Technology in Teaching and Learning 2

Learning Module 1

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN
CONTEXT: THE BIG PICTURE

One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary

men. No machine can do the work of one
extraordinary man.

– Elbert Hubbard
 Technology in Teaching and Learning 2
Module Overview

In the first part of this module, you will learn about the basic
concepts and definitions of educational technology. The
history and development of educational technology will be
discussed briefly. You will also learn the components of
computer with its corresponding functions.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, you are expected able to:
1. Define educational technology, instructional technology, and integrating
educational technology
2. Identify periods in the history of digital technologies, and describe what we have
learned from this history
3. Place a given educational technology resource in one of the general hardware
categories
4. Identify examples of technology literacy and other 21st-century skills that
teachers and their students need in order to be prepared for future learning and
the world of work

Timeframe: 2-3 weeks

Tips for Studying at Home Effectively
1. Try Active Studying
2. Get A Good Night's Sleep
3. Study at The Right Time
4. Have A Designated Study Area
5. Eat Properly
6. Get Chores Out of The Way
7. Create A Timetable
8. Use A Timer

Unit 1.1: EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN

CONTEXT: THE BIG PICTURE
Activating your Prior Knowledge:
How Has Technology Changed Education?
Today's classrooms don't look much different, but you could see
modern students focusing on their computers, tablets, or mobile
phones instead of books (most definitely available to Facebook).
A cynic would say the technology didn't change education.

Technology is a powerful resource that can help and improve education in many ways,
including making it easier for teachers to produce educational materials to allow new
ways of learning and working together for people. With the larger level of the Internet and
the ubiquity of smart devices that can connect to it, anywhere education is dawning a
modern era.
It would be up to instructional designers and curriculum innovators to make the most of
the opportunities created by technology to improve education so that effective and
accessible education is open to all everywhere (https:/online.purdue.edu/).
Do you think education has improved in the past decades?
What are the significant changes in the teaching-learning process?
Expanding your Knowledge!

Educators of today tend to think of educational or

instructional technology as devices or equipment,
particularly the more modern, digital devices such as
computers, mobile phones, and tablets. But educational
technology is by no means new and is not limited to the
use of computers.

Modern tools and techniques are simply the latest developments in a field that is as old
as education itself. This chapter begins our exploration of educational technology with an
overview of the field, from the early perspectives that shaped and defined it to the tools
and conditions that determine the role it is able to play in today's society
DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
Educational technology is a synthesis of the processes
and resources used in resolving educational needs and issues,
with a specific focus on using the new digital and information
technologies.
Integrating educational technology refers to the
process of bringing emerging technologies and approaches
into line with educational needs and challenges.
Instructional technology is the branch of educational
technology that discusses teaching and learning applications
explicitly (rather than administrative instructional ones).

YESTERDAY'S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION:
A Timeline of Events That Shaped the Field
1. Pre-Microcomputer Era
1950 First computers used for instruction: Computer-driven
flight simulator trains MIT pilots
1959 First computer used with school children: IBM 650
teaches binary arithmetic in NYC
 1960s University timesharing movement: Mainframes used
for programming and shared utilities
Early 1970s Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) movement:
Schools
use university-based mainframes/minicomputers
Mid-to-late Schools begin using computers for instruction and
1970s administration: CDC's announces PLATO system
Late 1970s Arthur Luehrmann coins term computer literacy;
Andrew
Molnar warns: non-computer-literate students are at
risk

2. Microcomputer Era
1977 Microcomputers enter schools. Teachers begin to
control instructional applications.
1980s Microcomputer movements: software publishing,
teacher authoring, Logo problem solving
1980s–early ILS marks movement to networks, away from desktop
1990s systems

3. Internet Era
1993 World Wide Web born: First browser (Mosaic)
transforms
Internet. Teachers enter Information Superhighway
1994 Internet use explodes; distance learning increases in
higher education
1995 Virtual schooling (online courses in high school) begins

4. Mobile Technologies, Social Media, And Open Access Era

2001 Wikipedia begins; crowdsourcing movement gains
momentum
2005 Social networking sites such as Facebook are
established
2006 Twitter established; social media enter classrooms
2007 Amazon releases the first Kindle ebook reader)
 2010 Apple releases the first iPad (handheld computer)
2010-2020 Mobile technologies spawn BYOD/BYOT movements;
MOOCs offer schools new access possibilities

WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM THE PAST?

1. No technology is a panacea for education - Materials and techniques based on
computers are typically instruments in a broader program and must be carefully
combined with other resources and with teaching activities.

2. Teachers usually do not develop technology materials or curriculum –

Companies tried to market authoring systems in the microcomputer era so that
teachers could create their own materials, but such systems were never widely
adopted.

3. "Technically possible" does not equal "desirable, feasible, or inevitable."

– A popular saying is that today's technology is yesterday's science fiction. But science
fiction also shows us that technology brings undesirable—as well as desirable—
changes.

4. Technologies change faster than teachers can keep up - Educators may not
be able to foresee the future of educational technology, but they know it's going to be
different from the present; that is, they must anticipate and recognize the inevitability
of change and the need for their resources to invest continuously.

