rq dq% çksDRk%** (ik-f'k-&18) bfr f'k{k;k u fojks/%A ftàkewyh;inL; p
o.kZfo'ks"ks :f<fjfr u O;ogkjkfrçlÄõ%A vr ,o v;ksxokgs"kq ftàkewyh;x.kua Hkk";sA
rÙk}.kksRZ iÙks% çkd~ rÙkLFkkuknkS ftàkLi'kkZ|uqHkosu rÙk}.kkZuka rÙkRLFkkuRofu.kZ;s¿fi ^vdqg*
bR;kfndFkua lk/j.k/eZcks/uk;kuqoknda] uRosrnso d.BkfnLFkkufo/k;dfefr HkzfeRkO;e~A
foltZuh;insuk=k lkgp;kZndkjkJ;L; xzg.ke~A vr ,o ^v;ksxokgk foKs;k vkJ;LFkkuHkkfxu%*
(ik-f'k-&22) bfr f'k{k;k u fojks/%A nUrk bfrA nUrla;qDrns'kk bR;FkZ%A vrks
HkXunUrL;kI;qPpkj.ka HkoR;soA m'p i'p èek;srs vusu] r=k Hko bfr ;ksxsuksièekuh;L;kS&
"BÔRofeR;kgµ miwifs rA :<RokPp u O;ogkjkfrçlÄ~x%A ukfldk psfrA psu LoLooxkZud q y
w a
rkYokfn x`ársA vr ,oS"kka çkfr'kk[;s ukfldk;ka Hko bR;FkZdukflD;'kCnsu O;ogkj%A
;Ùkqµ ^^vuqLokj;ekuka p ukfldk LFkkufe";rsA** (ik-f'k-&22) bfr f'k{kkssÙksQjs"kka
ukfldk dj.ke~A fd×p LFkkuRos dÄ;ks% lko.;kZukifÙk%] ;koRLFkkuSD;kHkkokr~A
;fRdf×pRLFkkuSD;su rÙos rq ×kekefi ijLija lko.;kZifÙkfjfr] rÂ] d.Bknhukefi
dj.kRoL;So ^^vL;UR;usu o.kkZu*~ * bfr Hkk";kRçrhrs%A LFkkuRoO;ogkjLrq o.kkZfHkO;fDrtud& 127

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ rkYoknkS o.kZtudok;qla;ksxk/kjs o.kkZ/kjRok¿¿jksis.kA rÙkLFkkuftàkxzkfnlEcU/su o.kksZRiÙ;k
ftàkxzknkS rr~lEcU/tudç;Rufo'ks"ks Li`"VrknkS p dj.kRoO;ogkj%A o.kkZfHkO;DR;uUrj&
Hkkoh lko.;kZuqi;qDr'p d.Bfoojkfnfu’fodklkns% vkL;cfgnsZ'kkofPNÂdk;ZL; tudks
;Ruks xq.k'kCnsuksP;rsA vdkjkfnfu’kuqukflD;L; ^^HksndRokn~ xq.kL;** bR;knkS xq.kRosu
O;ogkjLrq d.Bk|ofPNÂok;qla;ksxsuksRiÂs"kq ræwi/eksZRiÙ;kA ,o×p ukfldk;kLr=k
xq.ktudRoknuqukfldkdkjknhuka ukfldkLFkkua uksDra ewysA ^^,dks¿;ekReksndÂke rL;
xq.kHksnknU;Roa Hkofr vU;fnna 'khreU;fnneq".ke~** bfr n`"VkUrijHkk";s.k rFkSo çrhrs%A
vkRek¿=k æO;e~A mnkÙkRoknhuka xq.kRoO;ogkjLrq lko.;kZuqi;qDrRok¿¿UrjrE;ijh{kks&
i;ksfxRo:ilkn`';susfr cksè;e~A ÄknhukUrq rn~xq.kjfgrLo:ikuqiyEHksu mHk;koPNsnsu
ok;qla;ksxksÙkjeso Lo:iksRiÙ;k fofuxeukfojgs.kksHk;ks% LFkkuRoe~A ^^vuqLokj;ekuk×p**
(ik-f'k-&22) bfr f'k{kk;ka psu Äknhukefi lÄ~xzg bfr ;qDre~A ^vr ,o d.BÔks¿dkj%*
bR;k|qDRok ^ûkflD;kÂkflD;;ekuqLokjkfufr LFkkukfu** bR;qDra çkfr'kk[;sA ûkflD;k%
Ä×k.kuek%* bfr rn~O;k[;krkj%A dÄ;ks% lko.;ZUrq HkoR;soA ^vkL;s rqY;ns'kç;Rue~*
(dk-ok-) bfr okfrZds ^^fdekL;ksiknkus ç;kstue~** bfr ç'us ^ç;Rufo'ks"k.kekL;ksiknkue~*
bR;qDRok rn~O;koR;ZRosu ckáç;Ruku~ çn';Z ^^;Fkk r`rh;kLrFkk i×pek%] vkuqukflD;es"kkef/dks
xq.k%** bfr Hkk";s.k rL; ckáç;RuRoksDR;k¿=k lw=ks ukfldk;k vkL;'kCnsu] r=kR;ç;RuL;
p ç;Ru'kCnsukxzg.kcks/ukr~A ukfldk vkL;ckásfr onrka ers rn~xzg.kkHkkokPpA vr ,o
ckáç;RukuqiØE;µ
^^veks¿uqukfldks u ßkS] ukfnuks g>"k% Le`rk%A
bZ"kÂknk ;.k'pSo] 'okfluLrq [kiQkn;%AA (39)
bZ"kPNªoklk¡'pjks fo|kr~** (ik-f'k-&40) bR;qDra f'k{kk;ke~A
uknsfr laokj?kks"k;ks#iy{k.ka] 'oklsfr fookjk?kks"k;ks%] ußkfofr miy{k.ke~ ,sp%
loZL;] IyqrÆdkjL; p] vuqukfldL;kn'kZukfnR;ye~A
^^,nSrks%** bR;knkS yksdkuqHkofl¼kFkkZuoq knds rij'kkL=kkço`Ù;k Iyqrkukefi rRLFkkuRoa
cksè;e~A rFkk p ikf.kuh;f'k{kkµ
d.BÔkogkfopq;'kkLrkyO;k vks"BtkoqiwA
L;qew/ZU;k ÍVqj"kk nUR;k Ærqylk Le`rk%AA (ik-f'k-&17)
ftàkewys rq dq% çksDrks nUR;ks"Bks o% Le`rks cq/S%A
, ,s rq d.BrkyO;koks vkS d.Bks"BtkS Le`rkSAA (ik-f'k-&18)
v‘kS LFkkukfu o.kkZukeqj% d.B% f'kjLrFkkA
ftàkewy×p nUrk'p ukfldks"BkS p rkyq pAA (ik-f'k-&13)
gdkja i×peS;qZrQeUrLFkkfHk'p la;qre~A
mjL;a ra fotkuh;kr~ d.BÔekgqjla;qre~AA bfr (ik-f'k-&16)
;Ùkqµ ^^nUrks’kfn leqfnra LFkkue~** bfr] rÂ] f'k{kk;ka ^nUR;ks’Ô%* ^d.BÔrkyO;kS*
bR;knkS ^^r=k Hko%** (ik-lw-&4-3-53) bR;f/dkjfofgr;r% çR;sdeuqRiÙ;kiÙks%A
nUR;ks’ÔfeR;kfn RolÄõresoA LokÄõleqnk;L; LokÄõRokHkkooPNjhjko;oleqnk;L;
'kjhjko;oRokHkkokr~A ,rsu ^nURkks:iefrfjDra LFkkue~* bR;ikLre~] ^^v‘kS LFkkukfu** (ik-
f'k-&13) bfr çfrKkfojks/kPpsfr fnd~A
128
6-5 ç;Rufu:i.ke~ lo.kZlKa k
^^rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~** bfr lw=ks lo.kZlKa kFk± };eisf{kra HkofrA LFkkua ç;Ru'pA
r=k dL; fda LFkkufefr Kkroku~ Hkoku~A bnkuha ç;Rufo"k;s tkukrqA ;|fi ç;Ru'kCns
çksilxZL; fdefi fof'k"Va ç;kstua HkofrA ç;Ru'kCnsu vkH;Urjç;Ru:iks foy{k.kkFkZ%
x`ghrks HkofrA rFkkfi yksds ;Ruç;Ru;ks% i;kZ;% n`';rsA vr ,o ijeewys ^ç;Ruks
f}/k* bR;qDre~A ç;Ruks f}fo/ks HkofrA vkH;Urç;Ru%¾eq[kkH;Urjç;Ru%] cká'p
(eq[kkn~ cfg% xyfoojknkS tkr'p)A r=kkH;Urç;RuL;ksi;ksx% lko.;kZFk± HkofrA
ckáç;RuL;ksi;ksxLrqµ vkUrjrE;ijh{kkFk± HkofrA
6-5-1 vkH;Urjç;RuHksnfu:i.ke~] çkphuer[k.Mu×p

