Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Tarlac City

S123/S121L:
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
(LABORATORY)

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 1

GRAPHS AND PROPORTION
(DIAGNOSTIC)

SUBMITTED BY:
CANLAS, Mark Rafael G.
CARANTO, Kirby F.
CORTEZ, Gracelyn A.
CUNANAN, Ahkira G.
DAGUIO, Fiona Aise F.

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Luis Angelo B. Lacson
Lecturer
 I. Introduc+on

Physics is a broad field of study with a vast range of learning outcomes. It encompasses both tangible
and intangible aspects, formulated through experiments, experiences, and observa=ons to derive
verifiable conclusions, theories, or hypotheses. In this laboratory experiment, we will conduct a diagnos=c
test on graphs and propor=ons to comprehend the rela=onship between dependent and independent
variables. Addi=onally we will be u=lizing various circular objects to enhance the analy=c scope of our
experiment. This hands-on approach provides a prac=cal and insighCul explora=on of the interplay of
physics concepts.

II. Objec+ves

The primary objec=ve of this laboratory experiment are the following:

• Define physics graphs and explain linear and nonlinear rela=onships.

• Differen=ate dependent and independent variables, understanding slope and its link to
propor=onality constants.
• State the symbolic rela=onship for a straight line and define the general form of a parabola.
• Demonstrate the transforma=on of a parabola into a straight line.
III. Theory of Discussion

This sec=on will provide a comprehensive technical defini=ons used in this laboratory experiment.
Measurements are the values we use to describe the size or quan=ty of something, like length, width, or
weight which can be expressed in either Metric System or English System. A graph is a visual representa=on
of data, showing how one thing relates to another. Slope is how steep or slanted a line is on a graph which
can be computed mathema=cally through “rise over run” or the change in y divided by the change in x.
Circumference is the distance around a circle, like the outer edge. The area of a circle is the amount of
space it takes up inside the circumference. The ra=o is a way of comparing two quan==es. It tells us how
many =mes one quan=ty is contained within another. A propor=on is a statement that two ra=os are equal.
A constant ra=o means that the rela=onship between two quan==es always stays the same. If you double
one, the other doubles too, and so on. In mathema=cs, a change is the change of two values; whether it
increases or decreases. These terminologies are one of the important part in order to achieve a structured
and well-defined experiment.
IV. Data Equipment/ Supplies

Corned Beef

Tumbler

Plas+c Container

Milcu Container

Five Peso Coin

Ring

Lip+nt
 V. Data Collec+on/ Actual Laboratory

Table 1.1 and Graphical Representa+on

Graph 1.1 shows the ploRed values of the independent variable (diameter) and the dependent
variable (circumference). Graph 1.1 shows that the rela=onship of the diameters (D) and circumference
(C) of the different circle is linear and propor=onal. It also shows a constant ra=o of π or 3.14 and a
constant slope of 3.14
 Table 1.2 and Graphical Representa+on

In Table 1.2, the graph describes the ploRed points as non-linear as the points have
inconsistencies. The slope changes according to the rela=onship between the dependent ( circumference
as x) and independent (diameter as y) variable.

The Slope of the Best Fit Line

As we looked into the graphs (graph 1 & 2), it is expected that, since graph 1 is calcuted using a
formula, it is presented as a linear graph and concluded with an accurate result while in the second
graph which is manually measured by measuring tape, shows that there is discrepancies while doing that
process that's why there's is a gap in the graph.
 Table 2.1 and Graphical Representa+on

Graph 2.1 shows the ploRed values of the radius (r) and area (A). It shows a nonlinear rela=onship of
the radius (r) and the area (A) of the circle with a slope of 14.90. The slope of the curve is not constant
and is different in each point. The graph also shows a propor=onal rela=onship of the radius and area of
the circles in which the graph is rising upwards.
 Table 2.2 and Graphical Representa+on

In table 2.2, the graph shows a linear ploRed points as the slopes of both independent and
dependent variables have the same value. The slope has a value of π (3.14).

