P.E.

S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MANDYA

(An Autonomous Institute under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

SYNOPSIS ON

“Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Automating Toll

Collection and Highway Street Lights ”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of the
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING DEGREE

Submitted by
Shraddha M P 4PS20EC113
Suchitra H R 4PS20EC124
Vimala C J 4PS20EC148
Zuha Rabiya Khan 4PS20EC153

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Spoorthy M R
Assistant Professor of ECE Dept.,
PESCE
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering P.E.S.
College of Engineering, Mandya.
2023-2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. ABSTRACT 01
2. INTRODUCTION 01-02
3. LITERATURE SURVEY 03-04
4. PROBLEM STATEMENT 05
5. OBJECTIVES 05
6. METHODOLOGY 06-08
7. BLOCKS OF THE SYSTEMS 09
8. PROPOSED COMPONENTS AND
COST OF THE ESTIMATION 10
9. REFERENCES 11
Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

ABSTRACT
This project utilizes piezoelectric sensors at toll gates to capture mechanical energy from
moving vehicles, converting it into electricity. The generated power is then employed to automate
toll collection systems, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing congestion. Additionally,
the harvested energy is utilized to power street lighting along the highway, enhancing road safety
while minimizing energy consumption and maintenance costs. By integrating piezoelectric energy
harvesting with toll collection automation and street lighting, the project promotes sustainability
and efficiency in transportation infrastructure. Benefits include reduced carbon footprint, enhanced
energy efficiency, and improved infrastructure reliability. This integrated approach showcases the
potential for innovative solutions in sustainable development, demonstrating the feasibility of
leveraging piezoelectric technology for multiple applications in transportation and urban
infrastructure. Collaboration between engineering, energy management, and transportation sectors
drives the advancement of green technologies and paves the way for more environmentally friendly
infrastructure solutions.

INTRODUCTION
The rapid urbanization and increasing demand for energy-efficient solutions have propelled
the exploration of innovative technologies to revolutionize urban infrastructure. One such
groundbreaking initiative is the integration of piezoelectric energy harvesting into two vital aspects
of urban life: automatic toll collection systems and highway street lighting. This project delves
into the transformative potential of piezoelectric elements strategically embedded in key locations,
capturing the latent mechanical energy generated by the daily flow of vehicles and pedestrians. By
harnessing this ambient energy, the project aims to redefine the conventional models of toll
collection and street lighting, paving the way for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious
urban landscape.

At the core of the endeavour lies a sophisticated piezoelectric energy harvesting system,
incorporating cutting-edge materials and devices. The strategic placement of piezoelectric
elements in toll booth areas and along highways ensures optimal exposure to mechanical
vibrations, allowing for efficient conversion into electrical energy. This holistic approach to energy
harvesting seeks to not only streamline toll collection processes but also address the energy
demands of highway street lighting. The integration of advanced energy storage solutions further

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Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

enhances the reliability of the system, promising a consistent power supply for these critical urban
functions.

The significance of this project extends beyond its technological innovation; it embodies a
commitment to environmental responsibility and sustainable development. By reducing carbon
footprint and lessening dependence on non-renewable energy sources, the integration of
piezoelectric energy harvesting aligns with global initiatives for a cleaner and greener future. As
urban areas increasingly grapple with energy consumption challenges, this project represents a
pioneering step toward reimagining urban infrastructure and promoting a more sustainable,
resilient, and eco-friendly urban environment .

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 Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

LITERATURE SURVEY

 Asokan V,Indhumathi G, Sowmiyasri A, Sumayyah S, Vidhyasri S, "RSSI Based Smart

Tollgate Billing System", (2023) 9th International Conference on Smart Structures and
Systems (ICSSS).
The project aims to enhance toll accounting through RSSI technology, enabling automatic
tolling and authentication. A single wireless device tracks vehicle position, reducing errors. Upon
entry, the device reads the vehicle ID, debits road tax, and sends payment details via SMS. Unique
IPs aid theft detection.
 Ahmed Tamim Zabir Prince, Dipta Paul, Zahid Hasan Khoka, Md. Samannur Hasan,
Arshad Uddin Afnan, Asif Ahmed, "Smart Prepaid Toll Management System Using RFID"
(2023) 7th International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and
Automation (ICCUBEA).
This system is an automatic toll collection process where users don’t need to pay the money
manually. Contactless RFID card will be detected by the RFID reader to cut a specific amount of
toll charge from the user account. In case of emergencies like no balance user can take loan upto
certain amount or they can recharge in the toll booth itself.