fl¼kUrdkSeq|kekH;Urjç;RuHksnfu:i.kk;ksDre~µ ^vk|'prq/kZ* bfrA
vkH;Urjç;Ru% prqfoZ/ks HkofrA Li`"Vç;Ru%] bZ"kRLi`"Vç;Ru%] foo`rç;Ru%] lao`rç;Ru'pA
Li`"Vç;Rus ftàkxzknkS vf/d% Li'kksZ HkofrA bZ"kRLi`"Vs rq vYiHkkosu Li'kZ%] foo`rç;Rus rq
ftàkxzkfnuka nwjknso Li'kZ%] foo`rL; ßLokdkjL; p lao`rRoa fo/h;rsA Lo:ir% r=kkfi
foo`rRoesoA ,rs"kq Li'kZo.kkZuka ddkjknkjH; edkjkUrkuka i×pfoa'kfro.kkZuka Li`"Va ç;rua
HkofrA ç;rua bfr Hkkos Y;qV~çR;;% ç;Ru bR;L;kFksZ orZrsA uÄUr% ç;Ru'kCn% iqafyÄõ%A
Y;qMUrLrq uiqald%A vUrLFko.kkZuka ^;~ j~ y~ o~* bR;srs"kka bZ"kRLi`"Va ç;rua HkofrA foo`ra
ç;rua Lojk.kke~¾vpke~A m"ek.kke~ ^'k~ "k~ l~ g~* bR;srs"kka o.kkZuk×p HkofrA rnqDra
f'k{kk;ke~µ
vpks¿Li`"Vk% ;.kLRoh"kÂseLi`"Vk% 'ky% Le`rk%A
'ks"kk% Li`"Vk gy% çksDrk --- (ik-f'k-&38)
dsfpÙkq ^vk|% prq/kZ* bfr nhf{krksDrelÄõra dFk;fUrA f'k{kkopukr~
Hkk";opukPp ç;Rukukekf/D;a HkofrA rFkk p f'k{kkopuaµ
Lokjk.kkew"e.kka pSo foo`ra dj.ka Le`re~A
rsH;ks¿fi foo`rkosÄkS rkH;keSpkS rFkSo pAA
(ik-f'k-&21)
bfr f'k{kkopua foo`rrja foo`rrea ç;Rua p fufnZ'kfrA ûk¿T>ykS*
(ik-lw-&û-û-ûú) bfr Hkk";s p Å"e.kke~ bZ"kn~foo`reqDra orZrsA vr% nhf{krksDra ç;Rukuka
pkrqfoZè;e~ vlÄõre~ bfr rs"kkek'k;%A
fopkjs Ñrs rq nhf{krL; prq/kZdFkua uklÄõra HkofrA lw=kdkjks Hkxoku~
ikf.kfu% ûk¿T>ykS* (ik-lw-&û-û-ûú) bfr lw=ka jp;keklA rnuqlkje~ vT>yks% lo.kZlKa kfu"ks/ks
HkofrA rPp prqfoZ/ç;RuLohdkjs ,o laxPNrsA vrks Kk;rs ;r~ ikf.kfuers% foo`rRoO;kI;kuka
foo`rrjRofoo`rreRoknhuka lo.kZlaKkuqi;qDrRoa HkorhfrA rnfHkçk;s.kSo Jhnhf{kr% ^vk|%
prq/kZ* bR;sokokspr~A Hkk"dkjersu rq lIrç;RuLohdkjs] i×pç;RuLohdkjs ok d'pu
fojks/ks ukfLrA ç;RuHksnknso ,nkSrks% lko.;± u HkofrA Hkk"dkj'p ç;RuHksnsu ûk¿T>ykS*
bfr lw=ka çR;k[;kroku~A ^mÙkjksÙkja equhuka çkek.;e~* bfr opukuqlkja p ûk¿T>ykS* bfr
lw=kefi ç;RuHksnsu çkIrL; lko.;kZHkkoL; vuqokndeso HkofrA ûk¿T>ykS* bfr lw=keso
ç;RuHksnL; Kkida vuqoknda ok HkofrA u rq d'pu fojks/ bfr Hkko%A
129

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 6-5-2 Li`"VrknhukekH;UrjRoçfriknue~] çek.k×p
bnkuhfena tkukrq ;r~ Li`"Vknhuka dFke~ vkH;UrjRoa Hkofr\ dFka ok
fookjknhuka ckgÔRoe~\ ;s vkL;s ç;Ruk% HkofUr rs vkH;Urjç;Ruk mP;UrsA ;s p
vkL;kn~cfgHkwZrk% rs ckgÔk bR;kikrr% çrh;rsA vks’çHk`fr çkd~dkdydkr~ vkL;a HkofrA
dkdyda fg uke xzhok;keqÂrçns'k%A ,o×p vkL;kUrxZrs"kq d.BrkYokfnLFkkus"kq ftàkxzknhuka
dnkfpr~ Li'kZ% dnkfpr~ bZ"kRLi'kZ%] dnkfpr~ nwjkoLFkkua] dnkfpPp lihikoLFkkua HkofrA
,rPp dk;± o.kks Z R iÙ;O;ofgrçkd~ d kys HkofrA ,o×p vkH;Urjdk;Z d kfjRokr~
o.kksZRiÙ;O;ofgrçkx~HkkfoRokPÓ ,rs Li`"Vkn;% vkH;Urç;Ruk% dF;UrsA fookjkn;Lrq
vkL;kn~ cfg% xyfoojknkS o.kksZRiÙ;uUrja fookjlaokjkfndk;± dqoZfUrA vr ,rs
eq[kckgÔdk;ZdkfjRokr~ o.kksZRifÙki'pkn~HkkfoRokPp ckgÔk% HkofUrA poxZ;dkjknhuka
rkyq:iLFkkuSD;s¿fi r=k dL;fpnqPpkj.ks lE;d~Li'kZ% dL;fpPp bZ"kr~Li'kZ% bfr ç;RuHksnks
HkofrA v=k çek.k×pµ
vpks¿Li`"Vk% ;.kLRoh"kÂseLi`"Vk% 'ky% Le`rk%A
'ks"kk% Li`"Vk gy% çksDrk% --- (ik-f'k-&22)
vTo.kkZ% vLi`"Vk%¾Li'kkZ¿Hkko:ifoo`rç;RuoUr% HkofUrA ;.k~ ;jyok%
bZ"kr~Li`"Vç;Rudk% bZ"kn~foo`rç;Rudk'p] ;.k~o.ksZ"kq bZ"kr~Li`"VRoe~ bZ"kn~foo`Ro×Ó HkofrA
use bR;/sZ¿FksZ orZrsA vr% 'kyke~¾'k"klgo.kkZuke~ bZ"kn~foo`rRoa ;.kis{k;k¿f/dfoo`rRo×p
HkofrA v=k vkH;Urjç;Rus"kq Li`"Vkn;% O;kid/ekZ% HkofUr] bZ"kRLi`"Vkn;Lrq O;kI;/ekZ%A
r=k ;fn O;kid/eZeknk; lo.kZlaKk L;kr~ rnk ;dkjpdkj;ks% LFkkuSD;kr~ ç;RuSD;kPp
pdkjL; lo.kZ% ;dkjks¿fi L;kr~A rr'p vf×pr% ^va$fpr* bR;knkS vuqLokjL;
ijlo.kZ% dnkfpr~ ;¡dkj% L;kr~A vr% f'k{kksDrO;kI;/eZorke~ bZ"kr~Li`"Vknhuka O;kid&
/eZeknk; lko.;± u Hkorhfr cksè;e~A
6-5-3 n.Mk<dfeR;=k nh?kZlk/ue~

