MODULE 7 (07 Handout 1)

• Speech – essential to our being human. Affects who we are and how we develop. Speech does not
take place in vacuum but always contextualized.
3 speech contexts:

• Intrapersonal – communication within oneself. Involves thinking, remembering, and feeling. Used
when we are alone, thinking, or in front of the mirror.
• Interpersonal – refers to face-to-face interactions between persons. Among small number of people.
Kinds: Dyadic (communication between 2 people) Triadic (communication between 3 people) and
Small-group (more than 3 people participate in communication)
5 Contexts in which communication happens:
- Psychological (refers to the participants and what each brings to the interaction.
- Relational (concerned with the relations the interactors have toward each other)
- Situational (deals with the psychosocial “where” the exchange happens)
- Environmental (deals with the physical “where” they are communicating)
- Cultural (includes all learned behaviors and rules that affect interaction)
• Public Communication – involves communication between one and several other people. Large group
type of communication. While public speaking can be frightening, it is also most rewarding.
Speech styles and context

• Speech styles – vary according to social context (who we are talking to, what, and for what purposes)
Directness of communication:
- Openly aggressive behavior: I express my needs, wants, and opinions directly, and I have no thoughts
to other people. I win; you lose.
- Assertive behavior: I clearly express my needs, wants, and opinions in a considerate way to others. I
win, you win.
- Passive Aggressive behavior: I make sure that the others are aware of my needs, wants, and opinions
and that these are more important than theirs. I win; you lose.
- Passive behavior: I do not express my needs, wants, and opinions directly. I put others above my own. I
lose; you win.

• Language Register – used to indicate degrees of formality in language use.

KINDS:

• Casual – informal, for peers and friends. Examples: talking with friends & chats.
• Intimate – private and shared between couples and close friends. Examples: spouses and siblings.
• Frozen – also called static register, rarely and never changes. Examples: prayer and poetry.
• Formal – used in formal setting and is one-way. Examples: essays and presentations
• Consultative – standard form of communication, two-way communication used in conversation with
professional discourse. Examples: strangers, teachers & students.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES
- Intimate (among family members who do not need complete language with clear articulation)
- Casual (most common used among friends and coworkers)
- Consultative (best used for business and professional relationships)
- Formal (sharing information using established professional rules avoid use of slang terms)
- Frozen (most formal style used in formal contexts state ceremonies and court proceedings)
MODULE 8 (08 Handout 1)

Principles of Speech Writing

❖ Clarity – a written composition has identified purpose, goal, and detailed descriptions.
❖ Logical organization of ideas – follows IBC format and make sure that ideas fit together.
❖ Appropriateness of word choice – choice of words must be respectful and authoritative.
❖ Accuracy in spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and grammar – consult a dictionary and internet
for correct spelling and rules of capitalization.
❖ Other recommendations – Relatable (Audience must relate to its message), Personalize (share
personal experiences), Make it interactive (include questions), and Do research (provide accurate
information).
Oral Presentation and Delivery Techniques
- Study the piece and how the writer created the mood and meaning. Study and prepare.
- Make the piece your own when you interpret it.
- Movements can add much to your interpretation, be natural with body gestures.
MODULE 10 (10 Handout 1)

• Oral presentation/interpretation and delivery of ideas – seek to achieve specific goals of “why” you
wanted to share the information you have and “how” you see views from different aspects.
Techniques:
- Awareness of how words are combined to create mood and meaning (study the piece and how the writer
has created the mood and meaning you need to give voice to)
- Study and preparation (consider the attitude, feelings, and emotions of the person who wrote the
selection and research the life of the author)
- Make the piece your own when you interpret it (identify words and ideas need emphasis and recall your
own experiences to help understanding author’s mood)
- Use of verbal and nonverbal cues (allow sincere, spontaneous bodily actions that naturally come to
convey ideas and emotions)

• Speech Act – an utterance that has a performative function in language and communication.
TYPES:
- Locution (utterance) the mere utterance of a string of words with a certain meaning.
- Illocution (intention) the act of speaking to interact with the receiver.
- Perlocution (response) the act if uttering words to affect the behavior/manner of receiver.
MODULE 11 (11 Handout 1)

• Facilitator’s Role – planning is important in facilitating or leading a group discussion.

Cognitive Factors
➢ Identify and articulate objectives (make sure the purpose of discussion is clear to all participants
and then form your plan accordingly)
➢ Create an inclusive environment (treat groupmates with respect and consideration, do not play
favorites, and do not exclude others from discussion)
 ➢ Plan by asking the right questions (members can be eased into a productive discussion that meets
a goal and a good start of healthy exchange of ideas)
➢ Bring closure (synthesizing the discussion is a critical step and will allow everyone to see the
progress done toward meeting discussion goals)
Social/Emotional Factors – know the strengths and weaknesses of your groupmates and assign roles
according to what they can do best. Be sensitive to group chemistry and what member feels.
Physical Factors – choose a place and seating arrangement where the discussions can take place without
distraction if you can. It is best to have no more than 8 members, sit in a circle to see and hear everyone.