 Moaiad Ahmad Khder, Kareem Abbas Dawood, Rozin Badeel Abdal, Sarah Abdulrahman
Alqaisy "Automated Road Toll Collection and Vehicle Tracking (ARTCVT) Using Advanced
RFID and GSM Technology" 2022 SU International Conference in Emerging Technologies
for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems (ICETSIS).
In this paper, they proposed using of advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and
Global System for Mobile (GSM) technology (ARTCVT) to automate road toll collection and
vehicle tracking to eliminate delays on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically, as well as to
automatically track vehicles that violate rules, Automatic process of toll collection will save time,
effort, and manpower.

 Bhuvanesh M, Gokul S, Manirathinam M, Dr. M.V. Molykutty, Dr. G. Puthilibai,

"PIEZOELECTRIC PAVEMENT" (2020) International Conference on Power, Energy,
Control and Transmission Systems (ICPECTS).
The paper advocates eco-friendly electricity production through the piezoelectric effect in
roadways. Utilizing transducers beneath the roadbed, it captures energy from vehicle vibrations,
providing a sustainable solution for minor power demands and street lighting. The method, based
on consumer participation, eliminates the need for an external energy source, offering a
revolutionary energy concept.

 T. Prathyusha, B.Sridhar, T. Jagadeesh, Y.Swarna Deepika "Design an IOT Based Highway

Toll Plaza System" 2023 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics
and Computer Science.
This paper proposes an automatic toll collection system using RFID and the Internet of
Things (IoT). Sensors and RFID tags connected to Arduino identify vehicles and deduct tolls from
their accounts via an IoT server. This eliminates cash handling, reduces queues, and saves fuel. By
leveraging RFID and IoT, this solution aims to significantly improve toll plaza efficiency and user
experience.

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 Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

 Sajal Sahu, Virendara Kumar Verma, Giriraj Yadav, Suresh Kumar Gawre, Riya Arya,
Agnoor Hema, Ritu Verma, "Piezoelectric Based Power Generation For Portable Charging
System" (2023) IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and
Computer Science.
This paper proposes harnessing energy from footsteps using the piezoelectric effect. It suggests
integrating piezoelectric technology into flooring, capturing energy from human mobility,
especially in densely populated countries like China and India. The footstep power generating
system utilizes sensors in high-traffic areas, converting mechanical energy into electricity for
practical use in places like footpaths, malls, and treadmills.

 Vikas D. Patil, Ranjeet R. Suryawanshi, Vinay S. Mandlik, Ramchandra K. Gurav "Micro-

Generator Based Power Harvesting Tiles" 2022 International Conference on Recent Trends
in Microelectronics, Automation, Computing and Communications Systems (ICMACC).
This article explores generating electricity from human footsteps, leveraging wasted energy
from walking. Pedestrians in designated areas will contribute to producing electricity through
micro-generators converting their weight into power. The paper proposes this as a renewable
energy source, particularly in densely populated areas, highlighting its relocatable nature and
potential to address rising energy demands.

 Ramanamma P, M. Jayanthi, Anuj M A, A. Dharmik Sai Reddy, Devu Maheswar Reddy, G.

Pavan Kalyan Reddy, "Footsteps Based Sustainable Energy Generation and Consumption
System", Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and
Smart Energy (ICAIS 2023).
This project proposes harnessing human locomotion energy, specifically walking, jumping,
and running, using piezoelectric sensors. The generated power is stored for essential use, such as
charging smartphones securely with RFID. This model is particularly suited for highly
pedestrianized areas like India, offering an eco-friendly approach to energy generation for
applications like lighting, notice boards, and gyms.

 Dr.P.Hema Chandu, A.Venkata Vinay, K.N.D. Jagadeesh, S. S. V. Kanaka Raju, V.G.Mani

Sharan, "Footstep Micro-Level Power Generation", (2022) 3rd International Conference on
Communication, Computing and Industry 4.0 (C2I4).
In this paper, we presented an ideology for designing & implementing micro-level power
generation to achieve reliable & sufficient amounts of power by using piezoelectric transducers.
Based on the principle of converting mechanical pressure into electrical energy. The main intention
is to draw the required amount of power by using the mechanical press through sources like
footsteps, and vehicles to produce and continuous power supply to satisfy our basic needs.