Li`"Vs"kr~Li`"Vfoo`rlao`rHksnknkH;Urjç;RuL; prq/kZ foHkkxks Hkorhfr
Hkoku~ lE;d~r;k voxroku~A r=k ßLoL;ko.kZL; ç;ksxs lao`rç;Ruks HkofrA fdUrq
çfØ;kn'kk;ka rL;kfi foo`rRoeso HkofrA vL;ka fLFkrkS ^^n.M$vk<d fe**R;knkS nh?kksZ
u Hkosr~A vdkjL; lao`rç;RudRokr~] vkdkjL; p foo`rç;RuRokr~A vr% JhHkV~Vksftnhf{krks
fy[kfrµ ^ßLoL;ko.kZL; ç;ksxs lao`ra çfØ;kn'kk;ka rq foo`reso*bfrA
v=kk;a Hkko%µ mins'ks loZ=k vdkj% foo`r% ifBrks¿fLr] o.kZlekEuk;s
ok /kRokfn"kq ok loZ=k foo`rkdkjks HkofrA rL;k¿dkjL; ^^v v** (ik-lw-&øþ) bfr
lw=ks.k lao`rks fo/h;rsA bne~ ^^v v** (ik-lw-&ø-þ-öø) bfr lw=ke~ v‘kè;kÕ;k% vfUrea
HkofrA iwoZ=kkfl¼e~ (ik-lw-&ø-ü-û) bfr lw=kcysu p rL; ^^v v** bfr lw=kL;
v"Vkè;k;hLFklEiw.kZlw=kn`"VÔk¿fl¼Roa HkofrA vr% dq=kfpr~ çfØ;k¾ikf.kfulw=kço`fr%]
Hkofr psr~] r=k ^^v v** bfr lw=kfofgrL; lao`rL; vfl¼Roa Hkofr rÙkRlw=kn`"VÔk
l lao`rks¿I;dkj% foo`r ,o HkofrA çfØ;kn'kk;ka lao`rL;kfl¼Rokr~ ßLonh?kZ;ks%
mHk;ksjdkj;ksfoZor` Roa HkofrA rsu ^^n.M$vk<de~** bR;knkS ^^vd% lo.ksZ nh?kZ%** bR;usu
nh?kksZ HkoR;soA ^n.Mk<de~* bR;kfnfl¼kS u fdefi ck/da cksè;e~A ;fn rq çfØ;kn'kk;ka
foo`rRoa u L;kr~ rnk mHk;ksßZLonh?kZ;ksjdkj;ks% lko.;kZ¿Hkkokr~ nh?kksZ u Hkosr~A ;|fi
130 ukjnh;f'k{kknkS nh?kZL; vkdkjL; foo`rrjç;Ru% dfFkrks¿fLrA ,o×p ^^n.M$vk<de~**
bR;=k ç;RuHksnkr~ lo.kZlaKk u L;kfnfr iqu% 'kaÄïk L;kr~ rFkkfi] ikf.kuh;f'k{kkuqlkja lo.kZlKa k
nh?kkZdkjL; foo`rrjRoa u HkofrA vr% lo.kZlaKk;ka rÂknrZO;e~A v=k 'ks[kjdkj%
dFk;fr ßLokdkjL; foo`rRoa çfrKk;rsA ukxs'kers ßLokdkjL; foo`rRoa çfrKk;rsA
vU;Fkk çek.kkUrjs.k ^^v v** bfr lw=ks.k ok fu"iÂL; rL; dFkfeo foo`rRoa L;kr~A
çfrKkus p ^^v v** bfr lw=keso ekua cksè;e~A
6-5-4 ^v v* v=k nh?kkZHkkodkj.ke~

bnkuhe;a ç'u% Hkosr~ ;fn çfØ;kn'kk;ka lao`rL;kI;dkjL; foo`rRoa
Hkofr rnk ^v v* bfr lw=ks ,o Hkxork ikf.kfuuk nh?kZ% dFka u Ñr%A ^v v* (ik-lw-
& ø-þ-öø) bfr lw=ks fg çFke% vdkj% foo`r% f}rh;Lrq lao`r% vdkj% HkofrA
foo`reuw| lao`rks¿usu lw=ks.k fo/h;rsA fdUrq çfØ;kn'kk;ka rq mHk;ks% foo`rRoeso
HkofrA vrks¿=k nh?kZ% L;kfnfr ç'u%A v=k Jhukxs'kHkV~V% lek/Ùksµ ç;RuHksnkn~ nh?kkZ¿Hkko%A
Hkkoks¿;e~& ^vd% lo.ksZ nh?kZ%* bR;usu lo.ksZ¿fp ijs nh?kksZ Hkofr] v=k rq f}rh;%
vdkj% lao`rks HkofrA vp~çR;kgkjs o.kZlekEuk;s rq foo`r% ifBrks HkofrA vrks¿=k
lao`rL; xzg.ka u HkofrA ;|fi çR;kgkjs rn~okP;okP;L; xzg.ka HkofrA vrks¿=kkfi&
mís';Hkwrs çFkekdkjs v.kqfnRlw=ks.k lo.kZxzg.ks] tkfri{kkJ;.ks ok nh?kZIyqr;ksjfi lao`rRokr~
ç;RuHksnk¿Hkko% HkofrA rFkk¿fi O;k[;kukn=k lo.kZxzg.ka tkfrfunsZ'kks ok u vkfJ;rsA
vrks uk=k nh?kZ% lkS=kRok}k nh?kkZ¿Hkko% dYiuh;%A
cks/ç'u%&ö-ÿ
d- lw=kdkjersu vkH;Urjç;Ruk% dfr HkofUr\ ,da fuf'pR; fpfÉra dqjQA
û- i×p ü- pRokj% ý- lIr
[k- Li`"VknhukekH;Urjç;RuRoa dFka Hkofr\

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x- ^ç;rue~* bR;=k d% çR;;% dfLeu~ vFksZ\

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?k- ^n.Mk<de~* bR;=k dk 'kÄïk] fd×p lek/kue~\

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Ä- ^v v* v=k nh?kZ% dFka u Hkofr\