VI. Report and discussion

7.1. Discuss the results and determine where errors might have occurred
Errors and Inconsistencies could be no=ced if the graphs and values are compared to the
computed and manual method. Values that are computed (technically) are more reliable than
the data collected manually. The error (differences in values compared to the previous table)
o^en appear in the measurements (diameter, circumference and radius).
7.2. Name the dependent and independent variables in each graph.
In graphical representa=on 1, the dependent variables are the circumference (C) and the
independent variable are the diameter (D) of each circular objects. This independent and
dependent variables used in graph 1 are also the same variables used in the graph 2 while in the
graphical representa=ons 3 and 4, the working dependent variables are the areas (A) and the
independent variables are the radius (R).
7.3. What did you measure to get data for table 1.2?

Everything follows in ge`ng the data needed in table 1.2 a^er we measured the
circumference of each circular objects. We used those measurements to get the Radius (R),
Radius Squared (R²), the Area (A) and ra=o (A/R)

7.4. Base on the data table 1.1, what is the diameter of a coconut tree with a 50 cm
circumference
The diameter of a coconut with a 5 cm circumference would be 15.92 cm.
7.5. What would be the UNITS (not the numbers) for the slope of a graph that plots seconds as
the independent variable and meters as the dependent variable.
If “seconds” would be independent variable, where independent variable to the abscissa, and
the dependent variable is meters, where dependent variable is the coordinate, and through the
∆" $%&%'(
formula of the slope ∆# , therefore, (%)*+,( or m/s would be the units.
7.6. What is the connec+on between the slope of the line in Procedure 1 and the ra+o of
circumference to diameter?
The slope of a line in a plot of circumference versus diameter of a circle represents the
ra=o of the circumference to the diameter. This ra=o is a constant for any circle and is known as
π (Pi), which is approximately 3.14159.
In other words, if you graph the circumference of various circles against their diameters,
you'll get a straight line. The slope of that line is the value of Pi. This is because the formula for
the circumference of a circle is C=πd, where C is the circumference and d is the diameter. So, the
slope of the line in this case represents the constant ra=o of circumference to diameter, which is
Pi.
7.7. How do the slopes of the two graphs in procedure 1 compare? What would you expect the
slope of graph 2 (table 1, 2) to be?
Table 1.1 have all the same values of slope (3.14), the same in table 2. This is to conclude
that both graphs is linear. Table 1.2 is expected at first to have inconsistent values in the slope as
it is measured manually, however as the results implied, the slope is the same within the
independent and dependent variable on each given.
7.8. Is the rela+onship between the circumference and the diameter of a circle a linear
rela+onship? Explain your answer.
The rela=onship between the circumference and the diameter is a linear rela=onship
which can be seen when you create a graph with the circumference being the dependent
variable and the diameter being the independent variable. These variables when ploRed in a
cartesian plane with different values will form a straight line and when the value of the diameter
changes, the value of the circumference also changes propor=onally.
7.9. State in words the rela+onship between the area and its radius.
The rela=onship between the area and the radius of the circle is directly propor=onal. As the
radius increases, the area of the circle also increases. The rela=onship of two is given by the
formula A = πr² where the area (A) increases quadra=cally as the radius (r) increases.
 VII. Conclusion

In conclusion, we determined the ordered pairs and ploRed the graphs using mathema=cal
rela=onships and some manual processes. From the data, graphs, and mathema=cal equa=ons we
concluded and used, we were able to successfully determine the rela=onship between the
circumference and diameter of a circle and the area and diameter of a circle. Through observa=ons from
the data we have, the first graph shows the rela=onship of diameters and circumference is linear as well
as propor=onal with a constant ra=o of π (3.14) and also a constant slope of π (3.14). On the other hand,
graph 2 shows a non-linear rela=onship but is propor=onal in its radius and the area of circles, in which
the graph is increasing. In the ploRed values in graph 3, the slope of the curve is not constant, showing a
propor=onal rela=onship between the radius and area of circles. Lastly, as we've concluded, graph 4 is
linear with a rounded slope of π (3.14).

Our data were fairly close to the other groups. The slopes for mathema=cal models only differed by
small significance. This difference could be caused by improper measurements, or simply because other
groups had wider or narrower ranges of data and different units of measurements.