• Participant’s Role – need to play an active role by taking ono leadership tasks. You are a team and you
play an important role in making discussions.
• Meetings – vital for information-sharing and decision-making but can be a big waste of time if there is
no order in the way they are conducted.
Parliamentary procedure usually follows a fixed order of business:
o Call to order – a signal that the meeting is about to begin
o Roll call of members present – an attendance sheet may be passed in place of this
o Reading minutes of the last meeting – may be circulated beforehand for corrections
o Officers or committee reports – as needed or if part of the agenda
o Special orders – important business previously designated for consideration
o Unfinished business – matter/s that need to be decided on or resolved
o New business – issues that are up for discussion
o Announcements – reminders or matter that everyone needs to know
o Adjournment – formal closing of a meeting

• Members express themselves by moving motions. A motion is a proposal that the entire membership
takes a stand or action on. Individual members can:
➢ Second motions – to approve a motion that has been moved
➢ Debate motion – to give issues to be discussed or voted on
➢ Vote on motions – to register approval or dissent on a motion
PRESENTING MOTIONS
1. Obtaining the floor – wait until the last speaker has finished, raise your hand, and wait until the
chairperson recognizes you.
2. Making your motion – speak in clear and concise manner, always state a motion affirmatively, avoid
personalities, explain clearly, and stay on your subject.
3. Waiting for someone to second your motion – is there is no second to your motion, it is lost. If
chairperson say “it has been moved and seconded that we…” the motion is put for consideration and
action.
4. Expanding on your motion – the tie for you to speak in favor of your motion is at this point. The mover
is always allowed to speak first, keep to the time limit, and the mover may speak again only after other
speakers are finished unless called by chairperson.
5. Putting the question to the membership – the chairperson asks “are you ready to vote on the
question?” if there’s no more discussion, a vote is taken.
6. Voting on a motion – voting depends on the situation and by-laws of an organization.
5 methods used for voting: By Voice, By Roll Call, By General Consent, By Division, and By Ballot.
 2 Other Motions commonly used in relation to voting:
✓ Motion to Table – often used in the attempt to kill a motion.
✓ Motion to Postpone – indefinitely (used as a parliamentary strategy and allows opponents to test
their strength)
MODULE 12 (12 Handout 1)

• According to Fernandez & Suarez (2016), there are guidelines and principled for effective public
speaking.
1. Purposive – speech must have a purpose to entertain, inform, or persuade.
2. Under pressure – speaking in public is intimidating. Stop thinking that this speech is one that will break
you as a person; instead, consider this as an opportunity for the world to hear your voice.
3. Build up – a topic is a germ for speaking and writing that needs to grow. You must have something to
say about the matter, which will be your thesis statement. Building up means motivating the audience.
4. Logically organized – arrange ideas logically, aiming for clarity of presentation. An important part of
preparing is writing down your ideas in outline.
5. Inspiring – speech need not to be homily to be inspiring, but it may be something that makes the
listeners feel good about themselves, the occasion, and the topic.
6. Contextualized – considers the context and circumstances surrounding it; for whom and for what is
your presentation? Context requires adjusting your language to audience.
7. Sincere – be sincere in delivering your speech and in dealing with people. Aspire to radiate goodwill.
8. Performed - consider it as a performance on stage requires every speaker to be an actor/actress. Put
on convincing face to attract the audience.
9. Engaging – remember that public speaking is an opportunity to communicate, to share your ideas, and
feelings about a topic,
10. Always prepared – preparation is key to a successful speech. Practice delivering your speech and
anticipate technical and equipment problems to handle them efficiently.
11. Keep the audience’s attention – hook the audience’s attention and maintain it.
12. Inclusive – considering your audience and distributing your attention among all of them during your
actual delivery.
13. Not perfect – accept that lapses and unexpected can happen that may possibly distract you and make
you forget what you are supposed to say.
14. Help in gaining confidence – you gain confidence when you expose yourself to different opportunities
where you can communicate publicly.
SIMPLE RULES FOR BETTER PRESENTATIONS
a. Do not read your presentation straight from the slides.
b. Follow the 5/5/5 rule. No more than 5 words per line of text and 5 lines of text per slide. 6/6 or
7/7 rule.
c. Do not forget your audience.
d. Choose readable colors and fonts. Minimum size is 28 for titles and 24 for body. For font
style, serif is a decorative stroke that finishes off the end of a letter’s stem and gives elegance,
confidence, and trustworthy then sans serif has no decorative finishes that gives off casual,
informal, and friendly approach.
e. Do not overload your presentation with animation.