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ewyxzUFkikB%
lw=ks ç'kCnsu foy{k.kkFkZcks/s¿fi yksds ;Ruç;Ru;ks% i;kZ;rsfr èou;Âkgµ
ç;Ruks f}/sfrA Dofpn~ ;Ru bR;so ikB%A prq/sZfrA ;Ùkqµ
Lojk.kkew"e.kk×pSo foo`ra dj.ka Le`re~A
rsH;ks¿fi foo`rkosÄkS rkH;keSpkS rFkSo pAA** (ik-f'k-&21) bfr
f'k{kkokD;kn~ foo`rrjfoo`rre;ks% çrhR;k ^ûkT>ykS** (ik-lw-&1-1-10) bfr
lw=kHkk";kn~ mQ"e.kkeh"kf}o`rRoL; p çrhR;k prq/sZR;klÄõrfefr] rÂ] ûk¿T>ykS* (ik-
lw-&1-1-10) bfr lw=ks.k foo`rRoO;kI;kukes"kka lo.kZl×Kkuqi;qDrRocks/ufeR;k'k;kr~A
Hkk";ers rq lUrq lIr ç;Ruk%A ,o×pSnSrksjksnkSrks'p u lko.;ZçlfDr% ç;RuHksnkfnfr
cksè;e~A ^ûk¿T>ykS** (ik-lw-&1-1-10) bfr lw=kefi ç;RuHksnçkIrlko.;kZHkkokuqoknda
lr~ rL;So cks/de~A vr ,o Hkk";s rÂ oDrO;e~ bfr uksDre~A Li`"VknhukekH;UrjRoa
Roks’çHk`frdkdydi;ZUr:iL; vUrxZrrÙkRLFkkus"kq ftàkxzknhuka Li'ks"Z kRLi'kZnjw koLFkkulehiko&
LFkku:ikH;kUrjdk;ZdkfjRok}.kksRZ iÙ;O;fgrçkXHkkfoRokPp cksè;e~A r=k cgwukesdLFkkuRos¿fi
dL;fpnqPpkj.ks lE;dLi'kZ% dL;fpnh"kfnfr f'k{kkdkjksfDreuqHkoa pkuql`R; foosDrO;e~A
ç;rufefr uiqalds Hkkos Y;qV~A ç;RufeR;iikBks uÄUrL; iqalRokr~A rFkk p f'k{kkµ
^Lojk.kkew"e.kk×p* (ik-f'k-&21) bR;k|uUrje~µ
^^vpks¿Li`"Vk% ;.kLRoh"kÂseLi`"Vk% 'ky% Le`rk%A
'ks"kk% Li`"Vk gy% çksDrk%** (ik-f'k-&21) bfrA
vpks¿Li`"Vk% Li'kkZHkko:ifoo`rRooUr%A ;.kLRoh"kfnfr] vusu rs"kkeh"kRLi`"VRoeh"kf}&
o`rRo×p cksf/re~A use bR;/sZA rsu 'kykeh"kf}o`rRoa ;.kis{k;k¿f/dfoo`rRoa psfr
cksè;e~A v=k f'k{kksDrO;kI;/eZorka O;kid/eZeknk; u lko.;Zfefr ;.kka poxkZfnfHkuZ
lko.;Ze~A rsu ^vf×pr%* bR;knkS u ;kfn% ijlo.kZ%A foo`resosfrA çfØ;kn'kk;ka foo`rRoa
çfrKs;feR;FkZ%A rsu n.Mk<dknkS nh?kZflf¼%A vU;Fkk lao`rL; ßLokdkjL; foo`rsu
nh?ksZ.k lko.;kZHkkokr~ l u L;kfnfr Hkko%A nh?kkZdkjL; foo`rrjRoUrq ikf.kfuf'k{kk¿uqDr&
RokÂSrPNkL=kçfØ;ksi;ksxhfr fnd~A
rL; ç;ksxs lao`rRos ekuekgµ ^^v v** (ik-lw-&8-4-68)A ç;RuHksnkíh?kkZHkko%A
v=kksís';s lo.kZxzg.ka tkfrfunsZ'kks ok u] O;k[;kukr~A
6-6 iwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~
br% iwo± Hkoku~ ifBroku~ ;r~ ßLoL;kdkjL; ç;ksxs lao`ra çfØ;k n'kk;ka rq
foo`reso HkorhfrA r=k ^v v* (ik-lw-&ø-þ-öø) bfr lw=ks.k foo`rL; vdkjL;
lao`rkdkjks fo/h;rsA ^v v* bfr lw=kfofgrL; lao`rL; îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-û)
bfr vfl¼Rokr~ iqu% foo`rRoeso HkofrA r=k îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* bR;L; dks¿FkZ%\ dks ok=k
fo'ks"k% brhnkuha tkukrq Hkoku~A
bna lw=ka egkeqfuikf.kfufojfprk;ke~ v"Vkè;kÕ;ke~ v"Vekè;k;L; f}rh;iknL;
132 vkfnea HkofrA vusu lw=ks.k v‘kè;k;h }s/k foHkT;rs liknlIrkè;k;h] f=kiknh psfrA r=k
vLEkkr~ lw=kkr~ iworZ ulw=ktkya liknlIrkè;k;h'kCnsu mP;rsA mifjrulw=ktky×p f=kiknh'kCnsu lo.kZlKa k
O;ofß;rsA ^v"Vkukeè;k;kuka lekgkj%* bfr foxzgs rf¼rkFkksÙZ kjinlekgkjs p bfr lekgkjs¿FksZ
f}xqlekls Ñrs ^vdkjkUrksÙkjinks f}xq% fL=k;kfe"V%* (ü-þ-ý-&ok) bfr L=khRokr~ ^f}xks%*
(ik-lw-&þ-û-üû) bfr Ähi~ çR;usu v"Vkè;k;h'kCnL; flf¼HkZofrA ,oeso ^lIrkè;k;h*
^f=kiknh* bR;kn;% 'kCnk vfi cksè;k%A lw=ks in};a HkofrA iwoZ=k bR;sda ine~ vfl¼fefr
p f}rh;a ine~A r=k îwoZ=k* bR;=k ^lIrE;kL=ky~* (ik-lw-&ÿ-ý-ûú) bfr =ky~çR;;ks
fo|rsA iwoZRoa ijRoa ok vLeknso lw=kkr~¾'kkL=kkn~ x`ársA ,o×p lw=kkFkksZ Hkofrµ iwoZfLeu~¾
liknlIrkè;k;hlw=ks drZO;s ija¾f=kiknhlw=kefl¼a HkofrA rnqDra fl¼kardkSeq|ke~&
liknlIrkè;k;ha çfr f=kik|fl¼k bfrA ¹;Fkkµ ^gjs bg* bR;=k ^gj;~ bg* bfr fLFkrs
^^yksi% 'kkdY;L;** (ik-lw-&ø-ý-ûù) bfr lw=ks.k f=kiknhLFksu ;yksis ^gj bg* bR;=k
^^vkn~xq.k%** (ik-lw-&ö-û-ø÷) bfr liknlIrkè;k;hLFksu xq.kks u Hkofr] ,rr~lw=kn`"VÔk
^^yksi% 'kkdY;L;** (ø-ý-ûù) bfr lw=kÑrL; ;yksiL;kfl¼Rokr~] eè;s ;dkjO;o/kukfnfr
Hkko%Aº
6-6-1 vL;kf/dkjRos iQyçn'kZue~

bnkuhfena fopk;Zrs ;r~ fdfena lw=ka Lora=k:is.kkfrns'kfof/% mr]
vf/dkjRolaofyrefrns'kfof/lw=kfefr\ v=kksP;rsµ uk;a Lora=kks fof/%¾vf/dkj&
Rok¿laofyrks¿frns'kfof/%A Lora=kfof/Lohdkjs lw=kLFkinkuqlkjs.k îwoZfLeu~ drZO;s
ijefl¼feR;sokFkZ% L;kr~*A ^f=kik|kefi iwoZa çfr ijefl¼e~* bR;s"k% vFkZ% u L;kr~A
v;a Hkko%µ ;|L; lw=kL; vf/dkjRoa LohfØ;rs rnk vL; lw=kL;
mÙkjksÙkjkuqo`fÙkHkZofrA îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-û) bfr lw=kexzs çfrlw=ka xRok dFk;fr
^Ro×p iwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* bfrA ,o×Ó f=kikfnxrkuka lw=kk.kkefo'ks"ks.k liknlIrkè;k;hxrlw=kkf.k
çfr vfl¼Roa Hkofr] f=kik|kefi p iwo± çfr ijefl¼a HkofrA vf/dkjRokr~ bna lw=ka
^ê; m×kks oks ok** (ik-lw-&ø-ý-ýý) bR;=kkfi vuqorZrsA rr'p ^ê; m×kks oks ok**
bR;L;kFkZ% ^ê;% ijL; m×kks oks ok Hkofr** ,rPp îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* HkofrA vuqo`Ùks
iwoZ=k'kCns iwoZ'kCnsu vLekr~ ê; m×kks oks ok* bfr lw=kkr~ iwoZrua loZefi x`ársA rr~
f=kiknhLFka ok Hkorq] liknlIrkè;k;hLFka ok HkorqA ,o×p ^êks¿uqLokj%** (ik-lw-&ø-ü-
üý) bfr iwoZf=kiknhLFklw=ka çR;fi ^ê; m×kks oks ok** (ik-lw-ø-ý-ýý) bfr ijf=kiknhLFka
lw=kefl¼a HkofrA rsu ^fde~ oqDre~* bR;=k oRoL;kfl¼Ôk mdkjlRosu êks¿uqLokj%*
bfr edkjL;kuqLokjkifÙkuZ Hkorhfr cksè;e~A
r=k Hkoku~ ukxs'k% îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-û) bR;L; vf/dkjRos
Hkk";ksDra ^xks/qÄ~eku~* bR;L; flf¼a iQyRosukgµ vL; lw=kL;kf/dkjRok¿Hkkos
^xks/qÄ~eku~* bfr ç;ksx% u fl¼Ôsr~A xksnqg% lUR;L; bR;FksZ xksnqg~ 'kCnkr~ erqi~ çR;;s]
xksnqg~er~ bR;=k ?kRot'Rok¿uqukfLkds"kq Hk"k~HkkokukifÙkfjfrHkko%A
v;a Hkko%µ ^xks/qÄ~eku~* bfr çFkeSdopukUra orZrsA r=k ^xksnqg~er~*
bR;=k iwo± ^gks <%* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ýû) bR;L;kioknHkwra ^^nkns/krks?kZ%** (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ýü)
bfr gL; ?k% HkofrA rnuUrja ^xksnq?k~ er~* bR;=k ?kL; ^>yka t'kks¿Urs* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ýù)
bR;usu t'oa çkIre~A edkj:is çR;;kuqukflds ijs ^^çR;;s Hk"kk;ka fuR;e~** (ok-&ø-þ-þÿ)
bfr rL;SokuqukfldRoa çkIuksfrA ^^,dkpks c'kks Hk"k~ >"kUrL; Lèoks%** (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ý÷)
bR;usu ^xksnq?k~* bR;L; >"kUrRokr~ ndkjL; Hk"k~Hkkoks¿fi çkIuksfrA ,o×p ?kRos Ñrs
t'k~RokuqukfldHk"k~Hkkos"kq çkIrs"kq] t'RokioknHkwra Hk"k~Hkkoa ijRokr~ fuR;RokPp ckf/Rok 133

