Unit 5) Aldehyde Ketone and Carboxylic Acid

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids are carbonyl

compounds which contain a carbon-oxygen double bond.

Aldehydes are organic compounds

which have the functional group
-CHO.

Ketones are organic compounds which

have the functional group C=O and the
structure R-(C=O)-R

Carboxylic acids are organic

compounds that contain a (C=O)OH
group attached to an R group (where R
refers to the remaining part of the
molecule).

/-

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 Preparation of Aldehyde and Ketone

By using oxidising agents

1 degree alcohol- Aldehyde
2 degee alcohol ketone

Reduction
Mild
oxidising
agent

By reductive Etard
Ozonolysis rxn

Gattarman
Koch

Rosenmund
Redcn
Stephen’s
Gattarman
reduction

Using
Grignard
reagent

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 Reactions of Aldehyde and Ketone

With reducing agents

Very powerful
reducing With Grignard Reagent
agent. It will
convert
aldehyde
keton alcohol
carboxylic acid
to alkane

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 Reactions of Aldehyde and Ketone

Pinacol

&

&
With alpha
hydrogen Aldol
-

=>

Fi
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 Preparation of Carboxilic Acid

Using very
strong oxidising agent

From
cyanide

From Grignard
Haloform test
reagent

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 Reactions of Carboxilic Acid

And base rxn - salt

Makes
ketone

Strong
reducing agent

Makes
alkane

HvZ Rxn
In presence of Phosphorus
and Halogen(Cl,Br)
Halogen replaces alpha Hydrogen

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 Properties of Aldehyde and ketone

Uses of aldehydes and ketones

Aldehydes and ketones find many applications in
different industries. They are extensively used in the
manufacturing of polymers, blending of perfumes and
also as flavouring agents.

Boiling point: The boiling point of methanal is -19 o C

and for ethanal it is +21 o C. From this, we can say that
the boiling point of ethanal is close to room temperature.
Generally, the boiling point of aldehydes and ketones
increases with an increase in molecular weight.

Solubility: Aldehydes and ketones are soluble in water but

their solubility decreases with an increase in the length of
the chain.

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 Properties of Carboxylic Acid

Uses of Carboxylic Acids

• Higher fatty acids are also used in the manufacture of soaps.

• The production of soft drinks and many other food products involves the use of
many carboxylic acids.
• The manufacture of rubber involves the use of acetic acid as a coagulant.
• Hexanedioic acid is used in the manufacture of nylon-6,6.
• Carboxylic acids have numerous applications in the rubber, textile, and leather
industries.
• Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is a widely used chelating agent.
• The synthesis of many drugs involves the use of these compounds. Therefore,
carboxylic acids are very important in pharmaceuticals.
• The production of many polymers involves the use of compounds containing the
carboxyl functional group.

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

• Carboxylic acid molecules are polar due to the presence of two electronegative
oxygen atoms.
• They also participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of the carbonyl
group (C=O) and the hydroxyl group.
• The solubility of compounds containing the carboxyl functional group in water
depends on the size of the compound. The smaller the compound (the shorter the R
group), the higher the solubility.
• The boiling point of a carboxylic acid is generally higher than that of water.
• These compounds have the ability to donate protons and are therefore Bronsted-
Lowry acids.
• They generally have a strong sour smell. However, their esters have pleasant odours
and are therefore used in perfumes.

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