 Logeshwaran M, J.Joselin Jeya Sheela M.E., (Ph.D.), Parvathi Priya A M.Sc., M.Phil.,(Ph.D.)
"A High-Efficiency Power Generator by Footsteps Using Piezoelectric Effect" Proceedings
of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS-
2022) IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22OAB-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0052-7.
This paper tackles the growing energy demand by presenting a piezoelectric generator that
converts foot traffic vibrations into electricity. Embedded in floors, these generators harvest energy
from people walking, storing it in batteries and boosting it for use. The proposed system offers a
cost-effective and easily implemented solution, especially in highly populated areas, contributing
to renewable energy generation.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
The current urban infrastructure faces challenges of energy inefficiency and environmental
impact in automatic toll collection and highway street lighting. Traditional power sources contribute
to carbon emissions, and conventional systems lack sustainability. This project addresses these
issues by introducing an innovative solution-integrated piezoelectric energy harvesting. By
strategically embedding piezoelectric elements, the project seeks to capture and convert mechanical
vibrations into electrical energy, revolutionizing toll collection and street lighting. The problem
statement emphasizes the need for sustainable alternatives in urban infrastructure to reduce
environmental impact and enhance energy efficiency.

This initiative aims to mitigate the reliance on non-renewable energy sources, providing a
cleaner and greener approach to essential urban functions. The project tackles the environmental
challenges posed by conventional energy consumption in toll systems and street lighting, offering a
transformative solution for a more sustainable urban future. By harnessing ambient mechanical
energy, the integration of piezoelectric technology addresses the pressing need for eco-friendly
alternatives in urban infrastructure development.

OBJECTIVES
1. Energy Harvesting Efficiency: Develop efficient piezoelectric energy harvesting systems capable
of capturing and converting mechanical energy from moving vehicles at toll gates into electrical
power with high efficiency.

2. Toll Collection Automation: Implement automated toll collection systems powered by harvested
energy, aiming to streamline toll collection processes, reduce manual interventions, and alleviate
congestion at toll gates.

3. Street Lighting Optimization: Utilize the harvested energy to power highway street lighting,
enhancing road safety and visibility for drivers while minimizing energy consumption and
maintenance costs associated with traditional lighting systems.

4. Sustainability and Environmental Impact: Demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of

integrating piezoelectric energy harvesting technology into transportation infrastructure to promote
sustainability, reduce carbon footprint, and advance green technologies in urban development.

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 Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

METHODOLOGY
Methodology for Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting in Toll Collection and Street Lighting:

I. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System:

A. Piezoelectric Effect: The piezoelectric effect is a fascinating property exhibited by certain

crystals and ceramics, such as quartz and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). When these
materials experience mechanical stress or pressure, their internal structure undergoes
deformation, leading to the generation of an electric charge across their surfaces. This
phenomenon is reversible; applying an electric field to the material can induce mechanical
deformation, a concept known as the inverse piezoelectric effect. This remarkable ability to
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy (and vice versa) has numerous practical
applications. Piezoelectric materials find use in sensors for measuring pressure,
acceleration, and force. They are integral components in ultrasound transducers, converting
electrical signals into mechanical vibrations for medical imaging and therapeutic purposes.
Additionally, piezoelectric actuators are employed in precise positioning systems and nano-
positioning applications. Beyond these applications, the
piezoelectric effect has implications in energy harvesting, where ambient vibrations or
mechanical movements can be converted into electrical energy. This environmentally
friendly approach is explored for powering small electronic devices or sensors in remote
locations. The piezoelectric effect stands as a testament to the intricate interplay between
mechanical and electrical properties in certain crystalline structures, enabling a diverse
array of technological advancements.
B. Connection of Piezoelectric sensors: TCT configuration is formed by connecting all nodes
of rows in SP configuration. In TCT configuration, the voltages of all nodes and also the
sum of currents in different junctions are equal.

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 Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

Figure 1: TCT Configuration

In SP configuration, the modules are connected in series to each other to reach the required
voltage and then these series connections are connected in parallel to each other.

Figure 2: SP Configuration

In BL configuration, every four modules are connected to each other in the form of a
rectifier bridge in which at first two modules are connected in series and then in parallel to
each other.