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ vuqukfld% L;kr~A ^xksnqÄ~er~* bR;=k vuqukfldRos tkrs p >"kUrRok¿Hkkokr~ Hk"k~Hkkoks u
L;kfnfr Hkko%A ,o×p ?kRot'Rok¿uqukflds"kq eè;s ?kRos Ñrs vuqukflds p Ñrs
Hk"k~Hkkoks u L;kfnfr 'ks[kjksDrL; ?kRot'Rok¿uqukflds"kq Hk"k~HkkokukifÙkfjR;L;kfHkçk;ks Ks;%A
vFkok ?kRos Ñrs t'RokuqukfldHk"k~Hkkos"kq çkIrs"kq t'RoL; (ø-ü-ýù)
Hk"k~Hkkokis{k;k (ø-ü-ý÷) vuqukfldkis{k;k (ø-þ-þÿ) p vUrjÄõRokr~ ço`frcksZè;kA
rr'p ^xksnqx~er~* bR;=k >"kUrRok¿Hkkokr~ ^^,dkpks c'kks Hk"k~ ** bfr Hk"k~Hkkoks u L;kfnfr
ewyk'k;ks cksè;%A
,oa iwoksrZ Qçdkjs.k Hk"k~HkkokukifÙk:i% nks"k vkirfrA vL; îwo=Z kk¿fl¼e~*
(ik-lw-&ø-ü-û) bR;L;kf/dkjRoLohdkjs rq f=kik|kefi iwo± çfr ijL;Sok¿fl¼Roa HkofrA
,o×p ?kRoµ (ø-ü-ýü) t'Rokµ (ø-ü-ýù) uqukflds"kq (ø-þ-þÿ) xksnqg~ er~ bR;=k
loZçFkea iwoZf=kiknhLFkRokr~ nknsfjfr ?kRoa HkofrA rnuUrja ,rr~lw=kcysu t'Rokuqukfld;ks%
Hk"k~Hkkon`"VÔk (ø-ü-ý÷) vfl¼Rokr~ iwo± Hk"k~Hkkos xks/q?k~ er~ bR;=k t'Ros¿uqukfldRos
p Ñrs xks/qÄ~eku~ bfr ç;ksx% fl¼ÔfrA
oLrqrLrq vf/dkjRok¿Hkkos ^xksnqg~ er~* bR;=k ?kRos Ñrs xksnq?k~ er~
bR;=k ¹^>;%* (ø-ü-ûú) bR;usu >;Urkr~ ijL; erkseZL; oRokifÙk% orZrs º
Hk"k~HkkokukifÙk:iks nks"kks u orZrsA ;rksfg ?kRos Ñrs t'k~RokuqukfldHk"k~Hkkos"kq çkIrs"kq
Hk"k~Hkkoks fg t'RoL; vioknRokr~ ck/dks HkofrA vUrÄõRokPp vuqukflda ck/rsA vr%
,rs"kq iwo± Hk"k~Hkkos Ñrs vuUrja t'Rokuqukfld;ks% Ñr;ks% xks/qÄ~eku~ bfr fl¼kS fdefi
ck/da ukfLrA fdUrq ?kRos Ñrs ^^>;** (ø-ü-ûú) bfr >;Urkr~ ijL; erkseZL;
oRokifÙk:iks nks"kks HkofrA ;rksfg ^>;%* bfr lw=ks.k erkseZL; oRofo/kua çfrinksrQa
HkofrA vr% çfrinksrQRokr~ iwo± oRoeso Hkfo";frA ,o×p vuqukfldijRok¿Hkkosu
mDrç;ksx% dFka fl¼;sr~A
v=k bna rq uk'kÄïuh;e~µ ;r~ ^^>;%** (ø-ü-ûú) bfr iwoZ'kkL=ka
Hkofr] t'Rok (ø-ü-ýü) uqukfld (ø-þ-þÿ) Ro;ksLrq ijRoa HkofrA vr% dFka iwo± >;%
bR;L; çkfIrfjfrA ;rksfg ^foçfr"ks/s* (û-þ-ü) bfr ifjHkk"kk'kkL=ks ;Fkksís'ki{kLohdkjs.k
f=kik|ka iwoZijfu/kZjda u HkofrA foçfr"ks/lw=kfo"k;s ;Fkksís'ki{k ,o LohfØ;rs bfr
fl¼kUrlRokr~A foçfr"ks/lw=kfo"k;s ;Fkksís'ki{k ,oµ v=k îwoZ=kkfl¼s ukfLr foçfr"ks/ks&
¿HkkoknqÙkjL; * bfr okfrZdeso ekue~A vf/dkjRoLohdkjs rq ^>;%* bfr lw=ka lokZis{k;k
iwoZf=kiknh Hkofr vr% ,rnis{k;k ^nkns/krks?kZ* (ø-ü-ýü) bR;fl¼a HkofrA vrks
>;UrRok¿Hkkokr~ >;% bfr lw=ka u yxrhfr u nks"k%A ,o×pkf/dkjRos ?kRos Ñrs t'Roe~
vioknRokr~ Hk"k~Hkkoks ck/rs] vuqukflda rq ijf=kiknh Hkofr] vr% rL;kçkfIr%A Hk"k~Hkkos
Ñrs xks/q?k~ er~ bR;=k Øes.k t'Ros¿uqukflds p Ñrs :ia fl¼ÔfrA
^^foçfr"ks/s ija dk;Ze*~ * (ik-lw-&û-þ-ü) bR;=k ;Fkksí's ki{k ,o LohfØ;rsA
v=kkfi dk;Zdkyi{kLohdkjs rq ijL;¾f=kiknh'kkL=kL; vfl¼Ros¿fi foçfr"ks/lw=ka rq
fl¼eso HkofrA ,o×p ;Fkk vU;klka ifjHkk"kk.kka f=kik|kekd"kZ.ka Hkofr] rFkSo foçfr"ks/
lw=kL;kfi dk;Zdkyi{ks f=kik|kekd"kZ.ka L;kr~A rFkk p îwoZ=kkfl¼s ukfLr foçfr"ks/ks&
¿HkkoknqÙkjL;* (e-Hkk-&ø-ü-û) bfr Hkk";opuelÄõra L;kr~A vr% foçfr"ks/lw=ks ;Fkksí's ki{k
,o LohfØ;r bfr Lohdk;Ze~A vr ,o Hkk";dkjs.k oRoesokikfnre~A rFkk pk=k lw=ks
Hkk";e~µ îwoZ=kkfl¼ef/dkj%] ijL; iwoZ=kkfl¼foKkukFkZe~*(e-Hkk-&ø-ü-û)A vf/dkj&
RoLohdkjknso ^'pqRoa /qfV fl¼a okP;e~* bfr okfrZda pfjrkFk± HkofrA vf/dkjRok¿Hkkos
134 rq f=kik|kefi iw o ± çR;fl¼Rok¿Hkkokr~ 'pq R o/q V ks # Hk;ks j fi f=kiknhLFkRos u r=k
r=kkfl¼Rok¿çkIR;k /qfV drZO;s 'pqRoL; vfl¼Rofo/kua O;FkZeso HkofrA rFkk p vf/ lo.kZlKa k
dkjcykr~ iwoZ=kkfl¼e~ (ik-lw-&ø-ü-û) bR;L; ;=k ;=kkuqo`fÙkLrL; rL;kfl¼Roe~ bfr
iQyfrA
vf/dkjRoknL; lw=kL; f}/k¿FkZ% LohÑr%µ liknlIrkè;k;ha çfr
f=kik|fl¼k] f=kik|kefi iwo± çfr ija 'kkL=kefl¼fefr pA vr% v=k lw=ks îwoZe~*
bR;usukfi f}fo/a iwoZRoa x`gÔrsA Dofpr~¾û yksi% çkfrifndkUrL;* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ü)
bR;=k liknlIrkè;kÕ;k% ,o iwoZRosu xzg.ke~A Dofpr~¾vij=k f=kiknhLFks lw=ks îwoZ=kkfl¼e~*
bR;L;kuqo`rkS rq f=kiknhLFklw=kkUrjlfgrk;k% xzg.ka HkofrA rFkk p bna lw=ka f=kik|ka çfrlw=ka
xPNfrA ^^gks<%**(ik-lw-&ø-ü-ýû) bR;knkS vL;ksifLFkrkS okD;HksnsuSoeFkksZ okD;SdokD;r;k
Hkofrµ gL; <ks Hkofr] bn×p lw=ka iwoZ=kkfl¼e~ HkorhfrA okD;Hksnsu vUo;Lohdkjknso
^û eq us** (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ý) bR;kfn'kkL=ks.k eqRokfn'kkL=kL; fu"ks/ mii|rsA ;|=k
okD;SdokD;rk u L;kr~ rnk ^^vnlks¿ls%** bR;kfnuk iwoZ=k dk;sZ drZO;s vfl¼Rofof'k"Va
eqRoa fo/h;rsA ^û eq us** (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ý) bR;usukI;fl¼Rofof'k"VL;So eqRoL; çfr"ks/%
L;kr~A ,o×Ó vequk bfr u fl¼Ôsr~A
v=k lw=ks iwoZ'kCnsu iwoZ'kkL=kL;ksifLFkfr% HkofrA rFkk p îwoZ=k* bR;usu
liknlIrkè;k;hlw=ktkra lax`ghra HkofrA fdUrq ,dfLeu~ ç;ksxs ldylw=kk.kka çkIR;Hkkokr~
vflf¼uZ L;kr~A ,oeso ij'kkL=kL; loZ=k vfl¼rkLohdkjs mRlxZ'kkL=kn`"VÔk¿fi
viokn'kkL=kL;k¿fl¼rk L;kr~A vr% lw=ks iwoZ=ksfr laxzkgda HkofrA laxzkgda¾mifLFkrkuka
rÙkn~fo'ks"kiwol
Z =w kk.kka iwoRZ osu vuqxede~A kÜ `Äxõ kz fgd;k p rÙkRiwol
Z =w ka çfr] rÙkn~fo'ks"klw=kL;
vfl¼Roa Hkofr ;=kkuqo`fÙkLrL;A ;Fkk d'pu i`PNfrµ dk dk ro xkS% bfr r=k Ük`Äõa
x`ghRok cks/;frA ^b;a ee xkS%* ^b;a ee xkS%* bfrA rFkSo ^îwoZ=kkfl¼e~** bfr lw=kefi
ukexzkfgr;k f=kiknhLFkL; rÙkf}'ks"k'kkL=kL; rÙkf}'ks"kiwoZ'kkL=ka çfr vfl¼Roa cks/;fr
^Ro×p iwoZ=kkfl¼e~* ,o×p mRlxZ'kkL=kkfrfjDrL; iwoZ'kCn% laxzkgd%A rFkk p vioknL;
;a çR;ioknRoa rn~n`"V;k¿fl¼Rok¿Hkkos¿fi vU;=k vfl¼Roa HkofrA
lw=ks vfl¼e~ vfu"iÂfeR;FkZde~A v=k fl¼'kCn% u ^^fl¼s 'kCnkFkZlEcU/s**
bR;kfnor~ fuR;i;kZ;%A fdUrq fu"iÂkFkZdks HkofrA fl¼a¾fu"iÂe~] ço`Ùke~] rn~fHkÂe~¾vfu"iÂe~
vço`Ùke~A ;|fi yksds vukgk;ZKkueso çorZda fuorZda ok HkofrA vkgk;ZKkue~¾ck/&
dkfydsPNktU;a Kkue~] rn~fHkÂeukgk;ZKkua ;FkkFkZKkufefr ;kor~A v=k rq 'kkL=ks îwo=Z kkfl¼e~*
bfr 'kkL=kçkek.;kr~ ck/s lR;fi bPNkek=ks.k tk;ekuL; vkgk;ZKkuL;kfi çorZdRoa
fuorZdRoa ok HkofrA
6-6-2 'kkL=kkfl¼Rofoospue~
bnkuhe;a fopkj% çorZrs ;r~µ iwoZ=kkfl¼feR;usu dk;kZfl¼Roa Hkofr]
mr 'kkL=kkfl¼Roe~A r=k ;fn 'kkL=kfofgrdk;Zn`"VÔk 'kkL=kfofgrdk;ZL; vfl¼Roe~
b";rs rnk dk;kZfl¼Roa HkofrA ;fn p 'kkL=kn`"VÔk¾lw=kn`"VÔk 'kkL=kL;kfl¼Rofe";rs
rnk 'kkL=kkfl¼Roa HkofrA v=k lw=ks d% i{k vkJh;rs bfr ftKklk Hkorka eufl
L;kÙknFkZfenkuhes"k fopkj% ço`Ùk%A
;|=k dk;kZfl¼Roi{k% LohfØ;rs rnk ^vew* bR;kfnuZ fl¼Ôsr~A
vnl~'kCnkr~ vkS foHkDrkS R;nknhuke% bfr vUR;L; vRos ^vn v vkS * vrks xq.ks (ik-
lw-&ö-û-ù÷) lw=kkr~ ijRokr~ ^vnlks¿ls* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-øú) bfr nkRijL; mRos nL; p
edkjs Ñrsµ ^veq vkS* rL; p eqRoL; liknlIrkè;k;hLFkij:idk;Zn`"VÔk¿fl¼Ros¿fi 135

