HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTATION AND 5th INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CONTROLS
-Improvement of 4th industrial revolution
-Humans are working alongside advanced
technology
PRE-HISTORIC Era
-A.I. and robotics
-Stones and wood -We become more human centric
-Instruments are used for existence and survival

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES IN

1st INDUSTRIAL ERA
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
-Mechanization
Instrumentation – Art and science of
-muscles are replaced by machines
measurement and control
-Their intentions was to increase the quality of
life Instrument – device used to measure and
control

2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Automation – Utilization of instrumentation

-Process control
-The need for the continuous presence of the
human observers were also taken care of the
machines.
-Human focuses on creative aspect
-Necessity is the mother of creation
-The downside is the increase of unemployment
system to perform human works
Highly mechanized processes – more on
Mechanical Systems
Chemical processes – More on elements and
chemical
Physical Processes – more on human hand
work

There are several factors that could influence

3rd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
the effectiveness of an automated operations
-Process automation
-Proper design and equipment selection
-Quality over Quantity
-Proper equipment installation and
-We become more conservative of the materials
commissioning
being used
-Good maintenance
-Minimizing the consumption of energy
-Properly trained operating and maintenance
-The downside is it requires more expertise and
staff
higher level of knowledge

4th INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

-Cyberphysical systems
-Use of digital communication
-Internet played a vital role during this era
Benefits of automation -Engineering practice that is directed to the
collection of devices and equipment to control
In the business POV:
processes.
1. Increase production efficiency. Utilizes statistics
2. Increase product quality assurance.
Feedback loop - Is the signal path from the
3. Increase Plant Safety.
output back to the input to correct for any
4. Lower production cost.
variation between the output level from the set
5. Increase real wages of workers.
level.
Basically, in the eyes of the business, it focuses
Controlled/measures variable - It is the
more of ensuring that their service or product is
monitored output variable from a process
at the best quality.
Manipulated Variable - Variable that is varied
Despite of the advantages that automation
by a control signal from the processor to an
processes offers, there will always be a
actuator
disadvantage
Set point - Desired Value of the output
1. Management concern
parameter
-Increase plant investment
-Quality and cost is directly proportional. You Instrument - Is the name of any various device.
cannot increase the quality of you product and
Actuators - Device that are used to control and
expect to lower the cost of its production
input variable in response to a signal from a
controller
2. Manpower concern
Controllers - Devices that takes necessary
-Reduce manpower requirements
action to keep the process within
-Quality product requires qualified workers.
Programmable Logic Controller - Brains of the
systems. Used for decision making and it is a
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM AND PROCESS microprocessor based system
CONTROL PRINCPLE
Error signal - Difference between the set point
and the measured value

Instrumentation System - Two or more Correctional signal - Is the signal used to

instruments connected together to perform a control power to the actuator to set the level of
unified task. the input variables. It is to correct
-Keyword is UNIFIED
Transmitters - devices used to amplify and
-Best and basic example is PROCESS CONTROL
format signals so that they are suitable for
LOOP
transmission over long distances with zero or
Process control - It is the automatic control of minimal loss of information
an output variable by sensing the amplitude of
the output parameter from the process and
comparing it to the desired or set level and
feeding an error signal back to control an input
variable.
Process control is often represented by block 5. CONTROL ELEMENT
diagram. The purpose of the system block
-The outputs of the controller are used to effect
diagram is to decompose the system into
the process and these outputs interface to the
smaller subsystems
control element that exerts a direct influence
Elements of these are: on the process to bring the controlled variable
to the desired setpoint.
1. PROCESS
-Influenced by the controller
-can consist of a complex set of -Inter mediate element in here is the actuator
independent/dependent variables
(temperature, flow rates, pressures, etc) and
these are referred to as multivariable processes.
-“What will happen to the variable?”
-series of interconnected activities or steps
that transform inputs into desired outputs.

2. MEASUREMENT

-Refers to the conversion of the variable being

controlled into some corresponding signal that
represents the state of the controlled variable.
-Sensors play a vital role in taking
measurements. This converts physical
quantities into a signal that can be read by
electronic devices

3. ERROR DETECTION

-Represents the difference between the

required set point temperature of the process
and the actual measured temperature
-Your expected result is not the output.
-It work hand in hand with the controller
-What the system got here is fed to the
controller

4. CONTROLLER

-Performs logical step with the given error to try

to produce a precise and accurate output.
-PLCs play a vital roles