II. RFID Technology for Automatic Toll Collection:

RFID (radio frequency identification) is a form of wireless communication that incorporates

the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person. Every RFID system
consists of three components: a scanning antenna, a transceiver and a transponder. When the
scanning antenna and transceiver are combined, they are referred to as an RFID reader or

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 Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

interrogator. There are two types of RFID readers -- fixed readers and mobile readers. The
RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be portable or permanently attached. It
uses radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once activated, the tag sends a wave
back to the antenna, where it is translated into data. The transponder is in the RFID tag itself.
The read range for RFID tags varies based on factors including the type of tag, type of reader,
RFID frequency and interference in the surrounding environment or from other RFID tags and
readers. Tags that have a stronger power source also have a longer read range.

III. Data Acquisition and Analysis:

1. Monitor energy generation and consumption: Continuously monitor and record energy
generated by the piezoelectric system and energy consumption of the toll collection and street
lighting systems.
2. Analyse system performance: Evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated system in terms of
energy generation, toll collection efficiency, street lighting sustainability, and overall
environmental impact.
3. Refine and improve the system: Based on data analysis, identify areas for improvement and
implement modifications to enhance energy output, system efficiency, and overall performance.

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Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

Figure 3: Block diagram of proposed system

Figure 4: Toll gate system

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 Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

PROPOSED COMPONENTS USED AND COST OF THE PROJECT

The total cost of the project amounts to approximately two thousand and
five hundred (2500) ensuring an efficient and cost-effective solution for
addressing the challenges of Alzheimer’s Patients care.

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 Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 2023-24

REFERENCES
[1] Asokan V, Indhumathi G, Sowmiyasri A, Sumayyah S, Vidhyasri S, "RSSI Based Smart
Tollgate Billing System", (2023) 9th International Conference on Smart Structures and
Systems (ICSSS).

[2] Ahmed Tamim Zabir Prince, Dipta Paul, Zahid Hasan Khoka, Md. Samannur Hasan, Arshad
Uddin Afnan, Asif Ahmed, "Smart Prepaid Toll Management System Using RFID" (2023)
7th International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation
(ICCUBEA).

[3] Moaiad Ahmad Khder, Kareem Abbas Dawood, Rozin Badeel Abdal, Sarah Abdulrahman
Alqaisy "Automated Road Toll Collection and Vehicle Tracking (ARTCVT) Using
Advanced RFID and GSM Technology" 2022 SU International Conference in Emerging
Technologies for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems (ICETSIS).

[4] Bhuvanesh M, Gokul S, Manirathinam M, Dr. M.V. Molykutty, Dr. G. Puthilibai,

"PIEZOELECTRIC PAVEMENT" (2020) International Conference on Power, Energy,
Control and Transmission Systems (ICPECTS).

[5] T. Prathyusha, B.Sridhar, T. Jagadeesh, Y.Swarna Deepika "Design an IOT Based Highway
Toll Plaza System" 2023 IEEE International Student’s Conference on Electrical, Electronics
and Computer Science.

[6] Sajal Sahu, Virendara Kumar Verma, Giriraj Yadav, Suresh Kumar Gawre, Riya Arya, Agnoor
Hema, Ritu Verma, "Piezoelectric Based Power Generation For Portable Charging
System" (2023) IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and
Computer Science.

[7] Vikas D. Patil, Ranjeet R. Suryawanshi, Vinay S. Mandlik, Ramchandra K. Gurav "Micro-
Generator Based Power Harvesting Tiles" 2022 International Conference on Recent Trends
in Microelectronics, Automation, Computing and Communications Systems (ICMACC).

[8] Ramanamma P, M. Jayanthi, Anuj M A, A. Dharmik Sai Reddy, Devu Maheswar Reddy, G.
Pavan Kalyan Reddy, "Footsteps Based Sustainable Energy Generation and Consumption
System", Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and
Smart Energy (ICAIS 2023).

[9] Dr.P.Hema Chandu, A.Venkata Vinay, K.N.D. Jagadeesh, S. S. V. Kanaka Raju, V.G.Mani
Sharan, "Footstep Micro-Level Power Generation", (2022) 3rd International Conference on
Communication, Computing and Industry 4.0 (C2I4).

[10] Logeshwaran M, J.Joselin Jeya Sheela M.E., (Ph.D.), Parvathi Priya A M.Sc., M.Phil.,(Ph.D.)
"A High-Efficiency Power Generator by Footsteps Using Piezoelectric Effect" Proceedings
of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS-
2022) IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22OAB-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-0052-7.

Guide Name: Mrs. Spoorthy M R

Signature:

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