Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stucor Ma3351 Er
Stucor Ma3351 Er
MA3351
DOWNLOADED FROM STUCOR APP
dz dz
In this type take u x ay and put p & qa we get complete solution.
du du
Standard type (3): Equation of the form f x, p g y, q
In this type take f x, p a g y , q and the solution is z p dx q dy s
Standard form (4): Equation of the form z px qy f p, q (Clairaut’s form)
The complete integral is z ax by f a, b . To find singular integral differentiate
partially with respect a and b. and eliminate a and b from the above three equation.
P
02. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation
( x 2 y 2 z 2 , ax by cz ) 0
AP
03. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation
( x 2 y 2 z 2 , x y z) 0
2 z 2 z 2 z (3 x 4 y )
11. Solve 3 2 e sin(4 x 3 y ).
x 2
xy y 2
(2 x 3 y )
12. Solve D 3 D 2 D ' 4 DD '2 4 D '3 z cos(2 x y ) e
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
DEFINITIONS
P
01. Dirichlet’s condition for Fourier series
A function f x can be expanded as a Fourier series in a x b if
AP
1. f x is well defined and single valued function.
ii. At a point of discontinuity x 0 , the series converges to the average of the left limit and right
limit of f x at x 0
1
i.e. f ( x0 ) lim f ( x0 h) lim f ( x0 h)
2 h 0 h 0
U
2 n 1
2 2 2
f x dx, a n f x cos nx dx, bn f x sin nx dx,
1 1 1
a0
0
0
0
f x dx, a n f x cos nx dx, bn f x sin nx dx,
1 1 1
a0
In the interval, we have to verify the function is either odd or even function. If it is even function
then find only a 0 , and a n bn 0 . If it is odd function then find only bn a 0 and a n 0 .
If the function is neither odd nor even then you should find a 0 , a n and bn
P
l l l l l l l l
In the interval, we have to verify the function is either odd or even function. If it is even function
AP
then find only a 0 , and a n bn 0 . If it is odd function then find only bn a 0 and a n 0 .
If the function is neither odd nor even then you should find a 0 , a n and bn
07. Half range Fourier sine series expansion of f x in the interval 0,
f x bn sin nx Where,
n 1
R
f x sin nx dx,
2
bn
CO
0
08. Half range Fourier sine series expansion of f x in the interval 0, l
nx
f x bn sin Where,
n 1 l
nx
l
U
bn f x sin
2
dx,
l 0 l
09. Half range Fourier cosine series expansion of f x in the interval 0,
ST
a0
f x a n cos nx Where,
2 n 1
10. Half range Fourier cosine series expansion of f x in the interval 0, l
a0
nx
f x a n cos Where,
2 n 1 l
nx
l l
a 0 f x dx, a n f x cos
2 2
dx,
l 0 l 0 l
11. Root mean square value of a function f x in the range a, b
f ( x) dx
2
ba
If f x is a periodic function with period 2l , defined in (c, c 2 ) and it has the Fourier series,
a0 nx nx
a n cos bn sin Then,
2 n 1 l l
c 2l
1
2
1
c f ( x ) 2
dx
a0
a n bn
2 2
2l 4 2 n 1
P
13. Complex form of Fourier series f x in the interval 0, 2
AP
2
f x e
1
f x c e inx
Where, c n inx
dx
2
n
n 0
f x e
1
f x c e inx
Where, c n inx
dx
2
n
n
inx inx
l
f x f x e l dx
1
c
n
n e l Where, c n
2l l
ST
2x
When the values of x is given as numbers the is calculated by
T
Where T is period, N is the number of values given. If the first and last Y values are same we can
omit one of them.
P
........
12 2 2 3 2 6
04. Find the Fourier series of the function f x 1 cos x in x .
AP
1 1 2
05. Find the Fourier sine series for f x 1 in 0 x . .Hence P.T 1 .....
32 5 2 8
06. Expand f x x x 2 , 0 x as a Fourier cosine series.
10. Compute the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of f x given the following data
f(x)
1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
U
11. Find the Fourier series for y f (x) up to second harmonics from the data table :
X x0 1 2 3 4 5
ST
y9 1 8 24 28 26 20
12. The following table gives the vibration of periodic current over a period
t(sec)
0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T
A(amp)
1.98 1.30 1.06 1.30 -0.88 -0.5 1.98
1 1 1 4
13. Find the Fourier series of y x 2 in ( , ) . Hence show that .....
14 2 4 3 4 90
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
01. The one dimensional wave equation is
2 y 2 u
2
AP
t 2 x 2
T
Weknow that 2 , where
M
T: Tension.
M:
R
Mass of the string.
The three solutions of wave equation are
CO
i.
y( x, t ) Ae x Be x ce at De at
ii. y ( x, t ) A cos x B sin x c cos at D sin at
iii. y ( x, t ) Ax B ct D
U
i.
u ( x, t ) Ae x Be x Ce
2
2t
ii.
iii. u ( x, t ) Ax B C
The suitable solution of one dimensional Heat equation is
P
i.
u ( x, y) Ae x Be x C cos y D sin y s
AP
(Applicable when given value is parallel to y-axis)
ii.
u ( x, y) A cos x B sin x Ce y De y
(Applicable when given value is parallel to y-axis)
iii. u ( x, y ) Ax B Cy D
R
(Not Applicable)
CO
PROBLEM BASED ON DEFINITIONS
2 z z z
01. Solve 2 0 by the method of separation of variables
x 2
x y
u u
02. Using the method of separation of variables, solve 2 u , where u ( x, 0) 6 e3 x
x t
U
y
2
y
2
03. Solve the One Dimensional Wave equation 2 c 2 2 by the method of separation of variables
t x
ST
u u
2
04. Solve the One Dimensional Heat equation 2 2 by the method of separation of variables
t x
u u
2 2
05. Solve the Two Dimensional Heat equation 2 2 0 by the method of separation of variables
x y
06. A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fixed at both ends. The mid-point of the string is displaced by a
distance ‘b’ transversely and the string is released from rest in this position. Find the displacement of
any point of the string at any subsequent time.
07. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x 0 and x l is initially in a position given by
y( x,0) 3x(l x) . If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement y at any time and
08. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x 0 and x l is initially in a position given by
x
y x, 0 y 0 sin 3 . It is released from rest it that position. Find the expression for the displacement
l
at any time t
09. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x 0 and x l is initially at rest in the equilibrium
position. If it is set vibrating by giving each point a velocity kx (l x) for 0 x l . Find the
displacement function y( x, t )
10. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is given a
kx 0 x l/2
velocity v such that v . Find the displacement function y( x, t )
k (l x) l / 2 x l
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
01. Fourier integral theorem.
If f (x) is the piecewise continuously differentiable and absolutely integrable in (-∞, ∞) then,
AP
f x
1
f (t ). cos (t x)dt.d
0
(Or)
f x
1
f (t ).e
is ( x t )
dt.ds
2
R
02. Convolution Theorem
If F[s] and G[s] are the Fourier transform of the functions f ( x) and g( x) respectively, then convolution
CO
of f (x) and g (x) is the product of their Fourier transforms
i.e F f x * g x F s . G s , where
1
f *g
2
f (t ).g ( x t ).dt .
F f x F s And F g x G s
U
03. Fourier transform F s
1
f ( x) e
isx
dx.
ST
2
04. Inverse Fourier transform f x
1
F (s)e
isx
ds.
2
05. The Fourier transforms and Inverse Fourier transforms are called Fourier transforms pairs.
08. Results:
i. If , then Fourier sine and cosine transform is given below
2 s
a) Fs ( s)
s a 2
2
a 2
b) Fc ( s)
s a2 2
Fs x f ( x) F f x
d
ii.
ds c
F x f ( x) F f x
d
iii.
c ds s
09. Parseval’s identities
F ( s) ds.
2 2
i. f ( x) dx. f
P
AP
11. Basic formulae
e ax
i. e cosbx dx
ax
a cosbx b sin bx
a2 b2
e ax
e sin bx dx
ax
a sin bx b cosbx
ii.
R
a2 b2
u dv u v u v1 u v2 u v3 u v4 ... (Bernoulli’s formula)
' '' '' ' '' ' '
iii.
CO
2
is s2
iv. ax isx ax 2
2
2a 4a
x2
v. 0 e dx 2
f x f x then f x is Even Function
U
vi.
vii. f x f x Then f x is Odd Function.
ST
1 x 1
sin t 2
sin
02. Find the Fourier transform of f (x)
0, x 1
. Hence evaluate
0 t2
dt and
0
d .
1 x , 1 x 1 sin 4 t
03. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) . And hence find the value of 4 dt . And
0, otherwise 0 t
2
sin t
0 t dt
a 2 x 2 , if x a
sin t t cos t
04. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) . And evaluate dt ,
0, if x a 0 t3
2
sin t t cos t sin s s cos s s 3
0 t 3 dt . Hence prove that cos ds
0 2
3
s 16
x2
a 2 x2
05. Find the Fourier transform of e . Hence show that the function is e 2 self-reciprocal.
x2 dx
06. Use any Fourier transform method to evaluate 2 dx and
0 x a x b 0 x a x b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
dx x2
07. Using Parseval’s identity, evaluate x
0
2
a2
2
and
a2
2 x
dx.
0
2
P
x, : 0 x 1
08. Find the Fourier cosine and sine transform of f (x) 2 x : 1 x 2 .
AP
0, : x 2
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
DEFINITIONS
P
01. Definition of Z transform
Let f n be the sequence defined for all the positive integers ‘n’ such that Z f n f n z
AP
n
n0
Z 1
z
1.
R
z 1
Z 1
z
CO
2.
z 1
3.
Z an
z
za
z
Z n
U
4.
z 12
z2
Z n 1
ST
5.
z 12
1 z
6. Z log
n z 1
n z2
7. Z cos
2 z2 1
n z
8. Z sin
2 z 1
2
n z2
9. Z a n cos
2 z2 a2
n az
10. Z a n sin
2 z a2
2
P
n
And by the definition of Convolution of two functions f n g n f k g n k
AP
k 0
06. (a) Z y n Y Z
(b) Z y n 1 z Y Z z y 0
a n 1 (1 r n 1 )
Sn , if r 1 ,
1 r
U
t2
where r
t1
ST
1 1
01. Find the Z transform of i. a n ii. n iii. iv. v. n 2
n n!
1
vi. cos n vii. sin n viii. r n cos n ix. r n sin n x.
n n 1
02. State and prove the initial and final value theorem on Z transform.
z2
05. Using partial fraction method, find Z 1 .
z 2( z 4)
2
8z 2
06. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of .
2 z 1(4 z 1)
z2
07. Using convolution theorem, find Z 1 2
z a
z2
08. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of .
z a ( z b)
P
8z 2
09. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z transform of .
2 z 1(4 z 1)
AP
z 2 3z
10. Find Z 1 by residue method.
( z 2)( z 5)
z2 z
11. Find the inverse Z transform of . using residues.
z 13
R
12. Solve using Z transform, y n 2 3 y n1 10 y n 0 given y 0 1 and y1 0
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST
P
AP
R
CO
U
ST