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ nsonÙkgUrZ`grU;k;su vdkjL;k¿Hkkokr~ (veq v vkS) ij:ik|ukifÙk% L;kr~A ;Fkk nsonÙkL;
gUrkja d'pu vU;ks gfUr psÙkFkk¿fi nsonÙkL; iqu% mTthoua u HkofrA rFkSo ij:ikigkjdL;
eqRoL; iwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~ bR;fl¼Ros¿fi fuo`ÙkL; vdkjL; iqu% vku;ua u lEHkorhfr
Hkko%A dk;kZfl¼RoLohdkjs iwo± dk;± Hkosr~ rnuUrja rL; vfl¼Roa Hkosr~A ;rksfg
vfrns'k% [kyq vkjksi:iks Hkofr] vkjksi'p dq=kfpnf/"Bkus ,o HkofrA lfr dqM~;s fg fp=ka
fuehZ;rsA vr% vfLeu~ i{ks iwo± dk;± dj.kh;eko';da HkofrA rrLrL; vfl¼rk
dYI;rsA ,o×p dk;sZ tkrs ^^nsonÙkgUr`grU;k;su** rL; dk;ZL; iqu% fuo`fÙk% dFkfeo
L;kr~A 'kkL=kk¿fl¼Roi{kLohdkjs rq iwoZ'kkL=kn`"VÔk ij'kkL=kL;Sokfl¼Roa HkofrA r=k
dk;Zço`Ùksjko';drk uSo HkofrA vr% ^vew* bR;knkofi iwo± iwoZ'kkL=ke~ ,o ij:i'kkL=ka
o`f¼'kkL=ka ok çorZrsA vr% ^vew* bfr fl¼kS nks"kks u HkofrA
fd×Ó 'kkL=kkfl¼RoLohdkjs ;=kkfi vUrjÄõRokr~¾iwo± LofufeÙklRokr~
=kSikfnda izFkea ço`Ùka iqu% fufeÙkln~Hkkokr~ iwoZ'kkL=ka çorZrs] r=kkfi rPNkL=ks ij'kkL=ks
,ok¿Hkko vkjksI;rsA r=kkfi iwoZ'kkL=kn`"VÔk ij'kkL=kL;kHkko ,o dYI;rsA rsu p
LFkkfufuo`fÙkcq¼sjHkko%] vkns'kcq¼ÔHkko%] y{;s tkrcq¼ÔHkko'p HkofrA vkns'ks ,o p
LFkfucq¼Ôk tk;ekua dk;± HkofrA u fg jtrRoHkzeç;qDrk ço`fÙk% 'kqfDra u xkspj;frA
;Fkkµ d'pu tu% pkdfpD;kfnnks"kdkj.kkr~ 'kqfDreoyksd;u~ jtrfefr tkukfr] vFkkfi
rn~oLrq jtra u Hkofr fdUrq 'kqfDrjso Hkofr n`f"Vnks"kdkj.kkr~ rq r=k jtra HkklrsA
rn~on=kkfi vkns'ks LFkkfucq¼Ôk tk;ekua dk;Zefi LFkkfufu ,o Hkorhfr dYI;rsA ;=k rq
iwoZij'kkL=k;ks% lgSo çkfIrHkZofr r=k rq ij'kkL=kL; vfl¼Rokr~] vçkfIrjso HkofrA
dspu v=kSo O;kp[;q%µ iwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~ bR;L; LFkkus îwoZ=k u* bR;so
lw=keLrq ^vfl¼e~* bfr fdeFkZeqikÙke~] iwoZ'kkL=kçkIrkS fu"ks/ bR;FkZ'p Hkfo";rhfrA rÂ
lehphua ;rksfg ,oa Lohdkjs ûyksi% lqi~* (ik-lw-&ø-ü-ø) bfr lw=kL; vlÄõfr% HkofrA
rr~lw=ka fg fu;ekFk± fo|rsµ lqfCo/kS laKkfo/kS ÑfrrqfXo/kS p uyksiks¿fl¼% ukU;=k] rsu
^jktu~ $ v'o* bfr n'kk;ka dL;kfi iwoZ'kkL=kL; çkIR;Hkkokr~ îwoZ=k u* bfr fu"ks/% u
çkIuksfrA û yksi% çkfrifndkUrL;* bfr uyksis Ñrs p ^vd% lo.ksZ nh?kZ% (ö-û-ûúü)*
bfr nh?ksZ drZO;s ^HkqDroUra çfr ek HkqDFkk%* bfr U;k;su îwoZ=k u* bfr fu"ks/kço`Ù;k û
yksi% lqi~* bfr fu;eL; vuqi;ksxks HkofrA fd×p ;|qP;rs vuko';dRokr~ û yksi%
lqi~* bfr lw=kkdj.kkŠk?koesosfr rfgZ u lehphue~] ;rksfg fu;ekLohdkjs ^jktH;ke~*
bR;knkofi nh?kkZifÙk% L;kr~A ;fn p iwoZ'kkL=kfo"k;lEHkkouk;ke~µ bR;FkZ% LohfØ;rs rnk
^jktH;ke~* bR;=k uyksis Ñrs ^lqfi p* bfr iwoZ'kkL=kL; fo"k;lEHkkou;k loZFkk
uyksikukifÙk% L;kr~A rLek|FkkU;kleso oje~A
cks/ç'u%&6-6
d- îwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~* bR;L;kf/dkjRos dks¿FkksZ Hkofr\
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lo.kZlKa k
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ewyxzUFkikB%
vf/dkjRos iQyekgµ f=kik|keihfrA vU;Fkk ^xks/qÄ~eku~* bR;=k /Rot'Rokuq&
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oRokifÙknks"Z k%A u p rr% ijRokTt'RokuqukfldRo;ks% rnçkfIrfjfr okP;e~A ^^foçfr"ks/s ije~**
(ik-lw-&1-4-2) bR;L; ;Fkksís'kRosu f=kik|keço`Ùks%A ^îwoZ=kkfl¼s ukfLr foçfr"ks/ks&
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vr ,o Hkk";s oRoesokikfnre~A vf/dkjRoknso ^^'pqRoa /qfV fl¼a okP;e~** (dk-ok-)
bR;kfn pfjrkFkZe~A ,oa p ;=kkuqo`fÙkLrL;kfl¼Roe~A iwoZRo×p Dofpr~ liknlInkè;kÕ;k%
DofpRlw=kkUrjlfgrk;k%A r=kk;eFkZ%µ ^^gks<%** (ik-lw-&8-2-31) bR;knkoL;ksifLFkrkS
okD;HksnsukUo;%µ gL; <ks Hkofr] bn×p 'kkL=ka iwoZ=kkfl¼fefrA vr ,o ^û eq us**
(ik-lw-&8-2-3) bR;kfnfHkLrfÂ"ks/ mii|rsA iwoZ=ksfr lÄ~xzkgdesoA 'k`Äõxzkfgd;So rq
rÙkPNkL=ka çfr rL;kfl¼Roa çfrik|rsA rsukioknL; ;a çR;ioknRoa r=kkfl¼RokHkkos&
¿I;U;=kkfl¼Roa HkoR;soA vfl¼fefrA fl¼a fu"iÂa] ço`Ùke~A ^^fl¼'p çR;;fo/kS**
bR;knkS rFkk n'kZukr~A rfn~HkÂefl¼e~µ vfu"iÂeço`Ùke~A ;|fi yksds ¿ukgk;ZKkuL;So
çoÙkZdRoa fuoÙkZdRo×Ó n`"Va rFkk¿ihg 'kkL=kçkek.;knkgk;kZjksiks¿fi 'kkL=kço`Ùkkoço`ÙkkS p
fu;ked bfr cksè;e~A v=k dk;kZfl¼Ros ^vew* bR;k|flf¼%A ^vn v vkS* bfr fLFkrs
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vko';dRokr~A 'kkL=kkfl¼Ros rq ;=kkI;UrjÄõRokr~ =kSikfnda ço`Ùka r=kkfi rÙkPNkL=ks
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dk;± Rokns'ks ,o LFkkfucqn~è;k çoÙkZrsA ^û fg jtrHkzeç;qDrk ço`fÙk% 'kqfDra u
xkspj;fr** bfr u nks"k%A ;=k rq lgçlÄõLr=kkço`fÙkjsokHkkokjksikr~A u p ^îwoZ=k u**
bR;so lw=kefLRofr okP;e~A iwoZ'kkL=kçkIrkS fu"ks/ bR;FksZ ^ûyksi% lqi~** (ik-lw-&8-8-2)
bfr lw=kklÄõrs%A rf¼ fu;ekFkZe~A RoæhR;k ^jktu~ v'o* bR;L;ka n'kk;ka dL;kfi
iwoZ'kkL=kL;kçkIR;SrfÂ"ks/kço`ÙkkS uyksis tkrs ^^HkqDroUre~** bfr U;k;suSrnço`ÙkkS jktk'os
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^jktH;ke~* bR;knkS uyksis lqfCof/nh?kZfo"k;lEHkkou;k loZFkk uyksikukiÙksfjfr fnd~A
137

