P1 Ch 8 Differentiation

1. Gradients of Curves

The gradient of a curve at a given point: the radient of the tangent to the curve at that point
touching the
21 + 1 graph

The tangent to the curve at (1, 0) has gradient 1,

5o the gradient of the curve at the point (1, 0) is
equal to 1.

The tangent just touches the curve at (1, 0).

It does not cut the curve at this point, although
it may cut the curve at another point.

The figure shows the curve with equation y= x' The tangent, T, to
the curve at the point A(1, 1) is shown. Point A is joined to point P
Px
by the chord AP.

(a) Calculate the gradient of the the chord AP when P has

coordinates
A

S
(i) (2, 4) (2,2)
line on the
curve (ii) (1.1, 1.21) 31. I, 1,12

(iii)(1+h,(1+h)') (1th, (( h) 2)
+

(b) Calculate the gradient of the tangent, T. 2.1 gradientof 13

(c) Comment on the relationship between your answer in (a) and (b).

R
a) cic gradient= !=3 2C... <3. I

↓
the points
become closer
& closer to the

i graininth
2. I
final gradient
↓
W
2

as h↓ 2th will be
2
closer to

b) gradient:
I

2) As P gets closer to
A, the gradientof the
AP gets closer to gradientof T.
 P1 Ch 8 Differentiation

2. Finding the Derivative

Let (a, f(a)) and (a+Ar, f(a+ Ar) be the coordinates of a small value

A and P on the curve y=f(x). 2

P(a +Ax, f(a +Ax))

f(a xx)
+ -

f(a) f(a xx)

+
-

f(a)
Slope of AP
DX
(a ax)
+ -
a
f(a +Ax) -f(a)

e)
Ax
When P moves along the curve and gets closer to A, A (a, f(a))

gets smaller and the slope of AP approaches the slope -

of the tangent 7. cenlarged diagram)

vertical distance
x= a is given by
slope =

Slope of the tangent to a curve y= f(x) at horizontal distance

-x-fas
The derivative of a function y= f(x) with respect to X,
gradiento fa
denoted by is defined as chord
↓)
-

lim
f(xth)-f(x)
h->0 h gradientof the
tangent

Note: 1. The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation.

2. We may denote the derivative of y= f(x) by Iy'x)/*

is a function of x and it is called the derived function of
3.
f(x) . (It is not a division!)

3. Differentiating x"

I For all real values of n1, and for a constant d:

then f'(x) = nx#-1 If f(x) = ax" then f'(x) anx"-1

dy
If y= x" then If y = ax" then anx"-1

3
y x3 y 4x
=
=

=3x2Y
 P1 Ch 8 Differentiation

1. Find the derivatives of the following

functions with respect to x and express the answers in
positive indices.

(a) y= -5x 3
(b) y:
a =
-

5(4x3
20xx 45 3x 5
-

y
=

4
x y x 5x
=
=-
= =

y
- =

=
-

a 3( b) * = x-
-

bx
Y
-

8)( E(x
= -

(
-
-
=

5
=
=-

is 4x*X
-

2. Find the slope of the curve y=vx+3

- at x = 1.

E
y rx
=
=

=Ex'sgradient of
tangent line

slope of curve x1
at
=

Y)x
=

1
=

=
(
=

x
5. Differentiating Functions with Two or more Terms

Rule of Differentiation (Sum and difference rule)

If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions of x, then

1. Find the gradient of the curve y=x--3x+2 at x= 2

a 2x 3 0 2x 3
= -
+
=
-

great 2(2) =
-

31 =

2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

* 3(3x2)
-
3
=
-
4x

9x2 4 3x 4)
-

= -
-

-
4
9x2
=
- 12x

9x2
=
-

E4y
P1 Ch 8 Differentiation

y xz
=
2x
+
- 1

Y xt 2(x 2)
-

x Ezy =
+

3. Find the value of when

3x' -14x3 -8
(a) y
9x 6
6x 4x
= +
- -

y 2x2 7x 42 6x 5/x 6/
- -

=
=
-
-

5(2)(x )
96
-

3 -

& I(2x)
-

7 4) 2)/x
=

-
-
-

Ex
=

=6
-

3x -
1 Y
+

&(x 4 Ex
=

46
3
=
= -

&(x
=

4
=
314) 7+
=
-

4
=

6. Gradients, Tangents and Normals

The equation of the tangent to the curve y= f(x) at

Normal
at A

(a, f(a)) is y -f(a) f'(a)(X a)

=
-

The equation of the normal to the curve y= f(x) at Tangent

AX Bx C 0
=
+

at A
+

(a, f(a)) is y -f(x)

-

xa)(X a)
slope=-
= -

yint.=-
y 2x2 2x 3
=
- +

⑱ . which
x int.=-
1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve is perpendicular to
the line 3x - 2y + 6 = 0.

5,y 2(5)2 2(5) 3

+

Slope of 3x-2y+ 6 0 Slope of tangent=--> When

-

x
= = =

is
-2 I y 2x2 2x 3 y 3
= - + =
=

9 4X 2
=
-

5 Equation tangent
=
=
of
4x 2 -
-

y
-

z =
=
=(x 5) -

4x E
=

6x 9y-25 0x
+
=

x 5
=
 Pl Ch 8Differentiation

2. Find the equation of the nommal to the canve with cqustion )-8-3s at the point where I-4,
a 3t)x 5 x
-

=
-

When x 4,y 8-354 2

=
= =

x 4
slope oftangent at =

Equation of normal y
= -
2 =(x
=
-
4)
--
4 I
=
-

6 4X 16
3y
= -
-

slope ofnormal at 0 4X
= -

3y 10/
-

X4 =

Second Order Derivatives

The rate of change of the gradient function can be found by differentiating a fiunction twice.
Rra fntin y-ft,읽 is called the second derivative ofy with respect to x, and it

is denoted by 옮, d((), f) or y". differentiate differentiate again-

1. Pnd움뼈d - d for each of the following functions.

(a) = 3x- 을 ( ) y= k+2

.2

Y 4( 3x 4) xi
-

3(3x2) 1
- -

2x
=
-

y
=
+

4
9x2 12x
-
=

& (xi 2)
+

2
-

a
+
-
1x
9(2x) 12) 4x 5)
=
-

=
+ -

Ex I
2
2x
-
=

18x 48 x 5/
-
=
-

3
a ( xz)
-

=
-
-
21 -
2x

4x 2 4x 2
-

=-
+

( -

4x8 s) +