5. Older technologies can be useful - Practice in education tends to move in cycles,

and "new" methods are often in new guise old methods. In short, teachers have to be
as informed and analytical as their students want to be.

6. Teachers always will be more important than technology - We need more

teachers who understand the role that technology plays in society and in education,
are willing to take advantage of its strength, and who accept its limitations. We need
more teachers in a growing innovative world that is both technologically oriented and
child-centered.
 THE NAME FOR “ROBOT” HAS DARK ORIGINS.
If you look into the etymology of “robot,” it comes from the Czech word
“robota” which translates to forced labor or work.
The word was first used to refer to a fictional humanoid in a play in 1920.
https://www.thefactsite.com/top-100-technology-facts/

Synthesize your Knowledge

Now that you have read the module's content let us now try to check if you really absorbed
its core ideas. Try to mentally answer the following questions, which will help you assess
your reading progress.
1. Differentiate educational technology and instructional technology
2. Identify the key points in the development of educational technology
3. In your opinion, what is the most important aspect did learn the past?

CONGRATULATIONS!
You have finished the first lesson of this module; you may now
proceed answering the Activity 1.1 to apply what you have learned
and to develop your ability to think critically.
For Questions, You may send personal message to my messenger
account or send an SMS to my cell phone number. Thank you!
 Unit 1.2: EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCES AND STANDARDS
Activating your Prior Knowledge:
DEPED TO MONITOR TECHNOLOGY USE IN PUBLIC
SCHOOLS
"Just like any learning material, the introduction of tablets in the
school system should be properly monitored and their use
guided by teachers for them to be maximized as efficient learning
tools," the DepEd said.

"The department also recognizes the dangers of technological devices to the academic
achievement of learners when these are used inappropriately. Researchers have indeed
found that addiction and the prolonged use of gadgets have resulted in poor
performance," it added.
https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/education-and-home/2019/02/14/1893440/deped-monitor-technology-use-public-
schools
Do you think the DepEd action is right?
Are you in favor of the development of guidelines and standards in the use of technology
in the classroom?
What policies can you suggest to improve the use of technology?

Expanding your Knowledge!

TODAY'S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCES:
SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS
Strategies for technology integration include a mix of
hardware, or computer equipment, and software, or
programs written for performing different functions. Even
today's mobile computers, or handheld portable computing
equipment, such as cell phones or tablets, have this mix of
hardware and software.

TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES: HARDWARE AND CONFIGURATIONS FOR

TEACHING
1. Microcomputers— While electronics are increasingly becoming smaller and
more portable. Microcomputers are sometimes referred to as computers for
desktops or laptops.
2. Handheld technologies— Much smaller, multifunctional devices such as
mobile phones, tablets (e.g., iPads), e-books or e-texts, and "smart" pens make it
easier for teachers and students to access, interact, and exchange information
regardless of location.
3. Display technologies—These devices support whole- class or large- group
demonstrations of information from a computer.
4. Imaging technologies—To make teaching and learning more visual, these
devices allow the development and use of images ranging from still photos to full-
motion videos.
5. Peripherals— These are the input devices that make microcomputers more
functional, such as keyboards and mice (to get information and requests into the
processing computer), and output devices, such as printers and synthesizers (to
see or hear the processing results).
6. External storage— Although most storage is either inside the computer itself
 or on storage media, often it takes a device to hold large files that don't fit easily
on storage media or allow all files inside the computer to be backed up.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS IN SCHOOLS

In addition to teaching, schools conduct several forms of tasks, and software has been
developed to support each of these. In school settings tools enabling educational
technology applications includes:

1. Instructional— Programs designed to teach skills or information through

demonstrations, examples, explanations, or problem-solving. Examples are
tutorials, drill-and-practice programs, and simulations.

2. Productivity— Program designed to assist teachers and students in

preparing, designing content, communication and record keeping. Those
include word processing, spreadsheet, database, and email programs, and a
number of other resources as well.

3. Administrative— Programs that school, state, and district administrators use

to facilitate record-keeping and information sharing between various entities.
Those provide records for the student and payroll processes.

TODAY'S EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SKILLS:

STANDARDS, ASSESSMENTS, AND TEACHING COMPETENCIES
New technology tools also mean new and different ways of teaching and learning
to access and process the information needed. All teachers and students need to
have the skills and knowledge to train them for these new challenges and use these
innovative new strategies.
THE PARTNERSHIPS FOR 21ST CENTURY SKILLS (P21) FOR STUDENTS
AND TEACHERS

P21 was formed in 2002 to create a successful model of learning based on

incorporating "21st century skills into our system of education

ISTE STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS, STUDENTS, AND ADMINISTRATORS

The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), a technical professional
body mentioned earlier in this chapter, has established standards for students, teachers,
and school administrators.
The Tech-PACK Framework
Originally named TPCK, or the combination of technical, pedagogical material knowledge
needed to most efficiently incorporate technology into training, this module refers to this
combination as "Tech-PACK" to highlight the technology's vital contribution to teaching.
 THREE AGENCIES OVERSEE THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
Three agencies handle different levels of education: The Department of
Education for basic education, the Commission on Higher Education for
tertiary and graduate education, and the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) for technical-vocational courses and
middle education.
-https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-education-system-ph