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ 6-7 ckáç;Rufoosd%
br% iwo± Hkoku~ vkH;Urjç;Rufo"k;s Kkroku~A bnkuha ckáç;Rufo"k;s KkrO;a
HkofrA r=k ckáç;RuLRosdkn'k/k HkofUrA rFkkfgµ fookj% laokj% 'oklks uknks
?kks"kks¿?kks"kks¿Yiçk.kks egkçk.k mnkÙkks¿uqnkÙk% Lofjr'psfrA dkdydkn/Lrkr~ xyfookjladksp&
fodkl:idk;ZdjRosu fookjkn;% ckáç;Ruk% HkofUrA xyfoojfodklkn;ks fg vkL;kn~
cfg% HkofrA vr ,oSrs"kka ckáRoa HkofrA fd×Ó o.kksZRiÙ;uUrjHkkfoRosukfi ckáRoa
cksè;e~A
v;efHkçk;%µ vkRek¾vUr%dj.ke~] vuqHkokuUrja laLdkj:is.k LoxrkFkkZu~¾
vUr%dj.ks fLFkrkuFkkZu~ cq¼Ôk lesR;¾,dcqf¼fo"k;ku~ ÑRok vFkZcks/usPN;k eu% ;qÄ~DrsA
rPp foo{kk;qDra eu% dk;kfXua¾tBjkfXua vkgfUrA l tBjkuy% ok;qa çsj;frA l p
çsfjrks ok;q% mQèoZHkkxa xPNu~ ew/kZuefHkgfUrA eq[kekxR; Li`"Vkfnç;RulkgkÕ;su d.BknkS
thàkxzknhuka Li'kkZ|uqHkoa djksfrA rr'p o.kkZ% O;T;UrsA rnuUrja cká;RuL;ksi;ksxsu r=k
xq.kRoek;kfrA ßLoRokfndefi ckáeso HkofrA ;rksfg rkn`'kfoy{k.kok;qjso ukfHkçns'kkr~
ç;Ruçsfjrks Hkofr ;su ßLoRokfndeqiyH;rsA egkHkk";dkj% ^^vbm.k~** bfr lw=ksµ
^^ßLokfntud;RuL;kL;fo'ks"k.ksu lo.kZlw=ks¿xzg.ke~ bR;okspr~A ,rsukfi fl¼Ôfr ;r~
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bR;qDre~] rsu ßLokfntudks ;Ruks u fHkÂ bR;k;kfr] rFkkfi ßLoRok|qikf/HksnekjksI;
fHkÂç;RuO;ogkj bfr cksè;e~A
mnkÙkkfntudç;RuL; eq[kkH;Urjdk;ZdjRoa HkofrA vr mnkÙkknhuka ijLija
lo.kZlKa k u L;kfnfr 'kÄïk HkosrA~ rFkkfi mnkÙkkfn'kCnksPpkj.ka fouk cksf/rkukeqnkÙkknhukefoo{kk
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ukflD;L; pksiy{k.ka cksè;e~A
6-7-1 ^[k;ka ;ek%* bR;kns% O;k[;kue~

Ckkáç;Ruk% dfr HkofUr] dFk×Ó rs"kka ckáRofeR;kfnda Hkoku~ cq¼oku~A
dL; d% Ckkáç;Ru% bfr ftKklkiwrZ;sµ ^[k;ka ;ek%* bR;kfn'yksdL; O;k[;kua
çLrw;rsA r=k 'yksd};esoa Hkofrµ
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,rs 'oklk¿uqçnkuk v?kks"kk'p foo`.k~orsAA
d.BeU;s rq ?kks"kk% L;q% lao`rk% uknHkkfxu%A
v;qXek o.kZ;exk ;.kpkYiklo% Le`rk%AA bfr
r=k oxsZ"ok|kuka prq.kkZa i×pes o.ksZ ijs ;s iwoZln`'kk% o.kkZ% HkofUr] rs
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[k;~çR;kgkjo.kkZuka ;ek%] [k;%¾oxZçFkef}rh;k%] W d ikS W ¾ftàkewyh;ksièekuh;kS folxZ%]
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g'k%¾oxZr`rh;prqFkZi×pek% gdkj% vuqLokj% ;.k'psR;FkZ%A ,rs] lao`rk%¾lao`rç;RuoUr%]
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vpkefi laokjkn;% ç;Ruk% HkofUrA v;qXek%¾oxZçFker`rh;i×pek% çFker`rh;;ekS ;.k'p
vYikllo%¾vYiçk.kk%¾vYiçk.kç;Ruk% HkofUrA vof'k"Vk oxZf}rh;prqFkkZ f}rh;prqFkZ;ek%
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i`Fkd~ HkofUrA ,"kka x.kuk v;ksxokgs"kq HkofrA ikf.kuh;f'k{kk;ke~µ ;ek% pRokj% dfFkrk%A
(ik-f'k-&þ) ckáç;Rukukeqi;ksx% lo.kZlaKk;ka u HkofrA r=k vkH;Urjç;RuL; mi;ksx%
HkofrA rFkkfi >;ks gks¿U;rjL;ke~ bR;k|FkZe~ vkUrjrE;ijh{kkFkZeqi;ksxks HkoR;soA
6-7-2 Li'kkZfninkFkZfoospue~
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vu;ks:"eRoa lefFkZre~ rFkkfi] foo`rew"e.kkfeR;=k 'kj ,o xzg.ke~A vU;Fkk Å"einsu
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[k- 'oklkuqiznkuk% bR;L;kFk± fy[kA

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x- Å"ek.k% ds HkofUr\
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ewyxzUFkikB%
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139

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jkuqukflD;L; pksiy{k.ke~ A
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5- fofuxeuk µ ,drji{kikfruh ;qfDrfoZfuxeukA 141

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142
d- ü- pRokj%
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Ä- ^v v* bfr lw=ks çFke% vdkjks foo`r% f}rh;'p lao`r% Hkofr] rFkkfi
çfØ;kn'kk;ka foo`reso HkofrA vrks¿=k nh?kZ% L;kr~A fdUrq v=k O;k[;kukr~
lo.kZxzg.ka tkfrfunsZ'kks ok u HkofrA vrks u nh?kZ%A
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ukflds"kq Hk"k~Hkkoks u L;kr~A
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x- Å"ek.k%¾Å"eok;qç/kuk% 'ky%A
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d- y?kqç'uk%
û- ^rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~* vL; foxzg% dk;Z%A
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ü- ç;Ru% dfrfo/% lo.kZlaKklw=ks dL; ç;RuL; xzg.ke~

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143

vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~ ý- iwoZ=kk¿fl¼e~ bfr dhn`'ka lw=ke~\
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þ- ckáç;Rukuka ukekfu fy[kUrqA

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[k- vufry?kqç'ukS
û- ;konkL;HkorqY;Roxzg.ks iQya foospuh;e~A
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ü- dÄ;ks% fHkÂLFkkuRos¿fi dFka lko.;Ze~\

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x- nh?kksZÙkjh;ç'ukS
û- rqY;kL;ç;Rua lo.kZe~ bfr lw=ka linÑR;a i`"BkReda O;k[;;rke~A
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ü- iwoZ=kkfl¼e~ bR;L;kFk± çfrik| vf/dkjRoa i`"BkReda foospuh;e~A

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144

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VA I 01 Path 1 6

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VA-I-01

1 vkfnr% ckáiz;Rufooj.kkUra laKkizdj.ke~

iqjksokd~ µ izks- ih-,u- 'kkL=kh 03

izFke% ikB% 07&22

f}rh;% ikB% 23&46

r`rh;% ikB% 47&71

prqFkZ% ikB% 72&92

i×Óe% ikB% 93&115

"k"B% ikB% 116&144

izFkeeqæ.ke~ µ 2010 (50 izr;%)

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

12-08-2015 (izks- ih-,u-'kkL=kh)

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

1-3-2 eÄõykpj.kL; Hksnk%

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ý- ^rnqDrh%* bR;L; dkS }kS vFkkSZ\

þ- ifjiwoZdL; Hkwèkkrks% dks'kkr~ dks¿FkZ% fuèkZkfjrks Hkofr\

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© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

1- eÄõyL; gsrqrkfo"k;s ^U;k;fl¼kUreqDrkoyh* nz‘O;kA

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

3- ^euksjeksek¼Znsga* bfr dL; dL; fo'ks"k.ke~\

4- ^y?kq'kCnsUnq'ks[kje~* vL; foxzgokD;a fda Hkofr\

5- ^ifjHkkO;* bR;L;kFkZ% d%\

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© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

2-3-2 ,"kka ukekUrjkf.k

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

2-4-1 ^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kk.kka laKklw=kRoçfriknue~

^vbm.k~* bR;kfnlw=kk.kka laKklw=kRoa Hkorhfr Hkoku~ ifjKkroku~A Hkoku~

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

2-4-3 ^vbm.k~* bR;knko{kjlekEuk;O;ogkjgsrq%

2- ekgs'ojlw=kk.kka pRokj% i;kZ;okfpu% 'kCnk% ns;k%A

3- lw=kkf.k dfr foèkkfu HkofUr\ ,da fpfÉra dq#A

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2015

5- ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhuka lw=kk.kka "kM~foèks"kq lw=ks"kq DokUrHkkZoks Hkofr\ ,da fpÉsu

6- ^^vbm.k~** bR;knhuka laKklw=kRoa dFka Hkofr\ ,dsu okD;su mÙkja nsfgA

7- ^^LoStl~** bR;L; dhn`'ka lw=kRoe~] okD;};su mÙkja nsfgA

8- dq=k lafgrk fuR;k dq=k pkfuR;k bfr Kkida 'yksda fy[kA

9- vbm.k~ bR;=k dhn`'ka okD;efLrA ,da fpfÉra dq#A

10- vbm.k~ bR;knkS lqcqRifÙk% dFka u Hkofr\ i×pfHkoZkD;S#Ùkja nsfgA

d- vke~ ---------------------------------------- [k- u ---------------------------------------